Patent Grant
10028982
In the course of the last few decades various pharmacological approaches have been developed for the pharmacological treatment of gastric hyperacidity, a condition which, if present to a marked degree and for prolonged periods, can give rise to various complications or pathologies such as peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Among the drugs most widely used are those based on active principles capable of inhibiting inhibitors of the histamine receptor H2 such as, for example, cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine, or based on active principles capable of inhibiting prostaglandins such as, for example, misoprostol. Another category of drugs is based on active principles which perform the function of protectors of the gastric mucosa such as, for example, bismuth salts, sucralfate or antimuscarinic or parasympatholytic drugs based on pirenzepine and pipenzolate. Finally there are also antacids such as, for example, sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide and proton pump inhibitors based on Lansoprazole, Esometazole, Rabeprazole, Pantoprazole and Omeprazole.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are a group of molecules whose principal action consists in a pronounced reduction in the acidity of the gastric juices for a fairly long period of time (18 to 24 hours).
The group containing PPIs is the successor to H2 antihistamines, and PPI inhibitors are broadly more widespread than the latter because of their greater effectiveness.
The medicines mentioned above are used in the symptomatic and aetiological treatment of various syndromes, such as: (i) dyspepsia; (ii) gastro-duodenal ulcer. PPIs are used for treating or preventing gastric and duodenal ulcers. They are also used in association with certain antibiotics in the treatment of gastritis from Helicobacter pylori; (iii) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and (iv) gastroesophageal reflux disease.
PPIs are also used in patients treated long-term with acetylsalicylic acid or other NSAIDs. By inhibiting the function of the enzyme cyclooxigenase 1 (COX 1), these drugs have the side effect of reducing the synthesis of prostaglandin, a process which depends on the same enzyme. Since one of the functions of prostaglandin is the protection of the gastric mucosa from acidity, PPIs are used in order to reduce acidity and protect the gastric mucosa.
This type of medicine inhibits the gastric enzyme H+/K+-ATPase (the proton pump), catalyst of the H+ and K− ion exchange. This creates effective inhibition of acid secretion.
In the micro-channel where the pH is low, close to 2, these inhibitors are ionised and transformed into molecules capable of establishing covalent bonds with the cysteine thiol group (SH) of the pump sub-unit. The pump is thus irreversibly inhibited. Renewal of pumping activity requires the production of new pumps, an event which requires 18 to 24 hours on average. A single dose of PPI, therefore, enables inhibition of the gastric secretion of about 24 hours.
The fact that the inhibitors are active only in an acid environment explains how they have a minimal effect on the extra-gastric H+/K+-ATPase situated at the level of the rectum and the colon.
In any case, apart from the specific action mechanism, the final effect of almost the totality of these classes of drugs for the treatment of gastric hyperacidity, or other pathological conditions mentioned above, is the raising of the gastric pH according to kinetics and intensities dependent on the specific molecule taken and its dosage. One exception, in this sense, is the prostaglandins and protector drugs for the gastric mucosa which, instead of reducing the intraluminal hydrogen ion concentration, increase the synthesis of mucus and bicarbonate ion by the cells of the gastric wall, thus increasing the protection of the mucosa against acidity of the lumen. In any case, drugs capable of reducing gastric hyperacidity constitute the treatment of choice in cases of peptic ulcer or gastroesophageal reflux, while mucosal protectants represent a complementary therapy.
It is known, furthermore, that normal gastric acidity constitutes an effective barrier against potential harmful organisms or pathogens ingested with the normal diet. Many of them, in fact, are particularly sensitive to acidity and are not capable of surviving for more than five minutes, sometimes even less, at pH values below 3. It follows that many pathogens, among them those belonging to the genus Salmonella, do not reach the intestine alive and, setting aside harmful effects on the human organism mediated by any toxins secreted and already present in food, are not capable of giving rise to an intestinal infection and, therefore, to full-blown food poisoning.
It has to be said, however, that raising the gastric pH values typically found in patients who take drugs to reduce or treat gastric hyperacidity makes these patients more exposed to dietary toxic infections caused especially by consumption of raw food, particularly fish, meat and eggs.
Patients who take drugs to reduce or treat gastric hyperacidity, such as proton pump inhibitors for example, have a stomach pH value of around 5.
This pH value allows Enterobacteriaceae, and particular strains of E. Coli with pronounced decarboxylasic action, to pass through the degraded gastric barrier. Proteins ingested during eating are enzymatically degraded to amino acids which, in the presence of decarboxylasic action, are modified into a series of biogenic amines ranging from potentially dangerous to highly dangerous such as for example histamine, tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine. The most common symptoms which can cause these biogenic amines have a complete overlap with the secondary effects caused by the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and are as follows: diarrhea, headache, nausea, abdominal pains and flatulence. When certain biogenic amines then react with nitrites, we have the formation of N-nitrosamines. These nitrosamines cause a genetic mutation through alkylation of the DNA, and their presence is associated with cancer of the stomach, the intestine, the pancreas and the bladder, and also with leukaemia.
One possible solution for these patients does not, obviously consist of suspension of the pharmacological treatment because this would expose the gastric or oesophageal mucosa once again to the harmful effects mediated by the gastric juices. On the other hand it is not even thinkable to continue the pharmacological treatment and leave the patients exposed to these risks of infection.
There remains, therefore, a need to allow patients in need, on the one hand, to take drugs for reducing or treating gastric hyperacidity and, on the other hand, to avoid being exposed to highly dangerous pathogenic infections or to risks of recurrent pathogenic infections.
In particular, it remains necessary to be able to respond to the above-mentioned needs by means of a composition of natural origin, free of side-effects, with an improved and selective antimicrobial efficacy against pathogens, such as for example coliforms which are a group of bacteria belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae and which includes, among others, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, preferably Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia, preferably E. coli, including serotype O157:H7, Hafnia, Klebsiella, preferably Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia and Yersinia, or other pathogens such as the Clostridiaceae, including Clostridium difficile, Salmonella enteriditis, Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori.
The applicant has responded to the above-mentioned needs with a composition which, on the one hand, is capable of restoring the functionality of the gastric barrier, having a protective effect against pathogenic or harmful micro-organisms and, on the other, is capable of having an improved and selective efficacy against the pathogens themselves.
The present invention refers to a composition comprising N-ace cysteine and/or lysozyme or N-acetylcysteine and microencapsulated lysozyme in association with probiotic bacteria for use in the pharmacological treatment of gastric hyperacidity. Said composition is capable of restoring the stomach's own barrier effect, which is lost during the pharmacological treatment of gastric hyperacidity, and of minimising the secondary effects due to said pharmacological treatment. Furthermore, the presence of N-acetylcysteine preferably in non-microencapsulated form in said composition is capable of increasing the efficacy of the probiotic bacteria used in dealing with pathogens, and. the presence of lysozyme, preferably microencapsulated and gastroprotected, is capable of combating excessive bacterial growth and inhibiting the germination of any clostridium spores present without creating any kind of inhibition in relation to the probiotic bacterial flora.
The composition of the present invention is capable of restoring the functionality of the gastric barrier, normally exercised by the gastric juices, which is particularly reduced in patients who take drugs to reduce or treat gastric hyperacidity. Said composition is capable of minimising the secondary effects associated with pharmacological intake based on proton pump inhibitor drugs (PPIs for short). Said composition, furthermore, demonstrates improved efficacy against pathogenic or harmful micro-organisms.
After intense research activity, the Applicant has surprisingly found that a selected combination (or mixture) of probiotic bacteria comprising or, alternatively, consisting of at least one strain of bacteria belonging to one or more of the species stated below is capable of allowing patients in need, on the one hand, to take drugs for reducing or treating gastric hyperacidity and, on the other hand, to avoid being exposed to highly dangerous pathogenic infections or to risks of recurrent pathogenic infections.
The antibacterial efficacy shown by each individual strain of bacteria, the subject of the present invention, proves to be, in said composition, increased and more selective against pathogens as a result of the presence of N-acetylcysteine and/or lysozyme; or N-acetylcysteine and/or microencapsulated lysozyme. In a preferred embodiment, the lysozyme is microencapsulated in a lipid matrix. Advantageously, the lipid matrix is of vegetable origin and has a melting point comprised between 30° C. and 80° C., preferably between 40° C. and 70° C., even more preferably between 50° C. and 60° C.
The subject of the present invention consists of a composition having the characteristics stated in the attached independent claim.
Other preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in the continuation of the present description and will be claimed in the attached dependent claims.
Table 1 shows, by way of example, a group of micro-organisms which have a valid application in the context of the present invention.
Table 2 shows a group of micro-organisms which have a valid application in the context of the present invention.
Table 3 shows the results of the species-specific PCR assays carried out for identifying the bacterial species administered.
Table 4 shows the quantification of the total bacterial cells and of the total. Lactobacillus (value±SEM, log 10 CFU/ml of the gastric juice or gram of material from brushing the duodenum) at d0 (all groups) and at d10 (Group B).
Table 5 shows the results of the species-specific PCR assay in Group B at d0 and at d10. The presence of correlated species is shown by a “+”, while their absence is shown by a “−”.
Table 6 shows the quantification of the specific microbial groups in faecal samples at d0 (all groups) and d10 (Group B).
The results are expressed as log 10 of CFU/gram of faeces (value±SEM).
The Applicant has performed intense research and selection activity, at the end of which it found that the strains of probiotic bacteria belonging to at least one species chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of, L. acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. delbrueckii, L. delbr. subsp. delbrueckii, L. salivarius, L. casei, L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, L. brevis, L. buchneri, L. fermentum, L. lactis, L. pentosus, B. adolescentis, B. angulatum, B. bifidum, B. breve, B. catenulatum, B. infantis, B. lactis, B. longum, B. pseudocatenulatum and S. thermophilus have a valid application in the treatment of subjects who are taking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce or treat gastric hyperacidity. Furthermore, the Applicant has found that the antibacterial efficacy demonstrated by the strains of bacteria which are the subject of the present invention is increased and more selective against pathogens as a result of the presence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in said composition.
Furthermore, the Applicant has found that the antibacterial efficacy demonstrated by the strains of bacteria which are the subject of the present invention is increased and more selective against pathogens as a result of the presence of microencapsulated gastroprotected lysozyme in said composition. The lysozyme is microencapsulated in a lipid matrix. Advantageously, the lipid matrix is of vegetable origin and has a melting point comprised between 30° C. and 80° C., preferably between 40° C. and 70° C., even more preferably between 50° C. and 60° C.
Furthermore, the Applicant has found that the antibacterial efficacy demonstrated by the strains of bacteria which are the subject of the present invention is increased and more selective against pathogens as a result of the presence of N-acetylcysteine and microencapsulated gastroprotected lysozyme in said composition. The lysozyme is microencapsulated in a lipid matrix. Advantageously, the lipid matrix is of vegetable origin and has a melting point comprised between 30° C. and 80° C., preferably between 40° C. and 70° C., even more preferably between 50° C. and 60° C.
The composition of the present invention comprises N-acetylcysteine in association with the strains of bacteria of the present invention: N-acetylcysteine which is an N-acetylate derivative of the amino acid cysteine.
The composition of the present invention comprises microencapsulated gastroprotected lysozyme in association with the strains of bacteria of the present invention:
The composition of the present invention comprises N-acetylcysteine and/or microencapsulated gastroprotected lysozyme in association with the strains of bacteria of the present invention.
The Applicant has found that the use of N-acetylcysteine in association with one or two or three or four or five or six strains of bacteria, described in Tables 1 and 2, or in the various preferred embodiments here described, is capable of dissolving the bacterial biofilm produced by the pathogenic bacteria themselves and which is used by said pathogens as protection. In practice it has been seen that the pathogenic bacteria are capable of forming a protective coating (biofilm) around the cells. The biofilm makes the cells of the pathogens more difficult to attack and better protected. N-acetylcysteine is capable of penetrating the biofilm of the cells and dissolving it, facilitating the attack on the pathogenic cells by means of the bacteriocins and/or the metabolites and/or the oxygenated water produced by the strains of bacteria which are the subject of the present invention.
The Applicant has found, furthermore, that the use of microencapsulated gastroprotected lysozyme makes it possible to pass the gastro-duodenal barrier and arrive complete in the colon where it succeeds in exercising its action of inhibiting the Clostridiaceae, including C. difficile, thanks to the lytic action of the enzyme on the spore, in association with one or more of the strains of bacteria which are the subject of the present invention.
The quantity of N-acetylcysteine present in the composition which is the subject of the present invention is comprised between 10 and 1,000 mg/day, preferably between 50 and 200 mg/day, even more preferably between 60 and 150 mg/day. N-acetylcysteine, which is available on the market in non-microencapsulated form and in a pharmaceutically acceptable form, preferably in solid form, is mixed with the probiotic bacteria, preferably in solid or lyophilised form, using techniques and equipment known to experts in the field to give a homogeneous composition.
The quantity of microencapsulated gastroprotected lysozyme present in the composition which is the subject of the present invention is comprised between 10 and 2,000 mg/day, preferably between 400 and 1,000 mg/day, even more preferably between 500 and 800 mg/day, preferably in solid form; it is mixed with the probiotic bacteria, preferably in solid or lyophilised form, using techniques and equipment known to experts in the field, to give a homogeneous composition. Lysozyme is available on the market in a pharmaceutically acceptable form.
The strains of bacteria were selected because they are capable of colonising the stomach at a pH value comprised between 4 and 5.5; preferably between 4.5 and 5. At this pH value the selected strains act by means of the production of active substances such as bacteriocins and/or metabolites and/or oxygenated water.
The composition of the present invention can be a dietary composition, for example a symbiotic composition, or a supplement or a pharmaceutical composition or a medical device. In one embodiment, the composition can comprise or, alternatively, consist of, one or two or three or four or five or six selected strains among those listed in Table 1 or, alternatively, in Table 2, in association with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and/or lysozyme, preferably microencapsulated lysozyme.
Streptococcus thermophilus
Streptococus thermophilus
Lactobacillus pentosus 9/1 ei
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus plantarum PR
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus casei ssp.
paracasei 181A/3 aiai
Lactobacillus belonging to
Bifidobacterium longum 175A/1 aiai
Bifidobacterium breve
Bifidobacterium lactis 32A/3 aiai
Lactobacillus plantarum 501/2 gi
Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis 501/4 hi
Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis 501/4 ci
Lactobacillus plantarum 501/4 li
Streptococcus thermophilus GB1
Streptococcus thermophilus GB5
Bifidobacterium longum BL 03
Bifidobacterium breve BR 03
Lactobacillus casei ssp. rhamnosus LR
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus
Streptococcus thermophilus
Streptococcus thermophilus Y03
Streptococcus thermophilus Y04
Streptococcus thermophilus Y05
Bifidobacterium adolescentis BA 03
Bifidobacterium adolescentis BA 04
Bifidobacterium breve BR 04
Bifidobacterium
Pseudocatenulatum BP 01
Bifidobacterium
Pseudocatenulatum BP 02
Staphylococcus xylosus SX 01
Bifidobacterium adolescentis BA 02
Lactobacillus plantarum LP 07
Streptococcus thermophilus YO8
Streptococcus thermophilus YO9
Streptococcus thermophilus YO100
Lactobacillus fermentum LF06
Lactobacillus fermentum LF07
Lactobacillus fermentum LF08
Lactobacillus fermentum LF09
Lactobacillus gasseri
Lactobacillus gasseri
Lactobacillus gasseri
Lactobacillus gasseri
Bifidobacterium adolescentis
Bifidobacterium catenulatum
Bifidobacterium adolescentis EI-15
Bifidobacterium adolescentis EI-18
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis
Bifidobacterium catenulatum EI-20
Streptococcus thermophilus FRai
Streptococcus thermophilus LB2bi
Streptococcus thermophilus LRci
Streptococcus thermophilus FP4
Streptococcus thermophilus ZZ5F8
Streptococcus thermophilus TEO4
Streptococcus thermophilus S1ci
Streptococcus thermophilus 641bi
Streptococcus thermophilus 277A/1ai
Streptococcus thermophilus 277A/2ai
Streptococcus thermophilus IDC11
Streptococcus thermophilus ML3di
Streptococcus thermophilus TEO3
Streptococcus thermophilus G62
Streptococcus thermophilus G1192
Streptococcus thermophilus GB18
Streptococcus thermophilus CCR21
Streptococcus thermophilus G92
Streptococcus thermophilus
Streptococcus thermophilus
Streptococcus thermophilus YO 11
Streptococcus thermophilus
Streptococcus thermophilus YO 13
Weissella ssp. WSP 01
Weissella ssp. WSP 02
Weissella ssp. WSP 03
Lactobacillus plantarum LP 09
Lactococcus lactis
Lactobacillus plantarum LP 10
Lactobacillus fermentum LF 10
Lactobacillus fermentum LF 11
Lactobacillus casei ssp. rhamnosus LR
Bifidobacterium bifidum BB01
Lactobacillus delbrueckii LD 01
Lactobacillus delbrueckii LD 02
Lactobacillus delbrueckii LD
Lactobacillus delbrueckii LD 04
Lactobacillus delbrueckii LD 05
Bifidobacterium
pseudocatenulatum B660
Lactobacillus acidophilus LA 02
Lactobacillus paracasei LPC 08
Lactobacillus pentosus LPS 01
Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR 06
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp.
delbrueckii DSMZ 20074
Lactobacillus plantarum LP1
Lactobacillus salivarius LS01
Lactobacillus salivarius LS06
Bifidobacterium bifidum BB01
Bifidobacterium bifidum
Bifidobacterium bifidum BB03
Bifidobacterium lactis BS05
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus brevis LBR01
Bifidobacterium
animalis/lactis BS06
Bifidobacterium longum
Bifidobacterium longum
Bifidobacterium bifidum MB109
Bifidobacterium breve
Bifidobacterium lactis B2409
Lactobacillus reuteri LRE01
Lactobacillus reuteri LRE02
Lactobacillus reuteri LRE03
Lactobacillus reuteri LRE04
Lactobacillus paracasei ssp.
paracasei LPC09
Lactobacillus acidophilus LA07
Bifidobacterium bifidum BB04
Lactobacillus salivarius LS04
Lactobacillus crispatus LCR01
Lactobacillus crispatus
Lactobacillus acidophilus LA09
Lactobacillus gasseri LGS05
Lactobacillus paracasei LPC11
Bifidobacterium infantis B102
Bifidobacterium bifidum BB06
Bifidobacterium longum
Bifidobacterium lactis BS07
Bifidobacterium longum
Bifidobacterium breve B632
Bifidobacterium breve
Bifidobacterium breve
Bifidobacterium longum
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
Bifidobacterium animalis
Lactobacillus casei Shirota
Lactobacillus plantarum 299v
Lactobacillus paracasei ssp.
paracasei CRL-431
Lactobacillus crispatus P 17631
Lactobacillus acidophilus P
Lactobacillus delbrueckii P
Lactobacillus gasseri P 17632
Lactobacillus gasseri P 18137
Lactobacillus paracasei I1688
Lactobacillus plantarum P 17630
Lactobacillus salivarius I1794
Bifidobacterium longum
The composition comprises from one to six strains, preferably from two to five strains, even more preferably four strains among those listed in Table 1 and in Table 2. Strains particularly preferred are chosen from among those listed in Table 2.
Lactobacillus pentosus
Escherichia coli, coliforms
Lactobacillus plantarum
Escherichia coli, Listeria
monocytogenes
Lactobacillus plantarum
Escherichia coli, Listeria
monocytogenes
Lactobacillus plantarum
Escherichia coli, Listeria
monocytogenes
Lactobacillus plantarum
Escherichia coli, Listeria
monocytogenes
Lactobacillus pentosus
Lactobacillus fermentum LF 5
Candida albicans, Candida
krusei, Candida glabrata,
Candida parapsilosis
Lactobacillus fermentum
Candida albicans, Candida
krusei, Candida glabrata,
Candida parapsilosis,
Salmonella,
Staphylococcus aureus
Lactobacillus fermentum
Candida albicans
Lactobacillus fermentum
Candida albicans, Candida
krusei, Candida glabrata,
Candida parapsilosis
Lactococcus lactis NS 01
Bacillus brevis, Bacillus
cereus, Bacillus coagulans,
Enterococcus faecalis and
faecium, Staphylococcus
aureus, Clostridium
botulinum, Clostridium
butyricum, Listeria
Lactobacillus salivarius
Candida, Enterococcus
faecalis and faecium,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Lactobacillus crispatus
Lactobacillus crispatus
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Candida, by coaggregation
Lactobacillus gasseri
Lactobacillus paracasei
Staphylococcus aureus
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Candida krusei, Candida
albicans, Candida glabrata,
Escherichia coli,
Gardnerella vaginalis
Lactobacillus reuteri
Escherichia coli, other
Lactobacillus reuteri
pylori, Listeria
monocytogenes,
Lactobacillus reuteri LRE
Salmonella typhimurium,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Lactobacillus reuteri LRE
Shigella spp,
Campylobacter jejuni,
Lactobacillus reuteri LRE
Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium
perfringens, Candida
Lactobacillus reuteri LRE
albicans, Aspergillus flavus,
Tripanosoma cruzi, Eimeria
tenella
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
Klebsiella oxytoca,
Enterobacter cloacae,
Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Escherichia coli
Bifidobacterium longum
Campylobacter jejuni
Bifidobacterium longum
Campylobacter jejuni
Bifidobacterium longum
Klebsiella oxytoca,
Enterobacter cloacae,
Bifidobacterium breve
Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Escherichia coli
Bifidobacterium breve B632
Bifidobacterium breve
The strains of Table 2 have been individually tested for the purpose of identifying the pathogen which they are capable of antagonising (inhibiting the growth or reducing the number of one or more harmful or pathogenic microbial species/genus), as stated in column 3 of Table 2.
Table 2 shows that the bacteria are capable of producing oxygenated water or at least one bacteriocin with an inhibiting action on one or more harmful or pathogenic microbial species/genus.
All the strains described and/or claimed in the present patent application have been deposited in accordance with the Treaty of Budapest and are made available to the public on request to the competent Depositing Authority.
The compositions of the present invention have a valid application for use both in the treatment of subjects who are taking drugs to reduce and/or treat gastric hyperacidity and in the treatment of an ulcer caused by a deficiency in the protective mechanisms of the mucosa (e.g. reduced secretion or responsiveness to prostaglandin E, as in the case of taking aspirin or other NSAIs) or by an infection by H. pylori. In other words, the composition of the present invention has a valid application also for those subjects who are prescribed PPIs/other antacid drugs although not showing gastric hyperacidity, but with a lesion of the gastric and/or duodenal mucosa consequent on an altered ratio of gastric acidity/mechanisms protecting the mucosa.
It has been found that the compositions of the present invention are capable of being validly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer or gastroesophageal reflux.
In one embodiment, the composition comprises or, alternatively, consists of from one to six strains, preferably from two to five strains, even more preferably from three to four strains, chosen from among the strains of probiotic bacteria belonging to at least one species chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of, L. acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. delbrueckii, L. delbr. subsp. delbrueckii, L. salivarius, L. casei, L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, L. brevis, L. buchneri, L. fermentum, L. lactis, L. pentosus, B. adolescentis, B. angulatum, B. bifidum, B. breve, B. catenulatum, B. infantis, B. lactis, B. longum, B. pseudocatenulatum and S. thermophilus in association with N-acetylcysteine and/or lysozyme; or N-acetylcysteine and microencapsulated lysozyme.
In one embodiment, the composition comprises or, alternatively, consists of from one to six strains, preferably from two to five strains, even more preferably from three to four strains, chosen from among the strains of probiotic bacteria belonging to one or more species chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of L. delbrueckii, L. delbr. subsp. delbrueckii, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, L. pentosus, B. breve and B. longum in association with N-acetylcysteine and/or lysozyme; or N-acetylcysteine and microencapsulated lysozyme.
In one embodiment, the composition comprises or, alternatively, consists of from one to six strains, preferably from two to five strains, even more preferably from three to four strains, chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of:
1. Lactobacillus pentosus LPS01 DSM 21980
2. Lactobacillus plantarum LP01 LMG P-21021
3. Lactobacillus plantarum LP02 LMG P-21020
4. Lactobacillus plantarum LP03 LMG P-21022
5. Lactobacillus plantarum LP04 LMG P-21023
6. Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR06 DSM 21981
7. Lactobacillus delbrueckii LDD 01 (DSMZ 20074) DSM 22106
8. Bifidobacterium longum B1975 DSM 24709
9. Bifidobacterium breve 82274 DSM 24707
10. Bifidobacterium breve B632 DSM 24706
11. Bifidobacterium breve B7840 DSM 24708
12. Bifidobacterium longum PCB 133 DSM 24691
13. Bifidobacterium longum BL06 DSM 24689
in association with N-acetylcysteine and/or lysozyme; or N-acetylcysteine and microencapsulated lysozyme.
In one embodiment, the composition comprises or, alternatively, consists of from one to six strains, preferably from two to five strains, even more preferably from three to four strains, chosen from among the strains of probiotic bacteria belonging to one or more species chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of L. delbrueckii, L. delbr subsp. delbrueckii, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus and L. pentosus in association with N-acetylcysteine and/or lysozyme; or N-acetylcysteine and/or lysozyme; or N-acetylcysteine and microencapsulated lysozyme.
In one embodiment, the composition comprises or, alternatively, consists of from one to four strains, chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of:
In the context of the present invention, the compositions may comprise a single strain belonging to each individual species listed above or, alternatively, may comprise more than one strain belonging to the same species, as for example two strains, or three strains, or four strains, all belonging to the same species, as shown above.
In one embodiment, the composition comprises Lactobacillus pentosus LPS01 DSM 21980 and/or Lactobacillus plantarum LP01 LMG P-21021 and/or Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR06 DSM 21981 and/or Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii (MB386) LDD01 DSMZ 20074 (DSM 22106) in a quantity comprised between 1×109 and 10×109 CFU/strain/dose, preferably between 3 and 5×109 CFU/strain/dose; NAC in a quantity comprised between 10 and 200 mg, preferably between 50 and 150 mg/dose, even more preferably between 60 and 100 mg/dose; potato maltodextrin in a quantity comprised between 1 and 5 grams/dose, preferably between 2 and 3 grams/dose.
The compositions described above are for use in the preventive and/or curative treatment of infections, disturbances or illnesses caused by the presence of Helicobacter pylori, in particular in the preventive and/or curative treatment of recurrences from infections caused by Helicobacter pylori; they are furthermore for use in the treatment of peptic ulcer or gastroesophageal reflux.
In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention comprises or, alternatively, consists of from one to six strains, preferably from two to five strains, even more preferably from three to four, chosen from among those above indicated by the numbers 1 to 13, in association with the strain Lactobacillus fermentum LF 09 DSM 18298 and/or the strain Lactococcus lactis NS 01 DSM 19072.
In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention comprises or, alternatively, consists of from one to six strains, preferably from two to five strains, even more preferably from three to four, chosen from among those above indicated by the numbers 1 to 13, in association with at least one strain chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of: (a) Lactobacillus reuteri LRE 01 DSM 23877; (b) Lactobacillus reuteri LRE 02 DSM 23878; (c) Lactobacillus reuteri LRE 03 DSM 23879; (d) Lactobacillus reuteri LRE 04 DSM 23880.
The selected strains of the present invention are capable of producing bacteriocins and/or metabolites and/or oxygenated water, these being substances which are capable of effectively combating, inhibiting or reducing pathogenic bacteria. These strains find valid application and use in the preventive and/or curative treatment of infections and/or pathologies connected with pathogenic gram-negative bacteria.
The pathogenic bacteria are chosen from the group comprising the coliforms. The coliforms are a group of bacteria belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae. The group comprises more than fifty genera, among them Citrobacter, Enterobacter, preferably Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia, preferably E. coli, including the serotype O157:H7, Hafnia, Klebsiella, preferably Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia and Yersinia. Other pathogens always of interest in the context of the present invention belong to the species chosen from the group comprising Clostridiaceae, C. difficile included, Salmonella enteriditis, Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical or dietary composition or the supplement or the medical device may comprise at least one strain of bacteria belonging to one or more species chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of: Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium breve in association with N-acetylcysteine and/or lysozyme; or N-acetylcysteine and microencapsulated lysozyme. Said strain is capable of producing bacteriocins and/or metabolites and/or oxygenated water. Said composition has a valid application in the preventive and/or curative treatment of infections and/or pathologies connected with E. coli pathogens. The pathogen E. coli is chosen from among E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli O104:H4. Preferably, the pathogen E. coli is chosen from the group comprising E. coli ATCC 8739, E. coli ATCC 10536, E. coli ATCC 35218 and E. coli ATCC 25922. A further pathogen antagonised by the strains of bacteria of the present invention is Clostridium difficile. In a preferred embodiment, said at least one strain of bacteria is chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of B. breve BR03 DSM 16604, B. breve B632 DSM 24706, L. rhamnosus LR04 DSM 16605, L. rhamnosus LR06 DSM 21981, L. plantarum LP01 LMG P-21021, L. plantarum LP02 LMG P-21020, L. pentosus LPS01 DSM 21980, L. delbr. subsp. delbrueckii LDD01 DSMZ 20074 DSM 22106. Even more preferably, said at least one strain is chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of L. rhamnosus LR06 DSM 21981, L. plantarum LP01 LMG P-21021, L. pentosus LPS01 DSM 21980 and L. delbr. subsp. delbrueckii LDD01 DSM 22106; these strains have been tested in vitro against the serotype 0157:H7 and have demonstrated strong antagonistic activity. It has been found that a composition comprising Lactobacillus pentosus LPS01 DSM 21980, Lactobacillus plantarum LP01 LMG P-21021, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR06 DSM 21981 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii LDD 01 (MB386) DSM 20074 Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii LDD01 DSMZ 20074 DSM 22106 in a quantity in weight comprised in the ratio 1:1:1:1 to 3:3:3:1 (for example 1×109 CFU/strain/dose and 3×109 CFU/strain/dose) and a quantity of NAC comprised between 50 and 150 mg exerts strong antagonistic action.
In the composition of the present invention, the mixture of strains of bacteria is present in a quantity comprised between 0.5% and 20% by weight, compared with the total weight of the composition, preferably of between 2.5% and 8%.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition can furthermore comprise at least one prebiotic fibre and/or carbohydrates with bifidogenic action. The prebiotic fibre which has an application in the composition of the present invention is a fibre which must be used by the strains of bacteria present in the composition, but not by the pathogens which it is intended to antagonise. In the event that the pathogen to be antagonised belongs to the genus Candida, the fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and the galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) have a valid application because said fibres are not used by Candida; whereas the gluco-oligosaccharides (GOSα) are capable of directly inhibiting E. coli by means of several metabolites. The prebiotic fibre can therefore be chosen, according to the needs of the case and the pathogen to be antagonised, between: inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto- and transgalacto-oligosaccharides (GOS and TOS), gluco-oligosaccharides (GOSα), xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), chitosan-oligosaccharides (COS), soya-oligosaccharides (SOS), isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMOS), resistant starch, pectin, psyllium, arabino-galactanes, gluco-mannanes, galacto-mannanes, xylanes, lactosaccharose, lactulose, lactitol and various other types of rubbers, acacia fibre, carruba fibre, oat fibre, bamboo fibre, fibres from citruses and, in general, fibres containing a soluble portion and an insoluble portion, in variable ratios to each other. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises at least one prebiotic fibre chosen from among those mentioned above and/or suitable mixtures between them in any relative percentage. The quantity of prebiotic fibres and/or of carbohydrates with bifidogenic action, if present in the composition, is comprised between 0% and 60% by weight, preferably between 5% and 45% and even more preferably between 10% and 30%, compared with the total weight of the composition. In this case the composition or supplement has a symbiotic action and functional properties.
Furthermore, the composition can also comprise other active ingredients and/or components such as vitamins, minerals, bioactive peptides, substances with anti-oxidising action, hypocholesterolaemic agent, hypoglycaemic agent, anti-inflammatory and anti-sweetening agents in a quantity generally comprised between 0.001% and 20% by weight, preferably between 0.01% and 5% by weight, in any event depending on the type of active component and its recommended daily dose if any, compared with the total weight of the composition.
The dietary composition which is the subject of the present invention (for example, a symbiotic composition, or a supplement or a pharmaceutical composition) is prepared according to the techniques and the equipment known to experts in the field.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition contains bacteria in a concentration comprised between 1×106 and 1×1011 CFU/g of mixture of bacteria, preferably between 1×108 and 1×1010 CFU/g of mixture of bacteria.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition contains bacteria in a concentration comprised between 1×106 and 1×1011 CFU/dose, preferably between 1×108 and 1×1010 CFU/dose. The dose can be comprised between 0.2 and 10 g, for example it is of 0.25 g, 1 g, 3 g, 5 g or 7 g. The probiotic bacteria used in the present invention can be in solid form, in particular in the form of powder, dehydrated powder or lyophilized form. All the compositions of the present invention are prepared according to techniques known to experts in the field and by the use of known equipment.
In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention comprises furthermore a drug for reducing or treating gastric hyperacidity. This composition is a pharmaceutical composition and forms a subject of the present invention. Said drug is chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of: inhibitors of receptor H2, preferably cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine or ranitidine; prostaglandins preferably misoprostol; protectors of the gastric mucosa, preferably bismuth salts or sucralfate; antimuscarinic or parasympatholytic drugs, preferably pirenzepine or pipenzolate; antacids, preferably sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide; proton pump inhibitors, preferably Lansoprazole, Esometazole, Rabeprazole, Pantoprazole and Omeprazole. Preferably, said drug is chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of: inhibitors of receptor H2, preferably cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine or ranitidine; antimuscarinic or parasympatholytic drugs, preferably pirenzepine or pipenzolate; antacids, preferably sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide; proton pump inhibitors, preferably chosen from the group comprising Lansoprazole, Esometazole, Rabeprazole, Pantoprazole and Omeprazole.
Even more preferably, said drug is chosen from the group comprising or, alternatively, consisting of: inhibitors of receptor H2, preferably cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine or ranitidine; proton pump inhibitors, preferably chosen from the group comprising Lansoprazole, Esometazole, Rabeprazole, Pantoprazole and Omeprazole. In a preferred embodiment, the composition of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the bacteria described in Table 1 or in Table 2 or in the preferred embodiments listed above, said bacteria being in association with a drug indicated for reducing or treating gastric hyperacidity, as listed above. Advantageously, the drug is a proton pump inhibitor chosen from the group comprising Lansoprazole, Esometazole, Rabeprazole, Pantoprazole and Omeprazole. Both the bacteria and the drug are intimately present in the said composition. For example, the bacteria and the drug are present together in a tablet, a pastille or a granulate in a pharmaceutical form suitable for oral administration.
It is essential that the bacteria and the drug are administered simultaneously and act simultaneously because it is necessary to restore the barrier effect removed by the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), thanks to the action of the probiotic bacteria of the present invention, which produce bacteriocins and are capable of colonising the stomach as a result of the fact that the proton pump inhibitors have raised the pH to a value of about 4 to 5.5; preferably of 4.5 to 5.
In another preferred embodiment, the composition of the present invention is in the form of a medical device. In this case the bacteria are present in a composition suitable for oral administration such as for example a tablet, a pastille or a granulate and, separately, the drug indicated for reducing or treating gastric hyperacidity, as described above, is present in another composition suitable for oral administration. Advantageously, the drug is a proton pump inhibitor chosen from the group comprising Lansoprazole, Esometazole, Rabeprazole, Pantoprazole and Omeprazole.
Two tablets, for example, are therefore administered, one containing the bacteria and the other containing the drug. In any event the two tablets must be administered simultaneously, given that it is necessary for the bacteria to act simultaneously with the action of the proton pump inhibitors. In the case of the medical device, too, it is essential that the bacteria and the drug are administered at a short distance in time because it is necessary to restore the barrier effect removed by the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), thanks to the action of the bacteria which produce bacteriocins which are capable of colonising the intestine as a result of the fact that the proton pump inhibitors have raised the pH to a value of about 4 to 5.5; preferably of 4.5 to 5.
The Applicant has found that the bacteria selected and listed in Table 1 or Table 2 or in the preferred embodiments mentioned above, are capable of colonising in the stomach at a pH value of around 5 so as to restore the barrier effect reduced or eliminated by the raising of the pH following the action of the drugs indicated for reducing or treating gastric hyperacidity such as, for example, a proton pump inhibiting drug chosen from the group comprising Lansoprazole, Esometazole, Rabeprazole, Pantoprazole and Omeprazole.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition containing the strains of probiotic bacteria of the present invention, said strains being capable of producing specific bacteriocins, is also a useful adjuvant in treatments directed at the final elimination of Helicobacter pylori and avoiding recurrences thereof.
A subject of the present invention, therefore, is constituted by a composition comprising at least one strain of bacteria as recited in Table 1 or in Table 2 or in one of the embodiments mentioned above, for use in the preventive and/or curative treatment of infections, disturbances or illnesses caused by the presence of Helicobacter pylori, in particular in the preventive and/or curative treatment of recurrences from infections caused by Helicobacter pylori.
In the broadest sense of the term, antibiotics are defined as molecular species produced by an organism and active against the growth of other organisms. In practice, however, antibiotics are generally considered as secondary metabolites active at low concentrations in blocking the growth of micro-organisms. The secondary products of the metabolism such as organic acids, ammonia and oxygenated water are not to be included in the category of antibiotics. Antibiotics are molecules, which may be peptide molecules (penicillin), produced by multi-enzymatic systems and whose biosynthesis is not blocked by protein synthesis inhibitors. Bacteriocins, on the other hand, are products of ribosomal synthesis. Bacteriocins are peptide molecules produced by ribosomal synthesis which can also be associated with lipids or carbohydrates. Although some bacteriocins produced by Gram-positive bacteria (Lactobacillus, Lactococcus) have inhibition spectra limited to certain strains belonging to the same species as the producing micro-organism, the majority of them show a broad spectrum of action against various bacterial species, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. The current classification of the bacteriocins is based both on their chemical nature and on their spectrum of action.
The present pilot clinical study was conducted on 10 subjects, 9 of whom had been taking PPIs for more than a month. The group made up of subjects treated with PPIs was further divided into two subgroups: patients treated with PPIs plus a mixture of strains of selected lactobacilli (3 billion L. rhamnosus LR06 DSM 21981, 3 billion L. plantarum LP01 LMG P-21021, 3 billion L. pentosus LPS01 DSM 21980 and 1 billion L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii LDD01) for 5-10 days before the endoscopic examination. The biological samples, made up of gastric juice and material from duodenal brushing, were taken during the gastroscopy carried out on the patients who had been fasting for 12-24 hours. The biological materials, conserved in Amies liquid, were subjected to microbiological analyses suitable for evaluating the bacterial load. Non-selective culture medium (LaptG) was used to obtain the total bacterial load, while, to select the heterofermenting lactobacilli, MRS broth medium was used with the addition of the antibiotic vancomicin (2 μg/ml), preparing serial dilutions of the starting sample. The last dilution which was found to be positive to bacterial growth (using optical density) made it possible to deduce the order of magnitude of the load itself.
To verify the presence of the probiotic strains administered, PCR assays were carried out with the following primer sets: RhaII/Prl for L. rhamnosus; pREV/pentF for L. pentosus; pREV/planF for L. plantarum and SS1/DB1 for L. delbr. subsp. delbruckii LDD01.
The results for the total bacterial load demonstrated that the subjects treated with PPIs (PPI group totals: PPIs+“PPIs plus probiotics”) show a large number of bacteria, both in the gastric juice and in duodenal brushing, in comparison with the control group (no PPI, no probiotics) which was found to be practically sterile (
The selection of the heterofermenting lactobacilli, by growth in MRS broth with the addition of the antibiotic vancomicin in serial dilutions, allowed us to demonstrate that the majority of the bacteria found in the subjects treated with “PPI plus probiotics”, belonged to the heterofermenting group, as shown in the pie chart reproduced in
Analysis using species-specific PCR assay showed the presence of the species L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum and L. delbr. subsp. delbrueckii in all the subjects treated with “PPI plus probiotics”, while the species L. pentosus was not found (Table 3). Probably this species does not possess the characteristics necessary for its survival in the gastric environment. The positive result for the species L. plantarum, shown in a subject treated with PPIs only is probably to be attributed to the subject's dietary habits.
Pilot Study
Materials and Methods
1. The Study
A total of 30 individuals (17 men and 13 women) aged between 19 and 57 years and treated with PPIs were spontaneously enrolled (February-March 2011). Another 10 individuals (4 men and 6 women) aged between 22 and 64 years who did not make use of PPIs (proton pump inhibiting drugs) were enrolled as a control group representative of people with normal gastric acidity. The inclusion criteria for taking part in the study comprised: age between 18 and 70 years, chronic treatment with PPIs for at least 3 to 12 consecutive months (for the first three groups), no other health problem known at the time of enrolment, no pathology requiring treatment with antibiotics; they were informed and gave their consent to taking part in the pilot study. The individuals were also selected on the basis of certain exclusion criteria: age below 30 years, pregnancy in progress or breastfeeding, serious chronic degenerative illnesses, serious cognitive deficits, previous abdominal surgery, diverticulitis, immunodeficiency states, concomitant organic intestinal disease, antibiotic treatment. After informed consent was obtained, the individuals were divided into four groups (A, B, C, and D). Groups A and B included subjects who had undergone long-term treatment with PPIs (of at least 12 consecutive months), while Group C included subjects who had undergone a short treatment with PPIs, from 3 to 12 consecutive months. Finally, Group D included the control individuals who had not been treated with PPIs and with physiological gastric barrier effect. Group A (10 individuals) was the control group for long-term treatment with PPIs and received no treatment. Each subject in Group B (10 individuals) received 10 sachets containing 30 mg each of L. rhamnosus LR06 (DSM 21981), L. pentosus LPS01 (DSM 21980), and L. plantarum LP01 (LMG P-21021) corresponding to 3×109 CFU/strain/sachet, and 10 mg of micro-organism L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii LDD01 (DSM 22106) equivalent to 1×109 CFU/sachet, 60 mg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and 2.34 grams of potato maltodextrin. The total number of vital cells per sachet was 10 billion (10×109 CFU). Group C (10 individuals) was the study group for short-term treatment with PPIs and received no probiotics. The object of this group was to compare the bacterial growth in Group C compared with Group A, because it was assumed that the bacterial concentration in the gastric lumen and in the duodenal mucosa should be greater in subjects who had undergone long-term treatment with PPIs than in patients who had undergone treatment with PPIs for not longer than 12 months. The individuals in Group B consumed one sachet/day during the main meal, preferably at supper, with the object of allowing the bacteria to remain longer in the stomach lumen and to be distributed homogeneously together with the N-acetylcysteine. The contents of the sachet were dissolved in half a glass of cold water before taking. Administration lasted 10 days. The gastric juice and the material from duodenal brushing were collected during gastroscopy on the subjects after a fast of at least 12 hours from the last time that the probiotics were taken. In this way, no less than half a day had passed since the last time that the probiotics were taken by the individuals. More specifically, the gastroscopy was conducted at time zero (d0) in all the Groups (A, B, C and D) and after 10 days (d10); i.e. after the end of taking the probiotics with reference to Group B only. The faecal samples were collected on d0 in all the groups (A, B, C and D) and on d10 for Group B only. The subjects in Groups A, B and C continued the treatment with their specific PPI drugs at the same dose for the entire duration of the pilot study.
2. Collecting the Faecal Samples
The faeces were collected at the beginning of the study (d0) in all the groups (A, B, C and D) and in Group B on d10. The faecal samples for the count of the specific groups of bacteria in the intestinal flora (about 10 grams) were collected from the volunteers in sterile plastic containers previously filled with 20 ml of Amies liquid transport medium (BD Italy, Milan, Italy), kept at 4° C. at the volunteer's home and delivered to the laboratory within 24 hours of collection.
3. Quantification of the Total Vital Bacterial Cells and Total Lactobacillus and Genomic Analysis of PCR Assays on the Gastric Juice and the Duodenal Brushing Material.
The gastric juice and duodenal brushing material were collected during a gastroscopy carried out on patients who had been fasting for 12-24 hours. The gastroscopies were performed at the Gastroenterology Department of the Ospedale Maggiore della Caríta at Novara. The samples of brushing material (about 1-2 grams) were conserved in sterile plastic containers previously filled with 10 ml of Amies liquid transport medium (BD Italy, Milan, Italy). All the samples were kept at 4° C. and delivered to the laboratory within the 24 hours following their collection.
The samples were analysed as soon as they were received by the laboratory and in any event within 24 hours of collection. The samples were weighed and transferred to a sterile container (Stobag), diluted 1:10 weight/volume with Amies medium, and homogenised with a Stomacher apparatus for 4 minutes at 230 rpm. The samples were subjected to a serial decimal dilution using 1 ml of a saline solution in each dilution (10−2, 10−3, 10−4, 10−5, 10−6, 10−7 and 10−8 for the counts of total vital cells and total cells of Lactobacillus). The samples were plated on specific agar culture mediums. In Group D, the dilutions from 10−1 to 10−6 were plated because the bacterial counts were expected to be significantly lower than those of other groups. The non-selective culture medium LAPTG was used for total vital cells, while the selective count of the total Lactobacillus was performed by means of the culture Rogosa Acetate Agar (Oxoid, Milan, Italy). All the plates seeded with lactobacilli were incubated for 48 to 72 hours at 37° C. in anaerobic conditions (GasPak) with an Anaerocult kit (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), while the plates with LAPTg were incubated in aerobic conditions for 24 to 48 hours at 37° C. The species-specific PCR assay was conducted on an extract of total genomic DNA obtained from the samples of gastric juice processed and from the duodenal brushing material, with the object of verifying and quantifying the presence of the probiotic bacteria administered to the volunteers. In particular, the primers used were as follows: L. rhamnosus (Rha/PRI), L. pentosus (PENT f/PLAN f/pREV), L. plantarum (LFPR/PLAN II), and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii (Ldel7/Lac2). The quantification of the total population of bacteria and the total of lactobacilli in the gastric juice and in the duodenal brushing material, and also the species-specific PCR assay, were conducted at the Biolab Research Srl Laboratory at Novara, Italy.
4. Quantification of the Specific Microbe Groups Present in the Faecal Samples.
The samples were examined as soon as they reached the laboratory. The samples were weighed (about 30 grams) and transferred to a sterile container (Stobag), diluted with Amies liquid to obtain a 1:10 weight/volume dilution and were subsequently homogenised in a Stomacher apparatus for 4 minutes at 230 rpm. The samples were then subjected to a serial decimal dilution using a sterile saline solution and 0.1 ml of the appropriate dilution (10−4, 10−5, 10−6, 10−7, and 10−8 for total coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci; 10−1, 10−2, 10−3, 10−4, and 10−5 for the yeasts and moulds). The samples were plated on agar culture mediums. The Enterococci were counted using Slanetz-Bartley (SB) agar (Oxoid, Milan, Italy); total coliforms and Escherichia coli were counted on Petrifilm CC (3M, Segrate, Milan, Italy) and on Chromo IDCPS (BioMerieux, Florence, Italy), the total yeasts and the moulds on Yeast Extract Dextrose Chloramphenicol (YGC) agar (Sigma-Aldrech, Milan, Italy). The Enterococci, the total coliforms and the Escherichia coli were incubated in aerobic conditions at 37° C. for 24 to 48 hours, while the yeasts and moulds were incubated in aerobic conditions at 25° C. for 24 to 48 hours.
Quantification of the microbial groups listed above in the faecal samples was executed at the Biolab Research Srl Laboratory in Novara, Italy.
5. Statistical Analysis
All the values obtained on the concentration of the total bacterial population and on total lactobacilli in the gastric juice and in the duodenal brushing material are expressed as the average of the number of vital cells per ml or per gram of sample±the average standard error (m±SEM). All the values relating to the concentration of specific faecal microbial groups are expressed as the average number of vital cells/gram of faeces±standard error of the average (m±SEM). The paired or independent t-tests of the statistical analyses were used to evaluate the results and compare them between d0 and d10 in group B (paired) and d0 between the various groups (independent). In particular, the results of Group A were compared with Groups B, C, and D at d0 (baseline). The differences were considered significant with p≤0.05.
6. Results
6.1 Quantification of the Total Bacterial Cells, the Total Lactobacillus and Genomic Analysis of PCR Assays on the Gastric Juice and the Duodenal Brushing Material.
All the 40 individuals were subjected to gastroscopy at time zero (d0), while Group B was also subjected to gastroscopy at the end of supplementation with probiotics (d10). No withdrawals were recorded, as the preparation had been very well tolerated and accepted by each participant in Group B, the only one which received probiotic supplements between d0 and d10.
The results regarding the total bacterial cells and the total Lactobacillus in the gastric juices and in the duodenal brushing material are shown in Table 4.
It is interesting to note that a significant reduction in the total bacterial parameters is present at d10 in Group B in comparison with the baseline (Table 1c).
6.2 Results of the Species-Specific PCR Assay
The results of the species-specific PCR assay in Group B at d10 compared with d0 further confirmed the presence of the four species of probiotics administered. A general panorama is shown in Table 5.
L.
delbrueckii
L.
L.
L.
plantarum
rhamnosus
pentosus
delbrueckii
In the gastric juice, L. plantarum and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii were the two most representative species since 10 and 9 individuals, respectively, out of a total of 10 individuals were positive compared with 1 and 0 at the baseline (d0). In the duodenal brushing, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus were present in 9 and 10 subjects, respectively, out of a total of 10 subjects compared with 2 and 0 at the baseline (d0).
6.3 Count of the Specific Microbe Groups in the Faecal Samples.
The results on total Enterococcus, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, yeasts and moulds in the faecal samples are shown in Table 6.
Enterococcus
Escherichia
coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Enterococcus spp
Escherichia coli
Enterococcus spp
Escherichia coli
Results
The study confirmed a significant bacterial growth in the upper gastro-intestinal tract in subjects who had been taking PPIs for more than 12 consecutive months (p=0.0011 and p=0.0137 for total bacteria in the gastric juice and in the duodenal brushing material, respectively, in Group A versus Group D which represents the general population; similar statistical results were found from the comparison off Group B and Group D in the same way). Comparison between groups A and C (subjects treated with PPIs for a period of from 3 to 12 months) demonstrated statistical significance in 3 out of 4 parameters. In this way, the duration of the PPI treatment is a factor which can determine the degree of bacterial proliferation in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The individuals treated in the short term seem to be more similar to the general population rather than to subjects who had undertaken long-term treatment with PPIs.
An interesting aspect refers to the higher percentage of total Lactobacillus in the gastric juice of subjects treated in the short term (34.91%, 5.01 log10 CFU/ml in Group C) compared with subjects treated long-term (3.06%, 6.99 log10 CFU/ml in Group A; 3.51%, 7.15 log10 CFU/ml in Group B). This higher concentration, however, does not reflect the results of the duodenal brushing (1.58%, 4.00 log10 CFU/ml in Group C).
The administration of the 4 strains of bacteria listed above, i.e. L. rhamnosus LR06, L. pentosus LPS01, L. plantarum LP01 and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii LDD01, including 60 mg of NAC for 10 days was sufficient to significantly change the typical bacterial growth in the subjects treated with PPIs for more than 12 months, so as to restore a protective barrier against possible pathogens of dietary origin (p=0.0023 and p=0.0256 for the total of bacteria in the gastric juice and the duodenal brushing material, respectively, in Group B at d10 compared with d0, Table 4c.
Another interesting result was the percentage of total bacteria represented by lactobacilli in the various groups. In control subjects who were not taking PPIs, the bacteria belonging to the genus Lactobacillus represent about 14% of the total of the gastric microflora, while in patients treated with PPIs for more than 12 months, lactobacilli represented only about 3% of the total bacteria, suggesting therefore that the great majority of the gastric micro-organisms were composed of other, potentially harmful, microbial groups. At the end of the period of supplementation by probiotics (d10) in Group B, lactobacilli constituted 98% of the total bacteria in the gastric juice, and an increase in their concentration compared with time zero was recorded, although it is not statistically significant (p=0.074). The lack of statistical significance could be explained in the light of the significant parallel reduction in total gastric bacteria (7.71 log10 CFU/ml compared with 8.60 log 10 CFU/ml, p=0.0023). On the other hand, the percentage of Lactobacillus in the duodenal brushing material was significantly higher at d10 compared with the baseline (p=0.0355).
The results of the species-specific PCR assay, furthermore, confirmed the capacity of the probiotics administered together with NAC to effectively colonise the gastric lumen and the duodenal mucosa in the subjects treated with PPIs for more than 12 consecutive months (Tables 5a and 5b). This aspect may help to inhibit and replace the possibly harmful pathogens bacteria or indeed those which are commonly present in subjects treated long-term with PPIs. This datum is more significant if it is considered that the gastroscopies were all executed at least 12 hours after the last time that probiotics had been taken, thus demonstrating the capacity of these beneficial bacteria to persist significantly in the stomach and on the surface of the duodenal mucosa. NAC was used for its mechanical effects against bacterial biofilms, in order to prevent a possible new formation of biofilms in subjects undergoing long-term treatment with PPIs.
The results of the faecal samples demonstrated, on the one hand, a significant increase in all the microbial parameters taken into consideration in the individuals treated with PPIs for a period of at least 12 months (comparison between Groups A and D): p=0.0021, p=0.0147, p=0.0227, p=0.0223 and p=0.0027 for Enterococcus spp., total coliforms, E. coli, yeasts and moulds, respectively). In any case, a short-term administration of PPIs, from 3 to 12 months, was sufficient to induce a significant faecal increase in all the five parameters, although the statistical significance was lower (see data for Group C compared with D: p=0.0479, p=0.0338, p=0.0444, p=0.0051, and p=0.0187, respectively) (Table 6). On the other hand, the statistical comparison between the subjects PPI treated long-term and short-term was significant only for the yeasts and moulds (p=0.0486 and p=0.0078, respectively), thus suggesting that for Enterococcus spp. and for Gram-negative bacteria, taking minimal quantities of PPIs for three months is sufficient to mediate the majority of the increase observed after 12 months of treatment. Yeasts and moulds very probably need more time to colonise the intestinal flora after the alteration of the gastric barrier, since a significant additional increase was recorded in long-term subjects compared with short-term subjects (Group A compared with Group C).
The total coliforms usually represent about 1% of the total population of human faecal bacteria in concentrations of around 109 bacteria per gram (37). Another interesting result is the percentage of total coliforms constituted by Escherichia coli. It is known, in fact, that this bacterium represents the majority of the total population of coliforms in the human intestine, generally amounting to 93-94% (38). The total coliform bacteria present in the human intestine are made up of four genera of the family of the Enterobacteriaceae, in particular Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Citrobacter, with Klebsiella normally amounting to about 1% and Enterobacter/Citrobacter spp. representing together about 6%. The results for Group D substantially confirmed this evidence, since 92.6% of total coliforms was made up of E. coli. In the subjects who had undergone long-term treatment with PPIs, however, this percentage was reduced to 83.9% (Group A) and to 77.4% (Group B), thus suggesting an abnormal excessive growth of the genera Klebsiella and/or Enterobacter/Citrobacter in the intestine as a consequence of the destruction of the gastric barrier. This increase could be considered harmful since some species such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca and Enterobacter cloacae could exert significant pathogenic action on the host, ranging from hospital infections of the blood (BSI) through to acute appendicitis and antibiotic-associated haemorrhagic colitis (AAHC).
The Enterococcus spp. are normally present in human faeces in concentrations from 105 to 107 bacteria per gram. The data obtained on the control population confirmed this evidence, as 6.39 log10 CFU/ml were counted in the faecal samples. Long-term treatment with PPIs caused a significant increase in this microbial genus in the human intestine (7.68 log10 CFU/ml in Group A and 7.80 log10 CFU/ml in Group B).
The most important question represented by Enterococcus spp., in particular by Enterococcus faecium, is their intrinsic antibiotic resistance, specially towards penicillin and vancomicin. The enterococci are the third most common cause of infective endocarditis, and the effect of tolerance to penicillin on therapeutic results has been evident since the end of the 1940s. In any case, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the strains of E. faecium associated with nosocomial infections, including endocarditis, are types of sequences different from the commensal strains which colonise the gastrointestinal tract of healthy human beings, even though the possibility cannot be excluded that some harmful biotypes may have colonised the human bacterial flora of the subjects treated with PPIs.
The complex analyses of the faeces at baseline time confirmed the weakening or indeed the complete interruption of the gastric barrier effect, since the composition of the intestinal flora showed that it is profoundly modified in persons who take PPIs for at least three months. Gram-negative bacteria, such as total coliforms and Escherichia coli, were significantly higher than in the controls, while yeasts and moulds increased by about 4 log10. Faecal Enterococci were up by more than 1 log10. It is also interesting to note the correlation between the duration of taking PPIs and the size of the faecal increases in the five microbial groups analysed, chosen as evidence of a potential dysmicrobism.
The four probiotics studied in association with NAC were able to reduce all the faecal parameters (p=0.0155, p=0.0064, p=0.0105, p=0.0066, and p=0.0053 for Enterococcus spp., total coliforms, E. coli, yeasts and moulds, respectively, at d10 compared with the baseline value). In particular, the reduction in total coliforms, E. coli, yeasts and moulds was more than one log 10 after 10 days of supplementation with the probiotics. At the end of the supplementation with the probiotics in Group B, total coliforms and concentrations of E. coli were significantly lower than values found in the general population (Group D) (p=0.0182 and p=0.0229, respectively), thus confirming the considerable antagonistic action of the probiotic bacteria against Escherichia coli.
In conclusion, the administration of an association of specific strains of L. rhamnosus LR06, L. pentosus LPS01, L. plantarum LP01, and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii LDD01, including also an efficacious quantity of N-acetylcysteine, is capable of significantly reducing bacterial proliferation at the level of the stomach and duodenum, reducing Gram-negative bacteria, Enterococcus spp., yeasts and moulds in the intestinal flora after 10 days of oral supplementation, thus rapidly rebalancing its composition and restoring a protective barrier against harmful bacteria, especially at stomach level.
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was used because of its capacity to mechanically prevent the possible formation of a bacterial biofilm, and showed itself to be effective since the concentration of the various bacteria other than lactobacilli both in the gastric juice and in the samples from brushing the duodenum was significantly reduced.
All the probiotic strains used in this study have previously demonstrated a significant antagonistic action in vitro on specific strains of Escherichia coli, among them the enterohaemorrhagic serotype 0157:H7, and could therefore be used to effectively prevent infections mediated by these harmful or pathogenic microbes.
In the light of an actually more widespread use of PPIs, concomitant oral supplementation with probiotics and NAC as used in this pilot study represents an innovative strategy capable of restoring, at least partially, a normal gastric barrier effect; thus reducing the threat of gastrointestinal infections of dietary origin in a large part of the population with reduced intragastric acidity.
L. delbr.
L.
L.
L.
plantarum
rhamnosus
pentosus
delbrueckii
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20140328932 A1 | Nov 2014 | US |
