Patent Application
20170212063
This application is related to systems and methods for using low field NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) to detect fast relaxation components, NMR instrument design and implementation. Specifically the application relates to using a combination of Free Induction Decay (FID) and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) NMR processes in order to determine the relaxation time of the sample.
In the oil and gas industry, for example, samples may comprise a variety of components (e.g. heavy oil, light oil, water) in a variety of states (solid, liquid, gas). These components may have widely divergent relaxation times. For example, heavy oils (e.g. bitumen) may have an extremely rapid relaxation time (10-100 microseconds) whereas water components may have a much slower relaxation time (e.g. several hundred milliseconds, which is typical of heavy oil-water-mixtures).
In the past, Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) NMR apparatus have been configured to minimize TE (time to echo) to try to detect the fast relaxation components. However the minimum TE achievable is limited by many factors (such as coil dimensions, Q factor of the coil, damping circuit, etc.). Therefore, the typical minimum TE is around 50-100 microseconds at several MHz frequencies for 1-2 inch diameter coil. It is difficult to detect components, which have a relaxation time T2 less than TE. This is particularly a problem in cases where large samples are tested, because the TE becomes longer by necessity of coil design. This further hampers investigation of fast relaxing media.
Another option is to perform an FID test for very fast relaxing components and a separate CPMG test for slow relaxing components. However, this requires two separate measurements and the fit for each measurement will be over a shorter time scale leading to a corresponding loss off accuracy.
As a result, there continues to be a need for testing equipment and methodologies, particularly for NMR instruments, that allow fast and slow relaxing components to be detected efficiently (e.g. in a single measurement).
In accordance with the invention, there is provided an NMR apparatus, the NMR apparatus comprising a NMR pulse sequence generator; and a NMR response detector, wherein the NMR apparatus is configured to:
generate a transverse pulse to be applied to a sample;
generate a series of one or more refocusing pulses to be applied to the sample, wherein the first refocusing pulse is configured to be applied a first time period after the transverse pulse and each subsequent refocusing pulse is configured to be applied a respective subsequent time period after the immediately preceding refocusing pulse;
record the decay response of the sample between the transverse pulse and the first refocusing pulse, and record the echo response at least once after at least one refocusing pulse; and
enable determination of at least one relaxation time of the sample based on the recorded decay and recorded echo responses.
The NMR apparatus may be configured to record the decay response multiple times between the transverse pulse and the first refocusing pulse.
The NMR apparatus may be configured to record the decay response for a decay record time between the transverse pulse and the first refocusing pulse, the FID record time being at least 10% of the first time period.
The NMR apparatus may be configured to record the echo response for an echo record time between the successive refocusing pulses, the echo record time being at least 10% of the corresponding subsequent time period.
The NMR apparatus may be configured to record the decay response using different time intervals than the time intervals used to record at least one echo response.
The NMR apparatus may be configured to record the decay response repeatedly with a time interval of between 1 μs and 10 μs.
The subsequent time period between successive refocusing pulses may be the same for each subsequent refocusing pulse.
The subsequent time period between successive refocusing pulses may be double the duration of the first time period between the transverse pulse and the first refocusing pulse.
The echo time, TE, may be greater than 50 μs. The echo time, TE, may be less than 100 μs.
The NMR apparatus may be configured to apply the pulse sequence to a sample volume of one or more of: less than 1 ml; between 1 ml and 100 ml; and between 100 ml and 1000 ml.
The NMR apparatus may be configured to subtract a control response from the sample response to compensate for die-off signal.
The NMR apparatus may be configured to that each subsequent refocusing pulse is inverted with respect to the immediately preceding pulse.
According to a further aspect, there is provided a method of determining the at least one relaxation time of the sample the method comprising:
applying a transverse pulse to a sample;
applying a series of one or more refocusing pulses to the sample, wherein the first refocusing pulse is applied a first time period after the transverse pulse and each subsequent refocusing pulse is applied a respective subsequent time period after the immediately preceding refocusing pulse,
recording the decay response of the sample between the transverse pulse and the first refocusing pulse, and record the echo response at least once after at least one refocusing pulse; and
enabling determination of at least one relaxation time of the sample based on the recorded decay and recorded echo responses.
The measured relaxation time, T2*, may be less than the echo time, TE.
The sample may comprise hydrocarbons and water.
The sample may comprise an industrial sample.
The method may comprise applying the first refocusing pulse before the experimental response of the sample has finished decaying. The experimental response may be considered to have finished decaying when it decays to a predetermined proportion of its initial value (e.g. 20%, 10% or 5%); when the experimental response is indistinguishable from the instrument noise level; and/or when it decays to a predetermined absolute value.
The sample decay time constant (T2) may be less than a predetermined proportion of the apparatus decay time constant (T2a). For example, the sample decay time constant (T2) may be less than 1/10th (or less than ⅕th; less than 1/20th; or less than 1/100th) of the apparatus decay time constant (T2a). The sample decay time constant used for defining the apparatus decay time constant (T2a) may relate to the decay time constant (T2) of the fastest relaxing component; and/or an average decay time constant for the whole sample (e.g. T2gm).
The method may comprise:
performing an NMR measurement on a control, the control being an NMR inactive sample or no sample;
recording the response of the control, including at times corresponding to 90° transmitting pulse (or other transverse pulse) and/or 90° pulse (or transverse) die-off signal;
performing the measurement of the sample with the same NMR parameters as the control; and
recording the response of the sample, including at times corresponding to 90° transmitting pulse (or other transverse pulse) and/or 90° (or transverse) pulse die-off signal;
subtracting the recorded response of the control from the recorded response of the sample;
enable determination of at least one relaxation time of the sample based on the result of the subtraction.
According to a further aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising computer program code configured, when run on a computer, to:
enable applying a transverse pulse to a sample;
enable applying a series of one or more refocusing pulses to the sample, wherein the first refocusing pulse is applied a first time period after the transverse pulse and each subsequent refocusing pulse is applied a respective subsequent time period after the immediately preceding refocusing pulse,
enable recording the decay response of the sample between the transverse pulse and the first refocusing pulse, and record the echo response at least once after at least one refocusing pulse; and
enable determination of at least one relaxation time of the sample based on the recorded decay and recorded echo responses.
A computer program may be stored in a non-transitory medium such as a CD or hard-disk.
Further Explanation of Terms
T2 is the spin-spin or transverse relaxation time. T2 may be dependent on a number of parameters including: temperature; mobility of the observed spin (microviscocity); and/or presence of large molecules, paramagnetic ions and molecules, or other outside interference.
In addition to rotation, the net magnetization starts to dephase because each of the spin packets making it up is experiencing a slightly different magnetic field and rotates at its own Larmor frequency. The longer the elapsed time, the greater the phase difference. Here the net magnetization vector is initially along the y-axis. For this and all dephasing examples this vector may be thought of as the overlap of several thinner vectors from the individual spin packets.
The time constant which describes the return to equilibrium of the transverse magnetization, MXY, is called the spin-spin relaxation time, T2. The transverse magnetization, MXY varies with time, t, follows:
M
XY
=M
XY0
e
−t/T
,
where MXYo is the initial transverse magnetization. The net magnetization in the x-y plane goes to zero and then the longitudinal magnetization grows in until the magnetic field aligns with the z direction. Any transverse magnetization may behave the same way. The transverse component rotates about the direction of applied magnetization and dephases.
T2* is the characteristic experimental relaxation decay time of transverse magnetization caused by a combination of spin-spin relaxation (T2) and device parameters (e.g. magnetic field inhomogeneity). Magnetic field inhomogeneity may include static field non-uniformity (e.g. due to imperfections in the construction of the permanent magnet itself as well as from magnetic susceptibility effects in the sample). The combination of these two factors is what actually results in the experimental decay of transverse magnetization (which may also be an exponential decay). The relationship between the T2 from molecular processes and that from apparatus in the magnetic field is as follows:
1/T2*=1/T2+1/T2a,
where T2a is the characteristic instrument decay time. The sample decay rate constant may be considered to be 1/T2 and the apparatus decay rate constant may be considered to be 1/T2a. Therefore, analogous to the sample decay equation above, the experimental decay response, MXY* may be of the form:
M
XY
*=M
XY0
*e
−t/T*
TE is the echo time. The echo Time (TE) may be considered to be the time between the transverse pulse and the maximum of echo response. In some cases, the echo time may be considered to be the time between two successive echoes. Generally, the first refocusing pulse is applied at time t=TE/2 after the transverse pulse. TE is a parameter that can be adjusted by the instrument operator based on the specific testing samples.
T2gm is the geometric mean relaxation time or the weighted average of T2 and is the mean of the T2 distribution. The mean is a logarithmic average, since the T2 values in an NMR spectrum are plotted on a logarithmic scale. That is, T2gm is the geometric mean relaxation time. This mean is calculated by weighted averaging of T2 logarithms and by exponentiation of the result. Since the T2 values in an NMR spectrum are distributed over several orders of magnitude this mean may be more suitable for spectrum characterization than, for example, weighted arithmetic mean.
For a single exponentially decaying fluid such as water, the relaxation time of the fluid can be expressed as essentially a single value of T2. For more complex systems such as oil or water in multiple pore sizes, the fluid relaxation time is better described by this mean value. In this manner, T2gm may be used to characterize the overall property of T2 and is calculated using the equation:
where Ai is the amplitude value corresponding to a specific relaxation time T2i.
In magnetic resonance, a refocusing pulse is a pulse of electromagnetic radiation which causes a refocusing of spin magnetisation (and so causes a spin echo). A refocusing pulse may be a 180° pulse.
Various objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of particular embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of various embodiments of the invention. Similar reference numerals indicate similar components.
Introduction
With reference to the figures, NMR measurements are described. These measurements may be low field NMR measurements. Low field NMR measurements may relate to frequencies of proton magnetic resonance of a few MHz or lower (e.g. less than or equal to 5 MHz). The invention relates to apparatus, method and computer program for characterising samples using NMR. The apparatus comprises a pulse sequence generator; and a response detector. The apparatus is configured to generate transverse and refocussing pulses and to record the decay response of a sample following a transverse pulse and echo response at least once after at least one refocusing pulse in order to enable determination of at least one relaxation time of the sample. In this way, sample or sample components with short relaxation times may be characterized. That is, the described systems are particularly applicable for conducting NMR measurements on samples comprising fast-relaxing and slow-relaxing components.
The subject invention seeks to characterise samples comprising fast-relaxing and slow-relaxing components efficiently. More specifically, the subject invention may provide a measurement sequence which allows one or more fast-relaxing components to be detected.
Advantages of using both the decay response and the echo response in combination to characterise at least one relaxation time of the sample may include that the fit of the relaxation is better as it can be fitted over a longer time scale (e.g. spanning from the short time-scales of the decay response to the longer time-scales of the one or more echo responses). In addition, for samples where the relaxation time is difficult to estimate beforehand, the present technology may allow a more comprehensive characterisation of the relaxation time in a single run. That is, if it was not known whether a sample contained fast-relaxation components, it may not be necessary to run a FID NMR determination to find out.
Furthermore, by characterising fast and slow-relaxing components at the same time, the same characterising procedure may be applied to a wide range of samples allowing for better comparisons between the samples (e.g. using a standard procedure). For example, if one sample contained only water components, a CPMG measurement may be used. However, if a second sample for comparison (e.g. from the same well) contained water and bitumen, a supplementary FID test may need to be performed to characterise the bitumen components. In the present invention, the comparison between the two samples may be more rigorous as both samples could be characterised using the same procedure.
In addition, by using the decay response between the transverse pulse and the first refocussing pulse, the echo time of the NMR apparatus may be longer. This may allow larger NMR coils to be used (e.g. allowing for larger samples to be characterised).
All terms used within this specification have definitions that are reasonably inferable from the drawings and description. In addition, the language used herein is to be interpreted to give as broad a meaning as is reasonable having consideration to the rationale of the subject invention as understood by one skilled in the art. It is also to be understood that prior art cited during prosecution of the subject patent application may not have been specifically identified prior to the drafting of the subject document and that various amendments may be introduced during prosecution that require amendment of terms to provide clarity to the distinctions between the subject invention and that prior art and that such amendments are reasonably inferable having consideration to the document as a whole and the rationale of the invention.
Various aspects of the invention will now be described with reference to the figures. For the purposes of illustration, components depicted in the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Instead, emphasis is placed on highlighting the various contributions of the components to the functionality of various aspects of the invention. A number of possible alternative features are introduced during the course of this description. It is to be understood that, according to the knowledge and judgment of persons skilled in the art, such alternative features may be substituted in various combinations to arrive at different embodiments of the present invention.
Conventional NMR Measurements—Prior Art
In this case, the experimental relaxation time T2* is less than the echo time, TE. This means that, the experimental response (due to the sample and the apparatus) has decayed by the time the first refocussing response is applied to the sample.
In this case, the relaxing curve 150 is fitted to the peaks of the CPMG echoes only. That is, only the points within dotted circles 146a-146d for each echo are used to fit the relaxing curve.
If the T2gm value (T2gm defines a characteristic timescale over which the relaxing curve exponentially decreases) is bigger than TE (that is, if the relaxing curve is substantially the same over a time interval TE), the traditional method (just using CPMG echoes) may be sufficient to rebuild the relaxing curve. However, if the sample contains components with a fast relaxation constant, T2, then this traditional method may not be sufficient to accurately characterise the sample.
Furthermore, in the prior art, e.g. separated traditional FID method and traditional CPMG method, in which T2* is less than T2 due to non-perfection homogeneity of the magnetic field.
The shape of FID signal and the shape of CPMG echoes are mainly determined by two factors: the sample relaxation components and homogeneity quality of the magnetic field. Better homogeneity quality for the volume of sample size is preferable for better instrument performance.
For each CPMG echo, echo width can be used to reflect the homogeneity quality of the magnetic field. The definition of echo width can be defined as the time interval between the points, which produce half of the peak amplitude (e.g. full width half maximum—FWHM).
The echo width may be proportional to the homogeneity quality of magnetic field; this means better homogeneity quality will produce wider echo width for the same sample.
Considering 1/T2*=1/T2+1/T2a, for traditional FID method, when 1/T2a<<1/T2 then 1/T2≈1/T2. If T2 of the sample is bigger than 10 ms or even higher, it is generally not practical to fulfill the condition of 1/T2a<<1/T2 due to limited homogeneity quality of the magnetic field. This means that, due to the limited homogeneity quality of the magnetic field, traditional FID method can be used only when T2 is relatively small, less than 10 ms.
Traditional CPMG method was invented so 1/T2*≈1/T2 without the condition of 1/T2a<<1/T2.
If T2 is relatively small, less than 10 ms or even 0.1 ms, this prior art traditional CPMG method becomes very challenging because of limited time to echo, TE. Minimizing time to echo TE becomes a trend for most instrument designers but time to echo TE can only be minimized up to a certain level due to the instrument dead time, 0.1 ms or even bigger. The dead time is one of the programmable parameters of the instrument, and may be considered to be the time period between end of the transmitting pulse and start of the acquiring the NMR signal.
In the prior art, traditional FID method can only be used if T2 is less than 10 ms or even smaller, whereas traditional CPMG method can be used if T2 is bigger than TE (e.g. 0.1 ms or even bigger). In other words: CPMG on its own could not cover short T2<0.1 ms, and FID on its own could not cover T2>10 ms. When used together according to the present disclosure they can cover both short and long relaxation times. Typical high values of T2 reach several seconds (even tens of seconds), while short T2 can easily be tens of microseconds; both ends of this spectrum may be present in the same sample.
Unfortunately for the real testing samples, it is unknown for the T2 values of the samples, and for most scenarios the sample may contain both fast and slow relaxing components at the same time or even more complicated T2 spectrum distribution shown in
This invention combined FID-CPMG method can be used to measure any unknown samples to detect fast and slow relaxing components or any components mixtures shown in the T2 spectrum at the same time for one measurement if the component exists in the testing sample.
NMR Apparatus
The control system 221 may comprise a processor, and at least one memory (which may store computer program code). A processor may comprise one or more of: a central processing unit and a microprocessor (e.g. an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP)). Memory may comprise volatile (e.g. RAM) and/or non-volatile memory (e.g. hard drive, flash memory, CD, DVD or other disc). The control system may be configured to instruct the signal generator to generate a sequence of pulses to be applied to the sample. The control system may be configured to record the responses of the sample and/or to determine at least one relaxation time of the sample based on the recorded responses.
Chamber
In this case, the chamber 201 is a confined pressure chamber comprising a pipe section which is sealed at each end by two end-pieces. In this case, the pressure chamber 201 comprises metallic titanium and/or titanium alloy. It will be appreciated that other materials may be used. The end-pieces are attached to each end of the pipe by means of connecting flanges (such as a standard pipe flange having bolt holes and threaded connector). It will be appreciated there may be a gasket between the end-pieces and the flanges to improve the seal. It will be appreciated that the end-pieces may be connected and/or sealed by other appropriate connectors (e.g. the pipe and end-pieces may have corresponding screw threads). It will be appreciated that, in other embodiments, the confined chamber may comprise a vessel with a lid; or two concave portions which when connected form the confined pressure chamber. In any case, the confined pressure chamber may be considered substantially sealed.
In this case, the pressure chamber 204 is cylinder-shaped, and the NMR coil 205 axis is aligned with the axis of the pressure chamber. By using a pressure chamber 201 with a symmetry which corresponds to the NMR coil 205, the NMR field applied to the sample may be more consistent throughout the sample's bulk.
In this case, the pressure chamber 201 also comprises a conductive inner layer 202, the conductive inner layer 202 configured to constrain the magnetic field of the NMR coil and/or to shield the interior of the pressure chamber from external magnetic fields. The material of conductive inner layer 202 may have a conductivity the same as or greater than the material of the NMR coil 205. In this case, both the NMR coil 205 and the conductive inner layer 202 comprise metallic copper. The conductive inner layer 202 may comprise the same non-magnetic material as the coil 205. The coil material is typically copper as described below. The purpose of conductive inner layer 202 is to provide magnetic-noise shielding from outside the pipe and maximizing the Q factor of the coil.
Q-factor, or quality factor, of the resonant circuitry that includes the coil 205 and serves as a sensor of the NMR response is defined by the standard relation:
Depending on the conditions of operations it can be advantageous to have a lower value of the Q-factor. In this case the system can be used without conductive inner layer 202.
Lower Q-factor (5 to 10) is needed in order to reduce or minimize TE, which is very important for measuring heavy bitumen fast relaxation components.
Higher Q-factor (above 20) may be particularly advantageous when filling factor is below 0.1 or when water and oil percentage in the sample is less than 10% to get a reasonable high SNR (e.g. a signal to noise ratio of above 50). In other embodiments, if there is enough water or oil in the samples, the Q-factor may be lower (e.g. below 20 but above 5) in order to simplify the design (for example by omitting conductive inner layer).
In a preferred embodiment, conductive inner layer 202 is a copper design on at least a portion of the inner surface of the pressure chamber 201. Generally, the conductive inner layer will improve the Q factor of the coil when the gap between conductive inner layer 202 and the coil 205 is limited. However, as noted above, the conductive inner layer 202 is not necessarily required.
NMR Coil
In order to make the useable measuring area (sweet spot) long enough the NMR coil 205 length (shown in
In this case, the NMR apparatus comprises an NMR system configured to apply a sequence of one or more CPMG (Car-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill) pulses and an FID (Free induction decay) pulse to the NMR coil. It will be appreciated that the NMR coil 205 may form part of the NMR apparatus.
It will be appreciated that the NMR apparatus may comprise a control system (not shown), the control system configured to control one or more of the following: pulse sequence applied to the NMR coil 205; temperature applied to the sample 207; pressure applied to the sample 207; and flow rate of fluid through the sample 205.
The NMR apparatus may be configured to enable NMR measurements of the sample 207 to be made at different pressures.
The NMR apparatus may be configured to enable NMR measurements of the sample 207 to be made as the pressure applied to the sample 207 changes.
The NMR control system may be configured to distinguish the state of various materials based on the relaxation time. For example, a gas in open space may relax slowly (typically, on the scale of seconds), while an adsorbed gas may relax extremely quickly (in milliseconds or even microseconds range).
The NMR apparatus may be configured to detect 1H and/or 13C, although other nuclei from isotopes of many other elements may be used as well.
Sample
In this case, the sample 207 comprises a core sample obtained from the earth using a core drill. The sample may comprise a core sample from a tight formation. A tight formation may have a porosity of less than 10% and/or a permeability of less than 1 mD (0.001 (μm)2)) It will be appreciated that other porous samples may be used (e.g. from the food and/or chemical industry). In this case, the length of sample 207 can be the same or shorter than sweet spot length (the sweet spot length may be around 20 cm) in the direction of the NMR coil axis. It will be appreciated that the length of sample 207 may be longer than sweet spot length. In other embodiments, the length of the sample in the direction of the NMR coil axis may be shorter or longer than coil length (e.g. between 1 cm and 10 cm).
In other embodiments, the sample may be a fluid sample (e.g. comprising gas and/or liquid). For example, a fluid sample may comprise an emulsion of oil and water.
Composite FID—CPMG Measurements
Then after a first time period, τ, a refocusing 180° pulse 342a is applied causing the spins (which have at least partially dephased during the first time period following the initial transverse pulse) to rephase yielding an echo response 344a. In this case, subsequent 180° pulses are applied, each 180° pulse being applied after a subsequent time period, TE, which in this case is double the first time period, i.e. 2 τ. Each subsequent refocusing pulse results in a further echo response 344b-d. In this case, the echo response time TE=2τ. That is, in this case, the subsequent time period is the same for each subsequent refocusing pulse 342b-d. In some embodiments, the subsequent time period may be different for different subsequent refocusing pulses.
In this case, the apparatus is configured to have a better magnetic filed homogeneity compared to the experiment discussed in relation to
In this way, the relaxing curve (e.g. a single relaxing curve) may be fitted to the decay response 343 following the initial transverse pulse 341 as well as the echo responses 344a-d following the refocussing pulses 342a-d.
Therefore, in this case, the relaxing curve is fitted to the FID and CPMG echo response amplitudes. In this case, the NMR apparatus is configured record the Free Induction Decay (FID) response for a FID record time between the transverse pulse and the first refocusing pulse. It will be appreciated that the broader the FID response, the longer the FID record time may be.
It will be appreciated that, in other embodiments, the NMR apparatus may be configured to sample the decay response multiple times. That is, rather than simply taking the peak of the response to determine the relaxation curve, multiple recorded points may be taken into account. It will be appreciated that multiple points of subsequent echo responses may also be recorded. Because, for an exponential decaying function, the rate of change of the function decreases with time, having more recorded points at the start may allow a better fit of the relaxation curve to be determined.
Similarly, the NMR apparatus may be configured to record the decay response using different time intervals (e.g. at a different frequency) than the time intervals used to record at least one echo response. For example, the NMR apparatus may be configured to record the decay response at a higher frequency than the frequency used to record the at least one echo response.
In this case, the points within dotted ellipses 345, 346a-d for the decay response 343 and each echo response 344a-d are used to fit the relaxing curve 350. In this case, the relaxing curve 350 is fitted by a sum of exponentials:
f(t)=ΣiAiexp(−t/T2i),
where Ai is the fitting parameter for the corresponding relaxation time, T2i. Multiple algorithms may be used for this fitting procedure. For example, a NNLS (non-negative least squares) algorithm may be used to determine the fitting parameters. It will be appreciated that each fitting parameter, Ai, may be constrained to be a positive real number. It will be appreciated that the relaxation times, T2i, which are fitted may range from very short (30 μs) to very long ones (tens of seconds).
The fit corresponding to the relaxing curve shown in
From this fitting parameter data, an average of the relaxation times, T2gm, may be calculated using the equation:
where T2i is the relaxation constant and Ai is the corresponding amplitude. T2gm values may be determined for the full spectrum and/or components of the sample (e.g. the water component; hydrocarbon component; bitumen component and/or solvent component).
It will be appreciated that different peaks in the fit (e.g.
Relaxation values may be used to characterise the condition of the material. For example, the relaxation value of a material may change if it is in bulk, or absorbed or in small pores. As another example, clay bound water may have a characteristic response. In this way, the clay content may be determined based on the T2gm values of the water.
Relaxation values may be used to characterise the nature of the material. For example, oil relaxation values may decrease with increasing oil viscosity.
In this case, the relaxing curve is fitted to the FID and CPMG echo response amplitudes. In this case, the NMR apparatus is configured to record the Free Induction Decay (FID) response for a FID record time between the transverse pulse and the first refocusing pulse. It will be appreciated that the broader the FID response, the longer the FID record time can be. The FID record time may, for example, be at least 10% of the first time period between the transverse pulse and the first refocusing pulse. Unlike the previous case, the relaxation curve is only fitted to one point on each echo response (e.g. the response value at the mid-point between successive refocussing pulses). In this way, the data processing may be performed more quickly. In other embodiments different sampling may be used for the fit. For example, one embodiment may decrease the sampling frequency with time (e.g. exponential decay).
In this case, the points within dotted ellipses 345, 346a-d for the decay response 343 and each echo response 344a-d are used to fit the relaxing curve 350. In this case, the relaxing curve 350 is fitted by a sum of exponentials:
f(t)=ΣiAiexp(−t/T2i),
where Ai is the fitting parameter for the corresponding relaxation time, T2i. Multiple algorithms may be used for this fitting procedure. For example, a NNLS (non-negative least squares) algorithm may be used to determine the fitting parameters. It will be appreciated that each fitting parameter, Ai, may be constrained to be a positive real number. It will be appreciated that the relaxation times, T2i, which are fitted may range from very short (30 μs) to very long ones (tens of seconds).
In this case, the sample comprises a significant proportion of components (e.g. bitumen) with fast relaxation times (e.g. with T2<TE). As indicated in
Other Considerations
In order to make this combined FID-CPMG method work better, one or more of the following conditions should be satisfied (e.g. by appropriately configuring the apparatus):
a. Homogeneity quality of the magnetic field for sample volume should be good enough to make the echo width wider than TE. This may be achieved by using a better magnet or by decreasing sample size or by decreasing TE.
b. The pulse signal die-off time (or ringing disappearance time) at which the oscillations in the coil following the 90° pulse die out to the noise level should be small (e.g. less than the dead time of the instrument and/or less than 30 μs). It is very challenging to make this die-off time less than 30 μs for traditional strategies especially for low field (several megahertz frequency) NMR instrument.
c. For normal low field NMR instrument, there is always a low pass filter (e.g. a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.) after demodulation of the NMR echoes. The pass band width of the low pass filter should be wide enough to let fast relaxing signal pass through the filter without obvious attenuation. For example, in order to detect any components with T2 around 30 μs or even smaller the low pass filter pass band width has to be at least wider than 1/30 μs (33 kHz) or even wider.
There are various different strategies to decrease the die-off time period, there are lots of factors to make it very hard or not practical or too complicated to decrease this die-off time below 50 μs or even smaller at several megahertz frequency for 2 inch or even bigger probe diameter.
Disclosed embodiments may be configured to ensure that this die-off time is below 0.1 ms or even 0.2 ms (no saturation for die-off signal), which is readily implementable for several megahertz frequency with several inches diameter probe.
As noted above, the dead time is one of the programmable parameters of the instrument, which defines the time period between end of the transmitting pulse and start of the acquiring the NMR signal.
If the acquisition system of the instrument were to collect all points shown in
For a conventional prior art system, the dead time has to be long enough until the ringing or die-off signal is much smaller than NMR signal, at least ten times smaller and preferably twenty times smaller than NMR signal. In other words, the ringing or die-off signal has to be one tenth or one twentieth of the NMR signal. Such a ratio between the die-off signal and the NMR signal may work for presently disclosed embodiments.
However, for certain embodiments disclosed herein, the dead time may have to be just long enough until the ringing or die-off signal is smaller than the saturated signal strength of the analogue amplifier. That is, the certain embodiments may be configured to compensate or cancel out the die-off signal (rather than simply ignoring or not recording the die-off signal). To do this, these embodiments must be able to measure the die-off signal, and to be measureable, the die-off signal must not be saturated. General speaking the saturated signal strength of the analogue amplifier is at least ten times stronger than NMR signal strength.
The threshold for dead time (and when signal acquisition can commence) may therefore be different for a conventional prior art system and presently disclosed embodiments. Some embodiments may have a die-off signal threshold (i.e. the threshold for the die-off signal which can be tolerated) at least one hundred times higher than the one for prior art (saturated signal strength is ten times stronger than NMR signal and ringing or die-off signal for prior art has to be at most one tenth of NMR signal). So the dead time of certain embodiments may be much smaller (e.g. ten or more times smaller) than for a conventional system.
The dead time for this invention may be ten times smaller than the dead time for a conventional instrument with hardware having similar performance (Q factor, probe size, frequency etc.). If the ringing or die-off signal is below saturated signal strength, this invention can cancel the ringing or die-off signal by specified averaging techniques (details described below in Example 3).
In the embodiments of
However, simply removing CPMG die-off time may not be enough to detect any components with faster T2 values than TE of the instrument because any faster relaxing components information is not collected due to too much noise in the FID signal.
As shown in
However, it may be possible to mitigate or remove the FID signal noise by using a measurement of a control. Since the 90° transmitting pulse and 90° pulse die-off signal are fixed for each measurement of the NMR instrument, the following procedure can be followed to remove or mitigate the 90° transmitting pulse and 90° pulse die-off signal from above added signal:
a. Remove anything from the NMR sensor probe and leave it empty (or use a non-NMR active sample);
b. Run NMR measurement with traditional CPMG method, but collect everything from start point including 90° pulse die-off signal (and possibly 90° transmitting pulse);
c. Put the testing sample into the NMR sensor probe;
d. Run NMR measurement with traditional CPMG method again without any changes of all parameters, and collect everything from start point including the noisy FID signal (90° pulse die-off signal and true FID signal and possibly 90° transmitting pulse);
e. The collected signal of step d minus the collected signal of step b for each corresponding time point, after this subtraction the subtracted signal is shown in
Any repeated signal is removed and only useful signal (true FID signal 943 and CPMG echoes 944a-b) remains. As noted above, the measured signals should not be saturated to allow accurate subtraction.
As an example, the results for
Flowchart
Although the present invention has been described and illustrated with respect to preferred embodiments and preferred uses thereof, it is not to be so limited since modifications and changes can be made therein which are within the full, intended scope of the invention as understood by those skilled in the art.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62287243 | Jan 2016 | US |
