Patent Application
20080280838
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a composition for preventing skin damage, containing ginsenoside F1 (20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxatriol) and EGCG ((−)epigallocatechin-3-gallate). More particularly, the present invention relates to a composition containing ginsenoside F1 and EGCG at low concentrations, capable of preventing UV-induced skin damage by the synergistic interaction thereof, and to a method for preventing skin damage.
2. Description of Prior Art
Human skin, as a primary protective barrier, protects the vital organs of the body from external irritants such as changes in temperature or humidity, ultraviolet rays, and contaminants, and plays an important role in the regulation of biological homeostasis such as thermoregulation. However, the skin is exposed to external surroundings and thereby easily damaged by external irritants. Among these external irritants, ultraviolet rays are the main irritant to cause skin aging and apoptotic cell death in the epidermis.
The most serious cause of skin aging is ultraviolet rays with wavelengths of 280˜320 nm (UVB). If the skin is exposed to the ultraviolet rays, cellular components such as DNA or proteins may be damaged to form sunburn cells, which activate an enzyme, caspase, and undergo apoptotic pathways accompanied with DNA fragmentation by the action of the enzyme, finally ending in cell death. In this way, apoptosis induces the death of damaged cells, which prevents them from developing into a tumor.
Bcl-2 is a gene that plays an important role in this apoptotic pathway, and encodes 26 kDa protein localized at the nuclear membrane and the outer mitochondrial membrane. Bcl-2 protein attaches to a protein favouring the induction of apoptosis such as Bax and hinders the functions thereof, to inhibit the induction of apoptosis. Therefore, susceptibility to undergoing apoptosis may be dependent on the ratio between Bcl-2 protein and Bax protein.
It has been reported that the expression of Bcl-2 is rapidly down-regulated by ultraviolet irradiation in the epidermis. Further, UV-induced apoptosis was inhibited in cells overexpressing Bcl-2 protein. However, the overexpression of Bcl-2 may also inhibit apoptosis in cells having severe DNA damage, which thus may develop a cancer. Therefore, it is very important to specifically regulate the expression of Bcl-2.
EGCG, a major polyphenol in green tea, has a strong antioxidant activity and an activity of scavenging harmful radicals. It is also known that this compound can inhibit inflammatory reactions and skin cancer formation induced by UV irradiation. Recently, EGCG was found to enhance Bcl-2 expression and reduce Bax expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes, inhibiting UV-induced apoptosis. The EGCG application to squamous carcinoma cells reduced the phosphorylation of Bax protein and thereby inhibited the proliferation of the carcinoma cells. However, the target of EGCG in the signal transduction pathway involved with apoptosis and cell proliferation is not yet known.
Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein is expressed by tumor suppressor and plays an important role in generation, cancer, cell growth and differentiation, and cell death. Rb is a nuclear protein and its phosphorylation is regulated by cell cycle or DNA-damaging factors. Thus, it is involved in the induction of apoptosis together with E2F transcription factors. Further, it is known that the dephosphorylation of Rb protein is inhibited by Bcl-2 overexpression and thereby Rb is stabilized. That is, it is also involved in the inhibition of apoptosis.
However, there has not been any report on a substance capable of regulating apoptosis in human epidermal cells by protecting cells damaged weakly from apoptosis and by inducing apoptosis in cells damaged severely, and thereby capable of protecting the skin, and harmless to human beings in order to be easily applied.
Under these circumstances, the present inventors found that a composition containing ginsenoside F1 (20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxatriol) and EGCG ((−)epigallocatechin-3-gallate) having an excellent effect in protecting epidermal cells and preventing the damage thereof, and thereby completed the present invention.
In detail, compositions containing one of ginsenoside F1 and EGCG at a low concentration did not show any skin-protecting effect. However, a composition containing a mixture of ginsenoside F1 and EGCG at the said concentrations showed an excellent skin-protecting effect by the synergistic interaction thereof. That is, a combined treatment with these two compounds can regulate the expression of Bcl-2 against UV irradiation by the synergistic interaction thereof even at low concentrations, where any single treatment shows no effect.
Therefore, the present invention relates to a composition for preventing skin damage, containing ginsenoside F1 represented by the following chemical formula 1 and EGCG represented by the following chemical formula 2 as active ingredients:
The composition provided by the present invention may be involved in apoptosis of epidermal cells to prevent skin aging and to maintain the function of epidermal cells.
The said ginsenoside F1 and EGCG may be preferably incorporated in a combined amount of 0.0001% to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. Further, the said ginsenoside F1 and EGCG may be preferably incorporated in a weight ratio of 1:0.1˜10.
In more detail, the present invention provides an inhibitor of apoptosis induced by a low dose of UV irradiation, containing a combination of ginsenoside F1 and EGCG as an active ingredient.
Further, the present invention provides a regulator of Bcl-2 expression down-regulated by UV irradiation, containing a combination of ginsenoside F1 and EGCG as an active ingredient.
In addition, the present invention provides a regulator of Brn-3a expression down-regulated by UV irradiation, containing a combination of ginsenoside F1 and EGCG as an active ingredient.
According to the present invention, ginsenoside F1 itself cannot enhance the expression of Bcl-2, but can prevent Bcl-2 expression from being down-regulated by UV irradiation. That is, ginsenoside F1 maintains the level of Bcl-2 expression to the normal level by regulating the expression of Brn-3a, a Bcl-2-specific transcription factor, and thereby can inhibit apoptosis in epidermal cells caused by a low dose of UV irradiation. Meanwhile, because a high dose of UV irradiation down-regulates the expression of Bcl-2, and apoptosis in damaged cells may be induced as it is, there is no risk that damaged cells may develop to a skin cancer.
The present invention confirmed the synergistic interaction of ginsenoside F1 with EGCG in the said effect in the examples described later. In detail, a combined treatment with these two compounds at low concentrations, where any single treatment showed no significant effect, recovered Bcl-2 expression down-regulated by UV irradiation to the normal level in human epidermal keratinocyte, HaCaT cells, and thereby inhibited apoptotic cell death. Further, we confirmed, on the basis of the prior researches, that an apoptosis-inhibiting effect in the synergistic interaction with EGCG was obtained by regulating the expression of Brn-3a, a Bcl-2-specific transcription factor. Only the combined treatment with the said two compounds prevented the dephosphorylation of a tumor-suppressing Rb protein and thereby inhibited apoptotic cell death.
The above results indicate that a combined treatment with ginsenoside F1 and EGCG can maintain constant levels of Bcl-2 within cells by the synergistic interaction of these two compounds even at low concentrations, and can prevent the dephosphorylation of Rb protein to inhibit apoptotic cell death.
Therefore, ginsenoside F1 and EGCG can inhibit apoptotic cell death by maintaining constant levels of Bcl-2 within cells by the synergistic interaction thereof. Furthermore, because ginsenoside F1 itself cannot enhance the expression of Bcl-2 and does not protect cells having a possibility to develop a cancer from apoptosis, there is no risk that damaged cells may develop to a cancer. These results suggest the possibility of using a combination of ginsenoside F1 and EGCG as an anti-aging agent in human skin by inhibiting UV-induced apoptosis and preventing cellular damages.
In conclusion, the present invention provides a skin-care composition containing a combination of ginsenoside F1 and EGCG as an active ingredient. The composition of the present invention can prevent UV-caused skin damage and thereby skin aging. The composition may be formulated into skin-care external compositions, for example a cosmetic composition. However, the purpose and the formulation of the said composition may not be limited hereto.
Ginsenoside F1 to be used in the present invention is a compound obtained by dissolving a purified ginseng saponin in an aqueous solvent such as distilled water or buffer solution, or in a mixture of the said aqueous solvent and an organic solvent, and then reacting with at least one of naringinase separated from Penicillium and pectinase separated from Aspergillus. However, a method for preparing ginsenoside F1 may not be limited hereto.
The present invention will be described in more detail by way of the following examples. However, these examples are provided for the purpose of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which will be apparent to one skilled in the art.
4 l of methanol containing distilled water were added to 2 kg of red ginseng (KT&G, six-year-old red ginseng) and refluxed three (3) times, then settled down at 15° C. for 6 days. The crude extracts were passed through filter paper and centrifuged to separate residues and filtrates. The filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentration was suspended in distilled water, and then extracted five (5) times with 1 l of ether to remove pigments. The aqueous part was extracted three (3) times with 500 ml of 1-butanol. The obtained 1-butanol parts were treated with 5% KOH and washed with distilled water, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained 1-butanol extract was dissolved in a small amount of methanol and added into a large amount of ethyl acetate. The resulting precipitate was dried, to give 70 g of purified ginseng saponin.
10 g of the purified ginseng saponin obtained in Reference Example 1 was dissolved in 1000 ml of citrate buffer (pH4.0). 15 g of naringinase separated from Penicillium (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) was then added thereto and reacted for 48 hours under stirring in a water bath at 40° C. After the reaction was terminated, the enzyme was deactivated by heating for 10 minutes and the reaction mixture was extracted three (3) times with an equal amount of ethyl acetate, then concentrated. The obtained product was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography using chloroform:methanol (9:1), to give 1.5 g of ginsenoside F1.
[Step 1] Cell Line and Cell Culture
Human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line was provided by Dr. N. E. Fusenig (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum(DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany) and cultured in DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, Gibco 1210-0038) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Cultures were incubated at 37° C., in humidified air with 5% CO2.
[Step 2] Inhibition of UV-Induced Apoptosis in HaCaT Cells by a Combined Treatment with Ginsenoside F1 and EGCG
Cell lines cultured in Step 1 were treated with trypsin to give a single-cell suspension and seeded into a 6-well microplate at 2×105 cells per well, then cultured for 24 hours. Subsequently, the culture medium was refreshed with serum-free DMEM and cells were cultured for another 24 hours. The microplate was then treated with 2 μM ginsenoside F1; 10 μM EGCG; a combination of 2 μM ginsenoside F1 and 10 μM EGCG; 5 μM ginsenoside F1; and 50 μM EGCG in separate wells.
For reference, ginsenoside F1 was dissolved in 100% ethanol at a 1/1000-fold concentration to the medium and EGCG (Sigma) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a 1/1000-fold concentration to the medium, and then added at the required amount to the culture mediums.
After 24-hour treatment of each test sample, each microplate was washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and exposed to 60 mJ/cm2 of UVB in the presence of PBS. PBS was then removed and the culture medium was refreshed with a medium containing each compound at the corresponding concentration. As a control, untreated cells were cultured in the same way.
24 hours after UV irradiation, to the microplates treated with each compound or untreated was added 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma) solution, and then the cells were cultured at 37° C. for 4 hours. DMSO was added and dissolved completely. The optical density (OD) of formazan formed at 540 nm was measured using an ELISA reader (Thermo Max, Molecular Devices Co.). Cell viability in each test group was evaluated as a relative value, considering OD of untreated control cells as 100%. The results are shown in
As shown in
[Step 1] Cell Line and Cell Culture
Cell lines used in this experiment and the culture thereof were the same as used in Step 1 of Example 1.
[Step 2] Inhibition of UV-Induced PARP Cleavage by a Combined Treatment with Ginsenoside F1 and EGCG
Cell lines cultured in Step 1 were treated with trypsin to give a single-cell suspension and seeded into 6-well microplates at 2×105 cells per well, then cultured for 24 hours. Subsequently, the culture medium was refreshed with serum-free DMEM and cells were cultured for another 24 hours. The microplates were then treated with 2 μM ginsenoside F1; 10 μM EGCG; a combination of 2 μM ginsenoside F1 and 10 μM EGCG; 5 μM ginsenoside F1; and 50 μM EGCG, respectively. Ginsenoside F1 was dissolved in 100% ethanol at a 1/1000-fold concentration to the medium and EGCG (Sigma) was dissolved in DMSO at a 1/1000-fold concentration to the medium. After 24-hour treatment of each test sample, each microplate was washed with PBS and exposed to 60 mJ/cm2 of UVB in the presence of PBS. PBS was then removed and the culture medium was refreshed with a medium containing each compound at the corresponding concentration. As a control, untreated cells were cultured in the same way.
24 hours after UV irradiation, cells treated with each compound or untreated were washed with PBS and harvested by treating with trypsin. Cells were then lysed in 500 μl of protein extraction buffer containing 8M urea, 2% CHAPS, 50 mM DTT, 2M thiourea, 2 mM PMSF and 100 μg/μl leupeptine at room temperature for 10 minutes. Supernatants were collected by centrifugation at 15,000×g for 10 minutes at 4° C. and protein concentrations were determined using BIO-Rad Protein Dye Reagent™. 20 μg of proteins were separated in size order by 8% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PDF membrane (BioRad) at 50 V for 12 hours. The blots were blocked in a 5% non-fat milk-solution for 1 hour and then reacted with an anti-PARP rabbit polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz) as a primary antibody and a horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Amersham) as a secondary antibody using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) kit (Amersham). The blots were then exposed to X-ray film (Fuji) and developed to determine the level of protein expression. The bands on the film were scanned using PowerLook 2100 XL (UMAX) and analyzed with ImageMaster 2D Elite software (Amersham Biosciences). The content of PARP cleaved was evaluated as a relative value on the basis of the content in the untreated control group. The results are shown in
As shown in
[Step 1] Cell Line and Cell Culture
Cell lines used in this experiment and the culture thereof were the same as used in Step 1 of Example 1.
[Step 2] Inhibition of UV-Induced Down-Regulation of Bcl-2 Expression by a Combined Treatment with Ginsenoside F1 and EGCG
Cell lines cultured in Step 1 were treated with trypsin to give a single-cell suspension and seeded into 6-well microplates at 2×1 cells per well, then cultured for 24 hours. Subsequently, the culture medium was refreshed with serum-free DMEM and cells were cultured for another 24 hours. The microplates were then treated with 2 μM ginsenoside F1; 10 μM EGCG; a combination of 2 μM ginsenoside F1 and 10 μM EGCG; 5 μM ginsenoside F1; and 50 μM EGCG, respectively. Ginsenoside F1 was dissolved in 100% ethanol at a 1/1000-fold concentration to the medium and EGCG (Sigma) was dissolved in DMSO at a 1/1000-fold concentration to the medium. After 24-hour treatment of each test sample, each microplate was washed with PBS and exposed to 60 mJ/cm2 of UVB in the presence of PBS. PBS was then removed and the culture medium was refreshed with a medium containing each compound at the corresponding concentration. As a control, untreated cells were cultured in the same way.
24 hours after UV irradiation, cells treated with each compound or untreated were washed with PBS and harvested by treating with trypsin. Cells were then lysed in 500 μl of protein extraction buffer containing 8M urea, 2% CHAPS, 50 mM DTT, 2M thiourea, 2 mM PMSF and 100 μg/μl leupeptine at room temperature for 10 minutes. Supernatants were collected by centrifugation at 15,000×g for 10 minutes at 4° C. and protein concentrations were determined using BIO-Rad Protein Dye Reagent™. 20 μg of proteins were separated in size order by 8% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PDF membrane (BioRad) at 50 V for 12 hours. The blots were blocked in a 5% non-fat milk-solution for 1 hour and then reacted with an anti-Bcl-2 rabbit polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz) as a primary antibody and an HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Amersham) as a secondary antibody using an ECL kit (Amersham). The blots were then exposed to X-ray film (Fuji) and developed to determine the level of protein expression. The bands on the film were scanned using PowerLook 2100 XL (UMAX) and analyzed with ImageMaster 2D Elite software (Amersham Biosciences). The results are shown in
As shown in
[Step 1] Cell Line and Cell Culture
Cell lines used in this experiment and the culture thereof were the same as used in Step 1 of Example 1.
[Step 2] Inhibition of UV-Induced Down-Regulation of Brn-3a Expression by a Combined Treatment with Ginsenoside F1 and EGCG
Cell lines cultured in Step 1 were treated with trypsin to give a single-cell suspension and seeded into 6-well microplates at 2×105 cells per well, then cultured for 24 hours. Subsequently, the culture medium was refreshed with serum-free DMEM and cells were cultured for another 24 hours. The microplates were then treated with 2 μM ginsenoside F1; 10 μM EGCG; a combination of 2 μM ginsenoside F1 and 10 μM EGCG; 5 μM ginsenoside F1; and 50 μM EGCG, respectively. Ginsenoside F1 was dissolved in 100% ethanol at a 1/1000-fold concentration to the medium and EGCG (Sigma) was dissolved in DMSO at a 1/1000-fold concentration to the medium. After 24-hour treatment of each test sample, each microplate was washed with PBS and exposed to 60 mJ/cm2 of UVB in the presence of PBS. PBS was then removed and the culture medium was refreshed with a medium containing each compound at the corresponding concentration. As a control, untreated cells were cultured in the same way.
24 hours after UV irradiation, cells treated with each compound or untreated were washed with PBS and harvested by treating with trypsin. Cells were then lysed in 500 μl of protein extraction buffer containing 8M urea, 2% CHAPS, 50 mM DTT, 2M thiourea, 2 mM PMSF and 100 μg/μl leupeptine at room temperature for 10 minutes. Supernatants were collected by centrifugation at 15,000×g for 10 minutes at 4° C. and protein concentrations were determined using BIO-Rad Protein Dye Reagent™. 20 μg of proteins were separated in size order by 8% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PDF membrane (BioRad) at 50 V for 12 hours. The blots were blocked in a 5% non-fat milk-solution for 1 hour and then reacted with an anti-Brn-3a rabbit polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz) as a primary antibody and an HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Amersham) as a secondary antibody using an ECL kit (Amersham). The blots were then exposed to X-ray film (Fuji) and developed to determine the level of protein expression. The bands on the film were scanned using PowerLook 2100 XL (UMAX) and analyzed with ImageMaster 2D Elite software (Amersham Biosciences). The results are shown in
As shown in
[Step 1] Cell Line and Cell Culture
Cell lines used in this experiment and the culture thereof were the same as used in Step 1 of Example 1.
[Step 2] Inhibition of UV-Induced Dephosphorylation of Rb Protein by a Combined Treatment with Ginsenoside F1 and EGCG
Cell lines cultured in Step 1 were treated with trypsin to give a single-cell suspension and seeded into 6-well microplates at 2×105 cells per well, then cultured for 24 hours. Subsequently, the culture medium was refreshed with serum-free DMEM and cells were cultured for another 24 hours. The microplates were then treated with 2 μM ginsenoside F1; 10 μM EGCG; a combination of 2 μM ginsenoside F1 and 10 μM EGCG; 5 μM ginsenoside F1; and 50 μM EGCG, respectively. Ginsenoside F1 was dissolved in 100% ethanol at a 1/1000-fold concentration to the medium and EGCG (Sigma) was dissolved in DMSO at a 1/1000-fold concentration to the medium. After 24-hour treatment of each test sample, each microplate was washed with PBS and exposed to 60 mJ/cm2 of UVB in the presence of PBS. PBS was then removed and the culture medium was refreshed with a medium containing each compound at the corresponding concentration. As a control, untreated cells were cultured in the same way.
24 hours after UV irradiation, cells treated with each compound or untreated were washed with PBS and harvested by treating with trypsin. Cells were then lysed in 500 μl of protein extraction buffer containing 8M urea, 2% CHAPS, 50 mM DTT, 2M thiourea, 2 mM PMSF and 100 μg/μl leupeptine at room temperature for 10 minutes. Supernatants were collected by centrifugation at 15,000×g for 10 minutes at 4° C. and protein concentrations were determined using BIO-Rad Protein Dye Reagent™. 20 μg of proteins were separated in size order by 8% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PDF membrane (BioRad) at 50 V for 12 hours. The blots were blocked in a 5% non-fat milk-solution for 1 hour and then reacted with an anti-Rb rabbit polyclonal antibody (recognizing all forms of Rb (hyperphosphorylated form, underphosphorylated form, etc.); Santa Cruz) as a primary antibody and an HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Amersham) as a secondary antibody using an ECL kit (Amersham). The blots were then exposed to X-ray film (Fuji) and developed to determine the level of protein expression. The same blots were washed twice, each time for 10 minutes, with a buffer containing 6.25 mM Tris, 2% SDS and 100 mM β-mercaptoethanol at 50° C. The blots were again blocked in a 5% non-fat milk-solution for 1 hour and then reacted with a monoclonal antibody anti-underphosphorylated Rb (recognizing only underphosphorylated form of Rb; BD Biosciences) as a primary antibody and an HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (Amersham) as a secondary antibody using an ECL kit (Amersham). The blots were then exposed to X-ray film (Fuji) and developed to determine the level of protein expression. The bands on the film were scanned using PowerLook 2100 XL (UMAX) and analyzed with ImageMaster 2D Elite software (Amersham Biosciences). The results are shown in
As shown in
Hereinafter, the external compositions containing ginsenoside F1 and EGCG according to the present invention were provided as the following formulations. However, the formulation of the present external compositions may not be limited hereto.
As above described, a combined treatment with ginsenoside F1 and EGCG in the present invention can inhibit UV-induced apoptotic cell death by inhibiting UV-caused down-regulations of Bcl-2 expression or Bcl-2 transcription factor, Brn-3a expression by the synergistic interaction thereof even at low concentrations, where any single treatment shows no effect, and by preventing the dephosphorylation of Rb protein. Thus, the present invention provides the possibility of using a combination of ginsenoside F1 and EGCG as an anti-aging agent in human skin by preventing UV-caused cellular damages. Further, the present invention can supply high functional cosmetic products at low prices by using two expensive compounds at low concentrations (in the case of single treatments, 2.5-fold and 5-fold concentrations of ginsenoside F1 and EGCG respectively are necessary for the effects targeted).
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2004-0020800 | Mar 2004 | KR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2004/001303 | 6/1/2004 | WO | 00 | 3/25/2008 |
