Patent Grant
10238619
This disclosure relates generally to novel composition and method of using them for treating bacterial disease.
Lyme disease (LD) is the most common tick-borne illness today in Europe and North America (Anderson et al. 1983, Burgdorfer et al. 1982, Johnson et al. 2014, Dryden et al. 2010). The Center for Disease Control (CDC) states that there may be more than 300,000 cases and as high as one million cases per year in United States alone (Stricker et al. 2014). This publication further states that Lyme disease is approaching an epidemic proportion and the monotherapy of using antibiotics may not be sufficient. Chronic/persistent Lyme disease involves latent forms such as rounded bodies and biofilm formation (Stricher et al. 2011).
Bacteria from genus Borrelia are pathogenic mico-aerophilic and slow-growing pathogens known for their persistency (Embers et al. 2012, Sapi et al. 2011, Hodzic et al. 2014, Stanek et al. 2012, Hodzic et al. 2008, Stricker et al. 2013, Barthold et al. 2010). Out of 36 currently recognized species, 17 of them are either acknowledged or suspected to cause LD. They are known as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and include species such as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (predominantly causing this illness in North America) as well as Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii (predominantly causing this illness in Europe) (Lovrich et al. 1994). The vegetative form of Borrelia sp. are spirochetes that are motile and can survive viscous conditions in human and animal blood, and as well they are capable of entering their cells (Miller et al. 2014, Zhao et al. 2014, Wu et al. 2011, Coleman et al. 1995). When hostile conditions are introduced these bacteria can adopt different latent persistent forms such as knob-shaped/rounded bodies (cysts, granular forms, L-forms) and aggregates (biofilm-like structures) both in vitro and in vivo (Gruntar et al. 2001, Brorson et al. 1998, Krause et al. 2006). Especially the ability of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato to convert and re-convert to cystic form was observed, which may be one of the reasons why this infection can sometimes become persistent and/or re-surface after being silent for a long time (Krause et al. 2006, Brorson et al. 1997, Donta 2002). Moreover, genomic analysis revealed that Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato has a gene for efflux mechanism. This might be responsible for developing antibiotic resistance, although more in depth studies are warranted to prove such hypothesis (Fraser et al. 1997).
Based on diagnostic test results, the most recent estimates indicate that the number of LD cases in just the United States reaches 300,000 each year; however, there might be unreported cases that are not reflected in the statistics (Johnson et al. 2014, Krause et al. 2006, Stricker et al. 2014 Meek et al. 1996). This has made this disease the most common vector-born disease in the Northern Hemisphere (Johnson et al. 2014, Dryden et al. 2010, Krause et al. 2006). Currently, the frontline treatment for LD is based on antibiotics. Lactams and tetracyclines are the most frequently applied and include doxycycline, amoxicillin, and cefuroxime axetil. Macrolides, such as azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin, are the second class and appear to be less effective than lactams (Shapiro 2014).
Currently one of the most often prescribed antibiotics against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection is doxycycline (Shapiro 2014, Cameron et al. 2014, Nadelman et al. 2001, Wormser et al. 2006, Mygland et al. 2010). Its use began in the late sixties last century against infections other than LD (Li et al. 2013, Nelson et al. 2011). Since then, the application of doxycycline extended and has been on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines as one of the most important medications needed in a basic health system (Nelson et al. 2011, World Health Organization 2015). Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the class of tetracyclines. Like other agents in this class, it is an anti-bacterial and anti-parasite agent targeting protein production in general (Nelson et al. 2011, World Health Organization 2015), The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015). Its side effects are similar to those of other members of this antibiotic class, including the development of an erythematous rash after exposure to sun. Moreover, doxycycline is classified as a class D drug and is thus restricted for administration to pregnant women and children under the age of eight (Mylonas 2011). Although, doxycycline is one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotics, especially for the early stages of LD, its continued treatment is not recommended since the long-term effectiveness has not been proven (Stanek et al. 2012, Delong et al. 2012). In vitro studies revealed that doxycycline is effective against active (vegetative) form of Borrelia sp., with moderate action against their biofilms, and ineffective against the latent knob-shaped/rounded forms (Sapi et al. 2011, Baradaran-Dilmaghani et al. 1996). Observed persistency and/or relapse of LD symptoms in the absence of ongoing antibiotic treatment were observed as well (Krause et al. 2006, Donta 2002, Klempner et al. 2001). This would suggest that doxycycline may either facilitate generation of latent forms or is inefficient in their elimination (Hodzic et al. 2008, Gruntar et al. 2001, Oksi et al. 1999, Straubinger et al. 1997, Straubinger 2000).
Antimicrobials derived from natural sources such as plants, herbs, and fruits, and essential oils, have shown activity against a plethora of bacteria and fungi, but are poorly explored against Borrelia sp. (Morrison et al. 2014, Takeuchi et al. 2014, Zhang et al. 2013). Despite a rather small pool of available data on this subject, Bronson and Bronson study exhibited grapefruit seed extract as a powerful in vitro agent against spirochetes and their cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Brorson et al. 2007). Dipsacus sylvestris extract against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto revealed growth inhibiting activity as well (Liebold et al. 2011), whereas Sapi et al., reported significant efficacy of leaf extracts from Stevia Rebaudiana on all forms of Borrelia burgdorferi (Theophilus et al. 2015).
Natural components tested against Borrelia sp. were limited to individual compounds or extracts isolated from a specific plant species. There is a need for new and improved treatments against Borrelia sp.
Several compositions and efficacy of treating several forms of bacterial infection are discussed in this disclosure. The instant application describes a novel composition and use of novel composition in the treatment and/or prevention of Lyme disease caused by Borrelia sp. The novel composition comprises of fatty acids, essential oils, plant extracts, phenols, and terpenoids in various combinations. In another embodiment, the novel composition consists of fatty acids, essential oils, plant extracts, phenols, and terpenoids in various combinations. The novel composition is effective against both the active (spirochetes) and dormant/latent persistent (knob/rounded-shaped bodies, biofilm) forms of Borrelia sp. In one embodiment a treatment/prevention for Lyme disease is being disclosed. In another embodiment, a novel composition for treating/preventing Lyme disease is disclosed. In another embodiment, knob/rounded-shaped forms (persisters), spirochetes, and biofilm are treated using the novel composition. In another embodiment, two species of Lyme disease bacteria and their various forms are treated by the novel composition. Once the mixture is administered the infected mammal is treated simultaneously for all forms, such as persistent forms (knob/rounded-shaped forms), biofilm, and active/spirochete forms of Borrelia sp.
In one embodiment, the composition comprises of a fatty acid between 0.075-0.1 mg/ml, essential oil in the range of 0.075-0.1 mg/ml, plant extract in the range of 0.075-0.1 mg/ml and terpenoids in the range of 0.75-0.1 mg/ml All the composition ingredients are grouped in different combinations composed of 3 to 4 ingredients so in total they comprise 0.3 mg/ml of the entire treatment portion of the mixture.
In one embodiment, a composition of clove oil (0.075 mg/ml), lemongrass oil (0.075 mg/ml), spearmint oil (0.075 mg/ml) or cinnamon oil (0.075 mg/ml) and linoleic acid (0.075 mg/ml) are used as a composition (Mix 1) to treat active spirochete form of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii in mammals.
In one embodiment, linoleic acid (0.075 mg/ml), eugenol (0.075 mg/ml citral (0.075 mg/ml) R-carvone (0.075 mg/ml or cinnamon are used as a composition (Mix 2) to treat active spirochete form of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii in mammals.
In one embodiment, time-dependent evaluation of the anti-borreliae effect of tested composition mixes against persistent (rounded) form of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii was determined by SYTO9/IP assay staining. Tested composition mixes according to the invention contained: Mix 1: clove oil (0.075 mg/ml) lemongrass oil (0.075 mg/ml) spearmint oil (0.075 mg/ml) or cinnamon oil (0.075 mg/ml) and linoleic acid (0.075 mg/ml). In another composition, Mix 2: eugenol (0.075 mg/ml), citral (0.075 mg/ml), linoleic acid (0.075 mg/ml), and R-carvone or cinnamon oil (0.075 mg/ml). In another embodiment the final concentration for each component of Mix 1 and Mix 2 assembled in sets of three were 0.3 mg/ml. Final concentration of all ingredients in any particular combination of the Mixes was 0.3 mg/ml.
In another embodiment, Live/Dead ratio of rounded forms evaluated after 72 hours post-treatment with tested individual compounds against persistent (rounded) form of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii was determined by SYTO9/IP assay staining. The components for the test included: clove oil (0.075-0.3 mg/ml), lemongrass oil (0.075-0.3 mg/ml spearmint oil (0.075-0.3 mg/ml) or cinnamon oil (0.075-0.3 mg/ml linoleic acid (0.075-0.3 mg/ml), eugenol (0.075-0.3 mg/ml), citral (0.075-0.3 mg/ml), R-carvone (0.075-0.3 mg/ml).
In another embodiment, Live/Dead ratio of rounded forms evaluated after 72 hours post-treatment with mixtures according to the invention (Mixes 1 and 2) against persistent (rounded) form of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii determined by SYTO9/IP assay staining. Tested mixes contained: Mix 1: clove oil (0.075 mg/ml), lemongrass oil (0.075 mg/ml), spearmint oil (0.075 mg/ml) or cinnamon oil (0.075 mg/ml), linoleic acid (0.075 mg/ml), and Mix 2: eugenol (0.075 mg/ml), citral (0.075 mg/ml), linoleic acid (0.075 mg/ml), R-carvone (0.075 mg/ml) or cinnamon oil (0.075 mg/ml); and were compared with control (0.3 mg/ml) ethanol.
In another embodiment, evaluation of the anti-borrelia effect of tested mixes against persistent (biofilm) form of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii determined by SYTO9/IP assay staining. Tested mixes (1-2) contained: Mix 1: clove oil (0.075 mg/ml), lemongrass oil (0.075 mg/ml), spearmint oil (0.075 mg/ml) or cinnamon oil (0.075 mg/ml), linoleic acid (0.075 mg/ml), and Mix 2: eugenol (0.075 mg/ml), citral (0.075 mg/ml), linoleic acid (0.075 mg/ml), R-carvone (0.075 mg/ml) or cinnamon oil (0.075 mg/ml); and were compared with control (0.3 mg/ml) ethanol.
Individual ingredients (clove oil, lemongrass oil, spearmint oil, cinnamon oil, linoleic acid, eugenol, citral, R-carvone) tested at 0.075 mg/ml concentrations each showed lower efficacy against biofilm than their combinations at respective concentrations used in mixes (Mix 1 and Mix 2)
Other features will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows.
Example embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:
Other features of the present embodiments will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows.
Several compositions in various combinations and concentration to test the treatment for Lyme disease using these compositions and simultaneously addressing the treatment of persistent/latent forms, i.e., knob/rounded-shaped form and biofilm and active and motile spirochetes for both the bacteria, i.e., Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii are disclosed. Although the present embodiments have been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the various embodiments. The inventors have designed and prepared novel compositions for use against Borrelia sp. infection and in the treatment and/or prevention of Lyme disease. The novel compositions comprise of plant oil extracts and other active chemical compounds applied in different combinations. The novel compositions are effective against both the active (spirochetes) and latent forms (knob/rounded-shaped bodies, biofilm) of Borrelia sp.
In embodiments of the invention the experimental results of two compositions comprising plant extracts, essential oils, fatty acids, terpenoids and phenols were tested against active (spirochete) and latent persistent forms (knob/rounded-shaped forms, biofilm) of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii. The terpenoids are carvone, citral, menthol, camphor, salvinorin etc. Plant extracts like cumin, pomegranate, clove oil, cinnamon oil, thyme and ginger etc., can be used. Examples of essential oils are spearmint oil, lemongrass oil, clove oil, citral, cinnamon oil etc. Fatty acids such as linoleic acid are used for the mixers. The phenols are eugenol etc. The compounds were combined in various mixtures. Mixes 1-8 were prepared are as follows, and Table 1 below further outlines the concentration of the various components in the composition:
Mix 1: linoleic acid, clove oil, lemongrass oil, and spearmint oil or cinnamon oil.
Mix 2: linoleic acid, eugenol, citral and R-carvone or cinnamon oil.
Mix 3: linoleic acid, clove oil and lemongrass oil.
Mix 4: linoleic acid, eugenol and citral.
Mix 5: spearmint oil and/or cinnamon oil, clove oil and lemongrass oil.
Mix 6: R-carvone and/or cinnamon oil, eugenol and citral.
Mix 7: linoleic acid, clove oil and spearmint oil or cinnamon oil.
Mix 8: linoleic acid, eugenol and R-carvone or cinnamon oil
Materials and Methods
Test Compounds.
The following compounds, with the purity between 90%-98% according to the manufacturer, were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.): clove oil, eugenol, lemongrass, citral, spearmint oil, cinnamon oil, R-carvone, linoleic acid. As a positive control antibiotic doxycycline (100 mg/mL stock suspension in absolute ethanol) was used, since it is considered a standard therapeutic treatment for patients with Lyme disease.
Test Microorganisms.
Two Borrelia species, namely, Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii were tested in this study. Low passage isolates of the B31 strain of B. burgdorferi and CIP103362 strain of B. garinii were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). The stocks of both species were cultured in commonly used conditions, i.e. medium such as Barbour-Stoner-Kelly H (BSK-H) supplemented with 6% rabbit serum (Sigma, St Louis, Mo.) without antibiotics at 33° C. with 5% CO2, in sterile screw-cap 15 mL polypropylene tubes with or without gentile shaking depends on type of experiment. B31 strain is an isolate from Ixodes dammini whereas CIP103362 strain is an isolate from Ixodes ricinus. Both strains are well known human pathogenic factors of Lyme disease. So far, Borrelia burgdorferi has been found in ticks from North America and Eurasia, while Borrelia garinii only in ticks in Eurasia.
Preparation of Test Microorganisms for Susceptibility Testing.
The strains of B. burgdorferi and B. garinii were prepared for testing as described in the art (Sapi et al., 2011). Briefly, the strains were activated from original cryobank vials and inoculated into 10 mL BSK-H compete medium, and maintained at 33° C. For generation of homogeneous cultures of B. burgdorferi or B. garinii, bacterial cells were inoculated and maintained in a shaking incubator at 33° C. and 250 rpm, where there is no biofilm formation (Sapi et al., 2011; supported by own observation). For generation of biofilm-like colonies of B. burgdorferi or B. garinii, bacterial cells were inoculated in four-well chambers (BD Biosciences, Sparks, Md.) coated with rat-tail collagen type I and incubated for 1 week without shaking.
Evaluation of bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of individual test compounds and their mixtures on test microorganisms. To determine what compound and/or mixture will have the bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal effect a fluorescence method was used according to Sapi et al. Briefly, 5×106 bacterial cells/mL of the homogenous bacterial suspension was inoculated into each sterile 1.8 mL test tightly caps screwed tubes containing 1 mL BSK-H medium, supplemented with the test compound/mixture of interest. Control cultures were treated with ethanol (i.e., 0.075-0.3 mg/ml) alone. For doxycycline, as a positive control, the final used concentration was 0.075-0.3 mg/ml). The tubes were then incubated at 33° C. and viability was monitored at regular intervals for up to 72 hours. The whole experiment was repeated three times for each strain and each concentration. The susceptibility of spirochetes and knob/rounded-shaped body forms to the test compound was then assessed after 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours by LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ Bacterial Viability Assay using fluorescent microscopy, were the ratio of live (green) and dead (red) B. burgdorferi and B. garinii morphological forms were calculated. The composition is administered to mammals to treat Lyme disease. The mode of administration includes, but not limited to, non-invasive perioral, topical (example transdermal), enteral, transmucosal, targeted delivery, sustained release delivery, delayed release, pulsed release and parenteral methods. Various combinations of these administration modes may be combined.
Formulations suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia), each containing a predetermined amount of the composition as active ingredient.
Evaluation of test compounds/mixtures on bacterial biofilm. Qualitative effect of the individual test compounds and their mixtures against biofilm-like colonies of B. burgdorferi and B. garinii was evaluated using commonly used and well accepted crystal violet (CV) staining method, according to protocol provided by Sapi et al. Briefly, 1×107 bacterial cells/mL from homogeneous cultures of spirochetes were grown on extracellular matrix proteins (i.e., collagen type I) coated four-well chambers and incubated for 1 week.
After the 1 week of incubation, biofilm-like colonies were treated with various compounds/mixtures. Control wells were treated with ethanol (i.e., 0.075-0.3 mg/ml) alone. For doxycycline, as a positive control, the final used concentration was 0.03% (v/v). The chambers were then incubated at 33° C. for 72 hours. The whole experiment was repeated three times for each strain and each concentration. Next, all wells were fixed with 500 μL of cold methanol-formalin (1:1) for 30 minutes and stained with 1 mL of crystal violet (0.1%) for 10 minutes. The biofilm-like colonies were carefully washed three times with 1×PBS and 1 mL of methanol was added to each well to extract a dye, which was measured at 595 nm wavelength.
Statistical Analysis.
Means and standard deviations were determined for all experiments and Student's t test analysis was used to determine significant differences. Statistical analysis was performed by t-test using GraphPad statistical software. COLBY equation was applied to calculate synergistic cooperation of the components in the test mixtures as described (Ferry N, Stanley B H, Armel G. 2005, Design and analysis of biological assay of mixtures. 17th Annual Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture, Kansas State University Libraries, New Prairie Press).
TABLE 2: Colby calculations (Colby, 1967) were conducted in order to determine whether the effect of the ingredients combined in form of different mixes was based on their synergistic, additive or antagonistic interactions. Data obtained from the calculation are outlined in Table 2 below. The results show that synergistic effects were obtained in all cases. No antagonistic effect was obtained. Instant results as shown in figures prove that for individual ingredients that were tested at two tested concentrations: 0,075 mg/ml and 0.3 mg/ml in order to show that individual ingredients at low concentrations are not very effective, but they become effective as a mixture. Using these nutrient combinations one may avoid any possible toxicity of high doses of individual components, enhance their absorption and utilization and maintain metabolism in balance. These results further prove synergistic effect applicable as a treatment for Lyme disease and all forms of the bacteria simultaneously using one mixture.
B. burgdorferi
B. garinii
B. burgdorferi
B. garinii
B. burgdorferi
B. garinii
As used herein when referring to numerical values or percentages, the term “about” includes variations due to the methods used to determine the values or percentages, statistical variance and human error. Moreover, each numerical parameter in this application should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
Various compositions according to the invention are useful in the treatment and/or prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii infection that is in its active form or dormant forms in mammal. Specifically in animals and human. Although the present embodiments have been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the various embodiments. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9743675 | De Leij | Aug 2017 | B2 |
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