1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plated technology “patch” printed antenna, for operation with linear or circular polarization at frequencies of the order of a few gigahertz. In particular, the antenna is intended to be replicated in order to be integrated into an array for receiving and/or sending telecommunication signals on board a craft, such as a satellite in low earth orbit, or to be installed in a base station in communication with a telecommunication satellite, or to be installed in a base station for radio communications with mobile terminals.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The invention is more particularly directed to a “patch” half-wave printed antenna including a dielectric substrate and two conductive layers on respective faces of the substrate. One of the layers constitutes a ground plane. The other layer is a rectangular or square conductive plate known as a “patch”. This kind of individual printed antenna is easy to integrate and has a low fabrication cost thanks to a simple machining process.
However, the electrical characteristics of the antenna depend considerably on the dielectric material of the substrate on which the two conductive layers are etched.
If the dielectric substrate is thin and has a high dielectric permittivity, the antenna is relatively inefficient and its bandwidth is narrow.
To obtain a more efficient antenna the dielectric substrate must be thick and consist of a material with a low dielectric permittivity. However, the antenna obtained in this way is significantly larger, which makes it difficult to integrate it into an array. Also, the radiation diagram of the antenna is less open.
The main object of this invention is to provide a highly efficient “patch” half-wave printed antenna of smaller size than in the prior art referred to above and having a more open radiation diagram.
Accordingly, a half-wave printed antenna comprising a dielectric substrate and two conductive layers extending on respective faces of the substrate and symmetrical with respect to a plane of symmetry of the antenna perpendicular to the faces of the substrate, is characterized in that a raised portion extends lengthwise of the plane of symmetry on one face of the substrate, one of said conductive layers extending over and along the raised portion.
For an antenna with linear polarization, the conductive layer extending over and along the raised portion can have a contour for example rectangular and constitute a radiating element, and the other conductive layer can constitute a ground plane. According to another embodiment, the conductive layer extending over and along the raised portion can constitute a ground plane and the other conductive layer can be plane, for example rectangular, and constitute a radiating element.
The raised portion which can have a cross section in the plane of symmetry that is rectangular, sinusoidal, trapezoidal or triangular, has a height substantially equal to half the distance between the lengths of the longer and shorter sides of the layer, which is rectangular, extending over and along the raised portion. However, the height of the raised portion is generally chosen as a function of the intended compactness of the antenna; as the height of the raised portion increases, the size of the antenna decreases.
The other face of the substrate can include another raised portion extending lengthwise of the plane of symmetry and covered by the other conductive layer.
For an antenna with crossed polarizations, in particular circular or elliptical polarization, one face of the substrate includes two mutually perpendicular raised portions forming a striking cross, extending lengthwise of two respective planes of symmetry of the antenna. The conductive layer of the antenna extending over and along the raised portions can occupy a rectangular or square surface on the dielectric substrate whose sides are the same lengths as the respective raised portions.
The antenna with crossed polarizations preferably includes a hybrid coupler that is formed on a dielectric support and lodged in the dielectric substrate and has a port connected to an end of an inner conductor of a coaxial probe and at least another port connected by a metal via to the conductive layer extending over and along one of the raised portions.
In variant, the two raised portions on one face of the substrate are replaced by a raised portion with axial symmetry about an axis perpendicular to the faces of the substrate.
The invention also relates to a method of fabricating the “patch” printed antenna, which method includes machining one face of a block of dielectric substrate to form cavities separated by at least one strip having the same section as a raised portion extending lengthwise of the plane of symmetry, metallizing at least the face of the block with the machined dielectric raised portion to form one of the conductive layers, and cutting out the printed antenna substantially at the center of the metallized and machined block following the contour of the antenna.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become more clearly apparent on reading the following description of preferred embodiments of the invention, which description is given with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring to
Compared to a prior art flat radiating patch having a width W and a length L, often equal to W, as shown in dashed line in
La=2L1+L2=L−2h.
Thanks to the raised portion 5a across the whole width W of the antenna, the length of the radiating element consisting of the second conductive layer 4a is significantly reduced. This reduction in length moves the radiating slots 6a at symmetrical ends of the “patch” antenna 1a closer together, which opens out the radiation diagram in the plane of the electric field perpendicular to the raised portion 5a.
The substantial thickening at the center of the substrate 2a formed by the raised portion 5a covered with the conductive layer 4a extends the resonant electrical dimension of the half-wave antenna and thereby increases the characteristic impedance at the center of the antenna, which is equivalent to a pseudo-short-circuit. The raised portion significantly reduces the size of the antenna for a given operating frequency. As the impedance of the raised portion at the center of the antenna increases, the width L2 of the raised portion must decrease for a given frequency at resonance.
In
The “patch” half-wave printed antenna 1b is a dual variant of the first embodiment and is again symmetrical with respect to a plane of symmetry YY perpendicular to the faces of the substrate 2b. The symmetrical raised portion 5a, instead of being on the second face of the dielectric substrate 2a supporting the rectangular radiating element 4a, is on the first face of the substrate 2b supporting the first conductive layer 3b constituting the ground plane of the antenna 1b. The radiating element 1b is a completely plane rectangular conductive patch 4b over and extending along the axis of the raised portion 5b. The length Lb of the conductive layer 4b still conforms to the preceding equation:
Lb=L−2h
where h denotes the height of the raised portion 5b of width L2.
By way of example, table I below indicates the resonant frequency corresponding to a wavelength λ, the bandwidth centered on the resonant frequency, as a percentage thereof, and the directivity, firstly for a prior art antenna TA including a square plane patch of width W=L=50 mm=λ/(2√{square root over (εr)}) and a substrate having a thickness e=2 mm and made from foam having a relative permittivity εr=1.07, substantially equivalent to a layer of air, and secondly for conformal antennas 1a1 to 1a4 with linear polarization conforming to the first embodiment (
From table 1 above, as the height h of the raised portion 5a, or to be more precise the ratio h/e, increases, and to a lesser degree, as the width L2 of the raised portion 5a increases, the bandwidth of the antenna increases and the directivity of the antenna decreases.
As shown in
These properties offer greater freedom with respect to the relative positions of antennas according to the invention placed in an array because of the relative reduction in the dimensions of the antenna. Also, the beam from an array of antennas according to the invention can be depointed to a much greater extent because the radiation diagram of the antenna is more open.
Thus by appropriately adapting the height h of the raised portion 5a, the aperture of the radiation diagram at 3 dB can vary from approximately 60° to at least approximately 120°. The radiation efficiency remains above 90% for all antennas according to the invention.
Similar results have been obtained for antennas 1b1 to 1b4 conforming to the second embodiment of the invention, with a conformal ground plane 3b with a raised portion 5b, as shown in table 2 below, again for antennas with the dimensions Lb=L=50 mm and e=2 mm.
A preferred method for fabrication of a linear polarization antenna according to the invention includes four steps E1, E2, E3 and E4 shown in
In the initial step E1, fabrication starts with a thin block of foam BL of thickness h+e, of width greater than W and of length greater than La. The dielectric material of the block BL, into which the dielectric substrate 2a will be machined, has a typical relative permittivity of the order of 1.07, in conjunction with a length L=50 mm<λr/2 with λr=λ/√{square root over (εr)}, where λ is the wavelength corresponding to a frequency of the order of 2 GHz.
In step E2, two rectangular cavities C with a bottom of thickness e are machined symmetrically with respect to the transverse axis in one face of the block BL so that the cavities are separated by a transverse strip BA having the same section (h×L2) as the raised portion 5a. The cavities C have a width greater than L1 and a length greater than W.
Then, in step E3, the top face of the block BL with the cavities is metallized by depositing a layer of metallic paint to constitute the conductive layer 4a. In particular, the metallic paint covers the strip BA and the bottom of the cavities C. The metallic paint also covers the bottom face of the block to constitute the ground plane 3a. As an alternative to this, instead of the metallization of the bottom face, the ground plane 3a can consist of a metal support to which the machined block of foam is fixed.
Finally, in step E4, the antenna 1a is cut at D by a second operation of machining the metallized block along the rectangular contour (W×La) of the conductive layer 4a and the elongate rectangular contour of the microstrip feed line 7a.
An antenna 1b with a conformal ground plane 3b with a raised portion 5b can equally be machined from a block of dielectric foam BL by method steps analogous to the above steps E1 to E4.
The section of the raised portion 5a, 5b transverse to the plane of symmetry YY is not limited to the rectangular or square profile shown in
In another embodiment, the antenna comprises stacked parallel raised portions on both faces of the substrate. For example, as shown in
Compared to a ground return quarter-wave antenna that is not symmetrical with respect to two planes, and despite the raised portions 5a, 5b, the half-wave antenna 1a, 1b embodying the invention retains two-fold symmetry with respect to the plane of symmetry YY lengthwise of the raised portion and a plane of symmetry XX perpendicular to the raised portion and lengthwise of the feed line 7a, as indicated in
This two-fold symmetry confers the advantages of the raised portion on an antenna with two crossed polarizations, and more particularly an antenna with circular polarization described hereinafter.
Referring now to
The antenna 1c has on a first face of a thin dielectric substrate 2c of thickness e, a metal layer 3c, which can be a metal base, to constitute the ground plane of the antenna 1c, and at the center of a second face of the substrate 2c, a conductive layer 4c covering two identical and mutually perpendicular raised portions 5c to form a central cross with four equal-length arms. Like the raised portions 5a and 5b, the raised portions 5c have a height h that is generally greater than the thickness e of the substrate 2c, and a length Lc such that:
Lc=L2+2.L1=L−2h
where L2 designates the width of each raised portion, L1 the width of the four square surfaces of the metallic layer 4c disposed on the second face of the substrate 2c at the base of the cross formed by the raised portions 5c, and L is the corresponding length of a plane square patch of a prior art antenna.
The antenna 1c therefore has two mutually perpendicular planes of symmetry XX and YY respectively lengthwise of the crossed raised portions 5c and a conductive layer 4c forming a radiating element on the substrate 2c having a smaller square surface (Lc×Lc).
In practice, the dielectric substrate 2c consists of a dielectric foam of low permittivity εr=1.07, whose top face is machined in an analogous manner to the substrate 2a, 2b to obtain the crossed raised portions 5c, and a small square dielectric support 21c set into a central cavity on the first face of the substrate 2c and covered by the metal layer 3c. The relative permittivity of the support 21c is higher, for example εr=10.2 in the case of an AR1000 dielectric from the firm ARLON.
As shown in detail in
The relative permittivity of the dielectric support 21c is much higher than that of the substrate 2c so that, for the operating frequencies of the antenna, which are of the order of one gigahertz, the dimensions of the coupling 8c are small and therefore compatible with the compactness of the antenna.
Insofar as the dielectric foam block 21c is concerned, the antenna 2c is fabricated, by substantially method steps analogous to the above steps E1 to E4, by machining four cavities to form two cruciform strips which, after cutting, form the two perpendicular raised portions 5c, and by excavating an underlying cavity to lodge the dielectric support 21c supporting the hybrid coupler 8c.
For example, the dielectric substrate 21c has an overall thickness e of 10 mm with a 635 μm thick cavity to lodge the 635 μm thick dielectric support 21c. The conductive layer 4c covering the crossed raised portions 5c has a width Lc=25 mm for raised portions 5c having a height h=8 mm relative to a usable thickness e=2 mm of the substrate 2c.
For the antenna 1c with the above dimensions,
As an alternative to the above, the lengths of the raised portions 5c can be different for operation with elliptical polarization with one probe or crossed polarization with two probes.
The invention is not limited to the crossed parallelepiped-shaped raised portions 5c for operation with crossed polarizations, especially operation with circular polarization. For example, the two raised portions can be replaced by a central raised portion with axial symmetry about a central axis of symmetry ZZ perpendicular to the faces of the substrate 2d covered with the conductive layers 3d and 4d. In the example shown in
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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00 17257 | Dec 2000 | FR | national |
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/023,978 filed Dec. 21, 2001.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
4131894 | Schiavone | Dec 1978 | A |
5061938 | Zahn et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
5448249 | Kushihi et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
5477231 | Medard | Dec 1995 | A |
5559521 | Evans et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10023978 | Dec 2001 | US |
Child | 10653885 | US |