Patent Application
20180168151
The invention provides compositions, systems and methods that can be used to attract target Lepidopterous insects, in particular, insects of the families Tortricadae, Geometridae and Noctuidea.
The order Lepidoptera includes moths and butterflies which are essential participants in the natural ecosystem as pollinators and food for other animals.
However, many species cause problems in agriculture, as their larvae can consume huge amounts of live plant matter in a short time, causing massive damage to crops.
Leafrollers are a family of moths whose larvae tie leaves around themselves with silken threads and eat leaves and fruit from within this protective shelter. This causes unsightly blemishes on fruit and can lead to secondary disease, for example, causing rot in crops such as grapes. Leafrollers are found on a wide range of fruits and ornamental shrubs and trees.
The leafroller Light Brown Apple Moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an important horticultural pest both in its native and introduced habitats in Australia, New Zealand, USA, and the UK. LBAM is best known as a pest insect for tree fruits, including apples, pears, citrus, peaches, nectarines, apricots, vines, berryfruit, and to a lesser extent for forestry, vegetable, and flower crops.
The habitat of the LBAM continues to expand, with insects now confirmed in California and Europe. Methods of trapping and/or killing LBAM and other leafroller insects are needed to reduce the damage caused to important crops.
For most lepidopterous species, reproductive behaviour consists of the female releasing a volatile sex pheromone that elicits upwind flight in males of the same species. The males orient to the source to effect copulation. Since most lepidopterous species use many of the same pheromone compounds for sexual communication, multi-component blends can be critical for species specificity.
Sex pheromones are widely used as insect attractants, often in combination with a killing agent, such as an insecticide. However, the majority of sex pheromones attract only male insects, so are limited in effectiveness. Just one female insect can lay enough eggs to infest a large area, so it would be advantageous to provide an attractant for lepidopterous insects that attracted both sexes.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide compositions, systems and methods for attracting Lepidopterous insects, in particular, insects of the families Tortricadae, Geometridae and Noctuidea, or to at least provide the public with a useful choice.
In one aspect the invention provides a composition for attracting Lepidopterous insects comprising a vapour blend of acetic acid and one or more compounds of formula I,
wherein R is selected from the group comprising: —CH2OH, —CN, —NC, and —OH.
The invention also provides a system for detecting, surveying, monitoring and/or controlling Lepidopterous insects comprising:
In one embodiment, the system comprises a killing agent.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of attracting Lepidopterous insects to a location, the method comprising placing a composition or system of the invention at that location.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for detecting, surveying, monitoring and/or controlling Lepidopterous insect populations in an area comprising: placing in the area, a system comprising:
In one embodiment, the system comprises a killing agent.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a use of a composition or system of the invention for attracting Lepidopterous insects.
In the above aspects:
In one embodiment, the Lepidopterous insect is an insect of one of the families selected from Tortricadae, Geometridae and Noctuidea.
In one embodiment, the Lepidopterous insect is an insect of the family Tortricadae, preferably a leaf roller insect, more preferably, the LBAM.
In one embodiment, the Lepidopterous insect is female.
In this specification where reference has been made to patent specifications, other external documents, or other sources of information, this is generally for the purpose of providing a context for discussing the features of the invention. Unless specifically stated otherwise, reference to such external documents is not to be construed as an admission that such documents, or such sources of information, in any jurisdiction, are prior art, or form part of the common general knowledge in the art.
In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.
As used herein “(s)” following a noun means the plural and/or singular forms of the noun. As used herein the term “and/or” means “and” or “or” or both.
The invention is now described with reference to the figures in which:
As used herein, the term “pheromone” or sex pheromone” means an intraspecific signal molecule, typically in Lepidoptera, produced and released by female insects at the time of, or prior to mating, that attracts males.
The term ‘comprising’ as used in this specification and claims means ‘consisting at least in part of’. When interpreting statements in this specification and claims which include the term ‘comprising’, other features besides the features prefaced by this term in each statement can also be present. Related terms such as ‘comprise’ and ‘comprised’ are to be interpreted in similar manner.
The inventors have surprisingly discovered that a vapour blend of acetic acid and one or more of compounds selected from the group comprising benzyl nitrile, 2-phenylethanol and benzyl alcohol, synergistically attracts Lepidopterous insects.
Accordingly, the invention provides a composition for attracting Lepidopterous insects comprising a vapour blend of acetic acid and one or more compounds of formula I
wherein R is selected from the group: —CH2OH, —CN, —NC, and —OH.
All of the compounds of the composition (2-phenylalcohol, benzyl alcohol, benzyl nitrile and benzyl isonitrile) are volatile. While the compounds of formula I are attractants by themselves, combining them with acetic acid, greatly enhances the effect.
As seen in Examples 1A and 1B, compounds of formula I and acetic acid are weak attractants for many leafroller moths, with acetic acid demonstrating about the same or better attractant activity. However, when combined with acetic acid, each of the three compounds of formula I showed greatly enhanced activity (see Examples 2A and 2B). This synergistic attractant effect was seen in relation to several Lepidopterous insects, LBAM, ESBM and OBLR. In some cases, combining two or three compounds of formula I with acetic acid provided even greater attractant effect, as described in Examples 3a, 3B and 5.
In one embodiment, the composition provides a vapour blend of 2-phenylalcohol and acetic acid.
In another embodiment, the composition provides a vapour blend of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
In another embodiment, the composition provides a vapour blend of benzyl nitrile and acetic acid.
In another embodiment, the composition provides a vapour blend of benzyl isonitrile and acetic acid.
In one embodiment, the composition provides a vapour blend of two compounds of formula I and acetic acid.
In one embodiment, the composition provides a vapour blend of three compounds of formula I and acetic acid.
In another embodiment, the composition provides a vapour blend of all four compounds of formula I and acetic acid.
The compounds of formula I were found to be released by apple seedlings when infested by the larvae of LBAM. Rather than repelling adult moths as expected, these compounds were unexpectedly found to attract them. Other compounds released such as indole and (E)-nerolidol were found to have some attractant activity against some insects, but results were inconsistent.
Example 6A directly compares the effect of combining a compound of formula I (benzyl nitrile) with acetic acid, relative to use of each compound individually.
The acetic acid vapour can be provided by any compound or combination of compounds that produces volatilized acetic acid, for example, aqueous acetic acid, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride or ammonium acetate.
The composition of the invention can be used to attract Lepidopterous insects to a location, by placing the composition at that location.
In one aspect the Lepidopterous insect is selected from insects of the Families Tortricadae, Geometridae and Noctuidea families. Preferably, the Lepidopterous insect is from the Tortricadae family, more preferably, a leafroller insect.
In one embodiment the Lepidopterous insect is selected from the group comprising:
(a) the light brown apple moth: Epiphyas postvittana (LBAM);
(b) the eye spotted bud moth: Spilonota ocellana (ESBM);
(c) the oblique banded leafroller: Choristoneura rosaceana (OBLR);
(d) the pandemis leafroller: Pandemis pyrusana (PLR);
(e) the European tree leafroller: Archips rosanus (ETLR);
(f) the three lined leaf roller: Pandemis limtata (TLLR);
(g) the greenheaded leafroller: Planotortrix octo
(h) the brownheaded leafrollers: Ctenopseustis obliquana and Ctenopseustis herana;
(i) the fruit-tree leafroller: Archips argyrospila;
(j) the European grapevine moth: Lobesia botrana;
(k) the eastern spruce budworm: Choristoneura fumiferana; and
(l) the western spruce budworm: Choristoneura occidentalis.
The invention also provides a system for detecting, surveying, monitoring and/or controlling Lepidopterous insect populations comprising:
The system includes a dispenser which contains or holds the un-volatilised compounds used to produce the vapour blend and also dispenses the vapour blend. The dispenser may hold and release the un-volatilised compounds separately which then form a vapour blend when they meet on release. Alternatively, the dispenser may contain both or all the compounds together, releasing them to form a vapour blend.
The dispenser may take many different forms. In some embodiments, it may constitute an absorbent material that holds and releases the chemical, for example, cotton, paper, textiles, and polymeric matrices in the form of plugs or pellets.
In other embodiments, the dispenser may constitute an impermeable membrane or wall that includes a small portion of permeable membrane or one or more small openings. The acetic acid and compounds of formula I are contained within the impermeable membrane or wall, and enter the atmosphere via the permeable membrane or small openings.
Examples of suitable dispensers are described in Leonhardt et al. (Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications, ACS Symposium Series 90, 1982, incorporated by reference).
In the trials described in the Examples, the compounds of formula I were placed inside a permeable polyethylene bag. The acetic acid was applied to a cotton ball inside a 5 ml polyethylene vial containing a 1 mm hole. The bag and vial were placed in the centre of a sticky trap.
As well as the rate at which the vapour blend is released, factors such as the insect population density, age distribution of the population, temperature and wind velocity may all influence the numbers of insects trapped. Therefore, the rate of release can be adjusted to account for these external factors.
The rate of release of the compounds can be adjusted by adjusting the dispenser for example, by allowing a bigger surface area to be exposed to the atmosphere. Factors such as temperature, and wind velocity will influence the release rate. The configuration of the system range can be readily determined by a dose response field test.
As long as there is a sufficient amount of each of the acetic acid and the compound of formula I to effectively contribute to the vapour blend, the actual amount of each compound present is less important than the rate at which the compounds are released.
Other compounds and materials may be added to the composition and system of the invention provided they do not substantially interfere with the release of the vapour blend, or its attractant properties. Whether or not this occurs can be determined by standard test formats comparing the efficacy of the composition or system with and without the added compound or material.
In one embodiment, the system of the invention also includes a sex pheromone, or kairomone. The sex pheromone or kairomone may be present in the dispenser, or could be released from another part of the system.
The system of the invention includes a trapping device. The trapping device can be any suitable device including but not limited to a sticky trap, unitrap, bucket trap and the like.
In one embodiment, the trapping device is a sticky trap, such as a Delta trap.
The systems of the invention are useful for detecting, surveying, monitoring and/or controlling Lepidopterous insects. In use, the systems attract the insects, which are trapped in the trapping device component of the system, allowing them to be counted. Trapped insects can either be disposed of, if still alive when the system is checked, or the system can include a killing agent. In some cases the trapping device will constitute a killing agent.
Killing agents include, but are not limited to, insecticides, soapy water and the like.
In one embodiment, the killing agent is a carbomate, organophosphorous compound, nitrophenol, nitromethylene, phenylbenzoylurea, pyrethroid, chlorinated hydrocarbon or microbial insecticide. Preferably, the killing agent is a pyrethroid insecticide.
Systems of the invention can be widely distributed to detect the presence of the insects in a particular area. Insect populations can be surveyed by applying mathematical analyses to the results. Changes in populations over time can also be monitored by comparing results with earlier data. If initial results warrant it, mass trapping programmes can be initiated, to control population numbers.
The current means of monitoring the occurrence and levels of Lepidopterous insects is by use of pheromone baited traps. However, this only attracts male insects. The compositions and systems of the invention also attract female Lepidoptera insects, allowing development of new monitoring and control measures.
Although the present invention is broadly as defined above, those persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention is not limited thereto and that the invention also includes embodiments of which the following description gives examples.
The chemical purity of the standards used in the field experiments were as follows: Glacial acetic acid (99%), benzyl alcohol (99%), benzyl nitrile (99%) and 2-phenylethanol (99%). Glacial acetic acid was stored under ambient temperature while all other compounds were stored at −20° C. until used. All chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (MO, USA).
A colony of LBAM was established and maintained at Mt. Albert Research Center (Auckland). Egg batches of E. postvittana were allowed to emerge in the laboratory. Apple seedlings (var. Royal Gala) were infested with ca. 30 1st or 2nd instar larvae per seedling and left for 24 h in the laboratory to enable larvae to settle. Upon making contact with the adaxial leaf surface, larvae orientated to a position on the abaxial surface where they webbed up along the midrib and began to feed on epidermal tissue. Visible signs of larval feeding were evident after 24 h. Infested and uninfested apple seedlings were used to provide volatile odour profiles by air entrainment and in the greenhouse trials. Pupae from the colony were sexed and adult males were allowed to emerge in isolation from the females. Emerging adults were used to produce mated females for the shade house bioassay. One female and three males were confined in a plastic container for one night and monitored with a time lapse video system. Females and males were considered mated when they were observed in copula for more than one minute. Adults were kept at 22±2° C., 18L:6D, they were provided with water and were 2-3 days old at the time of testing.
All field experiments targeting LBAM were conducted in a ‘Red Delicious’ apple orchard (43°38′55.39″S, 172°27′17.57″E) in Canterbury, the South Island, New Zealand.
All these experiments targeting ESBM and OBLR were conducted in a mixed variety organic apple orchard (49°10′43.98°N, 119°45′16.8″W) in Karamus, British Columbia, Canada, unless stated otherwise.
Red delta traps made of plastic corflute with an adhesive-coated base (Suckling and Shaw, 1992) were used in the LBAM trials while large white deltra traps (Pherocan VI, Trécé, Adair, Okla.) were used for ESBM and OBLR trials.
Traps were baited with the composition of the invention and placed in 5 rows, with five replicates of each treatment in a randomized block design. Traps were positioned 1.7 m above the ground in each trap tree, and were spaced 20 m apart in each row. Each treatment was assigned randomly to a trap tree within each row of trees. Both the polyethylene sachet containing the compound of formula I and the acetic acid vial were placed in the center of the sticky base in the LBAM trials. In the ESBM and OBLR trials they were attached to the side of the traps using velcro tape. Sticky bases were checked and counted weekly during the experimental period.
The variance of mean captures obtained with each compound or each blend of compounds was stabilized using the √(x+1) transformation of counts and the significance of treatment effects tested using ANOVA. Significantly different treatment means were identified using Fisher's protected least significant difference test (SAS Institute Inc, 1998).
This experiment was conducted from the period between 15 Nov. 2013 to 8 Dec. 2013 to investigate the biological activity of the individual volatile organic compounds. Benzyl alcohol, benzyl nitrile, indole, 2-phenyethanol, and (E)-nerolidol were tested by dispensing 100 mg of each compound in a permeable polyethylene bag of 150 μm wall thickness (45 mm×50 mm), with a piece of felt (15 mm×45 mm) inserted as a carrier substrate.
An acetic acid lure was made by placing a 2-cm piece of cotton ball in a 5 ml polythene vial (JUST Plastics Ltd, UK) with a 1 mm hole drilled in its lead. 3 ml of acetic acid was applied to the cotton ball inside the polythene vial. A trap with a blank lure was used as control. Five traps baited with LBAM sex pheromone were deployed in the vicinity (>30 m) of the trial to ensure the presence of the insect.
Results:
When the six compounds were tested individually for the attraction of adult LBAM, the number of males or females LBAM caught was not significantly different to treatments that are known to attract moths (see
This experiment was conducted from 28 Nov. to 12 Dec. 2013 for LBAM and 3-10 Jun. 2015 for ESBM and OBLR to investigate the biological activity of the individual volatile organic compounds. Lures of benzyl alcohol, benzyl nitrile, indole, 2-phenyethanol, (E)-nerolidol, and 0.3 mL acetic acid were made by dispensing 10 mg of each compound on a Boomerang regular cellulose acetate filter (7.5 mm diameter×10 mm, Moss Packaging Co. Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand) inside a permeable polyethylene bag (100 μm wall thickness, 20 mm×20 mm, Masterton, New Zealand) that was then heat-sealed. A trap with a lure without chemical was used as negative control.
Results:
When the six compounds were tested individually for the attraction of adult LBAM, only benzyl nitrile, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, and acetic acid attracted males and females into the traps but with no significant differences among treatments (see
This experiment was conducted between 10 Dec. 2013 to 24 Jan. 2014 investigating binary blends of the compounds tested in Example 2. The loadings of blends were as follow: 1) 100 mg of benzyl alcohol and 3 mL acetic acid; 2) 100 mg benzyl nitrile and 3 mL acetic acid; 3) 100 mg indole and 3 mL acetic acid; 100 mg of 2-phenyethanol and 3 mL acetic acid; and 100 mg (E)-nerolidol and 3 mL acetic acid. A trap with a blank lure was used as control and traps baited with 3 mL of acetic acid were used to quantify the role of acetic acid. Five traps baited with the sex pheromone were deployed in the vicinity of the trial to ensure the presence of the insect.
Results:
The composition of the binary blends significantly affected the number of LBAM males and females captured (Treatment, F4,20=3.8, P<0.02 for male, and F3,16=3.02, P<0.05 for female). The greatest number of adult moths were captured in traps baited with benzyl nitrile/acetic acid (see
A second field experiment was conducted between 15 Dec. 2014 to 13 Jan. 2015 for LBAM and from 12 to 23 Jun. 2105 for ESBM and OBLR to investigate binary blends of the most attractive compounds obtained in the first trial. The loadings of the five compounds were prepared similar to the first experiment as follows: 1) 10 mg benzyl alcohol+0.3 mL acetic acid; 2) 10 mg benzyl nitrile and 0.3 mL acetic acid; 3) 10 mg indole+0.3 mL acetic acid; 4) 10 mg 2-phenyethanol+0.3 mL acetic acid; and 5) 10 mg (E)-nerolidol and 0.3 mL acetic acid. A trap baited with 0.3 mL of acetic acid alone and a blank lure were used as controls.
The composition of the binary blends significantly increased the number of LBAM, ESBM and OBLR males and females captured (LBAM: Treatment, F4,20=9.2, P<0.001 for male, and F4,20=8.32, P=0.004 for female; ESBM: Treatment, F3,16=10.4, P<0.001 for male, and F5,24=16.29, P<0.001 for female; OBLR: Treatment, F5,24=19.6, P<0.001 for male, and F3,16=15.33, P<0.001 for female), as shown in
This experiment was conducted between 27 Jan. 2014 to 18 Feb. 2014 investigating the various blends based on results obtained in Example 2. The loadings of the five volatile blends were: 1) 100 mg of benzyl nitrile and 3 mL acetic acid; 2) 100 mg of 2-phenylethanol and 3 mL acetic acid; 3) 100 mg of benzyl alcohol and 3 mL acetic acid; 4) 100 mg of benzyl nitrile, 100 mg of 2-phenylethanol, and 3 mL acetic acid; 5) 100 mg of benzyl nitrile, 100 mg of 2-phenylmethanol, and 3 mL acetic acid; 6) 100 mg of 2-phenylethanol, 100 mg of benzyl alcohol and 3 mL acetic acid; 7) benzyl nitrile, 100 mg of 2-phenylethanol, 100 mg of benzyl alcohol, and 3 mL acetic acid. A trap with a blank lure was used as negative control while traps baited with 3 mL of acetic acid were used to quantify the role of acetic acid.
Results:
The composition of the blends significantly affected the number of adult males and female LBAM attracted to the odour source (Treatment, F7,32=2.97, P<0.02 for male, and F7,32=4.36, P<0.02 for female). The four blends containing benzyl nitrile (binary, ternary and quaternary) attracted significantly more adult moths than the two binary blends (2-phenylethanol/acetic acid, benzyl alcohol/acetic acid) or the ternary blend (2-phenylethanol/benzyl alcohol/acetic acid—see
This experiment was conducted between the 15-28 Jan. 2015 for LBAM and from 26 Jun. to 6 Jul. 2105 for ESBM and OBLR. The four volatile blends were: 1) 3.33 mg benzyl nitrile, 3.33 mg 2-phenylethanol, 3.33 mg benzyl alcohol+0.3 mL acetic acid; 2) 10 mg benzyl nitrile+0.3 mL acetic acid; 3) 10 mg 2-phenylethanol+0.3 mL acetic acid; 4) 10 mg benzyl alcohol+0.3 mL acetic acid. A trap with a blank lure was used as negative control, while traps baited with the sex pheromone of ESBM (Trece Inc, Adair, Okla.) were used as positive control.
Results:
The composition of the blends significantly affected the number of adult male and female LBAM attracted to odour sources, as shown in
This experiment was conducted between the 11th to the 22 Jul. 2014 in a mixed variety organic apple orchard in Summerland, British Columbia, Canada. Large white delta traps (Trece Inc) were used. The loadings of blends were as follow: 1) 100 mg benzyl nitrile and 3 mL acetic acid; 2) 100 mg of 2-phenyethanol and 3 mL acetic acid; 3) 100 mg benzyl alcohol and 3 mL acetic acid. Traps baited with 3 mL of acetic acid was used to quantify the role of acetic acid. A trap with a blank lure was used as negative control. Traps were baited with the compound of formula I and placed in 5 rows, with five replicates of each treatment in a randomized block design. Traps were positioned 1.5 m above the ground in each trap tree, and were spaced 20 m apart in each row. Each treatment was assigned randomly to a trap tree within each row of trees. The polythene sachet and the acetic acid vial were attached to the side of the traps using Velcro tape. Sticky bases were checked weekly during the experimental period.
Results:
The binary blend of benzyl nitrile/acetic acid attracted significantly more ESBM females than a binary blend of 2-phenylethanol/acetic acid or benzyl alcohol/acetic acid (see
The response of OBLR to the same binary blends differed from the response of ESBM. The two binary blends of benzyl nitrile/acetic acid and 2-phenylethanol/acetic acid significantly attracted more female OBLR than benzyl alcohol/acetic acid. Males OBLR responded equally to the three binary blends tested.
In addition to ESBM and OBLR, the compositions of the invention also attracted ETLR. The three binary blends caught significantly more ETLR males and females than acetic acid alone (see
This trial was conducted in a mixed variety apple orchard in Summerland, British Columbia, Canada from 28 Jul. to 11 Aug. 2014 targeting ESBM and threelined leaf rollers (TLLR). The following treatments were tested, 1) 100 mg of benzyl nitrile and 3 mL acetic acid; 2) 100 mg of 2-phenylethanol and 3 mL acetic acid; 3) 100 mg of benzyl nitrile, 100 mg of 2-phenylethanol, and 3 mL acetic acid. A trap with a blank lure was used as negative control while traps baited with 3 mL of acetic acid was used as quantify the role of acetic acid. The traps were baited with the composition of the invention and placed in 5 rows, with five replicates of each treatment in a randomized block design. Traps were positioned 1.5-2 m above the ground in each trap tree, and were spaced 20-30 m apart in each row. Each treatment was assigned randomly to a trap tree within each row of trees. White delta traps (Trece Inc) were used.
Results:
The addition of 2-phenylethanol to a binary blend of benzyl nitrile/acetic acid did not result in significant increase in the number of males and females in either species (see
This experiment was conducted between 3 Jul. to 17 Jul. 2014 in a mixed variety organic apple orchard in Summerland, British Columbia, Canada using the same experimental protocol as Example 4. The trial targeted both ESBM and OBLR. The relative attractiveness of the following treatments was investigated: 1) 100 mg benzyl nitrile alone; 2) 3 mL acetic acid alone; and 3) 100 mg of benzyl nitrile and 3 mL acetic acid. A trap with a blank lure was used as negative control.
Results:
The composition of the blends significantly affected the number of adult male and female ESBM and OBLR attracted to the odour source (Treatment, F3,16=18.64, P<0.001 for male ESBM; F2,12=18.52, P<0.001 for female ESBM). Benzyl nitrile alone was not attractive to adults ESBM or OBLR (see
This experiment was conducted from 21 Jun. to 2 Jul. 2015 only for ESBM and OBLR in a mixed varieties apple orchard in Summerland, British Columbia, Canada (49°34′50.02″N, 119°38′16.57″W). The relative attractiveness of the following treatments was investigated: 1) 10 mg benzyl nitrile alone; 2) 0.3 mL acetic acid alone; and 3) 10 mg benzyl nitrile+0.3 mL acetic acid. A trap with a blank lure was used as negative control. Experimental protocol was similar to Example 1.
Results:
In the trial to investigate the synergism between benzyl nitrile and acetic acid, the composition of the HIPV blends significantly affected the number of adult male and female ESBM and OBLR attracted to odour sources, as shown in
This experiment was conducted between 8 Jul. to 22 Jul. 2014 in a mixed variety organic apple orchard in Summerland, British Columbia, Canada. This trial targeted ESBM. The relative attractiveness of three binary blends containing constant amount of acetic acid (3 mL) plus varying amounts of benzyl nitrile (1, 10, and 100 mg) was investigated. Traps baited with a blank lure were used as a negative control, while traps baited with 3 mL of acetic acid was used to quantify the role of acetic acid. Experimental protocol was similar to Example 4.
Results:
Varying the amount of benzyl nitrile while maintaining a constant amount of acetic acid in the binary blend significantly affected the number of male and female ESBM caught (Treatment, F3,16=5.1, P<0.01 for male and F3,16=13.48, P<0.001 for female). Increasing the dose of benzyl nitrile from 1 mg to 10 mg resulted in significant increase in the number of males and females caught (see
This experiment was conducted between the 30 Jan. to 16 Feb. 2014 for LBAM and from the 15-28 Jul. 2105 for ESBM and OBLR. The relative attractiveness of three doses of binary blends containing (1+0.03; 10+0.3; and 100 mg+3 mL) of benzyl nitrile+acetic acid was investigated. Traps baited with a blank lure were used as a negative control. Experimental protocol was similar to Example 1.
Results:
Varying the amount of benzyl nitrile+acetic acid in the binary blend significantly affected the number of males and females of LBAM and ESBM caught (LBAM: Treatment, F2,12=14.8, P<0.001 for male, and F2,12=12.7, P=0.001 for female; ESBM: Treatment, F2,12=18.1, P<0.001 for male, and F2,12=10.9, P=0.002 for female). Increasing the dose of benzyl nitrile from 1 mg+0.03 mL to 10 mg+0.3 mL did not result in a significant increase in the number of males and females caught (
This experiment was conducted between the 28 Jul. to the 11 Aug. 2014 in a mixed variety organic apple orchard in Summerland, British Columbia, Canada. Large white delta traps (Trece Inc) were used. In addition to the biologically active compounds of formula I—benzyl nitrile, 2-phenyethanol, and benzyl alcohol, four structurally related compounds; benzonitrile, phenylacetaldhyde, benzaldehyde, and phenol were tested for biological activity (
Results:
The largest number of males and females ESBM were caught in traps baited with 100 mg benzyl nitrile+3 mL acetic acid. The second most attractive blend was 100 mg 2-phenylethanol+3 mL acetic acid. The binary blends (100 mg phenylacetaldehyde or 100 mg benzyl alcohol and 3 mL acetic acid) caught similar number of adult moths (
This experiment was conducted between 30 Jul. 2013 to 20 Aug. 2013 in a vineyard (GPS), Verdú, Spain. The relative attractiveness of various binary blends of HIPV compounds was tested for generalist predators. The loadings of HIPV blends were as follows: 1) 100 mg benzyl nitrile and 3 mL acetic acid; 2) 100 mg indole and 3 mL acetic acid; 3) 100 mg (E)-nerolidol and 3 mL acetic acid; 4) 100 mg 2-phenylethanol and 3 mL acetic acid; 5) 100 mg benzyl alcohol and 3 mL acetic acid. A trap with a blank lure and 3 mL of acetic acid alone was used as control.
Results:
The results are shown in
In the experiment set out in Example 2B, insects other than target insects LBAM, ESBM and OBLR that were caught in traps were counted.
Results:
Response of other leaf feeding herbivores. In New Zealand, male and female leafroller, Planotortrix octo, as well as the brownheaded leafroller moths, Ctenopseustis obliquana and Ctenopseustis herana were caught mainly in traps baited with benzyl nitrile+acetic acid, 2-phenyletanol+acetic acid and benzyl alcohol+acetic acid (
Moths in the genus Pandemis showed a preference toward 2-phenylethanol+acetic acid while moths of the genus Archips showed a preference toward benzyl nitrile+acetic acid (
This experiment was carried out between 1-15 Jul. 2015 in apple orchids in Keremeos, British Columbia.
Lures were prepared in sachets, with acetic acid in a Nalgene vial (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.). Lures containing benzyl nitrile, benzyl isonitrile, benzyl alcohol and 2-phenyethanol were made by dispensing 10 mg of each compound on a Boomerang regular cellulose acetate filter (7.5 mm diameter×10 mm, Moss Packaging Co. Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand) inside a permeable polyethylene bag (100 μm wall thickness, 20 mm×20 mm, Masterton, New Zealand) that was then heat-sealed. A trap with a lure without chemical was used as negative control.
All four compounds of formula I (benzyl nitrile, benzyl isonitrile, 2-phenyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol were added at equal proportions in the blend (25 mg each), with 0.3 mL of acetic acid in a separate Nalgene vial. The next four treatments were derived by subtracting each one of the four compounds so that only three remaining were added to the sachets each loaded at 33.3 mg, with a different compound missing from each treatment, present with acetic acid as above. An unbaited trap was used as negative control
Results:
Significant catches were made of both sexes of ESBM (932), OBLR (96) and TTLR (145) to treatments with less acetic acid than previously (
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| NZ 709050 | Jun 2015 | NZ | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/NZ2016/050096 | 6/10/2016 | WO | 00 |
