TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates in general to composite coatings for strings, such as used on sports racquets.
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
The strings for sports equipment (e.g., tennis racquets) or musical instruments are usually coated with a thin layer at their outmost surface to improve their durability, spin, feeling, etc. Polyamide (nylon), polyester, and other polymers have been used to coat on strings. Nanocomposites, such as clay and carbon nanotube reinforced nylon 6 nanocomposites, having better physical properties than neat nylon 6, provide highly durable string coating materials with other functionalities. The reinforcing polymeric composites using nano-sized clay particles with high aspect ratio have been investigated since the 1980's (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,007). Strings are usually polymer materials with a multi-layer structure—core filament, wrapping filaments on the core filament, and coating. For the strings with multi-layer structures, coating materials are required to match the base materials and have good melt-flow properties (acceptable viscosity) at certain temperatures to enable them to penetrate into the gaps between the wrapping filaments. However, the viscosity of a nanocomposite is typically higher than the viscosity of neat nylon 6 at the same temperature. Thus, the nanocomposite may not easily penetrate into the gaps between the wrapping filaments. FIG. 1 shows an SEM image of a cross-section view of a nylon 6/clay nanocomposite coated on a wrapping filament, which shows that the nanocomposite material did not successfully fill in all of the gaps. The result is that many defects were left in the string resulting in an unacceptable durability of the strings. The gaps will result in chipping-off or unacceptable durability of coatings during high impact hitting of balls. Moreover, due to the creation of the gaps, these coatings also fail to sufficiently bond the filaments onto the core materials of the string. FIG. 2 is an SEM image showing the chipped materials from filaments and coatings after high impact tests on such strings coated in this manner.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows an SEM image of a cross-section view of a nylon 6/clay nanocomposite coated on a wrapping filament;
FIG. 2 shows an SEM image of chipped materials from filaments and coatings after high impact tests on a string;
FIG. 3A illustrates a cross-section of a core filament of a string with wrapping filaments surrounding it;
FIG. 3B illustrates a buffer layer applied onto the wrapping filament;
FIG. 3C illustrates a coating applied onto the buffer layer; and
FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates a sports racquet configured in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 6 illustrates a musical instrument configured in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Although polymer nanocomposites have higher physical and mechanical properties than neat polymer materials, they also possess a higher viscosity or melt-flow during an extrusion or coating process. To solve this problem, a thin buffer layer is used to coat on the multi-filament wrapped string to fill the gaps. The polymers of the buffer-layer coating have a high melt-flow (low viscosity) during coating process to fill all the gaps between the filaments, and the filaments are fixed by the coatings onto the base core materials.
Example 1
A Composite String with a Nylon 6 Buffer Layer
FIG. 3A illustrates a cross-section of a string for coating comprised of a monofilament core 301 wrapped with smaller diameter multi-filaments 302. Neat nylon 6 pellets (e.g., as may be commercially obtained from UBE Industries Inc. (product name: UBE SF 1018 A)) were melted. Referring to FIG. 3B, the neat nylon 6 buffer layer coating 303 was applied (e.g., by an extrusion process at temperatures ranging from approximately 220° C. to 270° C.). The thickness of the buffer layer 303 may be from 10 to 100 micrometers. The gaps between the multi-filaments 302 were substantially fully filled by the neat nylon 6 coating 303.
Referring to FIG. 3C, a wear-resistant coating 304 was then coated onto the string (e.g., by an extrusion process at temperatures ranging from approximately 240° C. to 280° C.). A nylon 6/clay, nylon 6/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposite, or a clay/CNT co-reinforced nylon 6 nanocomposite may be employed as the wear-resistant coating material 304. The nylon 6 nanocomposite produced by in-situ polymerization may contain 4% nano-clay filler. Other nylon 6 nanocomposites produced by a melt-compounded process may also be used for the wear-resistant coating material 304. Except for the clay, carbon nanotubes, ceramic panicles such as SiO2 and Al2O3, or glass particles may be used to make such nylon 6 nanocomposites. Any of the foregoing, nylon 6 nanocomposites may also be modified by an impact modifier, such as rubber or elastomer, to improve the ductility and toughness. The thickness of the wear-resistant coating 304 may be from 1 to 100 micrometers.
Example 2
A Composite String with a Nylon 11 Buffer Layer
Again referring to FIG. 3A, the string for coating is a monofilament core 301 wrapped with smaller diameter multi-filaments 302. Neat nylon 11 (e.g., as may be commercially obtained from ARKEMA Inc.) was melted. Nylon 11 has a very good melt flow at temperatures over 220° C. Good impact strength and shear strength also make nylon 11 a good buffer layer material. In FIG. 3B, the neat nylon 11 buffer layer coating 303 was applied (e.g., by an extrusion process at temperatures ranging from approximately 190° C. to 270° C.). The thickness of the buffer layer 303 may be from 10 to 100 micrometers. The gaps between the multi-filaments 302 were substantially fully filled by the neat nylon 11 coating 303.
Referring to FIG. 3C, a wear-resistant coating 304 was then coated onto the string (e.g., by an extrusion process at temperatures ranging from approximately 240° C. to 280° C.). A nylon 11/clay, nylon 11/CNT nanocomposite, or a clay/CNT co-reinforced nylon 6 nanocomposite may be employed as the wear-resistant coating material 304. The nylon 11 nanocomposite produced by in-situ polymerization may contain 4% nano-clay filler. Other nylon 11 nanocomposites produced by a melt-compounded process may also be used for the wear-resistant coating material 304. Any of the foregoing nylon 11 nanocomposites may also be modified by an impact modifier, such as rubber or elastomer, to improve the ductility and toughness. The thickness of the wear-resistant coating 304 may be from 1 to 100 micrometers.
Except for the extrusion process to deposit a coating on the string, other methods such as spraying, dipping, spin coating, brushing, painting, and immersing processes may be used to deposit a coating on the surfaces of strings. Nylon 6 nanocomposites may be melted at higher than 190° C. and extruded to deposit a coating on the strings. Nylon 6 nanocomposites may be dissolved in a solvent such as formic acid and sprayed, dipped, spin coated, brushed, painted, or immersed to deposit a coating on the string at room temperature or elevated temperatures. The solvent may be then removed by a follow-up process, such as an evaporation method.
FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. Essentially, the coated string structure of FIG. 3C was then coated again with smaller diameter multi-filaments 401. A buffer layer coating 402, similar to layer 303, was applied (e.g., by an extrusion process at temperatures ranging from approximately 190° C. to 270° C.). The thickness of the buffer layer 402 may be from 10 to 100 micrometers. The gaps between the multi-filaments 401 were substantially fully filled by the neat nylon 6 coating. A wear-resistant coating 403 was then coated (e.g., by an extrusion process at temperatures ranging from approximately 240° C. to 280° C.). A nylon 6/clay, nylon 6/carbon nanotube nanocomposite, or a clay/CNT co-reinforced nylon 6 nanocomposite may be employed as the wear-resistant coating material 403. The nylon 6 nanocomposite produced by in-situ polymerization may contain 4% nano-clay filler. Other nylon 6 nanocomposites produced by a melt-compounded process may also be used for the wear-resistant coating 403. The nylon 6 nanocomposites may also be modified by impact modifiers, such as rubber or elastomer, to improve the ductility and toughness. The thickness of the wear-resistant coating 403 may be from 1 to 100 micrometers. In the foregoing embodiments pertaining to FIG. 4, nylon 11 may also be used instead of or in addition to nylon 6.
FIG. 5 illustrates a sport racquet fitted with a string in accordance with any of the embodiments described herein. A tennis racquet is shown, though any stringed sports racquet that utilizes nylon strings can utilize strings made in accordance with any of the embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 6 illustrates a musical instrument fitted with a string in accordance with any of the embodiments disclosed herein. A guitar is shown, though any stringed instrument that utilizes nylon strings can utilize strings made in accordance with any of the embodiments of the present invention.
Patent Application
20120237767
