Patent Application
20230183325
Subject matter of the present invention is a binder, e.g. a protein or protein fragment or peptide, binding to complement anaphylatoxin C5a and/or C3a and/or C4a and thereby inhibiting the activity of C5a and/or C3a and/or C4a for use in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound and/or fibrosis.
Degenerative eye disorders, which are associated to a severe loss of visual acuity very often are the result of misguided angiogenesis or wound healing/fibrogenesis (Friedlander M. J Clin Invest. 2007). While the treatment of vascular eye disorders was substantially improved by profound research and the introduction of anti-VEGF therapeutics (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF), (Lim L S et al. Lancet 2012; Feigl B. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009; Joussen A M et al. FASEB J 2004) the treatment of fibrotic eye disorders is still lacking on therapeutic approaches.
Misguided wound healing and fibrogenesis is of outmost relevance in particular on the cornea. Corneal fibrosis results in a loss of optical transparency that substantially impedes vision and may result in blindness of the affected eye. Corneal scars can occur on base of a corneal herpetic infection, microbial keratitis, mechanic or chemical affection, stromal keratopathies, persistent corneal edema due to endothelial decompensation or corneal graft failure. Today, in most cases a penetrating corneal transplantation is the only therapeutic option to restore vision. In this regard, the number of performed corneal transplantations and the number of severe corneal complications, associated with corneal fibrosis, due to contact lenses or due to corneal laser refractive surgeries is increasing. Notwithstanding the above, the life-time risk to suffer a relevant ocular trauma, with corneal affection accounts for 20%. (Ljubimov A V et al. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015) Current therapeutic options to inhibit ocular fibrogenesis are very limited and primarily refer to corticosteroids and ciclosporin A (CSA). Both substances possess a non-specific efficacy, which is accompanied with various adverse effects. In this regard, corticosteroids induce cataract development and intraocular pressure elevation but also evoke systemic adverse events, such as the Cushing syndrome and alterations of blood parameters (glucose). CSA has a slow onset of action, which usually responds too slowly to prevent fibrosis, therefore CSA is not feasible for an acute treatment, its topical application is accompanied with stinging and redness of the eyes and also evokes systemic adverse events, in particular arterial hypertension.
However, this therapeutic dilemma not only relates to the cornea, as mentioned in the examples above, but also to tissue fibrosis in various conditions of misled wound healing and scarring in eye diseases, involving ocular fibroblast and myofibroblasts, which occur in the conjunctiva, sclera, iris, trabecular meshwork, vitreous, retina, choroid and optic nerve head. Furthermore, fundamental pathophysiologic processes involved in fibrosis and scarring, related to fibroblast activation and/or differentiation, are likewise of relevance for fibrotic diseases of the lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, skin and vascular system. Against this background, the establishment of new therapeutic options for the treatment of ocular fibrosis and superordinate fibrotic conditions is of considerable clinical importance.
The physiological wound healing intervenes several tissue processes and follows a sequence of cell migration and/or transformation, proliferation and modulation of the extracellular matrix; (Ljubimov A V et al. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015) whereas activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the key mediators. (Gabbiani G., J Pathol 2003) During the regular course of wound healing, reversible protein depositions are accumulated within the extracellular matrix. (Wynn T A et al. Nat Med 2012) Yet, in the context of fibrotic remodeling, which is triggered by a dysregulation of pro- and anti-fibrotic cascades, a permanent myofibroblasts activation emerges that may lead to a constant and irreversible deposition of matrix proteins, such as collagen, fibronectin and proteoglycans. (Medzhitov R. Cell 2010; Wynn T A, J Pathol. 2008).
On the basis of the aforementioned, the inhibition of myofibroblasts and their activation may selectively direct wound-healing processes to regular clearance-mechanisms and thereby prevent tissue fibrosis and scarring. However, regarding the inhibition of ocular myofibroblasts, anatomic particularities of the eye have to be considered. First, the blood-ocular barrier prevents the efficacy of systemically applied inhibitors/modulators, especially those based on proteins/peptides. Second, the direct application (e.g. topical, in the form of eye drops) requires the penetration of the inhibitor/modulator into the tissue that is intended to be treated. Therefore the inhibitors/modulators need to as small as to penetrate into the conjunctiva, sclera, iris, trabecular meshwork, vitreous, retina, choroid, or even the optic nerve head. Proteins with a molecular weight of 28-67 kDa are able to penetrate through the cornea with an intact corneal epithelium into the anterior chamber, while proteins with a molecular weight of 60-90 kDa are able to penetrate through the cornea into the anterior chamber after removal of the corneal epithelium. (Thiel M A et al. Clin Exp Immunol 2002) Conventional therapeutic approaches of specific inhibitors, such as monoclonal antibodies (anti-VEGF antibody, bevacizumab: 149 kDa), do not fulfill these conditions.
It was the object of the present invention to provide a treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis that overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art methods.
Therefore, the aim of the present invention is to provide a substance that inhibits the process of fibroblast/myofibroblast activation and/or transdifferentiation, i.e. at least essentially inhibits the process of fibroblast/myofibroblast activation and/or transdifferentiation and has preferably a molecular weight less than 90 kDa, preferably less than 80 kDa or less, preferably less than 70 kDa or less, more preferably less than 60 kDa or less, more preferably less than 50 kDa or less, more preferably less than 45 kDa or less, more preferably less than 40 kDa or less, even more preferably less than 35 kDa or less, even more preferably less than 30 kDa or less, even more preferably less than 25 kDa or less, even more preferably less than 20 kDa or less, even more preferably less than 15 kDa or less, and even more preferably less than 10 kDa or less.
Subject matter of the present invention is a binder, in particular a protein or protein fragment, binding to complement-anaphylatoxin C5a and/or C3a and/or C4a and preferably thereby inhibiting the activity of C5a and/or C3a and/or C4a for use in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis.
Inhibiting the activity of C5a and/or C3a and/or C4a means inhibiting essentially the action of C5a and/or C3a and/or C4a by binding to C5a and/or C3a and/or C4a.
Subject matter of the present invention is a binder for use in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis wherein said binder is administered to promote wound healing, in particular corneal wound healing.
A binder maybe selected from the group comprising a protein or a fragment thereof, a peptide, a non-IgG scaffold in particular an aptamer, oligonucleotides, an antibody or antibody-like proteins, peptidomimetics or a fragment thereof.
Antibodies, antibody-like proteins or binders, as described above, may bind to several overlapping peptide fragments of a complement component C5a protein (e.g., several overlapping fragments of a human C5a protein having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 20 or SEQ ID No.: 21), wherein overlapping means the overlapping of the targeted amino acid sequences of the antibody, antibody-like protein or binder and the specific peptide fragments. The antibodies, antibody-like proteins or binders may also bind only to a human C5a at an epitope within or overlapping with a fragment of the protein having the amino acid sequence, according to SEQ ID No's.: 22-34 (see e.g., Cooketal. (2010) Acta Cryst D66:190-197 and as described in US 2016/0159892). Furthermore, the antibody, antibody-like protein or binder may also bind to an epitope of C5a formed by amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID No's: 35-40 (SEQ ID No.: 35: X1X2ETCEX3RX4, SEQ ID No.: 36: X5X6KX7X8X9L and SEQ ID No.: 37: X5X6KX7X8X9I), wherein X1 is selected from the group consisting of N, H, D, F, K, Y, and T; X2 is selected from the group consisting of D, L, Y, and H; X3 is selected from the group consisting of Q, E, and K; X4 is selected from the group consisting of A, V, and L; X5 is selected from the group consisting of S, H, P, and N; X6 is selected from the group consisting of H and N; X7 is selected from the group consisting of D, N, H, P, and G; X8 is selected from the group consisting of M, L, I, and V; and X9 is selected from the group consisting of Q, L, and I (as described in US 2012/0231008, US 2017/0002067, WO 2011/063980 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,802,096).
Antibodies, antibody-like proteins or binders, as described above, may bind to several overlapping peptide fragments of a complement component C3a protein (e.g., several overlapping fragments of a human C3a protein having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 43). The antibodies, antibody-like proteins or binders may also bind only to a human C3a at an epitope within or overlapping with a fragment of the protein having the amino acid sequence, according to SEQ ID No's.: 44-47 (see e.g., Hugli T E. J Biol Chem. 1975; Hugli T E et al. PNAS 1977; Payan D et al. J. Exp Med. 1982).
Antibodies, antibody-like proteins or binders, as described above, may bind to several overlapping peptide fragments of a complement component C4a protein (e.g., several overlapping fragments of a human C4a protein having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 48 or SEQ ID No.: 49). The antibodies, antibody-like proteins or binders may also bind only to a human C4a at an epitope within or overlapping with a fragment of the protein having the amino acid sequence, according to SEQ ID No.: 50 (see e.g., Yu C Y et al. EMBO J. 1986; Nettesheim D. G. et al. PNAS 1988).
A peptide is defined as a compound consisting of at least two amino acids in which the carboxyl group of one acid is linked to the amino group of the other, which can be created by peptide synthesis. Thus, as defined for this invention a peptide may have from 2 to 50 amino acids. A protein comprises more than 50 amino acids, according to the definition of this invention.
A protein is defined as a macromolecule consisting of one or more chains of amino acids, or peptides, linked by peptide bonds, which can be created by protein ligation of two or more peptides, by recombinant expression or by protein biosynthesis.
A protein fragment is defined as a section of an amino acids sequence that derives from a protein that served as template.
An antibody according to the present invention is a protein including one or more polypeptides substantially encoded by immunoglobulin genes that specifically binds an antigen. The recognized immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha (IgA), gamma (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4), delta (IgD), epsilon (IgE) and mu (IgM) constant region genes, as well as the myriad immunoglobulin variable region genes. Full-length immunoglobulin light chains are generally about 25 kDa or 214 amino acids in length. Full-length immunoglobulin heavy chains are generally about 50 kDa or 446 amino acid in length. Light chains are encoded by a variable region gene at the NH2-terminus (about 110 amino acids in length) and a kappa or lambda constant region gene at the COOH-terminus. Heavy chains are similarly encoded by a variable region gene (about 116 amino acids in length) and one of the other constant region genes.
The basic structural unit of an antibody is generally a tetramer that consists of two identical pairs of immunoglobulin chains, each pair having one light and one heavy chain. In each pair, the light and heavy chain variable regions bind to an antigen, and the constant regions mediate effector functions. Immunoglobulins also exist in a variety of other forms including, for example, Fv, Fab, and (Fab′)2, as well as bifunctional hybrid antibodies and single chains (e.g., Lanzavecchia et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 17:105,1987; Huston et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 85:5879-5883, 1988; Bird et al., Science 242:423-426, 1988; Hood et al., Immunology, Benjamin, N. Y., 2nd ed., 1984; Hunkapiller and Hood, Nature 323:15-16, 1986). An immunoglobulin light or heavy chain variable region includes a framework region interrupted by three hypervariable regions, also called complementarity determining regions (CDR's) (see, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, E. Kabat et al., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1983). As noted above, the CDRs are primarily responsible for binding to an epitope of an antigen. An immune complex is an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, chimeric antibody, humanized antibody or human antibody, or functional antibody fragment, specifically bound to the antigen.
Chimeric antibodies are antibodies whose light and heavy chain genes have been constructed, typically by genetic engineering, from immunoglobulin variable and constant region genes belonging to different species. For example, the variable segments of the genes from a mouse monoclonal antibody can be joined to human constant segments, such as kappa and gamma 1 or gamma 3. In one example, a therapeutic chimeric antibody is thus a hybrid protein composed of the variable or antigen-binding domain from a mouse antibody and the constant or effector domain from a human antibody, although other mammalian species can be used, or the variable region can be produced by molecular techniques. Methods of making chimeric antibodies are well known in the art, e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,715. A “humanized” immunoglobulin is an immunoglobulin including a human framework region and one or more CDRs from a non-human (such as a mouse, rat, or synthetic) immunoglobulin. The non-human immunoglobulin providing the CDRs is termed a “donor” and the human immunoglobulin providing the framework is termed an “acceptor”. In one embodiment, all the CDRs are from the donor immunoglobulin in a humanized immunoglobulin. Constant regions need not be present, but if they are, they must be substantially identical to human immunoglobulin constant regions, i.e., at least about 85-90%, such as about 95% or more identical. Hence, all parts of a humanized immunoglobulin, except possibly the CDRs, are substantially identical to corresponding parts of natural human immunoglobulin sequences. A “humanized antibody” is an antibody comprising a humanized light chain and a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin. A humanized antibody binds to the same antigen as the donor antibody that provides the CDRs. The acceptor framework of a humanized immunoglobulin or antibody may have a limited number of substitutions by amino acids taken from the donor framework. Humanized or other monoclonal antibodies can have additional conservative amino acid substitutions, which have substantially no effect on antigen binding or other immunoglobulin functions. Exemplary conservative substitutions are those such as gly, ala; val, ile, leu; asp, glu; asn, gln; ser, thr; lys, arg; and phe, tyr. Humanized immunoglobulins can be constructed by means of genetic engineering (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089). A human antibody is an antibody wherein the light and heavy chain genes are of human origin. Human antibodies can be generated using methods known in the art. Human antibodies can be produced by immortalizing a human B cell secreting the antibody of interest Immortalization can be accomplished, for example, by EBV infection or by fusing a human B cell with a myeloma or hybridoma cell to produce a trioma cell. Human antibodies can also be produced by phage display methods (see, e.g., Dower et al., PCT Publication No. WO91/17271; McCafferty et al., PCT Publication No. WO92/001047; and Winter, PCT Publication No. WO92/20791), or selected from a human combinatorial monoclonal antibody library (see the Morphosys website). Human antibodies can also be prepared by using transgenic animals carrying a human immunoglobulin gene (for example, see Lonberg et al., PCT Publication No. WO93/12227; and Kucherlapati, PCT Publication No. WO91/10741).
Thus, the antibody according to the present invention may have the formats known in the art. Examples are human antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, CDR-grafted antibodies. In a preferred embodiment antibodies according to the present invention are recombinantly produced antibodies as e.g. IgG, a typical full-length immunoglobulin, or antibody fragments containing at least the F-variable domain of heavy and/or light chain as e.g. chemically coupled antibodies (fragment antigen binding) including but not limited to Fab-fragments including Fab minibodies, single chain Fab antibody, monovalent Fab antibody with epitope tags, e.g. Fab-V5Sx2; bivalent Fab (mini-antibody) dimerized with the CH3 domain; bivalent Fab or multivalent Fab, e.g. formed via multimerization with the aid of a heterologous domain, e.g. via dimerization of dHLX domains, e.g. Fab-dHLX-FSx2; F(ab′)2-fragments, scFv-fragments, multimerized multivalent or/and multispecific scFv-fragments, bivalent and/or bispecific diabodies, BITE® (bispecific T-cell engager), trifunctional antibodies, polyvalent antibodies, e.g. from a different class than G; single-domain antibodies, e.g. nanobodies derived from camelid or fish immunoglobulins and numerous others.
In addition to antibodies other biopolymer scaffolds are well known in the art to complex a target molecule and have been used for the generation of highly target specific biopolymers. Examples are aptamers, spiegelmers, anticalins and conotoxins.
In a preferred embodiment the antibody format is selected from the group comprising Fv fragment, scFv fragment, Fab fragment, scFab fragment, (Fab)2 fragment and scFv-Fc Fusion protein. In another preferred embodiment the antibody format is selected from the group comprising scFab fragment, Fab fragment, scFv fragment and bioavailability optimized conjugates thereof, such as PEGylated fragments. One particular formats is the scFab format.
Non-Ig scaffolds may be protein scaffolds and may be used as antibody mimics as they are capable to bind to ligands or antigenes. Non-Ig scaffolds may be selected from the group comprising tetranectin-based non-Ig scaffolds (e.g. described in US 2010/0028995), fibronectin scaffolds (e.g. described in EP 1266 025; lipocalin-based scaffolds ((e.g. described in WO 2011/154420); ubiquitin scaffolds (e.g. described in WO 2011/073214), transferring scaffolds (e.g. described in US 2004/0023334), protein A scaffolds (e.g. described in EP 2231860), ankyrin repeat based scaffolds (e.g. described in WO 2010/060748), microproteins, preferably microproteins forming a cystine knot) scaffolds (e.g. described in EP 2314308), Fyn SH3 domain based scaffolds (e.g. described in WO 2011/023685) EGFR-A-domain based scaffolds (e.g. described in WO 2005/040229) and Kunitz domain based scaffolds (e.g. described in EP 1941867).
Non-immunoglobulin (Non-IgG) scaffolds are defined as small antibody alternatives. An aptamer is defined as a molecule that binds to a specific target and may consist of RNA and/or DNA and/or amino acids (peptide).
An aptamer, may relate to a nucleic acid molecule consisting of RNA and/or DNA, such as disclosed in SEQ ID No.: 41 (5′-GCGAU G(dU)GGU GGU(dG)(dA) AGGGU UGUUG GG(dU)G(dU) CGACG CA(dC)GC-3′) and as described in US 2012/0065254, capable of binding to C5a, whereas the binding site of C5a is comprising a C5a amino acid sequence including SEQ ID No.: 42 (see Yatime L. et al. Nat Commun. 2015).
In one embodiment of the invention antibodies according to the present invention may be produced as follows:
A Balb/c mouse was immunized with antigen-100 μg Peptide-BSA-Conjugate (BSA=bovine serum albumin) at day 0 and 14 (emulsified in 100 μl complete Freund's adjuvant) and 50 μg at day 21 and 28 (in 100 μl incomplete Freund's adjuvant). Three days before the fusion experiment was performed, the animal received 50 μg of the conjugate dissolved in 100 μl saline, given as one intraperitoneal and one intravenous injection.
Splenocytes from the immunized mouse and cells of the myeloma cell line SP2/0 were fused with 1 ml 50% polyethylene glycol for 30 s at 37° C. After washing, the cells were seeded in 96-well cell culture plates. Hybrid clones were selected by growing in HAT medium (RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) 1640 culture medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum and HAT-Supplement). After two weeks the HAT medium is replaced with HAT Medium for three passages followed by returning to the normal cell culture medium.
The cell culture supernatants were primary screened for antigen specific IgG antibodies three weeks after fusion. The positive tested microcultures were transferred into 24-well plates for propagation. After retesting, the selected cultures were cloned and recloned using the limiting-dilution technique and the isotypes were determined (see also Lane, R. D. (1985). A short-duration polyethylene glycol fusion technique for increasing production of monoclonal antibody-secreting hybridomas. J. Immunol. Meth. 81: 223-228; Ziegler, B. et al. (1996) Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is not detectable on the surface of rat islet cells examined by cytofluorometry and complement-dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity of monoclonal GAD antibodies, Horm. Metab. Res. 28: 11-15).
Antibodies may be produced by means of phage display according to the following procedure:
The human naive antibody gene libraries HAL7/8 were used for the isolation of recombinant single chain F-Variable domains (scFv) against peptide. The antibody gene libraries were screened with a panning strategy comprising the use of peptides containing a biotin tag linked via two different spacers to the peptide sequence. A mix of panning rounds using non-specifically bound antigen and streptavidin bound antigen were used to minimize background of non-specific binders. The eluted phages from the third round of panning have been used for the generation of monoclonal scFv expressing E. coli strains. Supernatant from the cultivation of these clonal strains has been directly used for an antigen ELISA testing (see Hust, M., Meyer, T., Voedisch, B., Rülker, T., Thie, H., El-Ghezal, A., Kirsch, M. I., Schütte, M., Helmsing, S., Meier, D., Schirrmann, T., Dübel, S., 2011. A human scFv antibody generation pipeline for proteome research. Journal of Biotechnology 152, 159-170; Schütte, M., Thullier, P., Pelat, T., Wezler, X., Rosenstock, P., Hinz, D., Kirsch, M. I., Hasenberg, M., Frank, R., Schirrmann, T., Gunzer, M., Hust, M., Dübel, S., 2009. Identification of a putative Crf splice variant and generation of recombinant antibodies for the specific detection of Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS One 4, e6625).
Humanization of murine antibodies may be conducted according to the following procedure:
For humanization of an antibody of murine origin the antibody sequence is analyzed for the structural interaction of framework regions (FR) with the complementary determining regions (CDR) and the antigen. Based on structural modeling an appropriate FR of human origin is selected and the murine CDR sequences are transplanted into the human FR. Variations in the amino acid sequence of the CDRs or FRs may be introduced to regain structural interactions, which were abolished by the species switch for the FR sequences. This recovery of structural interactions may be achieved by random approach using phage display libraries or via directed approach guided by molecular modeling (see Almagro J C, Fransson J., 2008. Humanization of antibodies. Front Biosci. 2008 Jan. 1; 13:1619-33).
In a preferred embodiment the antibody format is selected from the group comprising Fv fragment, scFv fragment, Fab fragment, scFab fragment, F(ab)2 fragment and scFv-Fc Fusion protein. In another preferred embodiment the antibody format is selected from the group comprising scFab fragment, Fab fragment, scFv fragment and bioavailability optimized conjugates thereof, such as PEGylated fragments. One of the most preferred formats is scFab format.
In one embodiment of the invention said binder, e.g. a protein or protein fragment thereof, according to the present invention binds to C5a and C3a and thereby inhibiting the activity of C5a and C3a
In one embodiment of the invention said binder, e.g. a protein or protein fragment according to the present invention binds to C5a and C4a and thereby inhibiting the activity of, C5a and C4a.
In one embodiment of the invention said binder, e.g. a protein or protein fragment according to the present invention binds to C3a and C4a and thereby inhibiting the activity of C3a and C4a.
In one embodiment of the invention said binder, e.g. a protein or protein fragment according to the present invention binds to C5a and C3a and C4a and thereby inhibiting the activity of C5a and C3a and C4a.
In one specific embodiment of the invention said binder, e.g. a protein or protein fragment is a soluble complement receptor protein or protein fragment. In one specific embodiment of the invention said protein or protein fragment/peptide is a recombinant soluble complement receptor protein or synthetic protein fragment/peptide.
A soluble receptor is defined as the extracellular portion of the receptor, (Fischer D G. Science 1993) in case of C3a it is the extracellular portion of the C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor (C3aR1), in case of C5a it is the extracellular portion of the C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 and/or 2 (C5aR1/CD88 and C5aR2/C5L2). A separate specific C4a receptor is not known, therefore in case of C4a it is the extracellular portion of the C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor (C3aR1) and/or the C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 and/or 2 (C5aR1/CD88 and/or C5aR2/C5L2).
In one embodiment of the invention said binder, e.g. protein or protein fragment/peptide, according to the present invention binds specifically to complement-anaphylatoxin C5a and/or C3a and/or C4a.
Receptor/ligand binding affinities of the anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptors (C3aR1, C5aR1/CD88 and C5aR2/C5L2) to their main ligands (C3a and C5a, respectively) and cross-reactivities to all other anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a, C5a) are known state-of-art (Cain S A. et al. J Biol Chem. 2002, Kalant D. et al. J Biol Chem 2003, Okinaga S. et al. Biochemistry 2003). Relevant ligand binding sites within the amino acid sequences, which mainly contribute to extracellular and transmembrane domains, of the anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptors have been investigated and therefore are known state-of-art.
Regarding C3aR1, studies have shown that the large extracellular loop 2 domain plays an important role in ligand binding; furthermore the charged transmembrane residues Arg161, Arg340 and Asp417 are essential for ligand effector binding and/or signal coupling (Sun J. et al. Protein Sci. 1999).
Amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 17 covers amino acids 332-341, a fragment of the large extracellular loop 2 including Arg340, of the human C3aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 3), which has a 90% identity of the corresponding amino acid sequence of the mouse C3aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 6).
The receptor binding sites in human C3a have been well investigated and have been summarized by Sun et al. (Sun J et al. Protein Sci. 1999), as following: Human C3a is composed of 77 amino acids. The three-dimensional structure of C3a consists of a large globular core of four closely packed alpha-helices covalently linked by three disulfide bonds with a C-terminal flexible irregular structure (Huber R et al. Hoppe Seyler's Z Physiol Chem. 1980). The C-terminal region of C3a is folded in a pseudo-beta-turn and is stabilized by an adjacent alpha-helical segment according to NMR studies (Chazin W J et al. Biochemistry 1988). The C-terminal 21 residues fragment of C3a (i.e., C3a 57-77) has been shown to retain all of the biologic activities of the natural molecule (Lu Z X et al. J Biol Chem. 1984, Ember J A et al. Biochemistry 1991). Synthetic peptide analogs of C3a demonstrated that the primary effector binding site in C3a exists in the irregular C-terminal region (LGLAR sequence) (Caporale L H et al. J Biol Chem. 1980, Unson C G et al. Biochemistry 1984).
In one embodiment, the binder that is subject matter of the present invention may bind to said irregular C-terminal 21 residues fragment of C3a.
Regarding C5aR1/CD88, studies have shown that the extracellular N-terminus plays an important role in ligand binding, in particular the five aspartic acids within amino acids 2-22 are essential for ligand effector binding, and thereby contributes to at least 45% of the total binding energy of C5a (DeMartino J A. J Biol Chem. 1994) and the extracellular loop 2 and 3 domains are relevant for ligand effector binding that interact with the C-terminus of C5a (Siciliano S J et al. PNAS. 1994, Monk P N et al. J Biol Chem. 1995). Furthermore, Tyr11 and Tyr14 are posttranslationally sulfated, which is critical for C5aR1 to bind C5a (Farzan M et al. J Exp Med. 2001). Known binding sites, functions and structures of C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptors are summarized in a comprehensive review (Monk P N et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2007).
Amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 15 covers amino acids 19-27, a fragment of the N-terminus including two aspartic acids of the human C5aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 2), correspondingly amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 16 covers amino acids 18-26, a fragment of the N-terminus including two aspartic acids of the mouse C5aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 5).
The receptor binding sites in human C5a have been well investigated and have been summarized by Monk et al. (Monk P N et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2007), as following: Human C5a is composed of 74-amino acids, including Asn64, which has an N-linked carbohydrate moiety that is not essential for biological activity but very likely regulates C5a activity in vivo. The solution structure (Zhang X et al. Proteins 1997; Zuiderweg E R and Fesik S W. Biochemistry 1989; Zuiderweg E R et al. Biochemistry 1989) of human C5a has an antiparallel 4-helix bundle (residues 1-63), the four different helical segments (4-12, 18-26, 32-39, 46-63) being stabilized by three disulphide bonds (Cys21-Cys47, Cys22-Cys54, Cys34-Cys55) and connected by loop segments 13-17, 27-33 and 40-45. The 63-residue helix bundle fragment is highly cationic and confers high affinity for the cell surface. The C-terminal residues 69-74 also form a bulky helical turn connected to the 4-helix bundle by a short loop. Reducing disulphide bonds or selectively removing residues before the N-terminal disulphide from C5a 1 to 74 substantially decreases function. The fragment C5a 1-69 missing the C-terminal pentapeptide binds to cells but has no agonist activity, consistent with the N-terminal helix bundle conferring affinity, while the C-terminus alone is the receptor activating domain. Loop 1 (residues C5a 12-20, including four Lys residues 12, 14, 19, 20), loop 3 (C5a39-46) and the C-terminal 6-8 residues (especially Arg74) are important for binding to C5a receptor (C5aR) and agonist potency. Neutralizing antibodies to C5a have implicated the region Lys20-Arg37 as important for receptor binding.
In one embodiment, the binder that is subject matter of the present invention may bind to said region Lys20-Arg37 of C5a.
Regarding C5aR2/C5L2, studies have shown (similar to C5aR1/CD88) that the extracellular N-terminus, containing sulfated Tyr residues flanked by acidic amino acids, plays an important role in ligand binding. Furthermore, both receptors—C5aR1/CD88 and C5aR2/C5L2—are similar in charged and hydrophobic residues in their extracellular and transmembrane domains, suggesting an analogous ligand binding mode (Farzan M et al. J Exp Med. 2001, Okinaga S. et al. Biochemistry 2003, Gao H et al. FASEB J. 2005, Scola A M. J Biol Chem. 2007). C5L2 is able to bind C3a and C4a distinct from the binding site of C5a with a similar affinity as C3aR1, thereby C5L2 can simultaneously bind different complement-anaphylatoxins (Cain S A. et al. J Biol Chem. 2002, Kalant D. et al. J Biol Chem 2003).
Amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 7 covers amino acids 46-59, a fragment of transmembrane domain 1 of the human C5aR2 (SEQ ID No.: 1), which has a 79% identity of corresponding amino acids 48-61, containing Gly51, Asn55 and Val58 that are attributed to play an important role in receptor/ligand binding (Monk P N et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2007), of the human C5aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 2).
Amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 8 covers amino acids 79-88, a fragment of transmembrane domain 2 of the human C5aR2 (SEQ ID No.: 1), which has a 70% identity of corresponding amino acids 81-90, containing Ala81, Asp82, Cys83, Leu85, Leu87 and Pro90 that are attributed to play an important role in receptor/ligand binding (Monk P N et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2007), of the human C5aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 2), and which has a 100% identity of corresponding amino acids 67-76, containing Asp68 that is attributed to play an important role in receptor/ligand binding (Sun J. et al. Protein Sci. 1999) of the human C3aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 3).
Amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 9 covers amino acids 118-126, a fragment of transmembrane domain 3 of the human C5aR2 (SEQ ID No.: 1), which has a 89% identity of corresponding amino acids 120-128, containing Ser123 and Leu126 that are attributed to play an important role in receptor/ligand binding (Monk P N et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2007), of the human C5aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 2).
Amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 10 covers amino acids 161-169, a fragment of transmembrane domain 4 of the human C5aR2 (SEQ ID No.: 1), which has a 89% identity of corresponding amino acids 163-171, containing Leu166, Thr168, Val169, Pro170 and Ser171 that are attributed to play an important role in receptor/ligand binding (Monk P N et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2007), of the human C5aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 2).
Amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 11 covers amino acids 242-249, a fragment of transmembrane domain 6 of the human C5aR2 (SEQ ID No.: 1), which has a 63% identity of corresponding amino acids 251-258, containing Phe251 that is attributed to play an important role in receptor/ligand binding (Monk P N et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2007), of the human C5aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 2), and which has a 75% identity of corresponding amino acids 386-393, adjacent to His394 that is attributed to play an important role in receptor/ligand binding (Sun J. et al. Protein Sci. 1999), of the human C3aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 3).
Amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 12 covers amino acids 98-103, a fragment of extracellular loop 1 domain of the human C5aR2 (SEQ ID No.: 1), which has a 67% identity of corresponding amino acids 100-105, containing Trp102, Phe104 and Gly105 that are attributed to play an important role in receptor/ligand binding (Monk P N et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2007), of the human C5aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 2), and which has a 83% identity of corresponding amino acids 86-91, a fragment of extracellular loop 1 domain of the human C3aR1 (SEQ ID No.: 3).
Amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No.: 13 covers amino acids 13-23, a fragment of the extracellular N-terminal domain of the human C5aR2 (SEQ ID No.: 1), which has a 82% identity of corresponding amino acids 33-43 (SEQ ID No.: 14) of the mouse C5aR2 (SEQ ID No.: 4), containing Tyr14 that is critical for receptor/ligand binding (Farzan M et al. J Exp Med. 2001).
The term “specific binding” is defined as a protein-ligand binding affinity with a dissociation constant of 1 mM or less, preferably 100 μM or less, preferably 50 μM or less, preferably 30 μM or less, preferably 20 μM or less, preferably 10 μM or less, preferably 5 μM or less, more preferably 1 μM or less, more preferably 900 nM or less, more preferably 800 nM or less, more preferably 700 nM or less, more preferably 600 nM or less, more preferably 500 nM or less, more preferably 400 nM or less, more preferably 300 nM or less, more preferably 200 nM or less, even more preferably 100 nM or less, even more preferably 90 nM or less, even more preferably 80 nM or less, even more preferably 70 nM or less, even more preferably 60 nM or less, even more preferably 50 nM or less, even more preferably 40 nM or less, even more preferably 30 nM or less, even more preferably 20 nM or less, and even more preferably 10 nM or less; determined by a radioligand binding assay (Cain S A, Monk P N, J Biol Chem. 2002) or surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore) (Colley C S et al. MAbs. 2018; as described in US 2012/0065254) or ELISA-based binding assay (Michelfelder S., J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018). The radioligand binding assay may be a Radiolabeled Ligand Competition Receptor Binding Assay as described in Kalant et al. J Biol Chem 2003, wherein said Radiolabeled Ligand Competition Receptor Binding Assay determines binding affinities between the complement receptors C5aR1 (also called CD88 in Kalant et al. J Biol Chem 2003), C3aR or C5L2 (SEQ ID No: 1, 2 and 3 of the present invention) and the anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a or C5a in a cell culture system. In said assay, receptor-bound and radiolabeled C3a, C4a or C5a was competitively displaced using increasing concentrations of unlabeled C3a, C4a or C5a. It is known to the person skilled in the art that unlabeled compounds different from of unlabeled C3a, C4a or C5a may be tested for displacement of receptor-bound radiolabeled C3a, C4a or C5a, comprising the use of the binders of the present invention.
The term “inhibiting the activity”, with regard to a protein or protein fragment/peptide, a non-IgG scaffold, an aptamer, oligonucleotides, an antibody or antibody-like proteins, peptidomimetics, or a fragment thereof according to the present invention, refers to the characteristic of inhibiting the process of fibroblast/myofibroblast activation and/or transdifferentiation in the presence of C5a and/or C3a and/or C4a stimulation. For this purpose, fibroblasts (e.g. human corneal keratocytes) incubated for 24 hours with C3a and/or C4a and/or C5a at a concentration of 0.1 μg/ml in DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) growth medium without fetal bovine serum (‘stimulation control’) are being compared to fibroblasts, which are incubated under the same conditions but with the addition of a protein or protein fragment/peptide, a non-IgG scaffold, an aptamer, oligonucleotides, an antibody or antibody-like proteins, peptidomimetics, or a fragment thereof according to the present invention that shall be tested for its efficacy (‘inhibition control’). After stimulation, the proportion (given in percentages) of myofibroblasts in a monolayered fibroblast cell culture is being determined by alpha smooth muscle actin (aSMA) immunocytochemistry staining, using anti-aSMA antibodies. Hereby myofibroblasts become apparent as cells that stain positive for aSMA in the cytoplasma. A protein or protein fragment/peptide, a non-IgG scaffold, an aptamer, an antibody or a fragment thereof, according to the present invention, is defined as effective, considering its optimal conditions and concentration, by the means of “inhibiting the activity” of myofibroblast activation if the proportion of myofibroblasts in the ‘inhibition control’ can be reduced preferably by at least 10%, more preferably by at least 20%, even more preferably by at least 25%, even more preferably by at least 30%, even more preferably by at least 35%, even more preferably by at least 40%, even more preferably by at least 45%, even more preferably by at least 50%, even more preferably by at least 55%, even more preferably by at least 60%, and even more preferably by at least 65%, compared to the proportion of myofibroblasts in the ‘stimulation control’.
In one embodiment of the invention said binder is a protein or protein fragment is selected from the group comprising human C5L2 protein according to SEQ ID No.: 1, a protein or fragment that is at least 60% identical to the full-length amino acid sequence of human C5L2 protein of SEQ ID No.:1, human C5aR1 protein according to SEQ ID No.: 2, a protein or fragment that is at least 60% identical to the full-length amino acid sequence of human C5aR1 protein of SEQ ID No.: 2, human C3aR protein according to SEQ ID No.: 3, a protein or fragment that is at least 60% identical to the full-length amino acid sequence of human C3aR protein of SEQ ID No.: 3, mouse C5L2 protein according to SEQ ID No.: 4, a protein or fragment that is at least 60% identical to the full-length amino acid sequence of mouse C5L2 protein of SEQ ID No.:4, mouse C5aR1 protein according to SEQ ID No.: 5, a protein or fragment that is at least 60% identical to the full-length amino acid sequence of mouse C5aR1 protein of SEQ ID No.: 5, mouse C3aR protein according to SEQ ID No.: 6, and a protein or fragment that is at least 60% identical to the full-length amino acid sequence of mouse C3aR protein of SEQ ID No.: 6.
In a specific embodiment of the invention the identity to the respective full-length amino acid sequence is least 65%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%.
In one embodiment, full-length recombinant human C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 2 (rhC5AR2/rhC5L2) may be produced in wheat germ (ab153291; Abcam; Cambridge, UK).
In another embodiment, full-length recombinant human C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 (rhC5AR1) located on the cell membrane may produced in wheat germ (ab157989; Abcam; Cambridge, UK) and post-translationally modified by sulfation.
In another embodiment, full-length recombinant human C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor (rhC3AR) located on the cell membrane may be produced in wheat germ (ab152249; Abcam; Cambridge, UK), and sulfated on Tyr174.
The extent of a identity between two amino acid sequences is defined as the result of heuristic algorithms, such as FASTA (Lipman D J et al. Science 1985, Pearson W R et al. PNAS 1988) and basic local alignment search tool (BLAST). (Lobo I. Nature Education 2008). The identity of a protein/peptide or protein fragment that shall be tested, to an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No's.: 1-17, is 100% if the protein/peptide or protein fragment that is tested is identical (respectively has a BLAST result of 100% identity) or contains a fragment identical (respectively has a BLAST result of 100% identity) to SEQ ID No's.: 1-17.
In one embodiment of the invention said protein or protein fragment comprises at least one conserved region selected from the group comprising an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:7, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:8, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:9, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:10, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:11, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:12, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:13, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:14, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:15, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:16, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:17, and a protein or fragment that is at least 60% identical to any of the amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID No's.:7-17.
In one embodiment of the invention said protein or protein fragment comprises at least two conserved regions selected from the group comprising an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:7, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:8, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:9, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:10, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:11, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:12, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:13, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:14, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:15, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:16, an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.:17, and a protein or fragment that is at least 60% identical to any of the amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID No's.:7-17.
In another embodiment of the invention said protein or protein fragment comprises at least three of the before-mentioned conserved regions, or at least four of the before-mentioned conserved regions, or at least five of the before-mentioned conserved regions, or six of the before-mentioned conserved regions.
In one embodiment of the invention the conserved regions exhibit at least at least 65%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity to any of the before-mentioned amino acids according to SEQ ID No.: 7-17.
Table 1 provides an overview of sequence identities, determined by BLAST, between corresponding amino acid sequences of conserved sequence fragments (SEQ ID No's.: 7-17) characteristic for human and mouse C5L2, C5AR1 and C3AR.
100%
86%
79%
86%
64%
100%
90%
70%
80%
100%
90%
100%
89%
89%
89%
67%
67%
100%
89%
89%
89%
100%
75%
63%
63%
75%
75%
100%
100%
67%
83%
100%
100%
82%
82%
100%
100%
100%
100%
90%
Subject matter of the present invention is a composition comprising at least one binder, e.g. a proteins or protein fragment, according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound and/or fibrosis.
Subject matter of the present invention is a composition comprising at least two binders, e.g. two proteins/peptides or protein fragments, according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound and/or fibrosis.
Subject matter of the present invention is a composition comprising at least three binders, e.g. proteins/peptides or protein fragments, according to the present inventions for use in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound and/or fibrosis. For the purpose of clarity, it is herein understood that the word “fibrosis” within the wording “ocular wound and/or fibrosis” refers to the general definition of the term “fibrosis” and is not limited to ocular fibrosis only, wherein the wording “ocular wound and/or fibrosis” and “fibrosis and/or ocular wound” can be used interchangeably herein.
One binder, e.g. protein or protein fragment, may contain one or multiple binding sites for C5a and/or C3a and/or C4a. According to Table 1, the number of binding sites may vary, depending on the number of comprised sequences selected from SEQ ID No.: 1-17.
In this regard, a composition of more than one binder, e.g. protein/peptide or protein fragment comprising SED ID No.: 1-17 expands the inhibiting effect on C3a-, C4a- and C5a-dependent activities. In particular, the combination of proteins or protein fragments deriving from primarily C3a-binding moieties, such as SEQ ID No's: 8, 12 and 17, with proteins or protein fragments deriving from primarily C5a-binding moieties, such as SEQ ID No's: 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16, are of particular importance.
Subject matter of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a binder, e.g. protein or protein fragment, according to the present invention or a composition according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound and/or fibrosis.
The binders of the present invention may be pegylated, or altered in a comparable way, to modify the biological stability and/or half-life of the binder. PEGylation is the process of both covalent and non-covalent attachment or amalgamation of polyethylene glycol (PEG, in pharmacy called macrogol) polymer chains to molecules and macrostructures, such as a drug, therapeutic protein or vesicle, which is then described as PEGylated (pegylated). PEGylation is routinely achieved by the incubation of a reactive derivative of PEG with the target molecule. The covalent attachment of PEG to a drug or therapeutic protein can “mask” the agent from the host's immune system (reducing immunogenicity and antigenicity), and increase its hydrodynamic size (size in solution), which prolongs its circulatory time by reducing renal clearance.
The binders of the present invention may undergo posttranslational or post-synthesis modifications that may comprise i.a. the attachment of sugars, fatty acids, phosphate groups (phosphoryl group, phosphorylation), hydroxyl groups, methyl groups (methylation of proteins), ubiquitin (ubiquitination of proteins), to alter the actual structure of the binder and may enhance its function or stability. These modification may be made on both, the amino (amino terminus) and carboxyl end (carboxyl terminus) of a binder, as well as amino acid side chains (amino acids) within the protein and may be reversible and/or irreversible.
Subject matter are furthermore prodrugs of the binder according to the present invention. A prodrug is a medication or compound that, after administration, is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug. Inactive prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive medications that are metabolized into an active form within the body. Instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug might be used instead to improve how a medicine is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.
In one embodiment of the invention said pharmaceutical composition is for topical application, i.e. is topically administered.
In one embodiment of the invention said pharmaceutical composition is for intraocular application, i.e. is intraocular administered.
In one embodiment of the invention said pharmaceutical composition is for intravitreal application, i.e. is intravitreal administered.
In one embodiment of the invention said pharmaceutical composition is for subconjunctival application, i.e. is subconjunctival administered.
In one embodiment of the invention said pharmaceutical composition is for intravascular/intravenous application, i.e. is intravascular/intravenous administered.
One embodiment of the present invention is a binder, e.g. protein or protein fragment, according to the present invention or a composition according to the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a subject wherein said subject suffers from a disease selected from the group comprising: conjunctivitis and conjunctival scars (including ocular pemphigoid), scleritis and episcleritis, corneal scars and opacities due to corneal ulcer, keratoconjunctivitis, keratitis, bullous keratopathy, corneal degenerations, iridocyclitis and adhesions of iris and ciliary body, chorioretinal scars/fibrosis due to chorioretinal inflammation or degeneration or haemorrhage or rupture or neovascularization, fibrotic vitreoretinopathies, such as in proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy; choroidal neovascularization and degenerations of the macula, secondary glaucoma, endophthalmitis, and impairments of wound healing and fibrosis after ocular surgery or trauma, including intraocular foreign bodies.
One embodiment of the present invention is a binder, e.g. protein/peptide or protein fragment, according to the present invention or a composition according to the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a subject wherein said subject suffers from corneal fibrosis.
One embodiment of the present invention is a binder, e.g. protein/peptide or protein fragment, according to the present invention or a composition according to the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a subject wherein said subject suffers from chorioretinal fibrosis.
One embodiment of the present invention is a binder, e.g. protein/peptide or protein fragment, according to the present invention or a composition according to the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a subject wherein said subject suffers from impairments of wound healing and fibrosis after ocular surgery or trauma.
One embodiment of the present invention is binder, e.g. protein or protein fragment, according to the present invention or a composition according to the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a subject wherein said subject suffers from a disease selected from the group comprising: (idiopathic) pulmonary fibrosis, dermal keloid formation, scleroderma, myelofibrosis, kidney-, pancreas- and heart-fibrosis, and fibrosis in (non)-alcoholic steatohepatosis, glomerulonephritis and (ANCA-associated) vasculitis.
One embodiment of the present invention is a binder, e.g. protein or protein fragment, according to the present invention or a composition according to the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a subject wherein said subject suffers from pulmonary fibrosis.
One embodiment of the present invention is a binder, e.g. protein or protein fragment, according to the present invention or a composition according to the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a subject wherein said subject suffers from fibrosis due to glomerulonephritis and/or renal fibrosis
One embodiment of the present invention is a binder, e.g. protein or protein fragment, according to the present invention or a composition according to the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use in the treatment of a subject wherein said subject suffers from steatohepatosis and/or liver fibrosis.
The following embodiments are subject of the invention:
The following embodiments are subject of the invention:
The following embodiments are subject of the invention:
Human C5L2 Protein Fragment Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C3a
To explore the potential functional role of human C5L2 protein fragment (hC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 18, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C3a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Human C5L2 Protein Fragment Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a
To explore the potential functional role of human C5L2 protein fragment (hC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 18, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Human C5L2 Protein Fragment Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a and C3a
To explore the potential functional role of human C5L2 protein fragment, according to SEQ ID No.: 18, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a/C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a and human C3a respectively for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Mouse C5L2 Protein Fragment Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C3a
To explore the potential functional role of mouse C5L2 protein fragment (mC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 19, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C3a over 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Mouse C5L2 Protein Fragment Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a
To explore the potential functional role of mouse C5L2 protein fragment (mC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 19, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a over 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Mouse C5L2 Protein Fragment Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a and C3a
To explore the potential functional role of mouse C5L2 protein fragment (mC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 19, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a/C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a and human C3a respectively for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
The Effect of Human C5L2 Protein Fragment Concentration on Myofibroblasts in the Presence of Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of human C5L2 protein fragment (hC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 18, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FCS, fetal calf serum) and human C5L2 protein fragment in different concentrations (
The Effect of Mouse C5L2 Protein Fragment Concentration on Myofibroblasts in the Presence of Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of mouse C5L2 protein fragment (mC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 19, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FCS, fetal calf serum) and mouse C5L2 protein fragment in different concentrations (
The Effect of Human C5L2 Protein Fragment Concentration on Myofibroblasts without Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of human C5L2 protein fragment (hC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 18, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium without fetal bovine serum and with human C5L2 protein fragment in different concentrations (
The Effect of Mouse C5L2 Protein Fragment Concentration on Myofibroblasts without Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of mouse C5L2 protein fragment (mC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 19, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium without fetal bovine serum and with mouse C5L2 protein fragment in different concentrations (
Human C5L2 Protein Fragment Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C3a
To explore the potential functional role of human C5L2 protein fragment (hC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 18, in the treatment of a subject having a pulmonary fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells) were stimulated with human C3a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Human C5L2 Protein Fragment Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a
To explore the potential functional role of human C5L2 protein fragment (hC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 18, in the treatment of a subject having a pulmonary fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells) were stimulated with human C5a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Human C5L2 Protein Fragment Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a and C3a
To explore the potential functional role of human C5L2 protein fragment (hC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 18, in the treatment of a subject having a pulmonary fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a/C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells) were stimulated with human C5a and human C3a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Human C5L2 Protein Fragment Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts in the Presence of Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of human C5L2 protein fragment (hC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 18, in the treatment of a subject having a pulmonary fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells) were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FCS, fetal calf serum) and human C5L2 protein fragment in different concentrations (
Full-Length Recombinant Human C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor 2 (rhC5AR2/rhC5L2) Protein Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C3a
To explore the potential functional role of the rhC5L2 protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 1, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C3a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Full-Length Recombinant Human C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor 2 (rhC5AR2/rhC5L2) Protein Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a
To explore the potential functional role of the rhC5L2 protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 1, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Full-Length Recombinant Human C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor 2 (rhC5AR2/rhC5L2) Protein Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a and C3a
To explore the potential functional role of the rhC5L2 protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 1, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a/C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a and human C3a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
The Effect of the Full-Length Recombinant Human C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor 2 (rhC5AR2/rhC5L2) Protein Concentration on Myofibroblasts in the Presence of Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of the human rhC5L2 protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 1, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FCS, fetal calf serum) and the human rhC5L2 protein in different concentrations (
The Effect of the Full-Length Recombinant Human C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor 2 (rhC5AR2/rhC5L2) Protein Concentration on Myofibroblasts without Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of the human rhC5L2 protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 1, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium without fetal bovine serum and with the human rhC5L2 protein in different concentrations (
Full-Length Recombinant Human C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor 1 (rhC5AR1) Protein Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C3a
To explore the potential functional role of the rhC5AR1 protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 2, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C3a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Full-Length Recombinant Human C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor 1 (rhC5AR1) Protein Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a
To explore the potential functional role of the rhC5AR1 protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 2, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Full-Length Recombinant Human C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor 1 (rhC5AR1) Protein Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a and C3a
To explore the potential functional role of the rhC5AR1 protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 2, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a/C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a and human C3a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
The Effect of the Full-Length Recombinant Human C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor 1 (rhC5AR1) Protein Concentration on Myofibroblasts in the Presence of Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of the human rhC5AR1 protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 2, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FCS, fetal calf serum) and the human rhC5AR1 protein in different concentrations (
The Effect of the Full-Length Recombinant Human C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor 1 (rhC5AR1) Protein Concentration on Myofibroblasts without Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of the human rhC5AR1 protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 2, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium without fetal bovine serum and with the human rhC5AR1 protein in different concentrations (
Full-Length Recombinant Human C3a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor (rhC3AR) Protein Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C3a
To explore the potential functional role of the rhC3AR protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 3, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C3a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Full-Length Recombinant Human C3a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor (rhC3AR) Protein Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a
To explore the potential functional role of the rhC3AR protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 3, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Full-Length Recombinant Human C3a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor (rhC3AR) Protein Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a and C3a
To explore the potential functional role of the rhC3AR protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 3, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a/C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a and human C3a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
The Effect of the Full-Length Recombinant Human C3a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor (rhC3AR) Protein Concentration on Myofibroblasts in the Presence of Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of the human rhC3AR protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 3, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FCS, fetal calf serum) and the human rhC3AR protein in different concentrations (
The Effect of the Full-Length Recombinant Human C3a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor (rhC3AR) Protein Concentration on Myofibroblasts without Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of the human rhC3AR protein, according to SEQ ID No.: 3, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium without fetal bovine serum and with the human rhC3AR protein in different concentrations (
RNA/DNA Aptamer Binding to Human C5a Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C3a
To explore the potential functional role of the L-RNA/L-DNA aptamer binding to human C5a (C5a aptamer), containing a C5a binding site according to SEQ ID No.: 41, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C3a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
RNA/DNA Aptamer Binding to Human C5a Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a
To explore the potential functional role of the L-RNA/L-DNA aptamer binding to human C5a (C5a aptamer), containing a C5a binding site according to SEQ ID No.: 41, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
RNA/DNA Aptamer Binding to Human C5a Causes Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a and C3a
To explore the potential functional role of the L-RNA/L-DNA aptamer binding to human C5a (C5a aptamer), containing a C5a binding site according to SEQ ID No.: 41, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence on C5a/C3a-activated myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C5a and human C3a for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
The Effect of the RNA/DNA Aptamer, Binding to Human C5a, Concentration on Myofibroblasts in the Presence of Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of the L-RNA/L-DNA aptamer binding to human C5a (C5a aptamer), containing a C5a binding site according to SEQ ID No.: 41, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FCS, fetal calf serum) and the C5a aptamer in different concentrations (
The Effect of the RNA/DNA Aptamer, Binding to Human C5a, Concentration on Myofibroblasts without Fetal Bovine Serum
To explore the potential functional role of the L-RNA/L-DNA aptamer binding to human C5a (C5a aptamer), containing a C5a binding site according to SEQ ID No.: 41, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its concentration on myofibroblasts was examined. Human corneal keratocytes were incubated for 24 hours in DMEM growth medium without fetal bovine serum and with the C5a aptamer in different concentrations (
Antibodies Binding to Human C5a Cause Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a, but do not Cause Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C3a nor C3a and C5a Combined.
To explore the potential functional role of antibodies binding to human C5a (C5a Ab) in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effects of its presence on C3a-, C5a- and C5a/C3a-activated myofibroblasts were examined. Furthermore, the effects of its concentrations on myofibroblasts with and without the presence of fetal bovine serum were examined, as well.
The antibodies examined were the polyclonal rabbit immunoglobulin G antibody 250565 (Abbiotec; San Diego, USA), raised against the sequence within amino acids 700-755 of the human complement C5 isoform 1 preproprotein (Accession No.: NP_001726), that corresponds to the sequence within amino acids 23-74 of SEQ ID No.: 20; and the polyclonal rabbit immunoglobulin G antibody 308733 (Biorbyt; Cambridge, United Kingdom), raised against the sequence within amino acids 1275-1290 of the human complement C5 isoform 1 preproprotein (Accession No.: NP_001726).
Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C3a, human C5a and human C5a/C3a combined for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Antibodies Binding to Human C3a Cause Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C3a, but do not Cause Inhibition of Myofibroblasts Activated by C5a nor C3a and C5a Combined.
To explore the potential functional role of antibodies binding to human C3a (C3a mAb) in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effects of its presence on C3a-, C5a- and C5a/C3a-activated myofibroblasts were examined. Furthermore, the effects of its concentrations on myofibroblasts with and without the presence of fetal bovine serum were examined, as well.
The antibodies examined were the monoclonal mouse immunoglobulin G1 (kappa light chain) antibody sc28294 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Dallas, USA), raised against the sequence within amino acids 541-840 of the human complement C3 preproprotein (Accession No.: NP_000055.2), that covers SEQ ID No.: 43; and the monoclonal rat immunoglobulin G2a antibody HM1072 (Hycult Biotech; Uden, The Netherlands), raised against a sequence of the mouse C5 protein (Specification according to the reference by Mastellos D et al. Mol Immunol 2004).
Human corneal keratocytes were stimulated with human C3a, human C5a and human C5a/C3a combined for 24 hours and assessed in regard to activated myofibroblasts (
Mouse C5L2 Protein Fragment Reduces the Formation of Corneal Fibrosis after Alkali-Burn of the Cornea in Mice
To explore the potential functional role of mouse C5L2 protein fragment (mC5L2), according to SEQ ID No.: 19, in the treatment of a subject having an ocular wound or fibrosis, the effect of its presence was examined in an in vivo corneal alkali-burn mouse model. C57/BL6 mice (6-8 weeks old) were treated according to a standardized mouse model of corneal alkali-burn under intraperitoneal general anesthesia (Saika S et al. Am J Pathol 2005). A filter paper, measuring 1.5 mm in diameter, soaked with 2 μl M NaOH (sodium hydroxide) was placed, under stereomicroscopic view, on the central cornea of the right mouse eye for 2 minutes to induce a corneal alkali-burn. Immediately after corneal alkali-burn the treated eyes received either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 0.3% ofloxacin ointment (on day 2, 4, 6 and 8) (PBS/control group); or PBS and 0.3% ofloxacin ointment (on day 2, 4, 6 and 8) and 1.5 μg/ml mC5L2 eye drops 5 times a day (during the entire follow-up period) (PBS with mC5L2 treatment group).
The course of wound healing of the ‘PBS/control group’ and ‘PBS with mC5L2 treatment group’ was examined 5, 10 and 20 days after corneal alkali-burn by gene expression. A list of differentially expressed genes, attained from mouse corneas and generated from a gene expression Clariom S mouse microarray, between the ‘PBS/control’ and ‘PBS with mC5L2 treatment’ group, are shown in Table 9 (day 5), Table 10 (day 10) and Table 11 (day 20). Strongest gene expression differences were observed on day 10 after corneal alkali-burn, accordingly the 100 most significant functional annotations to the differentially expressed genes are listed in Table 12. Thus, the mouse C5L2 protein fragment (mC5L2) was responsible for affecting wound healing and fibrogenesis after corneal alkali-burn in mice by influencing the gene expression, amongst others, of extracellular matrix organization, collagen metabolic processes, cellular responses to growth factors, transforming growth factor beta (receptor) signaling and smooth muscle cell differentiation.
The clinical manifestation of the corneal fibrosis, 20 days after corneal alkali-burn, was evaluated by using established corneal fibrosis grading systems according to Cowell (Cowell B A et al. ILAR J 1999), McDonald (McDonald T O et al. Eye irritation 1997, p 579-582: Marzulli F N et al. Dermatotoxicology and pharmacology) and Drew (Drew A F et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000).
The Cowell score is the sum of grading the area of fibrosis (0: None, 1: 1-25%, 2: 26-50%, 3: 51-75%, 4: 76-100%), the density of opacity (0: Clear, 1: Slight cloudiness, details of pupil and iris discernible, 2: Cloudy, but outline of the iris and pupil remains visible, 3: Cloudy, opacity not uniform, 4: Uniform opacity) and the surface regularity (0: Smooth, 1: Slight surface irregularity, 2: Rough surface, some swelling, 3: Significant swelling, crater or descemetocele formation, 4: Perforation or serious descemetocele). The McDonald-(Shadduck) score is grading of the transparency of the cornea (0: No visible lesion, 1: Some loss of transparency. The underlying structures are clearly visible with diffuse illumination, 2: Moderate loss of transparency. With diffuse illumination the underlying structures are barely visible, but can still be examined and graded, 3: Severe loss of transparency. With diffuse illumination the underlying structures are not visible when viewed through the lesion and evaluation of them is impaired). The Drew haze score is grading of the corneal haze (0: complete clarity, ½ minimal haze, 1: mild haze, 2: significant haze, 3: complete obscuration of the anterior chamber and iris). The grading scores according to Cowell, McDonald and Drew of the corneal fibrosis, 20 days after corneal alkali-burn, of the ‘PBS/control’ and ‘PBS with mC5L2 treatment’ group are shown in
Regarding the items of the Cowell score, as shown in
Wound healing and fibrosis, 20 days after corneal alkali-burn, of the ‘PBS/control’ and ‘PBS with mC5L2 treatment’ group was examined by protein expression. A list of differentially expressed proteins, attained from mouse corneas and generated from a protein expression scioDiscover antibody microarray, between the ‘PBS/control’ and ‘PBS with mC5L2 treatment’ group, are shown in Table 13. The functional annotations to the differentially expressed proteins are listed in Table 14. Thus, the mouse C5L2 protein fragment (mC5L2) was responsible for affecting wound healing and fibrogenesis after corneal alkali-burn in mice by influencing the protein expression, amongst others, of responses to wounding, immune system processes, collagen catabolic processes, as well as extracellular matrix disassembly and organization.
In summary, the mouse C5L2 protein fragment (mC5L2) was responsible for causing inhibition of fibrosis after corneal alkali-burn in mice by intervening diverse biological processes, as listed in Tab. 12 and 14, which resulted in a smaller area and less opacification of the fibrosis on cornea.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18179178.1 | Jun 2018 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/066419 | 6/20/2019 | WO |
