Patent Application
20200027620
This application is directed toward production and use of radioactive isotopes, or radioisotopes.
Radioactive isotopes have many beneficial uses. As one example, positron-emitting copper isotopes, such as copper-64 (64Cu) and copper-60 (60Cu) have a number of uses in clinical and pre-clinical nuclear medicine. These uses include, but are not limited to, the labeling of compounds and the creation of phantom objects suitable for localization and coregistration of multimodality imaging systems, such as those which combine magnetic resonance and positron-emission (MR-PET) imaging. In some instances these radioisotopes are used for oncology imaging and oncological therapy.
The production of radioisotopes is one of the factors that limit their use. Production may involve expensive starting materials, such as isotopically enriched substances, and expensive and time-consuming procedures using large, unmovable, and scarce equipment. If a desired radioisotope has a very short half-life it must be used very soon after it is made. This may not be possible unless the radioisotope is made at, or very close to, the location where it is to be used. It may not be economically or physically feasible, however, to have the necessary equipment at or near that location.
As an example, 64Cu is produced using either a cyclotron or a nuclear reactor, both of these being large, immobile machines with relatively high operating expenses. A starting material used is Nickel-64 (64Ni), which is a rare isotope requiring expensive enrichment before being transformed into 64Cu. For the particular case of 64Cu, two methods are known for producing this isotope. In one method, 64Ni is bombarded with protons from a particle accelerator. A 64Ni nucleus absorbs a proton and emits a neutron and is thereby transmuted into a 64Cu nucleus. This series of reactions, also referred to as a channel, is designated 64Ni(p,n)64Cu. In a second method, naturally occurring copper is bombarded with neutrons. A 63Cu nucleus absorbs a neutron and is thereby transmuted into 64Cu nucleus. The nucleus is created with excess energy, which it reduces by emitting gamma radiation immediately after the transmutation. This channel is designated 63Cu(n,γ)64Cu.
In a variation known as the Szilard-Chalmers effect, a particular atom is a constituent of a molecule dissolved in a liquid. A nuclear reaction involving the nucleus of such atoms results in the nucleus emitting one or more gamma rays, causing a recoil effect in which the atoms, now each transformed into a radioisotope, are ejected from the molecules and into solution in the liquid. The radioisotope atoms may then be chemically or electrolytically extracted from the liquid.
Disclosed are method and apparatus for making a radioisotope using a portable neutron source. A material comprising a particular isotope is obtained and exposed to neutrons from a portable neutron source, the particular isotope reacting with a neutron and transforming into the radioisotope.
The material is exposed to neutrons from a portable neutron source 120. A portable neutron source is to be understood as a neutron source that is easily moved between different locations and that occupies a relatively small space, as distinct from, for example, a cyclotron or a nuclear reactor. Examples of known, commercially available portable neutron sources include plutonium-beryllium sources, americium-beryllium sources, deuterium-tritium neutron sources, and californium 252 (252Cf) sources. In a deuterium-tritium source, deuterium gas is ionized, accelerated in an electrostatic field, and allowed to impact on a sealed tritium target, creating neutrons as a result of the t(d,n)4He nuclear reaction. In an americium-beryllium source, alpha particles emitted by the americium react with beryllium nuclei, resulting in the emission of neutrons. A plutonium-beryllium source works in similar fashion with plutonium emitting the alpha particles. 252Cf undergoes spontaneous fission with the emission of a neutron. 252Cf neutron sources are available that emit a total flux of 1011 neutrons per second. Neutron sources can be fabricated in a large range of sizes including portable sizes as described above. For example, 252Cf neutron sources shaped as cylinders, including ones with outer diameter 5.5 mm and outside length 25 mm, are available from Frontier Technology Corporation, Xenia, Ohio.
The portable neutron source may be situated within the material. The portable neutron source may be completely surrounded by the material. Alternatively, at least a portion of the portable neutron source may be situated outside the material. Nuclei of the particular isotope react with neutrons from the portable neutron source 120 resulting in the particular isotope transforming into the desired radioisotope. The transformation may occur through any of several different reaction paths, or channels, such as those described below.
After the material has been exposed to the neutrons 120 for a time sufficient to produce a desired quantity of the radioisotope, the radioisotope may be extracted from the material 130. Extraction 130 may be carried out by, for example, chemical methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art for the particular element in question. Alternatively, the radioisotope may be left within the material. The material may then be used as a source of the radiation emitted by the radioisotope.
Neutrons from portable neutron source 240, either fast neutrons 260 or thermal neutrons 230, may then react with the nuclei of a particular isotope 250, represented by filled-in circles, included in material 210. As a result, the nuclei of particular isotope 250 are transformed into nuclei of a desired radioisotope 270, represented by unfilled circles. Depending on neutron cross-sections and neutron reaction dynamics for particular isotope 250, either fast neutrons 260 or thermal neutrons 230 or both may contribute significantly to formation of radioisotope 270.
Material 110 may be a bulk solid or powdered solid containing particular isotope 250. Material 110 may be a pure liquid or a mixture of liquids containing particular isotope 250. Material 110 may be a solution of a compound, the compound containing particular isotope 250. The compound may be dissolved in a liquid, in a solid, or in a gas. Material 110 may be a gas or vapor including particular isotope 250 or a mixture of gasses, at least one of which includes particular isotope 250. Particular isotope 250 may be a nucleus of a single atom or a nucleus of an atom bound in a molecule. A portion of material 110 may act as a moderator that reduces energy of neutrons emitted from portable neutron source 240. Such moderated neutrons may be slowed down to energies less than energies with which they are emitted. The neutrons may be thermalized in this way. For example, if particular isotope 250 is in a water solution, the water may act as a moderator. Thus, portable neutron source 240 may be completely surrounded by both particular isotope 250 and by a moderator. This geometry is shown in the embodiment illustrated in
Once a desired amount of particular isotope 250 has been transformed into radioisotope 270, the latter may be separated from material 210 by, for example, chemical or physical methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. As an example, if radioisotope 270 can be ionized in solution it may be separated by electroplating. Alternatively, the separation may be carried out using separate extraction apparatus known as a chemistry kit (not shown). The chemistry kit may be integral with apparatus 200. Alternatively, radioisotope 270 may be left within the material. The material may then be used as a source of the radiation emitted by the radioisotope.
As examples not to be considered limiting, the method, apparatus, and composition of matter described above may be applied to the production of the copper isotope 64Cu. In a particular embodiment, portable neutron source 240 may be a plutonium-beryllium (Pu—Be) source, an americium-beryllium (Am—Be) source, a deuterium-tritium (D-T) source, a 252Cf source, or another portable neutron source. Material 110 may be an aqueous solution of a copper-containing compound such as copper phthalocyanine, or copper salicylaldehyde o-phenylene diamine. The compound may contain copper isotopes in their natural abundances, which are 69% 63Cu and 31% 65Cu. The 63Cu may serve as particular isotope 250. Thermal neutrons 230 may react with the 63Cu particular isotopes 250 which transform into 64Cu as an example of formed radioisotope 270. In this embodiment the 64Cu radioisotope is produced by the 63Cu(n, γ)64Cu reaction, in which a 63Cu nucleus absorbs a neutron to become 64Cu, emitting a γ photon in the process. Experiments in which a copper-containing solid was bombarded with thermal neutrons have yielded about 50 nanoCuries of 64Cu. By using a stronger portable neutron source and a geometry such as that shown in
Materials including radioisotopes made using the method and apparatus described above may be shaped into objects with geometrical shapes such as markers, arrows, right-left designating shapes, text, and numbers. Such objects may be used in medical imaging for image registration, aligning, testing, and labeling. In particular, objects that include the positron-emitting isotope 64Cu may be useful in positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging.
Compared with currently known technologies for making radioisotopes, the method, apparatus, and composition of matter described above, making use of a portable neutron source, present possibilities for making radioisotopes less expensively with equipment taking up much less space. Also presented is the possibility of making radioisotopes with short half lives at the location where they are needed, such as a hospital. In this way, a larger number of useful radioisotopes may become available to a practitioner, such as a physician.
While the preceding description refers to certain embodiments, it should be recognized that the description is not limited to those embodiments. Rather, many modifications and variations may occur to a person of ordinary skill in the art which would not depart from the scope and spirit defined in the appended claims.
This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/887,933, filed Sep. 22, 2010, the contents of which are incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12887933 | Sep 2010 | US |
| Child | 16217111 | US |
