Patent Application
20100268790
The present application relates generally to an improved data processing system and method. More specifically, the present application is directed to a mechanism to wake a sleeping thread based on an asynchronous event.
Multithreading is multitasking within a single program. Multithreading allows multiple streams of execution to take place concurrently within the same program, each stream processing a different transaction or message. In order for a multithreaded program to achieve true performance gains, it must be run in a multitasking or multiprocessing environment, which allows multiple operations to take place.
Certain types of applications lend themselves to multithreading. For example, in an order processing system, each order can be entered independently of the other orders. In an image editing program, a calculation-intensive filter can be performed on one image, while the user works on another. Multithreading is also used to create synchronized audio and video applications.
In addition, a symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) operating system uses multithreading to allow multiple CPUs to be controlled at the same time. An SMP computing system is a multiprocessing architecture in which multiple central processing units (CPUs) share the same memory. SMP speeds up whatever processes can be overlapped. For example, in a desktop computer, SMP may speed up the running of multiple applications simultaneously. If an application is multithreaded, which allows for concurrent operations within the application itself, then SMP may improve the performance of that single application.
If a process, or thread, is waiting for an event, then the process goes to sleep. A process is said to be “sleeping,” if the process is in an inactive state. The thread remains in memory, but is not queued for processing until an event occurs. Typically, this event is detected when there is a change to a value at a particular address or when there is an interrupt.
As an example of the latter, a processor may be executing a first thread, which goes to sleep. The processor may then begin executing a second thread. When an interrupt occurs, indicating that an event for which the first thread was waiting, the processor may then stop running the second thread and “wake” the first thread. However, in order to receive the interrupt, the processor must perform interrupt event handling, which is highly software intensive. An interrupt handler has multiple levels, typically including a first level interrupt handler (FLIH) and a second level interrupt handler (SLIH); therefore, interrupt handling may be time-consuming.
In the former case, the processor may simply allow the first thread to periodically poll a memory location to determine whether a particular event occurs. The first thread performs a get instruction and a compare instruction (GET&CMP) to determine whether a value at a given address is changed to an expected value. When one considers that a computing system may be running thousands of threads, many of which are waiting for an event at any given time, there are many wasted processor cycles spent polling memory locations when an expected event has not occurred.
In one illustrative embodiment, a method is provided in a data processing system for performing a remote update. The method comprises detecting, by a remote update programming idiom accelerator of the data processing system, a complex remote update programming idiom in an instruction sequence of a thread running on a processing unit. The complex remote update programming idiom includes a read operation for reading data from a storage location at a remote node, a sequence of instructions for performing an update operation on the data to form result data, and a write operation for writing the result data to the storage location at the remote node. The method further comprises determining, by the remote update programming idiom accelerator, whether the sequence of instructions is longer than an instruction size threshold and responsive to a determination that the sequence of instructions is not longer than the instruction size threshold, transmitting the complex remote update programming idiom from the remote update programming idiom accelerator to the remote node to perform the update operation on the data at the remote node.
In another illustrative embodiment, a method is provided in a data processing system for performing a remote update. The method comprises determining an instruction size threshold value for the data processing system, sending the instruction size threshold value for the data processing system to each remote node connected to the data processing system within a heartbeat message, and receiving, at a remote update programming idiom accelerator within the data processing system, a complex remote update programming idiom from a remote node. The complex remote update programming idiom includes a read operation for reading data from a storage location local to the data processing system, at least one update operation for performing an operation on the data to form result data, and a write operation for writing the result data to the storage location local to the data processing system, wherein the sequence of instructions is not longer than the instruction size threshold value. The method further comprises reading, by the remote update programming idiom accelerator, the data from the storage location local to the data processing system, executing, by the remote update programming idiom accelerator, the sequence of instructions to perform the update operation on the data to form the result data, writing, by the remote update programming idiom accelerator, the result data to the storage location local to the data processing system, and returning a completion notification from the remote update programming idiom accelerator to the remote node informing the remote node that processing of the complex remote update programming idiom has been completed on the data processing system.
In another illustrative embodiment, a data processing system is provided comprising at least one processing unit executing a thread and a remote update programming idiom accelerator. The remote update programming idiom accelerator is configured to detect a complex remote update programming idiom in an instruction sequence of the thread. The complex remote update programming idiom includes a read operation for reading data from a storage location at a remote node, a sequence of instructions for performing an update operation on the data to form result data, and a write operation for writing the result data to the storage location at the remote node. The remote update programming idiom accelerator is configured to determine whether the sequence of instructions is longer than an instruction size threshold and responsive to a determination that the sequence of instructions is not longer than the instruction size threshold, transmit the complex remote update programming idiom to the remote node to perform the update operation on the data at the remote node.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in, or will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of, the following detailed description of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
The invention, as well as a preferred mode of use and further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
With reference now to the figures and in particular with reference to
Processor cards 111a-111n connect to symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) bus 115. SMP bus 115 supports a system planar 120 that contains processor cards 111a-111n and memory cards 123. The system planar also contains data switch 121 and memory controller/cache 122. Memory controller/cache 122 supports memory cards 123 that includes local memory 116 having multiple dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs).
Data switch 121 connects to bus bridge 117 and bus bridge 118 located within a native I/O (NIO) planar 124. As shown, bus bridge 118 connects to peripheral components interconnect (PCI) bridges 125 and 126 via system bus 119. PCI bridge 125 connects to a variety of I/O devices via PCI bus 128. As shown, hard disk 136 may be connected to PCI bus 128 via small computer system interface (SCSI) host adapter 130. A graphics adapter 131 may be directly or indirectly connected to PCI bus 128. PCI bridge 126 provides connections for external data streams through network adapter 134 and adapter card slots 135a-135n via PCI bus 127.
An industry standard architecture (ISA) bus 129 connects to PCI bus 128 via ISA bridge 132. ISA bridge 132 provides interconnection capabilities through NIO controller 133 having serial connections Serial 1 and Serial 2. A floppy drive connection 137, keyboard connection 138, and mouse connection 139 are provided by NIO controller 133 to allow data processing system 100 to accept data input from a user via a corresponding input device. In addition, non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) 140 provides a non-volatile memory for preserving certain types of data from system disruptions or system failures, such as power supply problems. A system firmware 141 also connects to ISA bus 129 for implementing the initial Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) functions. A service processor 144 connects to ISA bus 129 to provide functionality for system diagnostics or system servicing.
The operating system (OS) resides on hard disk 136, which may also provide storage for additional application software for execution by data processing system. NVRAM 140 stores system variables and error information for field replaceable unit (FRU) isolation. During system startup, the bootstrap program loads the operating system and initiates execution of the operating system. To load the operating system, the bootstrap program first locates an operating system kernel type from hard disk 136, loads the OS into memory, and jumps to an initial address provided by the operating system kernel. Typically, the operating system loads into random-access memory (RAM) within the data processing system. Once loaded and initialized, the operating system controls the execution of programs and may provide services such as resource allocation, scheduling, input/output control, and data management.
The present invention may be executed in a variety of data processing systems utilizing a number of different hardware configurations and software such as bootstrap programs and operating systems. The data processing system 100 may be, for example, a stand-alone system or part of a network such as a local-area network (LAN) or a wide-area network (WAN).
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, a wake-and-go mechanism for a microprocessor includes wake-and-go array 222 attached to the SMP fabric. The SMP fabric is a communication medium through which processors communicate. The SMP fabric may comprise a single SMP bus or a system of busses, for example. In the depicted example, the SMP fabric comprises bus 220. A thread, such as thread 202, for example, may include instructions that indicate that the thread is waiting for an event. The event may be an asynchronous event, which is an event that happens independently in time with respect to execution of the thread in the data processing system. For example, an asynchronous event may be a temperature value reaching a particular threshold, a stock price falling below a given threshold, or the like. Alternatively, the event may be related in some way to execution of the thread. For example, the event may be obtaining a lock for exclusive access to a database record or the like.
Typically, the instructions may comprise a series of get-and-compare sequences; however, in accordance with the illustrative embodiment, the instructions include instructions, calls to operating system 210 or API 212, or calls to a background sleeper thread, such as thread 204, for example, to update wake-and-go array 222. These instructions store a target address in wake-and-go array 222, where the event the thread is waiting for is associated with the target address. After updating wake-and-go array 222 with the target address, thread 202 may go to sleep.
When thread 202 goes to sleep, operating system 210 or other software or hardware saves the state of thread 202 in thread state storage 234, which may be allocated from memory 232 or may be a hardware private array within the processor (not shown) or pervasive logic (not shown). When a thread is put to sleep, i.e., removed from the run queue of a processor, the operating system must store sufficient information on its operating state such that when the thread is again scheduled to run on the processor, the thread can resume operation from an identical position. This state information is sometime referred to as the thread's “context.” The state information may include, for example, address space, stack space, virtual address space, program counter, instruction register, program status word, and the like.
If a transaction appears on bus 220 that modifies a value at an address in wake-and-go array 222, then operating system 210 may wake thread 202. Operating system 210 wakes thread 202 by recovering the state of thread 202 from thread state storage 234. Thread 202 may then determine whether the transaction corresponds to the event for which the thread was waiting by performing a get-and-compare operation, for instance. If the transaction is the event for which the thread was waiting, then thread 202 will perform work. However, if the transaction is not the event, then thread 202 will go back to sleep. Thus, thread 202 only performs a get-and-compare operation if there is a transaction that modifies the target address.
Alternatively, operating system 210 or a background sleeper thread, such as thread 204, may determine whether the transaction is the event for which the thread was waiting. Before being put to sleep, thread 202 may update a data structure in the operating system or background sleeper thread with a value for which it is waiting.
In one exemplary embodiment, wake-and-go array 222 may be a content addressable memory (CAM). A CAM is a special type of computer memory often used in very high speed searching applications. A CAM is also known as associative memory, associative storage, or associative array, although the last term is more often used for a programming data structure. Unlike a random access memory (RAM) in which the user supplies a memory address and the RAM returns the data value stored at that address, a CAM is designed such that the user supplies a data value and the CAM searches its entire memory to see if that data value is stored within the CAM. If the data value is found, the CAM returns a list of one or more storage addresses where the data value was found. In some architectures, a CAM may return the data value or other associated pieces of data. Thus, a CAM may be considered the hardware embodiment of what in software terms would be called an associative array.
Thus, in the exemplary embodiment, wake-and-go array 222 may comprise a CAM and associated logic that will be triggered if a transaction appears on bus 220 that modifies an address stored in the CAM. A transaction that modifies a value at a target address may be referred to as a “kill”; thus, wake-and-go array 222 may be said to be “snooping kills.” In this exemplary embodiment, the data values stored in the CAM are the target addresses at which threads are waiting for something to be written. The address at which a data value, a given target address, is stored is referred to herein as the storage address. Each storage address may refer to a thread that is asleep and waiting for an event. Wake-and-go array 222 may store multiple instances of the same target address, each instance being associated with a different thread waiting for an event at that target address. Thus, when wake-and-go array 222 snoops a kill at a given target address, wake-and-go array 222 may return one or more storage addresses that are associated with one or more sleeping threads.
In one exemplary embodiment, software may save the state of thread 202, for example. The state of a thread may be about 1000 bytes, for example. Thread 202 is then put to sleep. When wake-and-go array 222 snoops a kill at a given target address, logic associated with wake-and-go array 222 may generate an exception. The processor that was running thread 202 sees the exception and performs a trap. A trap is a type of synchronous interrupt typically caused by an exception condition, in this case a kill at a target address in wake-and-go array 222. The trap may result in a switch to kernel mode, wherein the operating system 210 performs some action before returning control to the originating process. In this case, the trap results in other software, such as operating system 210, for example, to reload thread 202 from thread state storage 234 and to continue processing of the active threads on the processor.
In an illustrative embodiment, when a thread, such as thread 302, first starts executing, a wake-and-go mechanism automatically allocates space for thread state in hardware private array 308 and space for a target address and other information, if any, in wake-and-go array 322. Allocating space may comprise reserving an address range in a memory, such as a static random access memory, that is hidden in hardware, such as processor 300, for example. Alternatively, if hardware private array 308 comprises a reserved portion of system memory, such as memory 332, then the wake-and-go mechanism may request a sufficient portion of memory, such as 1000 bytes, for example, to store thread state for that thread.
Thus hardware private array 308 may be a memory the size of which matches the size of thread state information for all running threads. When a thread ends execution and is no longer in the run queue of processor 300, the wake-and-go mechanism de-allocates the space for the thread state information for that thread.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, a wake-and-go mechanism for a microprocessor includes wake-and-go array 322 attached to the SMP fabric. The SMP fabric is a communication medium through which processors communicate. The SMP fabric may comprise a single SMP bus or a system of busses, for example. In the depicted example, the SMP fabric comprises bus 320. A thread, such as thread 302, for example, may include instructions that indicate that the thread is waiting for an event. The event may be an asynchronous event, which is an event that happens independently in time with respect to execution of the thread in the data processing system. For example, an asynchronous event may be a temperature value reaching a particular threshold, a stock price falling below a given threshold, or the like. Alternatively, the event may be related in some way to execution of the thread. For example, the event may be obtaining a lock for exclusive access to a database record or the like.
Typically, the instructions may comprise a series of get-and-compare sequences; however, in accordance with the illustrative embodiment, the instructions include instructions, calls to operating system 310 or API 312, or calls to a background sleeper thread, such as thread 304, for example, to update wake-and-go array 322. These instructions store a target address in wake-and-go array 322, where the event the thread is waiting for is associated with the target address. After updating wake-and-go array 322 with the target address, thread 302 may go to sleep.
When thread 302 goes to sleep, operating system 310 or other software or hardware within processor 300 saves the state of thread 302 in hardware private array 308 within processor 300. In an alternative embodiment, hardware private array may be embodied within pervasive logic associated with bus 320 or wake-and-go array 322. When a thread is put to sleep, i.e., removed from the run queue of processor 300, operating system 310 must store sufficient information on its operating state such that when the thread is again scheduled to run on processor 300, the thread can resume operation from an identical position. This state information is sometime referred to as the thread's “context.” The state information may include, for example, address space, stack space, virtual address space, program counter, instruction register, program status word, and the like, which may comprise about 1000 bytes, for example.
If a transaction appears on bus 320 that modifies a value at an address in wake-and-go array 322, then operating system 310 may wake thread 302. Operating system 310 wakes thread 302 by recovering the state of thread 302 from hardware private array 308. Thread 302 may then determine whether the transaction corresponds to the event for which the thread was waiting by performing a get-and-compare operation, for instance. If the transaction is the event for which the thread was waiting, then thread 302 will perform work. However, if the transaction is not the event, then thread 302 will go back to sleep. Thus, thread 302 only performs a get-and-compare operation if there is a transaction that modifies the target address.
Hardware private array 308 is a thread state storage that is embedded within processor 300 or within logic associated with bus 320 or wake-and-go array 322. Hardware private array 308 may be a memory structure, such as a static random access memory (SRAM), which is dedicated to storing thread state for sleeping threads that have a target address in wake-and-go array 322. In an alternative embodiment, hardware private array 308 may be a hidden area of memory 332. Hardware private array 308 is private because it cannot be addressed by the operating system or work threads.
Hardware private array 308 and/or wake-and-go array 322 may have a limited storage area. Therefore, each thread may have an associated priority. The wake-and-go mechanism described herein may store the priority of sleeping threads with the thread state in hardware private array 308. Alternatively, the wake-and-go mechanism may store the priority with the target address in wake-and-go array 322. When a thread, such as thread 302, for example, goes to sleep, the wake-and-go mechanism may determine whether there is sufficient room to store the thread state of thread 302 in hardware private array 308. If there is sufficient space, then the wake-and-go mechanism simply stores the thread state in hardware private array 308.
If there is insufficient space in hardware private array 308, then if the hardware private array is a portion of system memory 332, then the wake-and-go mechanism may ask for more of system memory 332 to be allocated to the hardware private array 308.
If there is insufficient space in hardware private array 308, then the wake-and-go mechanism may compare the priority of thread 302 to the priorities of the threads already stored in hardware private array 308 and wake-and-go array 322. If thread 302 has a lower priority than all of the threads already stored in hardware private array 208 and wake-and-go array 322, then thread 302 may default to a flee model, such as polling or interrupt as in the prior art. If thread 302 has a higher priority than at least one thread already stored in hardware private array 308 and wake-and-go array 322, then the wake-and-go mechanism may “punt” a lowest priority thread, meaning the thread is removed from hardware private array 308 and wake-and-go array 322 and converted to a flee model.
In an alternative embodiment, priority may be determined by other factors. For example, priority may be time driven. That is, the wake-and-go mechanism may simply punt the stalest thread in hardware private array 308 and wake-and-go array 322.
Alternatively, operating system 310 or a background sleeper thread, such as thread 304, may determine whether the transaction is the event for which the thread was waiting. Before being put to sleep, thread 302 may update a data structure in the operating system or background sleeper thread with a value for which it is waiting.
In one exemplary embodiment, wake-and-go array 322 may be a content addressable memory (CAM). A CAM is a special type of computer memory often used in very high speed searching applications. A CAM is also known as associative memory, associative storage, or associative array, although the last term is more often used for a programming data structure. Unlike a random access memory (RAM) in which the user supplies a memory address and the RAM returns the data value stored at that address, a CAM is designed such that the user supplies a data value and the CAM searches its entire memory to see if that data value is stored within the CAM. If the data value is found, the CAM returns a list of one or more storage addresses where the data value was found. In some architectures, a CAM may return the data value or other associated pieces of data. Thus, a CAM may be considered the hardware embodiment of what in software terms would be called an associative array.
Thus, in the exemplary embodiment, wake-and-go array 322 may comprise a CAM and associated logic that will be triggered if a transaction appears on bus 320 that modifies an address stored in the CAM. A transaction that modifies a value at a target address may be referred to as a “kill”; thus, wake-and-go array 322 may be said to be “snooping kills.” In this exemplary embodiment, the data values stored in the CAM are the target addresses at which threads are waiting for something to be written. The address at which a data value, a given target address, is stored is referred to herein as the storage address. Each storage address may refer to a thread that is asleep and waiting for an event. Wake-and-go array 322 may store multiple instances of the same target address, each instance being associated with a different thread waiting for an event at that target address. Thus, when wake-and-go array 322 snoops a kill at a given target address, wake-and-go array 322 may return one or more storage addresses that are associated with one or more sleeping threads.
When a transaction appears on SMP fabric 420 with an address that matches the target address A2, array 422 returns the storage address that is associated with thread 410. The operating system (not shown) or some other hardware or software then wakes thread 410 by retrieving the thread state information from thread state storage 412 and placing the thread in the run queue for the processor. Thread 410 may then perform a compare-and-branch operation to determine whether the value written to the target address represents the event for which thread 410 is waiting. In the depicted example, the value written to the target address does not represent the event for which thread 410 is waiting; therefore, thread 410 goes back to sleep.
In one exemplary embodiment, software may save the state of thread 410, for example. Thread 410 is then put to sleep. When wake-and-go array 422 snoops a kill at target address A2, logic associated with wake-and-go array 422 may generate an exception. The processor sees the exception and performs a trap, which results in a switch to kernel mode, wherein the operating system may perform some action before returning control to the originating process. In this case, the trap results in other software to reload thread 410 from thread state storage 412 and to continue processing of the active threads on the processor.
In one exemplary embodiment, thread state storage 412 is a hardware private array. Thread state storage 412 is a memory that is embedded within the processor or within logic associated with bus 420 or wake-and-go array 422. Thread state storage 412 may comprise memory cells that are dedicated to storing thread state for sleeping threads that have a target address in wake-and-go array 422. In an alternative embodiment, thread state storage 412 may be a hidden area of memory 332, for example. Thread state storage 412 may private in that it cannot be addressed by the operating system or work threads.
Turning to
When a transaction appears on SMP fabric 420 with an address that matches the target address A2, array 422 returns the storage address that is associated with thread 410. The operating system (not shown) or some other hardware or software then wakes thread 410 by retrieving the thread state information from thread state storage 412 and placing the thread in the run queue for the processor. Thread 410 may then perform a compare-and-branch operation to determine whether the value written to the target address represents the event for which thread 410 is waiting. In the depicted example, the value written to the target address does represent the event for which thread 410 is waiting; therefore, thread 410 updates the array to remove the target address from array 422, and performs more work.
When a transaction appears on SMP fabric 520 with an address that matches the target address A2, array 522 returns the storage address that is associated with thread 510. Operating system 530 or some other hardware or software then wakes thread 510 by retrieving the thread state information from thread state storage 512 and placing the thread in the run queue for the processor. Thread 510 may then perform a compare-and-branch operation to determine whether the value written to the target address represents the event for which thread 510 is waiting. In the depicted example, the value written to the target address does not represent the event for which thread 510 is waiting; therefore, thread 510 goes back to sleep.
In one exemplary embodiment, software may save the state of thread 510, for example. Thread 510 is then put to sleep. When wake-and-go array 522 snoops a kill at target address A2, logic associated with wake-and-go array 522 may generate an exception. The processor sees the exception and performs a trap, which results in a switch to kernel mode, wherein operating system 530 may perform some action before returning control to the originating process. In this case, the trap results in the operating system 530 to reload thread 510 from thread state storage 512 and to continue processing of the active threads on the processor.
In one exemplary embodiment, thread state storage 512 is a hardware private array. Thread state storage 512 is a memory that is embedded within the processor or within logic associated with bus 520 or wake-and-go array 522. Thread state storage 512 may comprise memory cells that are dedicated to storing thread state for sleeping threads that have a target address in wake-and-go array 522. In an alternative embodiment, thread state storage 512 may be a hidden area of memory 332, for example. Thread state storage 512 may private in that it cannot be addressed by the operating system or work threads.
Turning to
When a transaction appears on SMP fabric 520 with an address that matches the target address A2, array 522 returns the storage address that is associated with thread 510. Operating system 530 or some other hardware or software then wakes thread 510 by retrieving the thread state information from thread state storage 512 and placing the thread in the run queue for the processor. Thread 510 may then perform a compare-and-branch operation to determine whether the value written to the target address represents the event for which thread 510 is waiting. In the depicted example, the value written to the target address does represent the event for which thread 510 is waiting; therefore, thread 510 updates the array to remove the target address from array 522, and performs more work.
When a transaction appears on SMP fabric 620 with an address that matches the target address A2, array 622 returns the storage address that is associated with thread 610. Operating system 630 or some other hardware or software then wakes thread 610 by retrieving the thread state information from thread state storage 612 and placing the thread in the run queue for the processor. Background sleeper thread 640 may then perform a compare-and-branch operation to determine whether the value written to the target address represents the event for which thread 610 is waiting. If the value written to the target address does represent the event for which thread 610 is waiting, then background sleeper thread 640 does nothing. However, if the value written to the target address does represent the event for which thread 610 is waiting, then background sleeper thread 640 wakes thread 640. Thereafter, thread 610 updates the array 622 to remove the target address from array 622 and performs more work.
In one exemplary embodiment, software may save the state of thread 610, for example. Thread 610 is then put to sleep. When wake-and-go array 622 snoops a kill at target address A2, logic associated with wake-and-go array 622 may generate an exception. The processor sees the exception and performs a trap, which results in a switch to kernel mode, wherein the operating system may perform some action before returning control to the originating process. In this case, the trap results in other software, such as background sleeper thread 640 to reload thread 610 from thread state storage 612 and to continue processing of the active threads on the processor.
In one exemplary embodiment, thread state storage 612 is a hardware private array. Thread state storage 612 is a memory that is embedded within the processor or within logic associated with bus 620 or wake-and-go array 622. Thread state storage 612 may comprise memory cells that are dedicated to storing thread state for sleeping threads that have a target address in wake-and-go array 622. In an alternative embodiment, thread state storage 612 may be a hidden area of memory 332, for example. Thread state storage 612 may private in that it cannot be addressed by the operating system or work threads.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the present invention may be embodied as a system, method, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in any tangible medium of expression having computer usable program code embodied in the medium.
Any combination of one or more computer usable or computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), an optical storage device, a transmission media such as those supporting the Internet or an intranet, or a magnetic storage device. Note that the computer-usable or computer-readable medium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory. In the context of this document, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The computer-usable medium may include a propagated data signal with the computer-usable program code embodied therewith, either in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. The computer usable program code may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, radio frequency (RF), etc.
Computer program code for carrying out operations of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java™, Smalltalk™, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In addition, the program code may be embodied on a computer readable storage medium on the server or the remote computer and downloaded over a network to a computer readable storage medium of the remote computer or the users' computer for storage and/or execution. Moreover, any of the computing systems or data processing systems may store the program code in a computer readable storage medium after having downloaded the program code over a network from a remote computing system or data processing system.
The illustrative embodiments are described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to the illustrative embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
If the end of the thread is not reached in block 706, the processor determines whether the next instruction updates the wake-and-go array (block 708). An instruction to update the wake-and-go array may be a specialized processor instruction, an operating system call, a call to a background sleeper thread, or a call to an application programming interface. If the next instruction does not update the wake-and-go array, operation returns to block 704 to perform more work.
If the next instruction does update the wake-and-go array in block 708, the processor updates the array with a target address associated with an event for which the thread is waiting (block 710). The update to the wake-and-go array may be made by the thread through a specialized processor instruction, the operating system, or a background sleeper thread. Next, the operating system then determines whether to put the thread to sleep (block 712). The operating system may keep the thread active in the processor if the processor is underutilized, for instance; however, the operating system may put the thread to sleep if there are other threads waiting to be run on the processor. If the operating system determines that the thread is to remain active, operation returns to block 704 to perform more work, in which case the thread may simply wait for the event.
In one exemplary embodiment, if the operating system determines that the thread is to be put to sleep in block 712, then the operating system or some other software or hardware saves the state of the thread (block 714) and puts the thread to sleep (block 716). Thereafter, operation proceeds to
In an alternative embodiment, if the operating system determines that the thread is to be put to sleep in block 712, then the operating system or some other software or hardware saves the state of the thread (block 714) in the hardware private array and puts the thread to sleep (block 716). Thereafter, operation proceeds to
With reference now to
In one exemplary embodiment, when the wake-and-go mechanism snoops a kill at a target address, the wake-and-go mechanism may generate an exception. The processor sees the exception and performs a trap, which results in a switch to kernel mode, wherein the operating system may perform some action before returning control to the originating process. In this case, the trap results in other software to reload the thread from the thread state storage and to continue processing of the active threads on the processor in block 702.
In one exemplary embodiment, when the wake-and-go mechanism snoops a kill at a target address, software or hardware reloads the thread from the hardware private array and the processor continues processing the active threads on the processor in block 702.
If the kill does not correspond to the event for which the thread is waiting in block 722, then operation returns to block 718 to snoop a kill from the SMP fabric. In
In an alternative embodiment, the wake-and-go mechanism may be a combination of logic associated with the wake-and-go array and software within the thread itself. In such an embodiment, the thread will wake every time there is a kill to the target address. The thread itself may then perform a compare operation to determine whether to perform more work or to go back to sleep. If the thread decides to go back to sleep, it may again save the state of the thread. The over head for waking the thread every time there is a kill to the target address will likely be much less than polling or event handlers.
Prioritization of Threads
If the end of the thread is not reached in block 806, the processor determines whether the next instruction updates the wake-and-go array (block 808). An instruction to update the wake-and-go array may be a specialized processor instruction, an operating system call, a call to a background sleeper thread, or a call to an application programming interface. If the next instruction does not update the wake-and-go array, operation returns to block 804 to perform more work.
If the next instruction does update the wake-and-go array in block 808, the wake-and-go mechanism determines whether there is sufficient space for the thread state in the hardware private array (block 810). If there is sufficient space available, the wake-and-go mechanism allocates space for the thread state in the hardware private array (block 812). This allocation may simply comprise reserving the requisite space for the thread space, which may be about 1000 bytes, for example. If the hardware private array is reserved portion of system memory, then allocating space may comprise requesting more system memory to be reserved for the hardware private array. Then, the wake-and-go mechanism saves the state of the thread in the hardware private array (block 814), updates the wake-and-go array with the target address and other information, if any (block 816), and puts the thread to sleep (block 818). Thereafter, operation proceeds to
If there is insufficient space for the thread state available in the hardware private array in block 810, then the wake-and-go mechanism determines whether there is at least one lower priority thread in the hardware private array or wake-and-go array (block 820). As described above, each thread may have an associated priority parameter that is stored in the hardware private array or wake-and-go array. Alternatively, priority may be determined by other factors, such as staleness. If there is at least one lower priority thread in the hardware private array, the wake-and-go mechanism removes the lower priority thread from the hardware private array and wake-and-go array (block 822) and converts the lower priority thread to a flee model (block 824). Thereafter, operation proceeds to block 814 to save the state of the new thread, update the wake-and-go array, and put the thread to sleep.
If there is not a lower priority thread in the hardware private array in block 820, the wake-and-go mechanism converts the new thread to a flee model (block 826). Thereafter, operation proceeds to block 818 to put the thread to sleep.
With reference now to
In one exemplary embodiment, when the wake-and-go mechanism snoops a kill at a target address, software or hardware reloads the thread from the hardware private array and the processor continues processing the active threads on the processor in block 802.
If the kill does not correspond to the event for which the thread is waiting in block 830, then operation returns to block 826 to snoop a kill from the SMP fabric. In
Dynamic Allocation in Hardware Private Array
If the end of the thread is not reached in block 908, the processor determines whether the next instruction updates the wake-and-go array (block 912). An instruction to update the wake-and-go array may be a specialized processor instruction, an operating system call, a call to a background sleeper thread, or a call to an application programming interface. If the next instruction does not update the wake-and-go array, operation returns to block 906 to perform more work.
If the next instruction does update the wake-and-go array in block 912, the wake-and-go mechanism updates the wake-and-go array with a target address associated with an event for which the thread is waiting (block 914). The update to the wake-and-go array may be made by the thread through a specialized processor instruction, the operating system, or a background sleeper thread. Next, the operating system then determines whether to put the thread to sleep (block 916). The operating system may keep the thread active in the processor if the processor is underutilized, for instance; however, the operating system may put the thread to sleep if there are other threads waiting to be run on the processor. If the operating system determines that the thread is to remain active, operation returns to block 906 to perform more work, in which case the thread may simply wait for the event.
If the operating system determines that the thread is to be put to sleep in block 916, then the operating system or some other software or hardware saves the state of the thread (block 918) in the hardware private array and puts the thread to sleep (block 920). Thereafter, operation proceeds to
With reference now to
If the kill does not correspond to the event for which the thread is waiting in block 922, then operation returns to block 922 to snoop a kill from the SMP fabric. In
Hardware Wake-and-Go Mechanism
Wake-and-go mechanism 1008 is a hardware implementation within processor 1000. In an alternative embodiment, hardware wake-and-go mechanism 1008 may be logic associated with wake-and-go array 1022 attached to bus 1020 or a separate, dedicated wake-and-go engine as described in further detail below.
In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, hardware wake-and-go mechanism 1008 is provided within processor 1000 and wake-and-go array 1022 is attached to the SMP fabric. The SMP fabric is a communication medium through which processors communicate. The SMP fabric may comprise a single SMP bus or a system of busses, for example. In the depicted example, the SMP fabric comprises bus 1020. A thread, such as thread 1002, for example, may include instructions that indicate that the thread is waiting for an event. The event may be an asynchronous event, which is an event that happens independently in time with respect to execution of the thread in the data processing system. For example, an asynchronous event may be a temperature value reaching a particular threshold, a stock price falling below a given threshold, or the like. Alternatively, the event may be related in some way to execution of the thread. For example, the event may be obtaining a lock for exclusive access to a database record or the like.
Processor 1000 may pre-fetch instructions from storage (not shown) to memory 1032. These instructions may comprise a get-and-compare sequence, for example. Wake-and-go mechanism 1008 within processor 1000 may examine the instruction stream as it is being pre-fetched and recognize the get-and-compare sequence as a programming idiom that indicates that thread 1002 is waiting for data at a particular target address. A programming idiom is a sequence of programming instructions that occurs often and is recognizable as a sequence of instructions. In this example, an instruction sequence that includes load (LD), compare (CMP), and branch (BC) commands represents a programming idiom that indicates that the thread is waiting for data to be written to a particular target address. In this case, wake-and-go mechanism 1008 recognizes such a programming idiom and may store the target address in wake-and-go array 1022, where the event the thread is waiting for is associated with the target address. After updating wake-and-go array 1022 with the target address, wake-and-go mechanism 1008 may put thread 1002 to sleep.
Wake-and-go mechanism 1008 also may save the state of thread 1002 in thread state storage 1034, which may be allocated from memory 1032 or may be a hardware private array within the processor (not shown) or pervasive logic (not shown). When a thread is put to sleep, i.e., removed from the run queue of a processor, the operating system must store sufficient information on its operating state such that when the thread is again scheduled to run on the processor, the thread can resume operation from an identical position. This state information is sometime referred to as the thread's “context.” The state information may include, for example, address space, stack space, virtual address space, program counter, instruction register, program status word, and the like.
If a transaction appears on bus 1020 that modifies a value at an address in wake-and-go array 1022, then wake-and-go mechanism 1008 may wake thread 1002. Wake-and-go mechanism 1008 may wake thread 1002 by recovering the state of thread 1002 from thread state storage 1034. Thread 1002 may then determine whether the transaction corresponds to the event for which the thread was waiting by performing a get-and-compare operation, for instance. If the transaction is the event for which the thread was waiting, then thread 1002 will perform work. However, if the transaction is not the event, then thread 1002 will go back to sleep. Thus, thread 1002 only performs a get-and-compare operation if there is a transaction that modifies the target address.
Alternatively, operating system 1010 or a background sleeper thread, such as thread 1004, may determine whether the transaction is the event for which the thread was waiting. Before being put to sleep, thread 1002 may update a data structure in the operating system or background sleeper thread with a value for which it is waiting.
In one exemplary embodiment, wake-and-go array 1022 may be a content addressable memory (CAM). A CAM is a special type of computer memory often used in very high speed searching applications. A CAM is also known as associative memory, associative storage, or associative array, although the last term is more often used for a programming data structure. Unlike a random access memory (RAM) in which the user supplies a memory address and the RAM returns the data value stored at that address, a CAM is designed such that the user supplies a data value and the CAM searches its entire memory to see if that data value is stored within the CAM. If the data value is found, the CAM returns a list of one or more storage addresses where the data value was found. In some architectures, a CAM may return the data value or other associated pieces of data. Thus, a CAM may be considered the hardware embodiment of what in software terms would be called an associative array.
Thus, in an exemplary embodiment, wake-and-go array 1022 may comprise a CAM and associated logic that will be triggered if a transaction appears on bus 1020 that modifies an address stored in the CAM. A transaction that modifies a value at a target address may be referred to as a “kill”; thus, wake-and-go array 1022 may be said to be “snooping kills.” In this exemplary embodiment, the data values stored in the CAM are the target addresses at which threads are waiting for something to be written. The address at which a data value, a given target address, is stored is referred to herein as the storage address. Each storage address may refer to a thread that is asleep and waiting for an event. Wake-and-go array 1022 may store multiple instances of the same target address, each instance being associated with a different thread waiting for an event at that target address. Thus, when wake-and-go array 1022 snoops a kill at a given target address, wake-and-go array 1022 may return one or more storage addresses that are associated with one or more sleeping threads.
The wake-and-go mechanism may recognize the poll operation idiom. When the wake-and-go mechanism recognizes such a programming idiom, the wake-and-go mechanism may store the target address from GPR A in the wake-and-go array, where the event the thread is waiting for is associated with the target address. After updating the wake-and-go array with the target address, the wake-and-go mechanism may put the thread to sleep.
With reference now to
The wake-and-go mechanism may perform a look-ahead polling operation for each programming idiom. In the depicted example, idioms A, B, C, and D fail. In those cases, the wake-and-go mechanism may update wake-and-go array 1122. In this example, idiom E passes; therefore, there is no need to update wake-and-go array 1122, because there is no need to put the thread to sleep when idiom E executes.
In one exemplary embodiment, the wake-and-go mechanism may update wake-and-go array 1122 only if all of the look-ahead polling operations fail. If at least one look-ahead polling operation passes, then the wake-and-go mechanism may consider each idiom as it occurs during execution.
When a transaction appears on SMP fabric 1220 with an address that matches the target address A2, array 1222 returns the storage address that is associated with thread 1210. The wake-and-go mechanism then wakes thread 1210 by retrieving the thread state information from thread state storage 1212 and placing the thread in the run queue for the processor. Thread 1210 may then perform a compare-and-branch operation to determine whether the value written to the target address represents the event for which thread 1210 is waiting. In the depicted example, the value written to the target address does not represent the event for which thread 1210 is waiting; therefore, thread 1210 goes back to sleep.
Turning to
When a transaction appears on SMP fabric 1220 with an address that matches the target address A2, array 1222 returns the storage address that is associated with thread 1210. The wake-and-go mechanism then wakes thread 1210 by retrieving the thread state information from thread state storage 1212 and placing the thread in the run queue for the processor. Thread 1210 may then perform a compare-and-branch operation to determine whether the value written to the target address represents the event for which thread 1210 is waiting. In the depicted example, the value written to the target address does represent the event for which thread 1210 is waiting; therefore, thread 1210 updates the array to remove the target address from array 1222, and performs more work.
If the end of the thread is not reached in block 1306, the processor determines whether the next instructions comprise a wake-and-go idiom, such as a polling operation, for example (block 1308). A wake-and-go idiom may comprise a series of instructions, such as a load, compare, and branch sequence, for example. If the next instructions doe not comprise a wake-and-go idiom, the wake-and-go mechanism returns to block 1304 to perform more work.
If the next instructions do comprise a wake-and-go idiom in block 1308, the wake-and-go mechanism determines whether to put the thread to sleep (block 1310). The wake-and-go mechanism may keep the thread active in the processor if the processor is underutilized, for instance; however, the wake-and-go mechanism may put the thread to sleep if there are other threads waiting to be run on the processor. If the wake-and-go mechanism determines that the thread is to remain active, operation returns to block 1304 to perform more work, in which case the thread may simply wait for the event.
If the wake-and-go mechanism determines that the thread is to be put to sleep in block 1310, then the wake-and-go mechanism updates the array with a target address associated with an event for which the thread is waiting (block 1312). The update to the wake-and-go array may be made by the thread through a specialized processor instruction, the operating system, or a background sleeper thread. Next, the wake-and-go mechanism then saves the state of the thread (block 1314) and puts the thread to sleep (block 1316). Thereafter, operation proceeds to
With reference now to
If the kill does not correspond to the event for which the thread is waiting in block 1322, then operation returns to block 1318 to snoop a kill from the SMP fabric. In
Look-Ahead Polling
When a transaction appears on SMP fabric 1420 with an address that matches the target address A2, array 1422 returns the storage address that is associated with thread 1410. The wake-and-go mechanism then wakes thread 1410 by retrieving the thread state information from thread state storage 1412 and placing the thread in the run queue for the processor. Thread 1410 may then perform a compare-and-branch operation to determine whether the value written to the target address represents the event for which thread 1410 is waiting. In the depicted example, the value written to the target address does not represent the event for which thread 1410 is waiting; therefore, thread 1410 goes back to sleep.
Turning to
When a transaction appears on SMP fabric 1420 with an address that matches the target address A2, array 1422 returns the storage address that is associated with thread 1410. The wake-and-go mechanism then wakes thread 1410 by retrieving the thread state information from thread state storage 1412 and placing the thread in the run queue for the processor. Thread 1410 may then perform a compare-and-branch operation to determine whether the value written to the target address represents the event for which thread 1410 is waiting. In the depicted example, the value written to the target address does represent the event for which thread 1410 is waiting; therefore, thread 1410 updates the array to remove the target address from array 1422, and performs more work.
If the wake-and-go look-ahead engine has not reached the end of the thread in block 1504, the wake-and-go look-ahead engine determines whether the thread comprises at least one wake-and-go programming idiom that indicates that the thread is waiting for a data value to be written to a particular target address (block 1506). If the thread does not comprise a wake-and-go programming idiom, operation ends.
If the thread does comprise at least one wake-and-go programming idiom in block 1506, then the wake-and-go look-ahead engine performs load and compare operations for the at least one wake-and-go programming idiom (block 1508). Thereafter, the wake-and-go look-ahead engine determines whether all of the load and compare operations fail (block 1510). If all of the look-ahead polling operations fail, then the wake-and-go look-ahead engine updates the wake-and-go array for the at least one programming idiom (block 1512), and operation ends. If at least one look-ahead polling operation succeeds, then operation ends without updating the wake-and-go array. In an alternative embodiment, the look-ahead engine may set up the wake-and-go array without performing look-ahead polling.
Speculative Execution
Look-ahead wake-and-go engine 1620 analyzes the instructions in thread 410 ahead of execution. Look-ahead wake-and-go engine 1620 may recognize the poll operation idioms and perform look-ahead polling operations for each idiom. If the look-ahead polling operation fails, the look-ahead wake-and-go engine 1620 populates wake-and-go array 1622 with the target address. In the depicted example from
If a look-ahead polling operation succeeds, look-ahead wake-and-go engine 1620 may record an instruction address for the corresponding idiom so that the wake-and-go mechanism may have thread 1610 perform speculative execution at a time when thread 1610 is waiting for an event. During execution, when the wake-and-go mechanism recognizes a programming idiom, the wake-and-go mechanism may store the thread state in thread state storage 1612. Instead of putting thread 1610 to sleep, the wake-and-go mechanism may perform speculative execution.
When a transaction appears on SMP fabric 1620 with an address that matches the target address A1, array 1622 returns the storage address that is associated with thread 1610 to the wake-and-go mechanism. The wake-and-go mechanism then returns thread 1610 to the state at which idiom A was encountered by retrieving the thread state information from thread state storage 1612. Thread 1610 may then continue work from the point of idiom A.
If the wake-and-go look-ahead engine has not reached the end of the thread in block 1704, the wake-and-go look-ahead engine determines whether next sequence of instructions comprises a wake-and-go programming idiom that indicates that the thread is waiting for a data value to be written to a particular target address (block 1706). If the next sequence of instructions does not comprise a wake-and-go programming idiom, operation returns to block 502 to examine the next sequence of instructions in the thread. A wake-and-go programming idiom may comprise a polling idiom, as described with reference to
If the next sequence of instructions does comprise a wake-and-go programming idiom in block 1706, then the wake-and-go look-ahead engine performs load and compare operations for the wake-and-go programming idiom (block 1708). Thereafter, the wake-and-go look-ahead engine determines whether the load and compare operation passes (block 1710). If the look-ahead polling operation fails, then the wake-and-go look-ahead engine updates the wake-and-go array for the programming idiom (block 1712), and operation returns to block 1702 to examine the next sequence of instructions in the thread. If the look-ahead polling operation passes, then the look-ahead wake-and-go engine records an instruction address for the successful programming idiom to be used for speculative execution later (block 1714). Thereafter, operation ends.
If the end of the thread is not reached in block 1806, the processor determines whether the next instructions comprise a wake-and-go idiom, such as a polling operation, for example (block 1808). A wake-and-go idiom may comprise a series of instructions, such as a load, compare, and branch sequence, for example. If the next instructions do not comprise a wake-and-go idiom, the wake-and-go mechanism returns to block 1804 to perform more work.
If the next instructions do comprise a wake-and-go idiom in block 1808, the wake-and-go mechanism saves the state of the thread (block 1810). Then, the wake-and-go mechanism determines whether to perform speculative execution (block 1812). The wake-and-go mechanism may make this determination by determining whether the look-ahead wake-and-go engine previously performed a successful look-ahead polling operation and recorded an instruction address.
If the wake-and-go mechanism determines that the processor cannot perform speculative execution, the wake-and-go mechanism puts the thread to sleep. Thereafter, operation proceeds to
If the wake-and-go mechanism determines that the processor can perform speculative execution from a successful polling idiom, the wake-and-go mechanism begins performing speculative execution from the successfully polled idiom (block 616). Thereafter, operation proceeds to
With reference now to
If the kill does not correspond to the event for which the thread is waiting in block 1822, then operation returns to block 1818 to snoop a kill from the SMP fabric. In
Data Monitoring
Returning to
The get-and-compare sequence may load a data value from a target address, perform a compare operation based on an expected data value, and branch if the compare operation matches. Thus, the get-and-compare sequence had three basic elements: an address, an expected data value, and a comparison type. The comparison type may be, for example, equal to (=), less than (<), greater than (>), less than or equal to (≦), or greater than or equal to (≧). Thus, wake-and-go mechanism 1008 may store the address, data value, and comparison value in wake-and-go array 1022.
Thread 1002 may alternatively include specialized processor instructions, operating system calls, or application programming interface (API) calls that instruct wake-and-go mechanism 1008 to populate wake-and-go array 1022 with a given address, data value, and comparison type.
Wake-and-go mechanism 1008 also may save the state of thread 1002 in thread state storage 1034, which may be allocated from memory 1032 or may be a hardware private array within the processor (not shown) or pervasive logic (not shown). When a thread is put to sleep, i.e., removed from the run queue of a processor, the operating system must store sufficient information on its operating state such that when the thread is again scheduled to run on the processor, the thread can resume operation from an identical position. This state information is sometime referred to as the thread's “context.” The state information may include, for example, address space, stack space, virtual address space, program counter, instruction register, program status word, and the like.
If a transaction appears on bus 1020 that modifies a value at an address where the value satisfies the comparison type in wake-and-go array 1022, then wake-and-go mechanism 1008 may wake thread 1002. Wake-and-go array 1022 may have associated logic that recognizes the target address on bus 1020 and performs the comparison based on the value being written, the expected value stored in wake-and-go array 1022, and the comparison type stored in wake-and-go array 1022. Wake-and-go mechanism 1008 may wake thread 1002 by recovering the state of thread 1002 from thread state storage 1034. Thus, thread 1002 only wakes if there is a transaction that modifies the target address with a value that satisfies the comparison type and expected value.
Thus, in an exemplary embodiment, wake-and-go array 1022 may comprise a CAM and associated logic that will be triggered if a transaction appears on bus 1020 that modifies an address stored in the CAM. A transaction that modifies a value at a target address may be referred to as a “kill”; thus, wake-and-go array 1022 may be said to be “snooping kills.” In this exemplary embodiment, the data values stored in the CAM are the target addresses at which threads are waiting for something to be written, an expected value, and a comparison type. The address at which a data value, a given target address, is stored is referred to herein as the storage address.
Each storage address may refer to a thread that is asleep and waiting for an event. Wake-and-go array 1022 may store multiple instances of the same target address, each instance being associated with a different thread waiting for an event at that target address. The expected values and comparison types may be different. Thus, when wake-and-go array 1022 snoops a kill at a given target address, wake-and-go array 1022 may return one or more storage addresses that are associated with one or more sleeping threads. When wake-and-go array 1022 snoops a kill at the given target address, wake-and-go array 1022 may also return the expected value and comparison type to associated logic that performs the comparison. If the comparison matches, then the associated logic may return a storage address to wake-and-go mechanism 1008 to wake the corresponding thread.
The wake-and-go array of each processor 1902-1908 snoops bus 1920. If a transaction appears on bus 1920 that modifies a value at an address where the value satisfies the comparison type in a wake-and-go array, then the wake-and-go mechanism may wake a thread. Each wake-and-go array may have associated logic that recognizes the target address on bus 1920 and performs the comparison based on the value being written, the expected value stored in the wake-and-go array, and the comparison type stored in the wake-and-go array. Thus, the wake-and-go mechanism may only wake a thread if there is a transaction on bus 1920 that modifies the target address with a value that satisfies the comparison type and expected value.
When a transaction appears on SMP fabric 2020 with an address that matches the target address A2, logic associated with wake-and-go array 2022 may perform a comparison based on the value being written, the expected value D2 and the comparison type T2. If the comparison is a match, then the logic associated with wake-and-go array 2022 returns the storage address that is associated with thread 2010. The wake-and-go mechanism then wakes thread 2010 by retrieving the thread state information from thread state storage 2012 and placing the thread in the run queue for the processor.
Parallel Lock Spinning
Returning to
Wake-and-go mechanism 1008 within processor 1000 may recognize the spinning on lock idiom that indicates that thread 1002 is spinning on a lock. When wake-and-go mechanism 1008 recognizes such a programming idiom, wake-and-go mechanism 1008 may store the target address in wake-and-go array 1022 with a flag to indicate that thread 1002 is spinning on a lock. After updating wake-and-go array 1022 with the target address and setting the lock flag, wake-and-go mechanism 1008 may put thread 1002 to sleep. Thus, wake-and-go mechanism 1008 allows several threads to be spinning on a lock at the same time without using valuable processor resources.
If a transaction appears on bus 1020 that modifies a value at an address in wake-and-go array 1022, then wake-and-go mechanism 1008 may wake thread 1002. Wake-and-go mechanism 1008 may wake thread 1002 by recovering the state of thread 1002 from thread state storage 1034. Thread 1002 may then determine whether the transaction corresponds to the event for which the thread was waiting by performing a get-and-compare operation, for instance. If the lock bit is set in wake-and-go array 1022, then it is highly likely that the transaction is freeing the lock, in which case, wake-and-go mechanism may automatically wake thread 1002.
The processor may then run thread 2130, which performs some work. The wake-and-go mechanism may recognize a spin on lock operation idiom, responsive to which the wake-and-go mechanism stores the target address A2 in wake-and-go array 2122, set the lock bit 2124, and store thread state information for thread 2130 in thread state storage 2112. After updating wake-and-go array 2122 with the target address A2, the wake-and-go mechanism may put the thread 2130 to sleep.
Turning to
If the end of the thread is not reached in block 2206, the processor determines whether the next instructions comprise a spin on lock idiom (block 2208). A spin on lock idiom may comprise a series of instructions, such as a load, compare, and branch sequence, for example. If the next instructions do not comprise a spin on lock idiom, the wake-and-go mechanism returns to block 2204 to perform more work.
If the next instructions do comprise a spin on lock idiom in block 2208, the wake-and-go mechanism updates the array with a target address associated with an event for which the thread is waiting (block 2210) and sets the lock bit in the wake-and-go array (block 2212). The update to the wake-and-go array may be made by the thread through a specialized processor instruction, the operating system, or a background sleeper thread. Next, the wake-and-go mechanism saves the state of the thread (block 2214) and puts the thread to sleep (block 2216). Thereafter, operation proceeds to
With reference now to
If the kill does not correspond to the event for which the thread is waiting in block 2220, then operation returns to block 2218 to snoop a kill from the SMP fabric. In
Central Repository for Wake-and-Go Engine
As stated above with reference to
Wake-and-go engine 2350 snoops bus 2320. If a transaction appears on bus 2320 that modifies a value at an address where the value satisfies the comparison type in a wake-and-go array, then the wake-and-go engine 2350 may wake a thread. Wake-and-go engine 2350 may have associated logic that recognizes the target address on bus 2320 and performs the comparison based on the value being written, the expected value stored in the wake-and-go array, and the comparison type stored in central repository wake-and-go array 2352. Thus, wake-and-go engine 2350 may only wake a thread if there is a transaction on bus 2320 that modifies the target address with a value that satisfies the comparison type and expected value.
The wake-and-go engine 2350 may use the thread ID 2402 to identify the thread and the CPU ID 2404 to identify the processor. Wake-and-go engine 2350 may then place the thread in the run queue for the processor identified by CPU ID 2404. Wake-and-go engine 2350 may also use thread state pointer 2416 to load thread state information, which is used to wake the thread to the proper state.
Programming Idiom Accelerator
In a sense, a wake-and-go mechanism, such as look-ahead wake-and-go engine 2350, is a programming idiom accelerator. A programming idiom is a sequence of programming instructions that occurs often and is recognizable as a sequence of instructions. In the examples described above, an instruction sequence that includes load (LD), compare (CMP), and branch (BC) commands represents a programming idiom that indicates that the thread is waiting for data to be written to a particular target address. Wake-and-go engine 2350 recognizes this idiom as a wake-and-go idiom and accelerates the wake-and-go process accordingly, as described above. Other examples of programming idioms may include spinning on a lock or traversing a linked list.
As another example, if programming idiom accelerator 2550 accelerates lock spinning programming idioms, programming idiom accelerator 2550 may obtain the lock for the processor, if the lock is available, thus making the lock spinning programming sequence of instructions unnecessary. Programming idiom accelerator 2550 may accelerate any known or common sequence of instructions or future sequences of instructions. Although not shown in
As stated above with respect to the wake-and-go engine, programming idiom accelerator 2550 may be a hardware device within the data processing system. In an alternative embodiment, programming idiom accelerator 2550 may be a hardware component within each processor 2502-2508. In another embodiment, programming idiom accelerator 2550 may be software within an operating system running on one or more of processors 2502-2508. Thus, in various implementations or embodiments, programming idiom accelerator 2550 may be software, such as a background sleeper thread or part of an operating system, hardware, or a combination of hardware and software.
More particularly, examples of programming idioms may include local locking, global locking, local barriers, global barriers, and global collectives. The programming idiom accelerator my perform operations to accelerate execution of the above programming idioms.
In one embodiment, the programming language may include hint instructions that may notify programming accelerator 2550 that a programming idiom is coming.
Idiom begin hint 2604 exposes the programming idiom to the programming idiom accelerator. Thus, the programming idiom accelerator need not perform pattern matching or other forms of analysis to recognize a sequence of instructions. Rather, the programmer may insert idiom hint instructions, such as idiom begin hint 2604, to expose the idiom 2602 to the programming idiom accelerator. Similarly, idiom end hint 2606 may mark the end of the programming idiom; however, idiom end hint 2606 may be unnecessary if the programming idiom accelerator is capable of identifying the sequence of instructions as a recognized programming idiom.
In an alternative embodiment, a compiler may recognize programming idioms and expose the programming idioms to the programming idiom accelerator.
Compiler 2710 includes programming idiom exposing module 2712, which parses high level program code 2702 and identifies sequences of instructions that are recognized programming idioms. Compiler 2710 then compiles the high level program code 2702 into machine instructions and inserts hint instructions to expose the programming idioms. The resulting compiled code is machine code with programming idioms exposed 2714. As machine code 2714 is fetched for execution by a processor, one or more programming idiom accelerators may see a programming idiom coming up and perform an action to accelerate execution.
If the sequence of code includes a recognized programming idiom, the compiler inserts one or more instructions to expose the programming idiom to the programming idiom accelerator (block 2808). The compiler compiles the sequence of code (block 2810). If the sequence of code does not include a recognized programming idiom in block 2806, the compiler proceeds to block 2810 to compile the sequence of code.
After compiling the sequence of code in block 2810, the compiler determines if the end of the high level program code is reached (block 2812). If the end of the program code is not reached, operation returns to block 2804 to consider the next sequence of high level program instructions. If the end of the program code is reached in block 2812, then operation ends.
The compiler may recognize one or more programming idioms from a set of predetermined programming idioms. The set of predetermined programming idioms may correspond to a set of programming idiom accelerators that are known to be supported in the target machine. For example, if the target data processing system has a wake-and-go engine and a linked list acceleration engine, then the compiler may provide hints for these two programming idioms. The hint instructions may be such that they are ignored by a processor or data processing system that does not support programming idiom accelerators.
Remote Update
One common programming idiom is a remote update. Frequently, a thread includes a sequence of instructions that attempts to get a socket to read some data from a remote node, perform some operation or a more complex series of operations on the data, and write a result back to the remote node. In accordance with an illustrative embodiment, a programming idiom accelerator recognizes this programming idiom as a remote update and performs some action to accelerate execution of the idiom. More particularly, the programming idiom may send the remote update to the remote node to have the remote update performed remotely.
Virtualization layer 2920 virtualizes resources, such as processor resources, memory resources, hardware resources, and the like. From the perspective of virtualization layer 2920, a (virtual) processor may be a whole physical processor, two or more physical processors, a processor core, two or more processor cores, a thread within a multi-threaded processor or core, or a time slice of a processor or core. Therefore, in the example depicted in
In data processing system 2940, processors 2942, 2944, and 2946 connect to bus 2960. Memory controller 2964 and network interface controller 2966 also connect to bus 2960. Processor 2942 executes operating system 2952, processor 2944 runs operating system 2954, and processor 2946 runs operating system 2956. Operating systems 2952, 2954, and 2956 run on top of virtualization layer 2950. While the example depicted in
In the depicted example, data processing system 2910 and data processing system 2940 may communicate over the Internet with network 2902 representing a worldwide collection of networks and gateways that use the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols to communicate with one another. At the heart of the Internet is a backbone of high-speed data communication lines between major nodes or host computers, consisting of thousands of commercial, governmental, educational and other computer systems that route data and messages. Of course, data processing systems 2910, 2940 may also be implemented to include a number of different types of networks, such as for example, an intranet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or the like.
Operating systems 2922-2926 and 2952-2956 coordinate and provide control of various components within data processing systems 2910, 2940. As a client, the operating system may be a commercially available operating system such as Microsoft® Windows® XP (Microsoft and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both). An object-oriented programming system, such as the Java™ programming system, may run in conjunction with the operating system and provides calls to the operating system from Java™ programs or applications executing on data processing systems 2910, 2940 (Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States, other countries, or both).
As a server, data processing system 2910 or data processing system 2940 may be, for example, an IBM® eServer™ System p® computer system, running the Advanced Interactive Executive (AIX®) operating system or the LINUX® operating system (eServer, System p, and AIX are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both while LINUX is a trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries, or both). Data processing system 2910 or data processing system 2940 may be a symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) system. Alternatively, a single processor system may be employed.
Instructions for the operating system, the object-oriented programming system, and applications or programs are located on storage devices, such as a hard disk drive (not shown), and may be loaded into memory for execution by processors 2912-2916 or processors 2942-2946. The processes of the illustrative embodiments may be performed by processing units 2912-2916 and 2942-2946 using computer usable program code, which may be located in a memory.
Bus 2930 or bus 2960 as shown in
A processor, such as processor 2912 for example, may fetch instructions from memory via memory controller 2934. As processor 2912 fetches instructions, programming idiom accelerator 2932 may look ahead to determine whether a programming idiom is coming up in the instruction stream. If programming idiom accelerator 2932 recognizes a programming idiom, programming idiom accelerator 2932 performs an action to accelerate execution of the programming idiom.
A thread running in processor 2912, for example, may access data in local memory through the operating system 2922, virtualization layer 2920, bus 2930, and memory controller 2934. For a remote access, a thread running in processor 2914, for example, may access data in memory at data processing system 2940 through operating system 2924, virtualization layer 2920, bus 2930, network interface controller 2936, network 2902, network interface controller 2966 in data processing system 2940, bus 2960, and memory controller 2964. In order to perform a remote access, the thread running in processor 2914 must attempt to get a socket. A socket is a method of directing data to the appropriate application in a TCP/IP network. The combination of the IP address of the station and a port number make up a socket. Thus, when a thread gets a socket, the thread must traverse software, network, and physical layers, and address spaces, which is a high-overhead process that may be performed repeatedly.
In accordance with an illustrative embodiment, programming idiom accelerator 2932 recognizes a remote update programming idiom and performs an action to accelerate execution of the programming idiom. In the example depicted in
A common “universal” remote update may comprise a read, a simple operation, and a write. Examples of such a simple operation may include logic AND, logic OR, logic XOR, ADD, MULITPLY, atomic increment, compare, and so forth. Thus, a “universal” remote update idiom is a common and easily recognizable sequence of instructions that read data from a remote node, perform a common operation, and return a result to the remote node. Programming idiom accelerator 2932 may see a sequence of instructions, such as a read/AND/write, and recognize this sequence of instructions as one of a set of “universal” remote update idioms. When programming idiom accelerator 2932 identifies a remote update idiom, programming idiom accelerator 2932 may send the remote update to programming idiom accelerator 2962.
Programming idiom accelerator 2962 may in turn perform the remote update, which is local to data processing system 2940. When the update is completed, programming idiom accelerator 2962 may then return a completion notification to programming idiom accelerator 2932, which then notes that the remote update is complete. As such, programming idiom accelerator 2932 may anticipate the needs of threads running on processors 2912, 2914, 2916, and perform specialized actions to avoid the inefficient and high-overhead process of getting a socket to perform a remote update, particularly when these idioms appear frequently in program code.
In one illustrative embodiment, a remote update idiom may include a read operation to obtain some data from a remote node, a sequence of instructions to perform some complex operation on the data, and a write operation to return some result to the remote node. Thus, a “complex” remote update is a sequence of instructions that reads data from a remote node, performs a complex, variable-length sequence of operations on the data, and returns result data to the remote node.
Programming idiom accelerator 2932 may see a sequence of instructions and recognize this sequence of instructions as a “complex” remote update idiom. When programming idiom accelerator 2932 identifies a complex remote update idiom, programming idiom accelerator 2932 may send the remote update, including the complex sequence of instructions, to programming idiom accelerator 2962. Programming idiom accelerator 2962 may in turn receive the complex sequence of instructions and perform the remote update, which is local to data processing system 2940. When the update is completed, programming idiom accelerator 2962 may then return a completion notification to programming idiom accelerator 2932, which then notes that the remote update is complete.
In one illustrative embodiment, programming idiom accelerator 2962 may comprise special purpose hardware, such as a dedicated processor, for performing the update operation. Thus, programming idiom accelerator 2962 may perform the update and return a completion notification to programming idiom accelerator 2932 without significantly affecting operation of processors 2942, 2944, 2946.
Alternatively, in on illustrative embodiment, programming idiom accelerator 2962 may submit a request to virtualization layer 2950 for processing resources to perform the remote update. In turn, virtualization layer 2950 may assign processing resources, i.e. virtual processor, for the purpose of performing the remote update. Programming idiom accelerator 2962 may then send the complex sequence of instructions to the virtual processor, such as processor 2946, which executes the instructions to perform the remote update. The virtual processor then notifies programming idiom accelerator 2962 that the remote update is complete, and programming idiom accelerator 2962 may then send a completion notification back to programming idiom accelerator 2932.
Programming idiom accelerator 2962 may have an inherent instruction size threshold, referred to herein as the dedicated threshold. Alternatively, programming idiom accelerator 2962 may determine the dedicated threshold dynamically based on the demand for remote updates from other nodes. If the instruction size of the complex remote update is below the dedicated threshold, programming idiom accelerator 2962 can perform the remote update without requesting processing resources from virtualization layer 2950. However, if the instruction size of the complex remote update is above the dedicated threshold, programming idiom accelerator 2962 may request processing resources from virtualization layer 2950.
Virtualization layer 2950 may provide feedback information to programming idiom accelerator 2962. This feedback information may include processor utilization information based on the workload manager (not shown). Using the feedback information, programming idiom accelerator 2962 may determine a dynamic instruction size, referred to herein as the remote threshold. If the instruction size of the complex remote update is below the remote threshold, virtualization layer 2950 can assign processing resources to perform the remote update. Because processors 2942, 2944, and 2946 are performing other work by executing their own threads locally, virtualization layer 2950 will have limited resources to allocate for a complex remote update. Therefore, the more work data processing system 2940 is doing locally, the fewer processing resources virtualization layer 2950 can allocate for complex remote update, and the lower the remote threshold.
In one embodiment, the thread itself may indicate within an idiom hint that the complex remote update is to be performed by a virtual processor assigned by the virtualization layer 2950. Thus, the programmer or compiler may recognize that the processing resources of the remote node are the most efficient and effective resources for performing this particular sequence of instructions. In this case, the programmer or compiler may insert idiom hints in the program code to expose the idiom and directly request that the idiom be performed by processor resources allocated by the virtualization layer.
It is common practice in clustering data processing, for example, for data processing systems to provide heartbeat information among the cluster. In accordance with an illustrative embodiment, data processing system 2910 and data processing system 2940 may send heartbeat information between each other. This heartbeat information may include the remote threshold. Then, when programming idiom accelerator 2932 in data processing system 2910 encounters a complex remote update idiom, programming idiom accelerator 2932 compares the instruction size of the complex remote update to the remote threshold. If the instruction size of the complex remote update is greater than the remote threshold, then programming idiom accelerator 2932 cannot send the complex remote update to data processing system 2940. In this instance, the thread with the complex remote update idiom executes normally by getting a socket, reading data from the remote node, performing the complex sequence of operations on the data, and writing result data back to the remote node. However, if the instruction size of the complex remote update is less than the remote threshold, programming idiom accelerator 2932 can send the complex remote update to programming idiom accelerator 2962.
Turning to
If the programming idiom accelerator encounters a remote update in block 3106, the programming idiom accelerator determines whether the instruction size of the remote update is greater than the remote threshold for the remote node (block 3108). If the programming idiom accelerator determines that the instruction size is greater than the remote threshold, then the thread performs the remote update using a socket without acceleration (block 3110), and operation returns to block 3102 to determine whether the programming idiom accelerator receives remote instruction size information.
However, if the programming idiom accelerator determines that the instruction size of the remote update is not greater than the remote threshold, then the programming idiom accelerator sends the remote update to the remote node (block 3112. Then, the programming idiom accelerator determines whether a completion notification is received from the remote node (block 3114). If the programming idiom accelerator does not receive a completion notification, then operation returns to block 3114. If the programming idiom accelerator receives a completion notification in block 3114, operation returns to block 3102 to determine whether the programming idiom accelerator receives remote instruction size information.
Turning to
Thereafter, or if the programming idiom accelerator does not receive processor instruction information in block 3116, the programming idiom accelerator determines whether it receives a remote update from a remote node (block 3124). If the programming idiom accelerator does not receive a remote update from a remote node, then operation returns to block 3116 to determine whether the programming idiom accelerator receives processor instruction size information.
If the programming idiom accelerator receives a remote update from a remote node in block 3124, then the programming idiom accelerator determines whether the instruction size of the remote update is greater than the dedicated threshold (block 3126). If the programming idiom accelerator determines that the instruction size of the remote update is not greater than the dedicated threshold, the programming idiom accelerator performs the update locally in the dedicated processor of the programming idiom accelerator (block 3128). Then, the programming idiom accelerator notifies the remote node of completion of the remote update (block 3130), and operation returns to block 3116 to determine whether the programming idiom accelerator receives processor instruction size information.
If the programming idiom accelerator determines that the instruction size of the remote update is greater than the dedicated threshold, then the programming idiom accelerator requests processor resources from the virtualization layer (block 3132). The programming idiom accelerator receives a virtual processor assignment from the virtualization layer (block 3134). The programming idiom accelerator then performs the update using the assigned processor resources (block 3136). Thereafter, operation proceeds to block 3130 where the programming idiom accelerator notifies the remote node of completion of the remote update. Then, operation returns to block 3116 to determine whether the programming idiom accelerator receives processor instruction size information from the virtualization layer.
Thus, the illustrative embodiments solve the disadvantages of the prior art by providing a wake-and-go mechanism for a microprocessor. When a thread is waiting for an event, rather than performing a series of get-and-compare sequences, the thread updates a wake-and-go array with a target address associated with the event. The target address may point to a memory location at which the thread is waiting for a value to be written. The thread may update the wake-and-go array using a processor instruction within the program, a call to the operating system, or a call to a background sleeper thread, for example. The thread then goes to sleep until the event occurs.
The wake-and-go array may be a content addressable memory (CAM). When a transaction appears on the symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) fabric that modifies the value at a target address in the CAM, which is referred to as a “kill,” the CAM returns a list of storage addresses at which the target address is stored. The operating system or a background sleeper thread associates these storage addresses with the threads waiting for an even at the target addresses, and may wake the one or more threads waiting for the event.
In one illustrative embodiment, a programming idiom accelerator identifies a remote update programming idiom. The programming idiom accelerator sends the remote update to a remote node to perform an operation on data at the remote node. A programming idiom accelerator at the remote node receives the remote update and performs the update as a local operation. The programming idiom accelerator at the remote node may request processing resources from a virtualization layer to perform the update. The programming idiom accelerator may determine a remote update threshold that limits the instruction size of remote updates that may be sent to a remote node. The programming idiom accelerator may also determine a dedicated threshold that limits the instruction size of remote updates that may be performed by the programming idiom accelerator.
It should be appreciated that the illustrative embodiments may take the form of a specialized hardware embodiment, a software embodiment that is executed on a computer system having general processing hardware, or an embodiment containing both specialized hardware and software elements that are executed on a computer system having general processing hardware. In one exemplary embodiment, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments are implemented in a software product, which may include but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.
Furthermore, the illustrative embodiments may take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium can be any apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
The medium may be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk, and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk—read-only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk—read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD.
The program code of the computer program product may comprise instructions that are stored in a computer readable storage medium in a client or server data processing system. In a client data processing system embodiment, the instructions may have been downloaded over a network from one or more remote data processing systems, such as a server data processing system, a client data processing system, or a plurality of client data processing systems using a peer-to-peer communication methodology. In a server data processing system embodiment, the instructions may be configured for download, or actually downloaded, over a network to a remote data processing system, e.g., a client data processing system, for use in a computer readable storage medium with the remote data processing system.
A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution.
Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modems and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters.
The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
This invention was made with United States Government support under Agreement No. HR0011-07-9-0002 awarded by DARPA. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
