Patent Grant
9080454
This application is the U.S. National Stage of PCT/FR2009/052309, filed Nov. 26, 2009, which in turn claims priority to French Application No. 0858090, filed Nov. 28, 2008. The contents of both applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The invention relates to turbomachine blades made of composite material comprising fiber reinforcement densified by a matrix.
The intended field is that of gas turbine blades for aeroengines or industrial turbines.
Proposals have already been made to fabricate turbomachine blades out of composite material. By way of example, reference can be made to document EP 1 526 285, which describes fabricating a fan blade by making a fiber preform by three-dimensional weaving and densifying the preform with an organic matrix.
Furthermore, in order to make structural parts of a turbomachine that are exposed to high temperatures in operation, the use of thermostructural composite materials and in particular of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) material has already been proposed. Compared with metal alloys, such materials can present increased ability to withstand high temperatures and smaller weight. In particular for the gas turbines of aeroengines, it is desirable both to reduce weight and also to reduce polluting emissions by increasing temperature.
It is therefore desirable to have available turbomachine blades that are made of composite material, particularly, but not necessarily, made of a thermostructural composite material such as CMC, for use in turbomachine turbines or compressors, which blades need to present the required mechanical properties while also presenting shapes that are relatively complex.
To this end, the present invention provides a method of fabricating a turbomachine blade out of a composite material comprising fiber reinforcement densified by a matrix, the method comprising:
By making the fiber reinforcement of the blade from a blank obtained as a single part by three-dimensional weaving, it is possible to ensure at least partial mutual interlacing between the portions of the fiber reinforcement that correspond to the portion of the blade forming airfoil and root and to the or each portion forming inner or outer platform.
This contributes to conferring the required mechanical properties to a blade having an incorporated inner and/or outer platform, in particular at the connection between the portion forming the airfoil and the root and the or each portion forming an inner or outer platform.
According to an advantageous feature of the method, in the longitudinal direction of the fiber blank that corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the blade that is to be made, the fiber blank comprises a first set of a plurality of layers of yarns that are linked together to form a first portion of the blank that corresponds to the preform for the blade airfoil and root, and a second set of a plurality of layers of yarns that are linked together at least locally to form at least one second portion of the blank that corresponds to a preform for an inner or outer blade platform, the yarns of the first set of layers of yarns are not linked to the yarns of the second set of layers of yarns, and yarns of the second set of layers of yarns cross through the first set of layers of yarns at the level of the location of the or each second portion of the blank.
The arrangement of non-linked zones enables the fiber preform to be shaped without cutting linking yarns, where such cutting could reduce the mechanical strength of the fiber reinforcement and thus of the resulting blade.
According to another feature of the method, the fiber blank is woven with a second continuous set of layers of yarns and the shaping of the fiber blank comprises eliminating portions of the second set of layers of yarns external to the or each second portion of the fiber blank by cutting them away.
According to yet another feature of the method, at the location or at least at one of the locations where yarns of the second set of layers of yarns cross through the first set of layers of yarns, the intersection between a layer of yarns of the first set and a layer of yarns of the second set follows a line that is not orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the fiber blank. It is thus possible to fabricate a blade out of composite material having an inner and/or outer platform that extends generally non-perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction of the blade.
According to yet another feature of the method, in the first portion of the fiber blank and in a direction that corresponds to the direction extending along the profile of an airfoil of varying thickness in the blade that is to be made, the number of layers of yarns in the first set of layers of yarns is constant. The yarns of the first set of yarns may then be of varying weights and/or counts.
Advantageously, a strip comprising a succession of fiber blanks is made by three-dimensional weaving. These blanks may subsequently be cut out from the strip. The blanks may be woven with the longitudinal direction of the blade that is to be made extending in the weft direction or in the warp direction.
The present invention also provides a turbomachine blade made of composite material comprising fiber reinforcement obtained by three-dimensional weaving of yarns and densified by a matrix, which blade comprises a first portion constituting the blade airfoil and root formed as a single part together with at least one second portion constituting an inner or outer blade platform, and the two portions of the fiber reinforcement that corresponds to the first and second portions of the blade are mutually interlaced at least in part, with yarns of one of the portions of the fiber reinforcement penetrating into the other one portion of the fiber reinforcement.
The blade may be made of a ceramic matrix composite material.
According to a feature of the blade, yarns constitutive of the portion of the fiber reinforcement that corresponds to the second portion of the blade cross through the portion of the fiber reinforcement that corresponds to the first portion of the blade.
The airfoil of the blade may have a profile of varying thickness, along which the portion of the fiber reinforcement that corresponds to the first portion of the blade has, in the longitudinal direction of the blade, a constant number of layers of yarns having varying weights and/or counts, or a varying number of layers of yarns.
The invention also provides a turbomachine fitted with a blade as defined above.
The invention can be better understood from the following description given by way of non-limiting indication with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
The invention is applicable to various types of turbomachine blades with incorporated inner and/or outer platforms, in particular compressor and turbine blades for various gas turbine spools, e.g. a blade for a rotor wheel of a low-pressure (LP) turbine, as shown in
The blade 10 in
The airfoil 20 extends in a longitudinal direction between the inner and outer platforms 40 and 50 and in cross-section it presents a curved profile of thickness that varies between its leading edge 20a and its trailing edge 20b.
The blade 10 is mounted on a turbine rotor (not shown) by engaging its root 30 in a housing of corresponding shape formed in the periphery of the rotor. The root 30 is extended by the tang 32 so as to join the inside (or bottom) face of the inner platform 40.
At its radially inner end, the airfoil 20 is connected to the outer (or top) face 42 of the inner platform 40, which face defines the inside of the flow passage for the gas stream thorough the turbine. In its upstream and downstream end portions (relative to the flow direction f of the gas stream), the inner platform is terminated by rims 44 and 46. In the example shown, the face 42 of the inner platform is inclined, generally forming a non-zero angle α relative to the normal to the longitudinal direction of the blade. Depending on the profile desired for the inside surface of the flow passage for the gas stream, the angle α may be zero, or the face 42 could have a profile that is generally not rectilinear, e.g. a curved profile.
At its radially outer end, the airfoil joins the outer platform 50 via an inner (bottom) face 52 thereof that serves to define the outside of the flow passage for the gas stream. On its outside (top), the outer platform defines a depression or bathtub 54. Along the upstream and downstream edges of the bathtub 54, the outer platform carries wipers 56 of tooth-shaped profile, and the tips of the wipers can penetrate into a layer of abradable material in a turbine ring (not shown) so as to reduce the clearance between the tips of the blade and the turbine ring. In the example shown, the face 52 of the outer platform extends substantially perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction of the blade. In a variant, depending on the profile desired for the outer surface of the flow passage for the gas stream, the face 52 could be inclined, generally forming a non-zero angle relative to the normal to the longitudinal direction of the blade, or the face 52 could have a profile that is generally not rectilinear, e.g. a curved profile.
The blank 100 comprises two portions 102 and 104 obtained by three-dimensional weaving or multilayer weaving, and only the envelopes of these two portions are shown in
The two portions 102 and 104 are in the form of strips extending generally in a direction X that corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the blade that is to be made. In its portion that is to form an airfoil preform, the fiber strip 102 presents varying thickness that is determined as a function of the thickness of the profile of the airfoil of the blade that is to be made. In its portion that is to form a root preform, the fiber strip 102 presents extra thickness 103 that is determined as a function of the thickness of the root of the blade that is to be made.
The fiber strip 102 has a width l selected as a function of the developed (flat) profile of the airfoil and the root of the blade that is to be made, while the fiber strip 104 has a width L greater than l and selected as a function of the developed lengths of the inner and outer platforms of the blade that is to be made.
The fiber strip 104 is of substantially constant thickness determined as a function of the thickness of the platforms of the blade that is to be made. The strip 104 has a first portion 104a extending along and beside a first face 102a of the strip 102, a second portion 104b extending along and beside the second face 102b of the strip 102, and a third portion 105a extending along and beside the first face 102a of the strip 102.
The portions 104a and 104b are connected together by a connection portion 140c that extends transversely relative to the strip 102 at a location that corresponds to the location of the inner platform of the blade that is to be made. The connection portion 140c crosses the strip, forming an angle α relative to the normal to the longitudinal direction of the fiber blank. The portions 104b and 105a are connected together by a connection portion 150c that extends transversely relative to the strip 102 at a location that corresponds to the location of the outer platform of the blade that is to be made. In the example shown, the connection portion 150c crosses the strip 102 substantially perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction X of the fiber blank. Depending on the shape desired for the outer platform of the blade, the connection portion 150c could cross the strip 102 forming a non-zero angle relative to the normal to the longitudinal direction X of the blade, like the inner platform. In addition, the profile of the connection portion 140c and/or the profile of the connection portion 150c could be curvilinear instead of being rectilinear as in the example shown.
As described below in greater detail, the strips 102 and 104 are woven simultaneously by three-dimensional weaving, without any linking between the strip 102 and the portions 104a, 104b, and 105a of the strip 104, with a plurality of successive blanks 100 being woven continuously in the direction X.
The fiber strip 102 is cut at one end in the extra thickness 103 and at another end a little beyond the connection portion 150c so as to have a strip 120 of length that corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the blade that is to be made, with an enlarged portion 130 formed by a portion of the extra thickness 103 and situated at a location that corresponds to the position of the root of the blade that is to be made.
In addition, cuts are formed in the ends of the portions 104a and 105a of the strip 104 and in its portion 104b so as to leave segments 140a and 140b on either side of the connection portion 140c and segments 150a and 150b on either side of the connection portion 150c, as shown in
Because there is no linking between the strip 102 of the fiber blank and the portions 104a, 104b, and 105a, the segments 140a, 140b, 150a, and 150b can be folded out perpendicularly to the strip 102 without cutting yarns so as to form plates 140, 150, as shown in
A fiber preform 200 for the blade that is to be made is subsequently obtained by molding, with the strip 102 being deformed so as to reproduce the curved profile of the blade airfoil and with the plates 140 and 150 being deformed so as to reproduce shapes similar to those of the inner and outer platforms of the blade, as shown in
As described below, the steps of making a blade preform from a fiber blank are advantageously performed after the fibers of the blank have been treated and impregnated with a consolidation composition.
A method of three-dimensionally weaving the fiber blank 100 is described below in detail.
It is assumed that the weaving is performed with warp yarns extending in the longitudinal direction X of the blank, it being specified that it is also possible to perform weaving with the weft yarns extending in this direction.
Variation in the thickness of the strip 102 along its length is obtained by using weft yarns of varying weight. In a variant, or in addition, it is possible to vary the count of the warp yarns (number of yarns per unit length in the weft direction), a smaller count making greater thinning possible when shaping the preform by molding.
Thus, to obtain a blade airfoil profile as shown in flat projection in
In an embodiment, the yarns used may be silicon carbide (SiC) yarns supplied under the name “Nicalon” by the Japanese supplier Nippon Carbon having a weight (expressed as a number of filaments) of 0.5K (i.e. 500 filaments).
The warp is made up using 0.5K SiC yarns and 1K SiC yarns obtained by uniting two 0.5K yarns, the two yarns being united by covering. The covering is advantageously implemented using a yarn of temporary nature suitable for being eliminated after weaving, e.g. a yarn of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) that can be eliminated by being dissolved in water.
Table I below specifies for each column of warp yarns the count (number of yarns per centimeter in the length of the profile), the number of 0.5K yarns, the number of 1K yarns, and the thickness of the profile in millimeters (mm), where said thickness varies over the range about 1 mm to 2.5 mm:
Naturally, depending on the available yarn weights, different combinations of numbers of layers of yarns and variations in count and in weight could be adopted for the profile that is to be obtained.
The strip 102 of the fiber blank 100 comprises a set of warp yarn layers, with the number of layers in this example being equal to three (layers C11, C12, C13). The warp yarns are linked together by weft yarns t1 using three-dimensional weaving.
The strip 104 also has a set of warp yarn layers, e.g. likewise three layers (layers C21, C22, C23) that are linked together by weft yarns t2 by three-dimensional weaving, like the strip 102.
It should be observed that the weft yarns t1 do not extend into the warp yarn layers of the strip 104 and that the weft yarns t2 do not extend into the warp yarn layers of the strip 102 so as to ensure that they are not linked together.
In the example shown, the weaving is multilayer weaving using a satin or multi-satin type weave. Other types of three-dimensional weaving could be used, for example multilayer weaving with a multiple plain weave or weaving with an interlock weave. The term “interlock weave” is used herein to mean a weave in which each layer of weft yarns links together a plurality of layers of warp yarns, with all of the yarns in a given weft column having the same path in the plane of the weave.
Various forms of three-dimensional weaving are described in particular in document WO 2006/136755, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The extra thickness 103 may be obtained by using weft yarns of greater weight and by using additional layers of weft yarns, as shown by way of example in
In
In addition, weft yarns t1, t′1, and t″1 of different weights are used, the yarns t1 being, for example, “Nicalon” SiC yarns having a weight of 0.5K (500 filaments), the yarns t′1 being obtained by uniting two 0.5K yarns, and the yarns t″1 by uniting three 0.5K yarns.
Weaving in the blank portion 1023 requires a greater number of layers of warp yarns than in the portion 1021. Advantageously, this is achieved in the transition between the portion 1021 and the portion 1023 by reducing the number of warp planes by constituting each warp plane in the portion 1023 by uniting warp yarns from two warp planes of the portion 1021.
Naturally, other combinations of numbers of weft layers and weft yarn weights could be adopted to form the extra thickness 103.
In another embodiment shown diagrammatically in
In
At the end of the insert 103 remote from the portion 1021, the subassemblies T11 and T12 of weft yarn layers are reunited by weaving to form a portion 102′1 having the same thickness as the portion 1021, and then by a reduction in thickness a portion 102′2 having the same thickness as the portion 1022, the portion 102′2 forming the portion that corresponds to a blade airfoil for the following woven blank.
The insert 1031 is preferably a single piece of ceramic, preferably made using the same ceramic material as is used for the matrix of the composite material of the blade that is to be made. Thus, the insert 1031 may be an SiC block obtained by sintering SiC powder.
As shown very diagrammatically in
Successive steps in a method of fabricating a blade of composite material in an implementation of the invention are given in
In step 501, a fiber strip is woven by three-dimensional weaving, the strip comprising a plurality of fiber blanks, e.g. a plurality of rows of fiber blanks extending in the warp direction, as shown in
In step 502, the fiber strip is treated to eliminate the oiling present on the fibers and to eliminate the presence of oxide from the surfaces of the fibers. Oxide elimination is achieved by acid treatment, in particular by immersion in a bath of hydrofluoric acid. If the oiling is not suitable for being eliminated by the acid treatment, a prior treatment for eliminating the oiling is performed, e.g. by decomposing it by brief heat treatment.
In step 503, a thin layer of interphase coating is formed on the fibers of the fiber strip by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). The interphase coating material is constituted for example by pyrolytic carbon (PyC), by boron nitride (BN), or by boron-doped carbon (BC, e.g. having 5 atom percent (at. %) to 20 at. % of B, the balance being C). The thin layer of interphase coating is preferably of small thickness, e.g. no more than 100 nanometers (nm), or better no more than 50 nm, so as to ensure the fiber blank conserves good capacity for deformation. The thickness is preferably not less than 10 nm.
In step 504, the fiber strip with the fibers coated in a thin layer of interphase coating is impregnated with a consolidation composition, typically a resin that might optionally be dissolved in a solvent. A carbon precursor resin may be used, e.g. a phenolic resin or a furanic resin, or a ceramic precursor resin could be used, e.g. a polysilazane resin or a polysiloxane resin constituting a precursor for SiC.
After drying by elimination of the solvent, if any, from the resin (step 505), the resin may be pre-cured (step 506). Pre-curing, i.e. incomplete cross-linking, serves to increase stiffness and thus strength, while preserving capacity for deformation as is required for making blade preforms.
In step 507, the individual fiber blanks are cut out, as shown in
In step 508, a fiber blank as cut out in this way is shaped (as shown in
Thereafter, the curing of the resin is completed (step 509) and the cured resin is pyrolyzed (step 510). Curing and pyrolyzing can follow one another by progressively raising the temperature in the mold.
After pyrolysis, a fiber preform is obtained that has been consolidated by the residue of the pyrolysis. The quantity of consolidation resin is selected so that the pyrolysis residue bonds the fibers of the preform together sufficiently to enable the preform to be handled while conserving its shape and without assistance from tooling, it being observed that the quantity of consolidation resin is preferably selected to be as small as possible.
Steps for eliminating oiling, for acid treatment, and for forming an interphase coating for an SiC fiber substrate are known. Reference can be made to document U.S. Pat. No. 5,071,679.
A second interphase layer is formed by CVI (step 511) so as to obtain overall a fiber-matrix interphase presenting thickness that is sufficient for it to perform its function of making the composite material non-brittle. The second interphase layer may be of a material selected from PyC, BN, and BC, and need not necessarily be the same material as that of the first interphase layer. The thickness of the second interphase layer is preferably not less than 100 nm.
It is preferable to make an interphase out of two layers, as described above. This is described in the French patent application filed under the No. 08/54937 by the Applicant.
Thereafter the consolidated preform is densified with a matrix. For a turbomachine blade that is to be used at high temperature, and in particular in a corrosive medium, the matrix is a ceramic matrix, e.g. made of SiC. It is possible to perform densification by CVI, in which case forming the second interphase layer and densifying with the matrix may follow one another in the same oven.
Densification may be performed in two successive steps (steps 512 and 514) that are separated by a step 513 of machining the blade to the desired dimensions.
It should be observed that a pre-machining may be performed between steps 509 and 510, i.e. after curing and before pyrolyzing the resin.
Successive steps of a method of fabricating a blade of composite material in another implementation of the invention are given in
The step 601 of three-dimensionally weaving a fiber strip comprising a plurality of fiber blanks, and the step 602 of treatment to eliminate oiling and oxide are similar to steps 501 and 502 of the implementation of
In step 603, individual fiber blanks are cut out from the fiber strip, and then each individual fiber blank is shaped in a mold or jig (step 604) to obtain a blade fiber preform by shaping the airfoil and root preform portion and by shaping the platform preform portions.
In step 605, an interphase coating for making the material non-brittle is formed by CVI on the fibers of the preform while held in the jig. By way of example the interphase coating material is PyC, BN, or BC, as mentioned above. The thickness of the interphase coating is about one hundred to a few hundreds of nanometers.
With the preform still held in the jig, it is consolidated by partial densification (step 606), the consolidation being performed by forming a deposit of ceramic on the fibers by CVI.
The formation of the interphase coating by CVI and the consolidation by ceramic deposition by CVI can follow on one from the other in the same CVI oven.
The jig is preferably made of graphite and presents holes for facilitating the passage of reaction gases that provide the interphase deposit and the ceramic deposit by CVI.
Once consolidation is sufficient for the preform to be handled while conserving its shape and without assistance from support tooling, the consolidated preform is extracted from the jig and it is densified with a ceramic matrix by CVI. Densification may be performed in two successive steps (steps 607 and 609) separated by a step 608 of machining the blade to the desired dimensions.
In the description above, an airfoil profile of varying thickness is obtained by using yarns of varying weight and/or count. In a variant, it is possible to make the portion of the fiber blank that corresponds to the airfoil portion of the preform with a certain number of layers of same-weight yarns and with an unvarying count, the thickness of the profile being varied during machining after the first densification step or during pre-machining of the consolidated blank preform.
Furthermore, depending on the intended conditions of use for the blade, the fibers of the fiber reinforcement of the blade may be made of a material other than a ceramic, e.g. they may be made of carbon, and the matrix may be made of a material other than a ceramic, e.g. of carbon or of resin, the invention naturally also being applicable to fabricating blades out of a composite material having an organic matrix.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 08 58090 | Nov 2008 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2009/052309 | 11/26/2009 | WO | 00 | 8/11/2011 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010/061140 | 6/3/2010 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1 526 285 | Apr 2005 | EP |
| 2 933 970 | Jan 2010 | FR |
| WO 2006136755 | Dec 2006 | WO |
| Entry |
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| International Search Report as issued for PCT/FR2009/052309. |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20110311368 A1 | Dec 2011 | US |
