BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Disclosure
This disclosure relates generally to a completion system wherein a production string for the production of hydrocarbons may include an expandable control line.
2. Background of the Art
Wells or wellbores are drilled in subsurface formations for the production of hydrocarbons (oil and gas). Modern wells can extend to great well depths, sometimes more than 8,000 meters (over 25,000 ft.). Hydrocarbons are trapped in various traps in the subsurface formations at different depths. The areas of the formation that contain the hydrocarbons are referred to as reservoirs or hydrocarbon-bearing formations or production zones. The wellbore is lined with a casing and the annulus between the casing and the wellbore is filled with cement. Perforations are made through the casing and the formation to allow the hydrocarbons to flow from the production zones into the wellbore. A production string is placed inside the casing to lift the hydrocarbons from the wellbore to the surface. The production string for deep wells can include a tubing from the surface that exceeds 5,000 meters (over 15,000 feet). Expansion joints have been used to accommodate for the expansion and contraction of the tubing during deployment and for the expansion during the life of the production string. A control line is generally run from a surface location to the various production zones, with control line coiled around a tubular in the expansion joint. For deep wells, the expansion joint may exceed 120 feet and thus the control line will have numerous coils placed around the expansion joint. In deep wells, several control lines may be required, such as 3-5 control lines that are coiled or passed over the expansion joint with a long stroke, such as 120 feet. In such a case, the control lines may be fully or mostly stretched during deployment. After deployment, the expansion joint length is reduced, which causes the coils at a bottom section the coils to compress, while leaving coils in the upper section stretched. The stretch for the uppermost coil is the greatest and it bears the entire weight of the upstretched section of the coils. Strings, such as production strings, expand and contract over the life of the well, which causes the expansion joint to stretch and compress, thereby stretching and compressing the coils. The coils do not stretch uniformly. Also, once a coil is stretched excessively, either during deployment of thereafter, it may not retract back to its original shape due to the yielding of the coil material, which material may be a metal or an alloy. Stretching of the coiled control line will cause an upper point in a particular coil to lift the weight of the coils stretched below that coil, which weight may be excessive, at least for the coils in the upper section of the coiled control line. Such excessive weight on the coils may be detrimental to control line and in may damage the control line. Also, the amount of the stretch of the coils differs. For example, the top coil of the coiled control line will stretch first to a certain distance before the next lower coil will start to stretch and so forth, thereby providing uneven stretching of the coils.
The disclosure herein provides a completion system wherein a production string includes an expansion joint with a coiled control line wherein stretch of at least some of the coil is limited or controlled.
SUMMARY
A production string for use in a wellbore is disclosed that in a non-limiting embodiment includes an expansion joint having a first tubular that slides along a second tubular, a control line extending from a location above the expansion joint to a location below the expansion joint, wherein a control line is placed around the first tubular in a helical fashion to include a number of coils and wherein at least some of such coils in the plurality of coils are connected to each other by a flexible member to limit the stretch of such coils.
In another aspect, a method of completing a well is disclosed that in one non-limiting embodiment includes: providing a production string that includes an expansion joint having a first tubular that slides along a second tubular; placing a control line from a location above the expansion joint to a location below the expansion joint with the control line helically wound around the first tubular to include a number of coils; and connecting at least some of the coils with a flexible member to control the stretch of such coils.
Examples of the more important features of a production string are summarized rather broadly in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the contributions to the art may be appreciated. There are, of course, additional features that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject of the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a detailed understanding of the apparatus and methods disclosed herein, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings and the detailed description thereof, wherein like elements are generally given same numerals and wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a service string having an expansion joint therein and a control line arranged around the expansion joint, according to one non-limiting embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 2 shows a control line having three separate lines arranged in a helical or coiled form arrangement, wherein the separate lines are attached to a flexible member, according to one non-limiting embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a simplified side view showing the connections of the separate control lines to the flexible member shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 shows a control line having three separate lines in a helical or coiled form arrangement, wherein the separate lines in at least some of the coils of the control line are grouped together and the groups linked to each other by flexible members, according to another non-limiting embodiment of the disclosure; and
FIG. 5 is a simplified side view showing the connections of the separate control lines shown in FIG. 4.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a line diagram of an exemplary wellbore system 100 that includes a production string 190 containing a control line 150 for producing hydrocarbon from a wellbore 101 formed in a formation 102, according to one non-limiting embodiment of the disclosure. For the purpose of this disclosure, a control line means a line or a communication link for providing communication between two or more locations and may include any suitable device, including, but not limited to, hydraulic lines, electrical lines, fiber-optic lines, and a combination thereof. The wellbore 101 is shown formed from a location 109, which may be location at the surface of the earth or at a mud line under water. The wellbore 101 is shown lined with a casing 104 and has a blow-out preventor 107 at the location 109. The annulus 105 between the wellbore 101 and the casing 104 is filled with cement 106. Although, the system 100 and the methods are described in terms of a cased-hole, such a system, as described herein or with obvious modifications, may equally be utilized for open hole applications. The casing 104 is shown to include a landing 105 near the top of the casing 104.
The production string 190 includes a lower string or completion section 110 (also referred to herein as the “lower section”) and an upper completion string or upper completion section 130 (also referred to herein as the “upper section”). The lower section 110 may include any devices known in the art to facilitate the production of hydrocarbons from the formation 102 to the surface. The lower completion section 110 is isolated from the upper completion section 130 by an isolation packer 114. The production string 190 includes a tubular 112 with a polished bore receptacle (“PBR”) 120 and a wet connect carrier 122 having a lower wet connect 125 on top of the PBR 120. A control line 128 is run from the lower wet connect 125 to a circuit or control unit 180 in the lower completion section 110 for transmitting information (signals, data, power, etc.) between the control circuit 180 and the lower wet connect 125 and then to the surface.
The upper section 130 includes a tubular 132 that has a tubing hanger 134 at its upper end. The tubing hanger 134 has a landing 135 that lands on or hangs on to the landing 105 in the casing 104 when the upper section 130 is set or deployed in the casing 101. The upper section 130 contains an expansion joint 140 (that may be a telescoping space-out joint or TSOJ) connected to the bottom end 132a of the tubular 132. In one aspect, the expansion joint 140 includes a seal bore 142 configured to move along a tubular 144. The seal bore 142 is connected to a tubular 144 via a shear device 146, such as a shear pin. A seal 148 provides a seal between the seal bore 142 and the tubular 144. An upper wet connect carrier 160 having an upper wet connect 165 is connected to the lower end 144a of the tubular 144. In one aspect, the control line 150 is run from the surface along the tubular 132 and then placed around the seal bore 142 in the form of a helix or coil 152 having successive coils 152a, 152b . . . 152n. In one non-limiting embodiment, some or all coils 152b . . . 152n are connected to one or more flexible members, such as member 185, the member 185 connected to a location 186 on the bottom the member 142 to reduce or control the stretch of the individual coils 152a-152n, as described in more detail in reference to FIGS. 2-5. A control line for the purpose of this disclosure is any link that provides communication between two locations, such a signal communication, data communication, fluid communication, pressure communication, power, etc. In one aspect, the control line 150 may further include one or more suitable communication links, including hydraulic lines, electrical lines, fiber optic lines, acoustic links, and a combination thereof. The control line 150 terminates at the upper wet connect 165. The tubular 144 is then connected to a mandrel 170 that has an upper seal 172, a flow port 174 and a lower seal 176.
To connect the upper section 130 to the lower section 110 and to connect the upper wet connect 165 to the lower wet connect 125, the tubular 132 is lowered to cause the lower seal 176 to engage with the PBR 120. When the lower seal 176 engages with the PBR 120, as shown in FIG. 1, pressure inside the upper section 130 increases, which produces a spike in the pressure measured at the surface. This enables an operator to know that the lower seal has engaged with the PBR 120. To connect the upper wet connect 165 to the lower wet connect 125, the flow port 174 is opened, which allows fluid communication between the upper wet connect 165 and the lower wet connect 125. The upper section 130 is then lowered so that the upper wet connect 165 mates with the lower wet connect 125. Mating of the upper 165 and lower wet connect 125 provides communication between the surface and the lower completion section 110. Mating of the upper and lower wet connects 165 and 125 also prevents the upper section 130 to further move downward. The weight of the upper section 130 is not sufficient to break the shear device 146. At this stage, the lower seal 176 is at a location 176a and the upper seal 172 has engaged with the PBR as shown by location 172a. In addition, the landing 135 of the tubing hanger 134 is still above the landing 105 of the casing 101. The tubular 132 is then pushed downward to break the shear device 146, which enables the seal bore 142 of the TSOJ 140 to move along the tubular 144 via the seal 148, which compresses at least some of the coils 152a-152n. The control lines 128 and 150 may include one or more individual or separate lines or links, which may include hydraulic lines, electrical lines (conductors), fiber optic lines and/or any other type of control lines known in the art. Alternatively, the production string 190 may not include mandrel 170 and/or the wet connects 125 and 165.
Still referring to FIG. 1, some or all of the coils 152a-152n may be connected to one or more flexible members, such as member 180, to limit the stretch of the coils. In FIG. 1, the coils are shown stretched or are in the extended position. In this position, the uppermost coil 152a is under greatest tension because it is lifting the weight of the entire coil 152. In some production strings, particularly those employed in deep wells, the length of the expansion joint, such as expansion joint 140, may be relatively long, some exceeding 100 feet. The greater the weight lifted by a coil, the greater the extension of that particular coil. The weight on any coil depends on the weight of coils below such a coil. Thus, in the system 100, when the expansion joint expands, the individual coils 152a-152n may carry different loads and stretch to different lengths.
When the shear device 146 is sheared or broken by pushing the tubular 132 downward, coils 152a-152n start to compress, beginning with the lowermost coil 152n. After the deployment of the production string 190 in the wellbore 101, the production string 190 may expand and/or contract, causing the coils 152a-152n to stretch or compress, as the case may be. Exemplary methods of connecting the coils, such as coils 152a-152n, to limit the weight exerted on the individual coils or their respective stretches are described below in reference to FIGS. 2-5.
FIG. 2 shows a control line 200 including three separate links or lines 210a, 210b and 210c arranged in a helix or coiled about a vertical or longitudinal axis 201. The form of the control line 200 shown in FIG. 2 is the form that the control line 200 will attain when it is helically wound around or coiled around a tubular member, such as tubular 144 in FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, the links are shown in fully stretched position. Each link forms coils or loops adjacent to each other. For example link 210b forms a coil or loop from point 242b-1 to point 242b-2. For ease of explanation each half loop or half coil, such as half loop from one side 250a to another side 252b for link 210b is also referred herein as a coil or a loop. Thus, the control line 200 may be considered to contain coils 220a, 220b and 220c, etc., wherein each link has the same number of coils as the control line 200. For example, in FIG. 2, link 210b is shown to have a coil 212b-1 in coil 220a, coil 212b-2 in coil 220b and coil 212b-3 in coil 220c. Other links will have similar coils.
Still referring to FIG. 2, in one aspect, to limit the stretch of links 210a, 210b and 210c about the axis 201, such links may be attached to a flexible member 240 in a variety of manners. In the particular configuration of FIG. 2, link 210a is shown connected to the flexible member 240 at location 242a-2 in coil 220b, at location 242a-3 in coil 220c. Control line 210b is shown connected to the flexible member 240 at locations 242b-1 in coil 220a, at location 242b-2 in coil 220b and at location 242b-3 in coil 220c. The control line 200 in FIG. 2 is shown in a stretched position, in a manner similar to control line section 152 shown in FIG. 1. In the particular configuration of FIG. 2, the stretch between adjacent links in a particular coil is the same (i.e., the spacing or the distance when adjacent individual control lines when fully stretched is the same). For example, stretch 244a-b between control lines 210a and 210b in coil 220b and stretch 244b-c between control lines 210b and 210c in coil 220b is the same. Also the stretch between adjacent coils is the same. For example, stretch 222a-b between coils 220a and 220b and stretch 222b-c between coils 220b and 220c is the same. In other aspects, the stretches between the individual adjacent links, such as 210a and 210b and 210b and 210c of a particular coil (for example 220-b) may be different. Also, stretches between adjacent coils, such as coils 222a-b, 222b-c etc. may be same or different. In other aspects, any desired stretch distances may be selected for the purpose of this disclosure. Additionally, connection to some coils may be skipped. For example every third coil may be connected to the flexible member, etc. Connecting the individual links, such as links 210a, 210b and 210c limits the stretch of such individual links relative to each other and connecting coils, such connecting coil 220a to coil 220b and coil 220b to coil 220c limits the stretch between such coils. In another aspect, the stretch between the coils, such as stretch between coils 220a and 220b and between 220b and 220c may be the same or different from the stretch between the individual links. In another aspect, the flexible member 240 may be connected to some but not all of the coils and/or the individual links. In another aspect more than one flexible member may be connected to some or all coils and/or individual links. For example two flexible members may be connected to the coils and/or links on opposite sides. In one aspect, the flexible member 240 may be a wire or a strap and may be made from any suitable material, such as a metal, an alloy, a fiber material, such as polyurethane, commercially available material, aramid fiber materials, etc. Furthermore, links may be connected to the flexible material 240 by any suitable manner, such as rivets or looped around individual links, etc. In aspects, when the coils, such as coils 252a-252n are collapsed, the flexible member forms a loop between such coils.
FIG. 3 is a simplified view of coils longitudinally cut along the flexible member 240 of FIG. 2. The flexible member 240 is shown connected or attached to the each link by a suitable attachment device. For example, link 210a is attached to the flexible member 240 at location 310a, link 310b at location 310b and link 210c at location 310c. Coils 220b and 220c are connected to each other by section 222b-c of the flexible member 240.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative manner of connecting individual links For example, links 210a, 210b and 210c in coil 220b are placed in a loop 240b. Loops around adjacent coils 220a, 220b, 220c, etc. may then be connected by a line or string of a flexible material. For example, loop 240a may be connected to loop 240b by a string or line 250a-b and loop 240b may be connected to loop 240c with a flexible string 250b-c. Although FIG. 4 shows the individual links separated from each other, in practice, in such a configuration, adjacent links in a particular loop will remain collapsed. FIG. 5 is a simplified side view of the coils of FIG. 4. In FIG. 5, each of the loop 440a, 440b and 440c contains links 210a, 210b and 210c and such loops are connected to each other by lines 450a-b, 450b-c, etc. The individual links in each loop are shown in collapsed position.
The foregoing disclosure is directed to the certain exemplary embodiments and methods of the present disclosure. Various modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is intended that all such modifications within the scope of the appended claims be embraced by the foregoing disclosure. The words “comprising” and “comprises” as used in the claims are to be interpreted to mean “including but not limited to”. Also, the abstract is not to be used to limit the scope of the claims.
Patent Application
20150159441
