COMPLEX APPARATUS OF REVERSE ELECTRODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT AND DESALINATION PLANT AND METHOD FOR IMPROVING POWER DENSITY THEREOF

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2014-0033499, filed on Mar. 21, 2014, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. §119, the contents of which in its entirety are herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present disclosure relates to a complex apparatus of reverse electrodialysis equipment and desalination plant and a method for improving a power density thereof.

2. Description of the Related Art

Power may be produced using a reverse electrodialysis (hereinafter, also referred to as RED).

That is, in the reverse electrodialysis, electric energy may be produced by using selective ion penetration due to a concentration difference through a membrane (or, ion exchange membrane) between two ion solutions having different ion concentrations, as well known in the art.

For example, reverse electrodialysis equipment may include a membrane stack having cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes stacked alternately, and electrodes respectively provided at an end of each stack. A high-concentration salt solution and a low-concentration salt solution are supplied into the reverse electrodialysis equipment, and a solute passes in a dissociated state from the high-concentration salt solution through the ion exchange membrane, an electric current may flow and voltages may be generated at both ends of the stack electrodes. This reverse electrodialysis-type power plant may produce energy with low costs.

Meanwhile, there has been proposed a technique in which the reverse electrodialysis equipment is connected to a desalination plant (or, a desalination unit; hereinafter, also referred to as DSU) to configure a complex system, so that the desalination plant (DSU) purifies (desalinize) a sea water into a fresh water and the concentrated sea water from the desalination plant is provided as a high-concentration salt solution to the reverse electrodialysis equipment (US 2008/0230376 A1).

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a conventional complex system of desalination plant and reverse electrodialysis equipment.

Referring to FIG. 1, in the conventional complex system of a desalination plant and a reverse electrodialysis equipment, a sea water is supplied respectively to the desalination plant (DSU) and the reverse electrodialysis equipment (RED). The desalination plant (DSU) receiving the sea water converts the sea water into a purified fresh water, and provides a concentrated sea water (brine, about 70 to 80 g/L) having an increased salinity to the reverse electrodialysis equipment (RED). In the reverse electrodialysis equipment (RED), the concentrated sea water (about 70 to 80 g/L) is used as a high-concentration salt solution and the sea water (about 35 to 40 g/L) is used as a low-salinity salt solution to produce a power, and the sea water diluted or concentrated while passing through the reverse electrodialysis equipment is discharged out to sea. The power produced by the reverse electrodialysis equipment may be provided to the desalination plant.

SUMMARY

According to an observation by the inventors of the present disclosure, the conventional complex system of desalination plant and reverse electrodialysis equipment uses a sea water directly as a low-concentration salt solution, but due to a high concentration of the sea water (about 35 to 40 g/L), a power density produced by the electrodialysis equipment is very low, which in turn results in a low power generation efficiency. In addition, considering that the conventional complex system of desalination plant and reverse electrodialysis equipment should be constructed in a large scale, such low power generation efficiency may be very disadvantageous in economical point of view, and may lead to an unbalanced design of the complex system.

Moreover, the conventional technique is just focusing on a concentration difference between a high salinity water and a low salinity water but does not recognize other important factors such as a concentration ratio, resistance, OCV, power density change, etc. of the high salinity water and the low salinity water.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a method for enhancing a recycling of a high-concentration sea water in a complex system of desalination plant and reverse electrodialysis equipment and also greatly improving a power density produced by the reverse electrodialysis equipment in spite of a resistance increase of the reverse electrodialysis equipment is provided. Further, a complex system (apparatus) of desalination plant and reverse electrodialysis equipment with a greatly improved power density is provided.

In one aspect of the embodiments, provided is a complex apparatus comprising:

a desalination plant, wherein the desalination plant receives a sea water, desalinize at least a part of the sea water into a fresh water, and discharges a concentrated sea water whose concentration is increased after the desalinization;

a reverse electrodialysis equipment, wherein the concentrated sea water discharged from the desalination plant is provided to the reverse electrodialysis equipment as a high-concentration salt solution;

a low salinity water supplying unit for providing a low salinity water to the reverse electrodialysis equipment as a low-concentration salt solution,

wherein the concentrated sea water has a salt concentration of about 50 to 75 g/L or about 50 to 60 g/L, and the low salinity water has a salt concentration of about 0.01 to 20 g/L, preferably about 0.01 to 10 g/L or about 0.01 to 5 g/L, particularly preferably about 0.01 to 2 g/L, most preferably about 0.01 to 1 g/L., and

the reverse electrodialysis equipment produces a power by means of the reverse electrodialysis which uses the low salinity water as a low-concentration salt solution and uses the concentrated sea water as a high-concentration salt solution.

In another aspect of the embodiments, provided is a method for improving a power density produced by a reverse electrodialysis of a complex apparatus of desalination plant and reverse electrodialysis equipment, comprising:

supplying a sea water to the desalination plant and at least partially converting (desalinizing) the sea water into a fresh water,

supplying a concentrated sea water, whose salt concentration is increased to about 50 to 75 g/L or 50 to 60 g/L after the desalination, to the reverse electrodialysis equipment,

supplying a low salinity water having a salt concentration of about 0.01 to 20 g/L, preferably about 0.01 to 10 g/L or about 0.01 to 5 g/L, particularly preferably about 0.01 to 2 g/L, most preferably about 0.01 to 1 g/L, to the reverse electrodialysis equipment, and

wherein the reverse electrodialysis equipment produces a power by means of the reverse electrodialysis using the low salinity water and the concentrated sea water.

In an example embodiment, the low salinity water may employ a fresh water such as river water, stored rainwater (this means that rainwater may be stored and reused), discharge water after sewage disposal, discharge water from power plants, discharge water from steelworks or the like, and the fresh water may have said salt concentration of the low salinity water.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the disclosed exemplary embodiments will be more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a conventional complex system of desalination plant and reverse electrodialysis equipment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a complex system of desalination plant and reverse electrodialysis equipment according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram for illustrating an ion exchange flow of the reverse electrodialysis equipment employed in the complex system of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a unit cell of the reverse electrodialysis equipment of the complex apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a graph for evaluating power performance of Example, Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, in which an X axis represents a concentration ratio (C_s/C_r) of a high-concentration salt solution to a low-concentration salt solution and a Y axis represents an open circuit voltage (OCV).

FIG. 6 shows an I-V curve (FIG. 6a) representing output currents and voltages, and an I-P curve (FIG. 6b) representing output currents and powers with respect to Example, Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2. In FIG. 6a, an X axis represents a current density (unit: mA/cm²) and a Y axis represents a voltage (unit: V). In FIG. 6b, an X axis represents a current density (unit: mA/cm²) and a Y axis represents a power density (unit: mW/cm²).

FIG. 7
a is a graph showing an OCV according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 2. In FIG. 7a, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents an OCV (unit: V).

FIG. 7
b is a graph showing a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 2. In FIG. 7b, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) (unit: none).

FIG. 8
a is a graph showing an OCV according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 3. In FIG. 8a, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents an OCV (unit: V).

FIG. 8
b is a graph showing a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 3. In FIG. 8b, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) (unit: none).

FIG. 9
a is a graph showing an OCV according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 4. In FIG. 9a, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents an OCV (unit: V).

FIG. 9
b is a graph showing a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 4. In FIG. 9b, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) (unit: none).

FIG. 10 is a graph showing a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 5 (that is, a graph showing Rel. Pmax according to a concentration of low salinity water, wherein Rel. Pmax is calculated according to a resistance change in Experiment 3). In FIG. 10, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) (unit: none).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example embodiments are described more fully hereinafter. The invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the description, details of features and techniques may be omitted to more clearly disclose exemplary embodiments.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the terms a, an, etc. do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item. The terms “first,” “second,” and the like do not imply any particular order, but are included to identify individual elements. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguished one element from another. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. All methods described herein can be performed in a suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”), is intended merely to better illustrate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention as used herein.

Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

In this context, high-concentration salt solution means a solution whose salt concentration is relatively high in comparison to a low-concentration salt solution provided to a reverse electrodialysis equipment.

In this context, low-concentration salt solution means a solution whose salt concentration is relatively low in comparison to the high-concentration salt solution provided to a reverse electrodialysis equipment.

In this context, discharge water after sewage disposal means a treated water discharged after sewage disposal is performed so that the treated water is suitable for discharge or reuse.

In this context, a concentrated sea water refers that a concentration of sea water becomes higher than that of sea water.

The inventors of the present disclosure have found that in a complex system of desalination plant and reverse electrodialysis equipment, it is possible to greatly increase a power produced by the reverse electrodialysis equipment by using a high salinity water having a salt concentration of about 50 to 75 g/L or about 50 to 60 g/L, which is a concentrated sea water discharged from the desalination plant, as a high-concentration salt solution provided to the reverse electrodialysis equipment and also by using a low salinity water having a low salt concentration, preferably of about 0.01 to 2 g/L, most preferably of about 0.01 to 1 g/L as a low-concentration salt solution provided to the reverse electrodialysis equipment instead of a sea water.

That is, in embodiments of the present disclosure, a sea water is supplied to the desalination plant and desalinized, and a concentrated sea water after desalinization is provided to the reverse electrodialysis equipment as a high-concentration salt solution while a low salinity water having the said concentration range is provided to the reverse electrodialysis equipment, so as to improve a power density of the complex apparatus including a desalination plant and a reverse electrodialysis equipment. Herein, the reverse electrodialysis equipment produces power by means of reverse electrodialysis which uses the low salinity water as a low-concentration salt solution and uses the concentrated sea water as a high-concentration ion solution.

The concentrated sea water may have a salt concentration of about 50 to 75 g/L, or preferably about 50 to 60 g/L.

The low salinity water may have a salt concentration of about 0.01 to 20 g/L, preferably about 0.01 to 10 g/L or about 0.01 to 5 g/L.

Especially, the salt concentration of low salinity water is more preferably about 0.01 to 2 g/L, most preferably about 0.01 to 1 g/L in the sense that the power density and the OCV may be significantly increased despite the increase of resistance as described below.

Here, the power density (Pmax: that is, the maximum power density) and OCV (open circuit voltage) of the complex apparatus including a desalination plant and a reverse electrodialysis equipment theoretically satisfy the following relation with regard to a concentration (Cs) of a concentrated sea water and a concentration (Cr) of a low salinity water.

$\begin{matrix} \frac{\frac{E_{OCV} = α_{CEM} \frac{RT}{F} \ln (γ_{S}^{Na} C_{s})}{γ_{R}^{Na} C_{R}} + α_{AEM} \frac{RT}{F} \ln (γ_{S}^{Cl} \underset{s}{C})}{γ_{R}^{Cl} c_{R}} & [Equation 1] \end{matrix}$

[E_OCV: open circuit voltage, C_S: concentration of concentrated sea water, C_R: concentration of low salinity water, γ_S^Na, γ_S^Cl: respectively Na⁺ activity coefficient, or activity coefficient of concentrated sea water, α_AEM: respectively Na⁺ activity coefficient, or activity coefficient of low salinity water, α_CEM: transfer coefficient of cation exchange membrane, α_AEM: transfer coefficient of anion exchange membrane, R: gas constant, T: temperature, F: Faraday constant]

$\begin{matrix} P_{\max} = \frac{E_{OCV}^{2}}{4 R} & [Equation 2] \end{matrix}$

[E_OCV: open circuit voltage, P_max: power density, R: resistance (constant)]

As seen from Equations 1 and 2, it may be understood that not an absolute difference in salt concentrations between the concentrated sea water and the low salinity water, but a ratio of salt concentrations of the concentrated sea water and the low salinity water has a relation with the OCV and the power density (Pmax). In addition, the change of the ratio of salt concentrations of the concentrated sea water and the low salinity water may also have a linear relation with the change of resistance.

When the concentrated sea water has a salt concentration of about 50 to 75 g/L, preferably about 50 to 60 g/L, both the OCV and the power density shows significant increase if the low salinity water has a salt concentration of about 2 g/L or less, or lower than about 2 g/L, particularly about 1 g/L or less, or lower than about 1 g/L.

Meanwhile, if the low salinity water has a salt concentration lower than about 0.01 g/L, a resistance (R in Equation 2) may significantly increase during reverse electrodialysis. To this end, the low salinity water has a concentration of about 0.01 g/L or more.

Therefore, according to the example embodiments, in the aspect that the power density and the OCV significantly increases in spite of the increase of resistance, the low salinity water has a concentration of particularly preferably about 0.01 to 2 g/L, most preferably about 0.01 to 1 g/L.

In this regard, if the concentration of the low salinity water is lowered while the high salinity water has a constant concentration, the resistance in the reverse electrodialysis equipment increases. However, since Pmax is proportional to the square of the OCV as shown in Equation 2, the increase of the Pmax according to the increase of OCV is much greater in comparison to the decrease of the Pmax according to the increase of resistance. Therefore, even though the increase of resistance according to the change of concentration of the low salinity water is taken into consideration, the change tendency of OVC according to the concentration change of the low salinity water may determine the change tendency of Pmax (however, if the concentration of low salinity water is smaller than about 0.01 g/L, the resistance may significantly increase, and thus the lower limit of the concentration of low salinity water is limited to be about 0.01 g/L or more).

If the high salinity water has a concentration of about 50 to 75 g/L, or preferably about 50 to 60 g/L, and when the low salinity water has a concentration of particularly preferably about 0.01 to 2 g/L, most preferably about 0.01 to 1 g/L, the Pmax may significantly increase in spite of the increase of resistance according to the decrease of concentration of the low salinity water (see Experimental Examples 2 to 4, and see also Experimental Example 5).

According to example embodiments, the low salinity water may employ river water directly drawn from a river, stored rainwater, discharge water after sewage disposal obtained by treating domestic sewage or industrial sewage, discharge water from power plants, discharge water from steelworks or the like.

If river water, in particular, stored rainwater, discharge water after sewage disposal, discharge water from power plants, discharge water from steelworks or the like, is used as the low salinity water, it may be economically useful.

In addition, when not a sea water but a fresh water such as river water, stored rainwater, discharge water after sewage disposal, discharge water from power plants, discharge water from steelworks or the like is used as the low-concentration salt solution, construction of a plant or selection of a construction position may be facilitated since there is no need to directly draw water from sea.

In the example embodiments, the concentration of the low salinity water may be measured and adjusted so that the river water, stored rainwater, discharge water after sewage disposal, discharge water from power plants, discharge water from steelworks or the like has the concentration of the low salinity water (with a salt concentration of particularly preferably about 0.01 to 2 g/L, most preferably about 0.01 to 1 g/L), and then the low salinity water may be provided to the reverse electrodialysis equipment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a complex system of a desalination plant and a reverse electrodialysis equipment according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 2, in the complex system of a desalination plant and a reverse electrodialysis equipment, sea water (having a salt concentration of about 30 g/L) is supplied to a desalination plant (DSU).

The desalination plant (DSU) receives sea water, desalinize at least a part of the received sea water into fresh water and discharges purified fresh water, and provides concentrated sea water (about 50 to 75 g/L) having an enhanced salinity accordingly is provided to the reverse electrodialysis equipment (RED).

Meanwhile, the reverse electrodialysis equipment (RED) produces power by using the concentrated sea water (about 50 to 75 g/L) as a high-concentration salt solution and using low salinity water (with a salt concentration of particularly preferably about 0.01 to 2 g/L, most preferably about 0.01 to 1 g/L) as a low-concentration salt solution.

Since the low salinity water having a low salt concentration (particularly preferably about 0.01 to 2 g/L, most preferably about 0.01 to 1 g/L) is used as a low-concentration salt solution provided to the reverse electrodialysis equipment (RED) instead of sea water, the output power of the reverse electrodialysis equipment may be significantly improved (see Tables 3 to 6 and FIGS. 7 to 10; it may be understood that the power density rapidly increases when the salt concentration is about 2 g/L or less, particularly about 1 g/L or less) and high power may be produced. In these example embodiments, the produced high power may be provided to the desalination plant (DSU) to enhance the efficiency of the desalination plant.

The low salinity water (with a salt concentration of particularly preferably about 0.01 to 2 g/L, most preferably about 0.01 to 1 g/L) and the concentrated sea water (with a salt concentration of about 50 to 75 g/L or about 50 to 60 g/L) provided to the reverse electrodialysis equipment (RED) may be discharged to the sea with an increased or decreased concentration after passing through the reverse electrodialysis equipment.

Meanwhile, according to these example embodiments, when high-salinity concentrated sea water having a salt concentration in the above range (about 50 to 75 g/L or about 50 to 60 g/L) is used, and low salinity water having a very low salt concentration (particularly preferably about 0.01 to 2 g/L, most preferably about 0.01 to 1 g/L) is used, a concentration reduction ratio (or degree) of the high-salinity concentrated sea water while passing through the reverse electrodialysis equipment (namely, a concentration reduction ratio of the high-salinity concentrated sea water before and after passing through the reverse electrodialysis equipment) is very small. For example, in Experiment 1, the high salinity water has a concentration reduction ratio of about 1/100000 or less.

Therefore, in example embodiments of the present disclosure, since the high-salinity concentration of the concentrated sea water passing through the reverse electrodialysis equipment may be maintained substantially constantly (for example, with a concentration reduction ratio of about 1/1000 or less), the high-salinity concentrated sea water passing through the reverse electrodialysis equipment may be supplied again to the reverse electrodialysis equipment for recycling without discharging to the sea and the power efficiency of the entire complex apparatus may be enhanced.

In an example embodiment, the desalination plant (DSU) may desalinize sea water into fresh water by using a known method, for example using solar rays. In addition, in an example embodiment, the desalination plant may use the power produced by the reverse electrodialysis equipment.

The reverse electrodialysis equipment (RED) may use known reverse electrodialysis equipment, but in example embodiments of the present disclosure, the reverse electrodialysis equipment may in particular include a fresh water providing unit for providing fresh water such as river water, stored rainwater, discharge water after sewage disposal, discharge water from power plants, discharge water from steelworks or the like to the reverse electrodialysis equipment. Moreover, the fresh water providing unit may further include a concentration measuring and adjusting unit for measuring and adjusting a salt concentration of the fresh water.

For reference, FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram for illustrating an ion exchange flow of the reverse electrodialysis equipment employed in the complex system of FIG. 2. FIG. 3 shows that high-concentration concentrated sea water (concentrated sea water) and fresh water (river water) flow and a current is generated by means of reverse electrodialysis through an ion exchange membrane. Herein, discharge water after sewage disposal, discharge water from power plants and discharge water from steelworks used as the fresh water are respectively in a treated state to a level satisfying discharge conditions.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, it is possible to enhance recycling of a high-concentration concentrated sea water in a complex system of desalination plant and reverse electrodialysis equipment and also greatly improve a power density produced by the reverse electrodialysis equipment in spite of the resistance increase of the reverse electrodialysis equipment.

Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in more detail based on Examples and Experiments, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

Experiment 1
Example and Comparative Example

In this experiment, for the complex system of a desalination plant and a reverse electrodialysis equipment according to an embodiment of the present disclosure [Example: this will be called DSU-RED (concentrated sea water/fresh water)], the change of a power density was observed in comparison to a comparative system [Comparative Example 1: this will also be called a DSU-RED (concentrated sea water/sea water)] and a reverse electrodialysis equipment not using a desalination plant [Comparative Example 2: this will also be called a RED (sea water/fresh water)].

Reverse electrodialysis equipment was firstly configured.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a unit cell of the reverse electrodialysis equipment of the complex apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 4, an anion exchange membranes [Selemion™, AMV, about 5 cm×about 5 cm, about 120 μm] is interposed between cation exchange membranes [Selemion™, CMV, about 5 cm×about 5 cm, about 20 μm], and an anode and a cathode are respectively mounted to ends thereof.

Ti [about 3 cm×about 3 cm] in a mesh form deposited with Pt was employed as the electrode. Platinum wire (φ=about 1 mm) was employed as the current collector. A spacer [about 4.2 cm×about 5.3 cm, about 280 um, area=about 11.13 cm²] was provided between the cation exchange membrane and the anion exchange membrane. In addition, (though not shown in the figures) a Teflon gasket (about 320 um) was used at the electrode.

In an actual large-sized system, a stack may be used in which unit cells, each having a cathode, an ion exchange membrane and an anode, are stacked.

Pumps (2, 3) [for example, peristaltic pumps] were respectively connected to the unit cell (or the stack) to supply high-concentration concentrated sea water, sea water and/or low-concentration fresh water.

The fresh water or concentrated sea water passing reverse electrodialysis equipment may be discharged.

Pump 1 [for example, peristaltic pump] is used for circulating a rinsing solution provided to the electrodes. For reference, ion exchange occurs through membrane, which induces oxidation/reduction reaction of metal salts in the rinsing solution. During the process electrons moves through electrodes and generate currents.

When a desalination plant is coupled with a reverse electrodialysis equipment, a concentrated sea water is provided to the reverse electrodialysis equipment. For reproducing this, the high-concentration salt solution to be supplied to the reverse electrodialysis equipment was adjusted in Example and Comparative Example 1 to have a salt (NaCl) concentration of about 60 g/L.

Meanwhile, in order to reproduce the case where a desalination plant is not coupled with a reverse electrodialysis equipment, the high-concentration salt solution to be supplied to the reverse electrodialysis equipment was adjusted in Comparative Example 2 to have a salt (NaCl) concentration of about 30 g/L.

As for the low-concentration salt solution used in the reverse electrodialysis equipment, fresh water having a salt (NaCl) concentration of about 1 g/L was used in Example.

The respective concentrations of the high-concentration salt solutions and the low-concentration salt solutions of the Example and Comparative Examples are as follows.

TABLE 1

high-concentration
low-concentration

salt solution
salt solution

Example 1
60 g/L
1 g/L

[DSU-RED (concentrated

sea water/fresh water)]

Comparative Example 1
60 g/L
30 g/L

[DSU-RED (concentrated

sea water/sea water)]

Comparative Example 2
30 g/L
1 g/L

[RED (sea water/fresh

water)]

Performance of the Example and Comparative Examples was measured in Experiment 1.

A device used for measuring the performance was HCP-803 (from Bio-Logic SAS) which is a current/voltage applying device. In this experiment, a potential was measured by controlling a current generated in the system at a rate of about 0.1 mA/s from 0 to about 30 mA.

FIG. 5 is a graph for evaluating power performance of the Example 1 of the present disclosure, Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2. In FIG. 5, an X axis represents a concentration ratio (Cs/Cr) and a Y axis represents an open circuit voltage (OCV).

Table 2 below shows OCVmax, Pmax and R (resistance) of the Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2. The Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 denoted below are belonging to this Experiment 1.

TABLE 2

concen-

tration
OCV
Pmax
R

difference
(V)
(mW/cm²)
(Ω)

Example 1
60 g/L:1 g/L
0.181
0.098
7.40

Comparative
60 g/L:30 g/L
0.022
0.00375
3.12

Example 1

Comparative
30 g/L:1 g/L
0.155
0.0588
9.16

Example 2

As shown in FIG. 5 and Table 2, in the Example 1, the performance was improved about 26 times in terms of the power density as compared to Comparative Example 1 [DSU-RED (concentrated sea water/sea water)].

In addition, as compared to Comparative Example 2, OCV increases, the resistance decreases, and the power density is improved.

FIG. 6 shows an I-V curve (FIG. 6a) representing output currents and voltages of the Example 1 of the present disclosure, Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 and an I-P curve (FIG. 6b) representing output currents and powers of the Example 1 of the present disclosure, Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2. In FIG. 6a, an X axis represents a current density (unit: mA/cm²) and a Y axis represents a voltage (unit: V). In FIG. 6b, an X axis represents a current density (unit: mA/cm²) and a Y axis represents a power density (unit: mW/cm²).

As shown in FIG. 6, it may be found that the output voltage and power of the Example 1 were very high and performance was greatly improved.

Meanwhile, Experiment 2 to 4, Tables 3 to 5, and FIGS. 7 to 9 show a calculated result of a theoretical value according to the above equations to check the increasing tendency of power density according to the change of concentration of a low-concentration salt solution. Herein, since the resistance (R) may vary according to characteristic, thickness or the like of the membrane in the equation, relative values (Rel. Pmax) of Pmax are just shown in the Experiment 2 to 4 below on the assumption that R is constant.

Experiment 2

In Experiment 2, a salt concentration (Cs) of concentrated sea water was set to about 50 g/L, and then a concentration ratio (Cs/Cr), OCV, and relative Pmax (Rel. Pmax) were observed while changing a salt concentration (Cr) of low salinity water. The relative Pmax (Rel. Pmax) means a ratio of Pmax of each Example with respect to Pmax of Comparative Example 3. That is, Rel. Pmax of Comparative Example 3 is 1. Rel. Pmax of each Example is Pmax of each Example/Pmax of Comparative Example 3.

Table 3 shows OCV and Rel. Pmax according to the change of Cs/Cr when the concentrated sea water has a salt concentration (Cs) of about 50 g/L. For reference, the Examples and Comparative Example below belong to Experiment 2.

TABLE 3

salt

concen-

tration

Cs
Cr

OCV
Rel.

(g/L)
(g/L)
Cs/Cr
(V)
Pmax

Comparative
50
30
1.7
0.022331706
1.00

Example 3

Example 2
50
20
2.5
0.040103935
3.225003287

Example 3
50
19
2.6
0.042357794
3.597682771

Example 4
50
18
2.8
0.044735218
4.01287198

Example 5
50
17
2.9
0.047250543
4.476821725

Example 6
50
16
3.1
0.049920747
4.997103456

Example 7
50
15
3.3
0.052766134
5.582988553

Example 8
50
14
3.6
0.055811262
6.245969817

Example 9
50
13
3.8
0.059086221
7.000492921

Example 10
50
12
4.2
0.062628416
7.865005857

Example 11
50
11
4.5
0.066485147
8.863504332

Example 12
50
10
5.0
0.07071742
10.02787724

Example 13
50
9
5.6
0.075405792
11.40159492

Example 14
50
8
6.3
0.080659698
13.04575966

Example 15
50
7
7.1
0.086633075
15.04955485

Example 16
50
6
8.3
0.093552209
17.54948134

Example 17
50
5
10.0
0.101769362
20.76779055

Example 18
50
4
12.5
0.111877441
25.09812294

Example 19
50
3
16.7
0.124994008
31.3281377

Example 20
50
2
25.0
0.143644623
41.3747074

Example 21
50
1
50.0
0.175959005
62.0839281

Example 22
50
0.5
100.0
0.208768599
87.39499131

Example 23
50
0.2
250.0
0.252769251
128.1163839

Example 24
50
0.1
500.0
0.28642575
164.5054571

Example 25
50
0.05
1000.0
0.320321379
205.7444089

Example 26
50
0.02
2500.0
0.365396286
267.7222388

FIG. 7
a is a graph showing an OCV according to the concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 2 of the present disclosure. In FIG. 7a, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents an OCV (unit: V).

FIG. 7
b is a graph showing a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 2 of the present disclosure. In FIG. 7b, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) (unit: none).

As shown in Table 3 and FIG. 7, when the concentrated sea water had a salt concentration of about 50 g/L and the low salinity water had a salt concentration of about 20 g/L, the output (Rel. Pmax) was improved about three times or more, and when the low salinity water had a salt concentration of about 10 g/L or below, the output was improved about ten times or more. The output was significantly improved at a salt concentration of particularly preferably about 2 g/L or less, most preferably about 1 g/L or less.

Experiment 3

In Experiment 3, the salt concentration (Cs) of concentrated sea water was set to about 60 g/L, a concentration ratio (Cs/Cr), OCV, and relative Pmax (rel. Pmax) were observed while changing a salt concentration (Cr) of low salinity water.

The relative Pmax (Rel. Pmax) is a ratio of Pmax of each Example with respect to Pmax of Comparative Example 4. In other words, Rel. Pmax of Comparative Example 4 is 1. Rel. Pmax of each Example is Pmax of each Example/Pmax of Comparative Example 4.

Table 4 shows OCV and Rel. Pmax according to the change of Cs/Cr when the concentrated sea water has a salt concentration (Cs) of about 60 g/L.

For reference, the Examples and Comparative Example below belong to Experiment 3.

TABLE 4

salt

concen-

tration

Cs
Cr

OCV
Rel.

(g/L)
(g/L)
Cs/Cr
(V)
Pmax

Comparative
60
30
2.0
0.03030335
1.00

Example 4

Example 27
60
20
3.0
0.048075579
2.516910413

Example 28
60
19
3.2
0.050329438
2.758435816

Example 29
60
18
3.3
0.052706862
3.025192634

Example 30
60
17
3.5
0.055222187
3.320824477

Example 31
60
16
3.8
0.057892391
3.649737989

Example 32
60
15
4.0
0.060737777
4.017320774

Example 33
60
14
4.3
0.063782906
4.430240716

Example 34
60
13
4.6
0.067057865
4.896865335

Example 35
60
12
5.0
0.07060006
5.427862783

Example 36
60
11
5.5
0.074456791
6.037085812

Example 37
60
10
6.0
0.078689064
6.742911773

Example 38
60
9
6.7
0.083377436
7.570347099

Example 39
60
8
7.5
0.088631342
8.554475098

Example 40
60
7
8.6
0.094604719
9.746402006

Example 41
60
6
10.0
0.101523853
11.22418721

Example 42
60
5
12.0
0.109741006
13.11464659

Example 43
60
4
15.0
0.119849085
15.64185176

Example 44
60
3
20.0
0.132965652
19.25296638

Example 45
60
2
30.0
0.151616266
25.03285097

Example 46
60
1
60.0
0.183930649
36.84061961

Example 47
60
0.5
120.0
0.216740243
51.1561473

Example 48
60
0.2
300.0
0.260740894
74.03498974

Example 49
60
0.1
600.0
0.294397394
94.38144924

Example 50
60
0.05
1200.0
0.328293023
117.3659247

Example 51
60
0.02
3000.0
0.37336793
151.8073302

FIG. 8
a is a graph showing an OCV according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 3 of the present disclosure. In FIG. 8a, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents an OCV (unit: V).

FIG. 8
b is a graph showing a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 3 of the present disclosure. In FIG. 8b, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) (unit: none).

As shown in Table 4 and FIG. 8, in case that the concentrated sea water had a salt concentration of about 60 g/L, the output (Rel. Pmax) was improved about 2.5 times or more when the low salinity water had a salt concentration of about 20 g/L, and when the low salinity water had a salt concentration of about 6 g/L or less, the output was improved about ten times or more. The output was significantly improved at a salt concentration of particularly preferably about 2 g/L or less, most preferably about 1 g/L or less.

Experiment 4

In Experiment 4, the salt concentration (Cs) of concentrated sea water was set to about 75 g/L, and then a concentration ratio (Cs/Cr), OCV, and relative Pmax (rel. Pmax) were observed while changing a salt concentration (Cr) of low salinity water.

The relative Pmax (Rel. Pmax) means a ratio of Pmax of each Example with respect to Pmax of Comparative Example 5. In other words, Rel. Pmax of Comparative Example 5 is 1. Rel. Pmax of each Example is Pmax of each Example/Pmax of Comparative Example 5.

Table 5 shows OCV and Rel. Pmax according to the change of Cs/Cr when the concentrated sea water has a salt concentration (Cs) of about 75 g/L.

For reference, the Examples and Comparative Example below belong to Experiment 4.

TABLE 5

salt

concen-

tration

Cs
Cr

OCV
Rel.

(g/L)
(g/L)
Cs/Cr
(V)
Pmax

Comparative
75
30
2.5
0.04007083
1.00

Example 5

Example 52
75
20
3.8
0.057843058
2.083751022

Example 53
75
19
3.9
0.060096918
2.2493018

Example 54
75
18
4.2
0.062474341
2.430785881

Example 55
75
17
4.4
0.064989666
2.630461503

Example 56
75
16
4.7
0.06765987
2.851055398

Example 57
75
15
5.0
0.070505257
3.095895795

Example 58
75
14
5.4
0.073550386
3.369094886

Example 59
75
13
5.8
0.076825344
3.675804167

Example 60
75
12
6.3
0.08036754
4.022579911

Example 61
75
11
6.8
0.084224271
4.417920043

Example 62
75
10
7.5
0.088456544
4.873076894

Example 63
75
9
8.3
0.093144916
5.40333187

Example 64
75
8
9.4
0.098398821
6.030080725

Example 65
75
7
10.7
0.104372199
6.784424269

Example 66
75
6
12.5
0.111291333
7.713758156

Example 67
75
5
15.0
0.119508485
8.894894855

Example 68
75
4
18.8
0.129616565
10.4631957

Example 69
75
3
25.0
0.142733131
12.68799273

Example 70
75
2
37.5
0.161383746
16.22045069

Example 71
75
1
75.0
0.193698129
23.36652787

Example 72
75
0.5
150.0
0.226507722
31.95283223

Example 73
75
0.2
375.0
0.270508374
45.57270016

Example 74
75
0.1
750.0
0.304164874
57.61843394

Example 75
75
0.05
1500.0
0.338060503
71.17577407

Example 76
75
0.02
3750.0
0.383135409
91.4214102

FIG. 9
a is a graph showing an OCV according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 4 of the present disclosure. In FIG. 9a, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents an OCV (unit: V).

FIG. 9
b is a graph showing a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 4 of the present disclosure. In FIG. 9b, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) (unit: none).

As shown in Table 5 and FIG. 9, in case that the concentrated sea water had a salt concentration of about 75 g/L, the output (Rel. Pmax) was improved about 2.0 times or more when the low salinity water had a salt concentration of about 20 g/L, and when the low salinity water had a salt concentration of about 4 g/L or less, the output was improved about ten times or more. The output was significantly improved at a salt concentration of particularly preferably about 2 g/L or less, most preferably about 1 g/L or less.

As described above, it may be understood that in case that the concentrated sea water has a salt concentration of about 50 to 75 g/L, the output may be improved by setting the low salinity water to have a salt concentration of about 20 g/L or less, and the output is significantly improved at a salt concentration of particularly preferably at about 2 g/L or less, most preferably at about 1 g/L or less. In addition, when the concentrated sea water had a salt concentration of particularly about 50 to 60 g/L and the low salinity water had a concentration of about 2 g/L or less, most preferably 1 g/L or less, Rel. Pmax was very significantly improved.

Experiment 5

Meanwhile, in Experiments 2 to 4, the resistance (R) was assumed as being constant. Even though the change of resistance is taken into consideration, the changing tendency of power density (a significantly increasing tendency at a concentration of about 2 g/L or less, or particularly 1 g/L or less) is identically observed. To prove this, Experiment 5 shows a calculation result of Rel. Pmax obtained by considering the change of resistance in Experiment 3. Table 6 below shows the salt concentration of concentrated sea water, the salt concentration of low salinity water, the concentration ratio, and OCV as same as those of Table 4 of Experiment 3. However, Rel. Pmax according to the change of resistance was calculated.

TABLE 6

salt

concen-

tration

Cs
Cr

(g/L)
(g/L)
Cs/Cr
R
Pmax

Comparative
60
30
2.0
3.12
1.00

Example 6

Example 77
60
20
3.0
4.5956
1.708756

Example 78
60
19
3.2
4.7432
1.814454

Example 79
60
18
3.3
4.8908
1.929869

Example 80
60
17
3.5
5.0384
2.056401

Example 81
60
16
3.8
5.186
2.195754

Example 82
60
15
4.0
5.3336
2.350015

Example 83
60
14
4.3
5.4812
2.521775

Example 84
60
13
4.6
5.6288
2.714294

Example 85
60
12
5.0
5.7764
2.931745

Example 86
60
11
5.5
5.924
3.179559

Example 87
60
10
6.0
6.076
3.464966

Example 88
60
9
6.7
6.2192
3.797833

Example 89
60
8
7.5
6.3668
4.192053

Example 90
60
7
8.6
6.5144
4.667932

Example 91
60
6
10.0
6.662
5.256599

Example 92
60
5
12.0
6.8096
6.008825

Example 93
60
4
15.0
6.9572
7.014687

Example 94
60
3
20.0
7.1048
8.454743

Example 95
60
2
30.0
7.2524
10.76919

Example 96
60
1
60.0
7.4
15.5328

Example 97
60
0.5
120.0
7.4738
21.35556

Example 98
60
0.2
300.0
7.5108
30.72449

Example 99
60
0.1
600.0
7.53284
39.09151

Example 100
60
0.05
1200.0
7.75022
48.56379

Example 101
60
0.02
3000.0
7.544648
62.77813

FIG. 10 is a graph showing a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) according to a concentration of low salinity water in Experiment 5 of the present disclosure (namely, a graph showing Rel. Pmax according to a concentration of low salinity water, wherein Rel. Pmax is calculated according to a resistance change in Experiment 3). In FIG. 10, an X axis represents a concentration of low salinity water (unit: g/L) and a Y axis represents a relative power density (Rel. Pmax) (unit: none).

As shown in Table 6 and FIG. 10, even though the change of resistance is taken into consideration, the output was significantly improved at a salt concentration of particularly about 2 g/L or less, most preferably about 1 g/L or less.

As described above, it may be understood that in case that the concentrated sea water has a salt concentration of about 50 to 75 g/L (or, preferably about 50 to 60 g/L), the output was significantly improved at a salt concentration of particularly preferably about 2 g/L or less, most preferably about 1 g/L or less.

While the exemplary embodiments have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims. In addition, many modifications can be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure not be limited to the particular exemplary embodiments disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out the present disclosure, but that the present disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

COMPLEX APPARATUS OF REVERSE ELECTRODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT AND DESALINATION PLANT AND METHOD FOR IMPROVING POWER DENSITY THEREOF

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Abstract

Description

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