Patent Application
20230276695
The present disclosure relates to a composition containing an iridium complex having high durability, an organic light-emitting element including the composition, a display device, an image pickup device, an electronic device, an illumination apparatus, and a moving object.
An organic light-emitting element (also referred to as an organic electroluminescent element (organic EL element)) is an electronic element including a pair of electrodes and an organic compound layer disposed between the electrodes. By injecting electrons and holes through the pair of electrodes, excitons of a luminescent organic compound in the organic compound layer are generated. The organic light-emitting element emits light when the excitons return to their ground state.
Recent progress in organic light-emitting elements has been noticeable. For example, low driving voltages, various emission wavelengths, high-speed response, and thinner and lighter light-emitting devices have been enabled.
Currently, the use of phosphorescence has been proposed as an attempt to improve the light emission efficiency of organic EL elements. Organic EL elements utilizing phosphorescence are expected to have improved light emission efficiency theoretically about four times the light emission efficiency of those utilizing fluorescence. Thus, phosphorescent organometallic complexes have been actively created to date. This is because creation of organometallic complexes having excellent light-emitting properties is important for providing high-performance organic light-emitting elements.
Organometallic complexes created so far include the following compound 1-a disclosed in PTL 1.
The exemplary compound in PTL 1 is an organic compound including a ligand including a benzene ring having two alkyl groups and a ring structure in which a ring derived from fusion of two benzene rings and one pyridine ring has a trifluoromethyl group. The Ir atom is also provided with an ancillary ligand, and the ancillary ligand has, as substituents, ethyl groups which are alkyl groups having two carbon atoms.
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have found that the above ligand is more easily influenced than other ligands particularly by halogen atoms and determined the halogen content that provides properties better than before by reducing the amount of halogen atoms coexisting with an organometallic complex having the above ligand.
The present invention has been made in view of the above problem, and an object thereof is to provide a composition containing an iridium complex having high durability.
The present invention provides a composition containing an iridium complex represented by general formula below and a halogen atom. In the composition, the content of the halogen atom is less than 5 ppm.
In general formula (1), R8 to R20 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a cyano group, and a silyl group.
R14 is an electron-withdrawing substituent having a Hammett constant σm of 0.3 or more, and R1 to R7 are each a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
Further features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
The present invention is a composition containing an iridium complex represented by general formula (1) below.
In general formula (1), R8 to R20 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a cyano group, and a silyl group. R14 is an electron-withdrawing substituent having a Hammett constant σm of 0.3 or more, and R1 to R7 are each a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
In this specification, examples of halogen atoms include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, but are not limited thereto.
In this specification, examples of alkyl groups include alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Specific examples include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a normal propyl group, an isopropyl group, a normal butyl group, a tertiary butyl group, a secondary butyl group, an octyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a 1-adamantyl group, and a 2-adamantyl group, but are not limited thereto.
In this specification, examples of alkoxy groups include alkoxy groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Specific examples include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, 2-ethyl-hexyloxy group, and a benzyloxy group, but are not limited thereto.
In this specification, examples of amino groups include an unsubstituted amino group and amino groups substituted with any one of an alkyl group, an aryl group, and an amino group. The alkyl group, the aryl group, and the amino group may have a halogen atom as a substituent. The aryl group and the amino group may have an alkyl group as a substituent. Alkyl substituents on the amino group may be bonded to each other to form a ring. Specific examples include an N-methylamino group, an N-ethylamino group, an N,N-dimethylamino group, an N,N-diethylamino group, an N-methyl-N-ethylamino group, an N-benzylamino group, an N-methyl-N-benzylamino group, an N,N-dibenzylamino group, an anilino group, an N,N-diphenylamino group, an N,N-dinaphthylamino group, an N,N-difluorenylamino group, an N-phenyl-N-tolylamino group, an N,N-ditolylamino group, an N-methyl-N-phenylamino group, an N,N-dianisolylamino group, an N-mesityl-N-phenylamino group, an N,N-dimesitylamino group, an N-phenyl-N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)amino group, an N-phenyl-N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)amino group, and an N-piperidyl group, but are not limited thereto.
In this specification, examples of aryl groups include aryl groups having 6 to 18 carbon atoms. Specific examples include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an indenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthryl group, and a triphenylenyl group.
In this specification, examples of heterocyclic groups include heterocyclic groups having 3 to 15 carbon atoms. The heterocyclic groups may have nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen as a heteroatom. Specific examples include a pyridyl group, a pyrazyl group, a pyrimidyl group, a triazyl group, an imidazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a carbazolyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolyl group, a furanyl group, a thiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, but are not limited thereto.
In this specification, examples of aryloxy groups include a phenoxy group and a thienyloxy group, but are not limited thereto.
In this specification, examples of silyl groups include a trimethylsilyl group and a triphenylsilyl group, but are not limited thereto.
The above alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy groups may have a halogen atom as a substituent. The halogen atom is, for example, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine and may be a fluorine atom. In particular, the alkyl group may have a fluorine atom to be a trifluoromethyl group.
The above amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy group may have an alkyl group as a substituent. The alkyl group may have 1 to 10 carbon atoms. More specifically, the alkyl group may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a normal propyl group, an isopropyl group, a normal butyl group, or a tertiary butyl group.
The above alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy groups may have an aryl group as a substituent. The aryl group may have 6 to 12 carbon atoms. More specifically, the aryl group may be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.
The above alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy groups may have a heterocyclic group as a substituent. The heterocyclic group may have 3 to 9 carbon atoms. The heterocyclic group may have nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen as a heteroatom. More specifically, the heterocyclic group may be a pyridyl group or a pyrrolyl group.
The above alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy groups may have an amino group as a substituent. The amino group may have an alkyl group or an aryl group, and alkyl groups on the amino group may be bonded to each other to form a ring. Specifically, the amino group may be a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, a dibenzylamino group, a diphenylamino group, or a ditolylamino group.
The above alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, amino groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, and aryloxy groups may have, as a substituent, an aralkyl group such as a benzyl group, an alkoxy group such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, or a propoxy group, an aryloxy group such as a phenoxy group, a cyano group, or the like. The substituent is not limited to these examples.
Iridium Complex According to Present Invention
An iridium complex according to the present invention can improve the molecular stability of a light-emitting molecule to provide an organic EL element with an improved operating lifetime. It has been found that when an ancillary ligand has only hydrogen and an alkyl group having one carbon atom as in the iridium complex according to the present invention, introducing an electron-withdrawing substituent with strong electron-withdrawing properties in a specific position (R14) of the benzoisoquinoline skeleton in general formula (1) improves the molecular stability.
The electron-withdrawing properties can be expressed by a Hammett constant, and providing an electron-withdrawing substituent having a Hammett constant of 0.3 or more can improve the stability. Especially, —CF3, —CN, —OCF3, —COCH3, and —COOCH3 are preferred, and CF3 is particularly preferred.
R18 and R20 in general formula (1) are preferably a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, particularly preferably a methyl group.
In view of the above, an iridium complex represented by the following structural formula is particularly preferred.
This iridium complex has CF3 as an electron-withdrawing substituent on the benzoisoquinoline skeleton and two methyl groups on a phenyl group bonded to the iridium atom. Since these substituents are provided, the ligand having oxygen atoms, called an ancillary ligand, are provided only with methyl groups which are alkyl groups having one carbon atom. The methyl groups may be replaced with hydrogen atoms. In this manner, using a specific ligand and an ancillary ligand having a specific substituent can improve durability.
It has been unexpectedly found that this iridium complex more greatly reduces the operating lifetime of a device with respect to the amount of residual halogen than conventional compounds. Thus, the cross-coupling reaction between the benzoisoquinoline skeleton and the phenyl group is carried out under mild catalytic reaction conditions, whereby side reactions such as dehalogenation can be suppressed to reduce the amount of halogen contained in the iridium complex according to the present invention, thus improving element durability.
The amount of halogen contained in the composition containing the iridium complex according to the present invention is preferably less than 5 ppm, more preferably less than 3 ppm, still more preferably less than 1 ppm. The amount of halogen may be more than 0 ppm.
As described above, the iridium complex according to the present invention is an organic compound with high durability and suitable for use in an organic light-emitting element.
Examples of the organic compound according to the present invention will be given below, but the iridium complex of the present invention is not limited thereto.
Organic Light-Emitting Element
Next, an organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment will be described. The organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment at least includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic compound layer disposed between the electrodes. One of the first electrode and the second electrode is an anode, and the other is a cathode. In the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment, the organic compound layer may be a single layer or a laminate of a plurality of layers as long as the organic compound layer includes a light-emitting layer. When the organic compound layer is a laminate of a plurality of layers, the organic compound layer may include, in addition to the light-emitting layer, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a hole/exciton blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and the like. The light-emitting layer may be a single layer or a laminate of a plurality of layers.
In the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment, at least one layer of the organic compound layer contains the iridium complex according to this embodiment. Specifically, the organic compound according to this embodiment is contained in any of the light-emitting layer, the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, the electron blocking layer, the hole/exciton blocking layer, the electron transport layer, the electron injection layer, and the like described above. The organic compound according to this embodiment is preferably contained in the light-emitting layer.
In the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment, when the organic compound according to this embodiment is contained in the light-emitting layer, the light-emitting layer may be a layer formed only of the organic compound according to this embodiment or a layer formed of the organometallic complex according to this embodiment and other compounds. When the light-emitting layer is a layer formed of the organometallic complex according to this embodiment and other compounds, the organic compound according to this embodiment may be used as a host or a guest of the light-emitting layer. The organic compound may also be used as an assist material that can be contained in the light-emitting layer. Here, the host refers to a compound accounting for the largest mass proportion among the compounds constituting the light-emitting layer. The guest refers to a compound that accounts for a smaller mass proportion than the host among the compounds constituting the light-emitting layer and that is responsible for main light emission. The assist material refers to a compound that accounts for a smaller mass proportion than the host among the compounds constituting the light-emitting layer and that assists the light emission of the guest. The assist material is also referred to as a second host. The host material can also be referred to as a first compound, and the assist material as a second compound.
When the organic compound according to this embodiment is used as a guest of the light-emitting layer, the concentration of the guest is preferably 0.01 mass % or more and 20 mass % or less, more preferably 0.1 mass % or more and 10 mass % or less, relative to the total mass of the light-emitting layer.
The light-emitting layer according to this embodiment contains the iridium complex and a first organic compound, and the first organic compound may be a compound that has a higher lowest excited singlet energy than the iridium complex. The first organic compound is also referred to as a host. The weight ratio of the host in the light-emitting layer may be larger than that of the iridium complex.
The light-emitting layer may also contain a second organic compound different from the first organic compound. The second organic compound may be a compound whose lowest excited triplet energy is lower than that of the first organic compound and higher than that of the iridium complex. The second organic compound is also referred to as an assistant. The weight ratio of the assistant in the light-emitting layer may be smaller than that of the host and smaller than that of the iridium complex.
The present inventors have conducted various studies and found that when the organic compound according to this embodiment is used as a host or a guest of a light-emitting layer, particularly, as a guest of a light-emitting layer, an element that outputs light with high efficiency and high luminance and has very high durability can be provided. This light-emitting layer may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure. The light-emitting layer may contain a light-emitting material having another emission color so as to emit light having a color mixed with red, which is the emission color of this embodiment. The multilayer structure refers to a state in which the light-emitting layer and another light-emitting layer are stacked on top of each other. In this case, the emission color of the organic light-emitting element is not limited to red. More specifically, the emission color may be white or an intermediate color. In the case of white, the other light-emitting layer emits light of a color other than red, that is, blue or green. The light-emitting layer is formed by vapor deposition or coating. Details thereof will be described in EXAMPLES given later.
The organometallic complex according to this embodiment can be used as a constituent material of an organic compound layer other than the light-emitting layer constituting the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment. Specifically, the organometallic complex may be used as a constituent material of, for example, the electron transport layer, the electron injection layer, the hole transport layer, the hole injection layer, or the hole blocking layer. In this case, the emission color of the organic light-emitting element is not limited to red. More specifically, the emission color may be white or an intermediate color.
In addition to the organic compound according to this embodiment, known low-molecular-weight and high-molecular-weight hole injection compounds or hole transport compounds, compounds serving as hosts, luminescent compounds, electron injection compounds or electron transport compounds, and the like may optionally be used in combination. Examples of these compounds will be described below.
As hole injection and transport materials, materials that facilitate injection of holes from the anode and that have so high hole mobility that enables injected holes to be transported to the light-emitting layer are preferred. To reduce deterioration of film quality, such as crystallization, in the organic light-emitting element, materials having high glass-transition temperatures are preferred. Examples of low-molecular-weight and high-molecular-weight materials having hole injection and transport properties include triarylamine derivatives, arylcarbazole derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, stilbene derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, porphyrin derivatives, poly(vinylcarbazole), poly(thiophene), and other conductive polymers. These hole injection and transport materials are also suitable for use in the electron blocking layer. Non-limiting specific examples of compounds usable as hole injection and transport materials are shown below.
Examples of light-emitting materials mainly involved in the light-emitting function include, in addition to the organometallic complex represented by general formula (1), fused-ring compounds (e.g., fluorene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, perylene derivatives, tetracene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, and rubrene), quinacridone derivatives, coumarin derivatives, stilbene derivatives, organic aluminum complexes such as tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum, iridium complexes, platinum complexes, rhenium complexes, copper complexes, europium complexes, ruthenium complexes, and polymer derivatives such as poly(phenylenevinylene) derivatives, poly(fluorene) derivatives, and poly(phenylene) derivatives.
Non-limiting specific examples of compounds usable as light-emitting materials are shown below.
Examples of light-emitting-layer hosts and light emission assist materials contained in the light-emitting layer include aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and derivatives thereof, carbazole derivatives, dibenzofuran derivatives, dibenzothiophene derivatives, organic aluminum complexes such as tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum, and organic beryllium complexes.
An embodiment of the present invention is an ink composition containing the composition according to the present invention, a first organic compound, and a solvent. The first organic compound is preferably a compound that has a higher lowest excited triplet energy than the iridium complex represented by general formula (1). The first organic compound may be referred to as a host. When the host material is a polymer, the host material may be a block copolymer, a random copolymer, an alternating copolymer, a graft copolymer, or any other form.
Examples of the solvent include halogenated hydrocarbon solvents such as chloroform, dichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, chlorobenzene, and o-dichlorobenzene; ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, and mesitylene; aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents such as normal heptane, iso-heptane, and methylcyclohexane; ketone solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone, 2-heptanone, and cyclohexanone; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, γ-butyrolactone, and γ-valerolactone; polyhydric alcohol solvents; alcohol solvents; sulfoxide solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide and sulfolane; and amide solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. These organic solvents can be used alone or in combination of two or more. Of these, those having an appropriate evaporation rate, specifically, organic solvents having a boiling point of about 70° C. to 200° C. are preferably used because a thin film having a uniform thickness is easily provided.
The ink composition can be formed into a film by, for example, a spin coating method, a bar coating method, a slit coating method, an ink-jet method, a nozzle coating method, a casting method, or a gravure printing method.
Non-limiting specific examples of compounds usable as light-emitting-layer hosts or light emission assist materials contained in the light-emitting layer are shown below.
Any electron transport material capable of transporting electrons injected from the cathode to the light-emitting layer can be freely selected in consideration of, for example, the balance with the hole mobility of a hole transport material. Examples of materials capable of transporting electrons include oxadiazole derivatives, oxazole derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, triazole derivatives, triazine derivatives, quinoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, organic aluminum complexes, and fused-ring compounds (e.g., fluorene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives, chrysene derivatives, and anthracene derivatives). These electron transport materials are also suitable for use for the hole blocking layer. Non-limiting specific examples of compounds usable as electron transport materials are shown below.
Hereinafter, constituent members other than the organic compound layer that constitute the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment will be described. The organic light-emitting element may be provided by forming the first electrode, the organic compound layer, and the second electrode on a substrate. A protective layer, a color filter, and the like may be disposed on the second electrode. When the color filter is disposed, a planarization layer may be disposed between the protective layer and the color filter. The planarization layer may be composed of an acrylic resin or the like.
The substrate may be made of quartz, glass, silicon, resin, metal, or the like. A switching element such as a transistor and a wire may be disposed on the substrate, and an insulating layer may be disposed thereon. The insulating layer may be made of any material as long as contact holes can be formed in order to provide electrical connection between the anode and the wire and insulation from unconnected wires can be provided. For example, resins such as polyimide, silicon oxide, and silicon nitride can be used.
The constituent material for the anode preferably has as high a work function as possible. For example, elemental metals such as gold, platinum, silver, copper, nickel, palladium, cobalt, selenium, vanadium, and tungsten, mixtures containing these metals, alloys of these metals, and metal oxides such as tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), and indium zinc oxide can be used. Conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene can also be used. These electrode materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The anode may be composed of a single layer or a plurality of layers. When the anode is used as a reflection electrode, for example, chromium, aluminum, silver, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, an alloy thereof, or a laminate thereof can be used. When the anode is used as a transparent electrode, for example, a transparent conductive layer made of an oxide such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium zinc oxide can be used, but these materials are non-limiting examples. Photolithography can be used for anode formation.
The constituent material for the cathode preferably has a low work function. Examples of such materials include alkali metals such as lithium; alkaline earth metals such as calcium; elemental metals such as aluminum, titanium, manganese, silver, lead, and chromium; and mixtures containing these elemental metals. Alloys of these elemental metals can also be used. For example, magnesium-silver, aluminum-lithium, aluminum-magnesium, silver-copper, and zinc-silver can be used. Metal oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO) can also be used. These electrode materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The cathode may be composed of a single layer or a plurality of layers. In particular, silver is preferably used, and a silver alloy is more preferred to suppress aggregation of silver. As long as aggregation of silver can be suppressed, the content ratio in the alloy is not limited, and may be, for example, 1:1.
The cathode is not particularly limited, and may be formed as a conductive oxide layer of ITO or the like to provide a top-emission element or may be formed as a reflection electrode of aluminum (Al) or the like to provide a bottom-emission element. The cathode may be formed by any method. For example, DC and AC sputtering methods are preferably used because these methods provide good film coverage and readily reduce resistance.
After the cathode is formed, a protective layer may be disposed. For example, by bonding a glass plate provided with a moisture absorbent to the cathode, permeation of water and the like into the organic compound layer can be suppressed, and the occurrence of a display failure can be suppressed. In another embodiment, a passivation film made of silicon nitride or the like may be disposed on the cathode to suppress permeation of water and the like into the organic compound layer. For example, the protective layer may be formed in such a manner that after the formation of the cathode, the resultant is conveyed to another chamber without breaking the vacuum, and a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 2 μm is formed by CVD. After the film formation by CVD, atomic layer deposition (ALD) may be performed to form a protective layer.
Color filters may be disposed on pixels. For example, color filters sized to fit pixels may be disposed on another substrate and bonded to a substrate disposed on the organic light-emitting element. Alternatively, color filters may be patterned by photolithography on a protective layer made of silicon oxide or the like.
The organic compound layers (e.g., the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, the electron blocking layer, the light-emitting layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron transport layer, and the electron injection layer) constituting the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment are formed by any of the following methods. Specifically, a dry process such as vacuum deposition, ion plating, sputtering, or plasma deposition can be used to form the organic compound layers. Instead of the dry process, a wet process in which a solution in an appropriate solvent is applied by a known coating method (e.g., spin coating, dipping, casting, the LB technique, or an ink jet method) to form a layer can also be used. When the layers are formed by, for example, vacuum deposition or solution coating, the layers are unlikely to undergo crystallization or the like and are highly stable over time. When a coating method is used for film formation, an appropriate binder resin can be used in combination to form a film. Examples of the binder resin include, but are not limited to, polyvinylcarbazole resins, polycarbonate resins, polyester resins, ABS resins, acrylic resins, polyimide resins, phenol resins, epoxy resins, silicone resins, and urea resins. The binder resins may be used alone as a homopolymer or copolymer or may be used as a mixture of two or more. In addition, known additives such as plasticizers, antioxidants, and UV absorbers may optionally be used in combination.
Device and Apparatus Including Organic Light-Emitting Element
The organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment can be used as a constituent member of a display device or an illumination apparatus. Other applications include an exposure light source in an electrophotographic image-forming apparatus, a backlight in a liquid crystal display, and a light-emitting apparatus including a white light source with a color filter.
The display device may be an image information processor that includes an image input unit to which image information from an area CCD, a linear CCD, a memory card, or the like is input, includes an information-processing unit that processes the input information, and displays the input image on a display unit. The display unit of an image pickup device or an ink-jet printer may have a touch panel function. The touch panel function may be activated by any system, such as an infrared system, an electrostatic capacitive system, a resistive film system, or an electromagnetic induction system. The display device may also be used in a display unit of a multifunctional printer.
The use of a device including the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment enables a stable display with good image quality over a long period of time.
Display Device
A display device according to this embodiment includes a plurality of pixels, and at least one of the pixels includes the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment. The pixels include the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment and an active element. The display device may be used as a display unit of an image display apparatus including an input unit for inputting image information and the display unit for outputting an image.
The interlayer insulating layer 1 may include a transistor and a capacitor element below or inside the interlayer insulating layer 1. The transistor and the first electrode may be electrically connected to each other through a contact hole (not illustrated) or the like.
The insulating layer 3 is also referred to as a bank or a pixel-separating film. The insulating layer 3 is disposed so as to cover the edge of the first electrode and surround the first electrode. A portion in which the insulating layer is not disposed is in contact with the organic compound layer 4 and serves as a light-emitting region.
The organic compound layer 4 includes a hole injection layer 41, a hole transport layer 42, a first light-emitting layer 43, a second light-emitting layer 44, and an electron transport layer 45.
The second electrode 5 may be a transparent electrode, a reflective electrode, or a semitransparent electrode.
The protective layer 6 reduces permeation of water into the organic compound layer. Although the protective layer is illustrated as a single layer, it may be constituted by a plurality of layers. The layers may be constituted by an inorganic compound layer and an organic compound layer.
The color filter 7 is divided into 7R, 7G, and 7B according to their color. The color filter may be formed on a planarizing film (not illustrated). A resin protective layer (not illustrated) may be disposed on the color filter. The color filter may be formed on the protective layer 6. The color filter may be bonded after being formed on a counter substrate such as a glass substrate.
A display device 100 in
The electrodes (anode and cathode) included in the organic light-emitting element 26 and the electrodes (source electrode and drain electrode) included in the TFT need not necessarily be electrically connected to each other in the manner illustrated in
Although the organic compound layer is illustrated as a single layer in the display device 100 in
Although a transistor is used as a switching element in the display device 100 in
The transistor used in the display device 100 in
The transistor included in the display device 100 in
The organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment has an emission luminance that is controlled by a TFT, which is an example of a switching element. Disposing a plurality of organic light-emitting elements in a screen enables a display of an image with different emission luminances. The switching element according to this embodiment need not necessarily be a TFT and may be a transistor formed of low-temperature polysilicon or an active matrix driver formed on a substrate such as a Si substrate. The active matrix driver may also be formed in the substrate. Whether a transistor is provided in the substrate or a TFT is used is chosen depending on the size of the display unit. For example, when the display unit has a size of about 0.5 inches, the organic light-emitting element is preferably disposed on a Si substrate.
The display device may include a plurality of light-emitting elements. The light-emitting elements may include a drive circuit. The drive circuit may be an active matrix-type circuit which independently controls the light emission of a first light-emitting element and a second light-emitting element. The active matrix-type circuit may be voltage programmed or current programmed. The drive circuit includes a pixel circuit for each pixel. The pixel circuit may include a light-emitting element, a transistor that controls the emission luminance of the light-emitting element, a transistor that controls the timing of light emission, a capacitor that holds the gate voltage of the transistor that controls the emission luminance, and a transistor for providing a connection to GND not through the light-emitting element.
The interval between the light-emitting elements constituting a light-emitting apparatus may be 10 μm, 7 μm, or 5 μm or less.
Image Pickup Device
The display device according to this embodiment may be used as a display unit of a photoelectric conversion apparatus, such as an image pickup device, that includes an optical unit including a plurality of lenses and an image pickup element that receives light that has passed through the optical unit. The photoelectric conversion apparatus may include a display unit that displays information acquired by the image pickup element. The display unit may be exposed to the outside of the photoelectric conversion apparatus or disposed in a viewfinder. The photoelectric conversion apparatus may be a digital camera or a digital camcorder.
Electronic Device
The display device according to this embodiment may be used in a display unit of an electronic device such as a mobile terminal. In this case, the display device may have both a display function and an operating function. Examples of the mobile terminal include cellular phones such as smart phones, tablets, and head mount displays.
A display device 1310 in
Illumination Apparatus
The illumination apparatus is, for example, an indoor illumination apparatus. The illumination apparatus may emit light of cool white, day white, or any other color from blue to red. The illumination apparatus may include a modulation circuit that modulates the light. The illumination apparatus may include the organic light-emitting element of the present invention and a power supply circuit connected thereto. The power supply circuit is a circuit that converts AC voltage to DC voltage. The illumination apparatus may include an inverter circuit. Cool white has a color temperature of 4200 K, and day white has a color temperature of 5000 K. The illumination apparatus may include a color filter. The illumination apparatus according to this embodiment may also include a heat dissipation unit. The heat dissipation unit dissipates heat in the apparatus to the outside and is formed of, for example, a metal with high specific heat or liquid silicon.
Moving Object
A moving object according to this embodiment may be, for example, an automobile, a ship, an aircraft, or a drone. The moving object may include a body and a lighting fixture disposed on the body. The lighting fixture may emit light for allowing the position of the body to be recognized. The lighting fixture includes the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment.
Application examples of the display devices according to the above-described embodiments will be described with reference to
The eyeglasses 1600 further include a controller 1603. The controller 1603 functions as a power source for supplying electricity to the image pickup device 1602 and the display device according to any of the embodiments. The controller 1603 controls the operation of the image pickup device 1602 and the display device. The lens 1601 is provided with an optical system for focusing light on the image pickup device 1602.
The gaze of the user toward the displayed image is detected from the captured image of the eyeball obtained by infrared imaging. Any known method can be used for the gaze detection using the captured image of the eyeball. For example, a gaze detection method based on a Purkinje image formed by the reflection of irradiation light on a cornea can be used.
More specifically, a gaze detection process based on a pupil-corneal reflection method is performed. Using the pupil-corneal reflection method, a gaze vector representing the direction (rotation angle) of the eyeball is calculated on the basis of a pupil image and a Purkinje image included in the captured image of the eyeball, whereby the gaze of the user is detected.
A display device according to an embodiment of the present invention may include an image pickup device including a light-receiving element and may control a displayed image on the display device on the basis of the gaze information of the user from the image pickup device.
Specifically, the display device determines, on the basis of the gaze information, a first visual field at which the user gazes and a second visual field other than the first visual field. The first visual field and the second visual field may be determined by the controller of the display device, or may be determined by an external controller and sent therefrom. In a display area of the display device, the display resolution of the first visual field may be controlled to be higher than the display resolution in the second visual field. That is, the resolution in the second visual field may be set to be lower than that in the first visual field.
The display area includes a first display area and a second display area different from the first display area, and an area of high priority is determined from the first display area and the second display area on the basis of the gaze information. The first visual field and the second visual field may be determined by the controller of the display device, or may be determined by an external controller and sent therefrom. The resolution in the area of high priority may be controlled to be higher than the resolution in the area other than the area of high priority. That is, the resolution in an area of relatively low priority may be set to be lower.
AI may be used to determine the first visual field or the area of high priority. AI may be a model configured to estimate, from an image of an eyeball, the angle of gaze and the distance to an object gazed, by using the image of the eyeball and the actual direction of gaze of the eyeball in the image as teaching data. The AI program may be included in the display device, the image pickup device, or an external device. When the AI program is included in the external device, it is transmitted to the display device via communications.
When display control is performed on the basis of visual recognition, smart glasses further including an image pickup device that captures an external image are suitable for use. Smart glasses can display captured external information in real time.
As described above, the use of an apparatus including the organic light-emitting element according to this embodiment enables a stable display with good image quality over a long period of time.
Examples will be described below. It should be noted however, that the present invention is not limited to these Examples.
Synthesis of Exemplary Compound 25
Exemplary compound 25 was synthesized as described below.
In a nitrogen atmosphere, 3.72 g of 3-trifluoromethylphenylboronic acid, 5.0 g of 2-chloro-3-formyl-4-iodopyridine, 40 mL of toluene, 20 mL of ethanol, 40 mL of water, and 5.94 g of sodium carbonate were added to a 200 mL recovery flask. The temperature was raised from room temperature to 90° C., and stirring was performed for 12 hours. Toluene and water were added to the resulting mixture to extract an organic layer. Magnesium sulfate was added to the organic layer, and filtration was performed. After concentration, the resulting product was put through a column using a hexane solution containing 15% ethyl acetate. The resulting liquid was concentrated to obtain 4.16 g of intermediate 1. Its structure was identified by 1H-NMR and GC-MS.
In a nitrogen atmosphere, 7.2 g of (methoxymethyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride and 60 mL of dehydrated THF were added to a 200 mL three-necked recovery flask and stirred. While the reaction vessel was cooled in an ice bath, 3.14 g of potassium tert-butoxide was added in one portion as it was in the form of powder, and stirring was performed for 30 minutes while the reaction vessel was left in the ice bath. After 30 minutes, 4.0 g of intermediate 1 was added as it was in the form of powder. The temperature was returned to room temperature, and stirring was performed for 1 hour. Toluene and water were added to the resulting mixture to extract an organic layer. Magnesium sulfate was added to the organic layer, and filtration was performed. After concentration, the resulting product was put through a column using a hexane solution containing 15% ethyl acetate. The resulting liquid was concentrated to obtain 3.95 g of intermediate 2. Its structure was identified by 1H-NMR and GC-MS.
In a nitrogen atmosphere, 3.5 g of intermediate 2 and 40 mL dichloromethane were added to a 200 mL recovery flask. While the reaction vessel was cooled in an ice bath, 8.37 g of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid was added dropwise. The temperature was returned to room temperature, and stirring was performed for 5 hours. Dichloromethane and water added to the resulting mixture to extract an organic layer. Magnesium sulfate was added to the organic layer, and filtration was performed. After concentration, the resulting product was put through a column using a hexane solution containing 15% ethyl acetate. The resulting liquid was concentrated to obtain 2.67 g of intermediate 3. Its structure was identified by 1H-NMR and GC-MS.
In a nitrogen atmosphere, 2.5 g of intermediate 3, 1.6 g of 3,5-dimethylphenylboronic acid, 0.51 g of tetrakis triphenylphosphine palladium, 50 mL of toluene, 25 mL of ethanol, 50 mL of water, and 2.82 g of sodium carbonate were added to a 300 mL recovery flask. The temperature was raised from room temperature to 90° C., and stirring was performed for 12 hours. Toluene and water were added to the resulting mixture to extract an organic layer. Magnesium sulfate was added to the organic layer, and filtration was performed. After concentration, the resulting product was put through a column using a hexane solution containing 25% ethyl acetate. The resulting liquid was concentrated to obtain 2.24 g of intermediate 4. Its structure was identified by 1H-NMR and GC-MS.
In a nitrogen atmosphere, 2.0 g of intermediate 4, 0.91 g of iridium chloride trihydrate, 100 mL of 2-ethoxyethanol, and 30 mL of water were added to a 300 mL recovery flask. The temperature was raised from room temperature to 120° C., and stirring was performed for 20 hours. Water was added to the resulting mixture, and a precipitated solid was filtered. The residual solid was washed with methanol and hexane to obtain 1.80 g of intermediate 6.
In a nitrogen atmosphere, 1.5 g of intermediate 6, 0.84 g of dipivaloylmethane, 100 mL of 2-ethoxyethanol, and 0.48 g of sodium carbonate were added to a 300 mL recovery flask. The temperature was raised from room temperature to 120° C., and stirring was performed for 5 hours. Water was added to the resulting mixture, and a precipitated solid was filtered. The residual solid was washed with methanol to obtain 1.32 g of exemplary compound 25 of interest.
Exemplary compound 25 obtained was measured for halogen content by combustion ion chromatography, revealing that the Cl content was 1.0 ppm. The results are shown in Example 2 in Table 1.
Exemplary compound 25 synthesized was dissolved in toluene at a concentration of 1.0×10−5 mol/L, and a PL (photoluminescence) spectrum was measured. The spectrum exhibited red light emission at an emission wavelength of 609 nm. Furthermore, a composition containing EM40 dissolved in chlorobenzene and exemplary compound 25 (3 wt %) was formed into a film by a spin coating method, and a PL spectrum was measured. The spectrum exhibited red light emission at an emission wavelength of 631 nm.
Compound A to compound D below, serving as luminescent iridium complexes for use in the device evaluation of Comparative Example 1 to Comparative Example 8, were synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1.
These comparative compounds were also measured for halogen content by combustion ion chromatography as with exemplary compound 25 above, revealing that the Cl content was as follows: compound A, 0.8 ppm; compound B, 1.2 ppm; compound C, 1.6 ppm; compound D, 1.2 ppm. The halogen content of compound A to compound D synthesized in another lot in the same manner as in Example 1 was as follows: compound A, 2.2 ppm; compound B, 3.3 ppm; compound C, 3.1 ppm; compound D, 4.8 ppm. Furthermore, compound A to compound D, compound (10), compound (25), and compound (37), serving as luminescent iridium complexes for use in the device evaluation of Comparative Example 9 to Comparative Example 22, were synthesized in the manner described in PTL 1, and their halogen content was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
In Comparative Example 1, using compound A (halogen content: 0.8 ppm) as a guest compound, an organic light-emitting element having a structure in which an anode/a hole injection layer/a hole transport layer/an electron blocking layer/a light-emitting layer/a hole blocking layer/an electron transport layer/a cathode were sequentially disposed on a substrate was produced in a manner described below.
A glass substrate on which an ITO film as an anode was formed by sputtering so as to be 100 nm thick was used as a transparent conductive supporting substrate (ITO substrate). On this ITO substrate, organic compound layers and electrode layers shown below were successively formed through vacuum deposition by resistance heating in a vacuum chamber at 10−5 Pa such that the electrode area was 3 mm2.
Next, the organic light-emitting element was covered with a protective glass plate in a dry air atmosphere and sealed with an acrylic resin adhesive to prevent the element from deteriorating due to moisture adsorption. In this manner, the organic light-emitting element was obtained. The organic light-emitting element obtained was measured for operating lifetime by supplying a constant current of 20 mA/cm2 between the ITO electrode as an anode and the Al electrode as a cathode, revealing that LT95 (time (hr) taken for luminance to attenuate to 95% of initial luminance) was 85 hours. In Comparative Example 2, an organic light-emitting element was produced in the same manner using compound A (halogen content: 2.2 ppm) synthesized in another lot and measured for operating lifetime, revealing that LT95 was 80 hours.
In Comparative Example 3 to Comparative Example 22, organic light-emitting elements were each produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the guest material was replaced with compound B, compound C, compound D, exemplary compound (10), exemplary compound (25), or exemplary compound (37). The elements obtained were measured for operating lifetime in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1.
In these Examples, elements were each produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the guest material of the light-emitting layer was replaced with exemplary compound (25), exemplary compound (34), exemplary compound (10), or exemplary compound (37). The elements obtained were evaluated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
In Examples 2 to 8, which are compounds according to the present invention in each of which a benzoisoquinoline skeleton has a CF3 group as an electron-withdrawing substituent and an ancillary ligand is provided only with methyl groups which are alkyl groups having one carbon atom, LT95 values are larger than those of compounds (compound A and compound D) in each of which a benzoisoquinoline skeleton is not provided with an electron-withdrawing substituent, a compound (compound B) having a weak electron-withdrawing group, and a compound (compound C) including an ancillary ligand having more than one carbon atom, indicating significant improvements in operating lifetime. As described above, using a ligand having a specific substituent and an ancillary ligand having a specific substituent can improve durability.
The increase (hr) in operating lifetime (LT95) per ppm of halogen content calculated based on the results in Table 1 is shown in Table 2. It has been confirmed that exemplary compound (25), exemplary compound (10), and exemplary compound (37) according to the present invention, as compared to known compound A and compound D, exhibit a large increase in operating lifetime per ppm of halogen content reduction, particularly in the case of a halogen content of less than 5 ppm. That is, the durability-improving effect of the compositions according to the present invention resulting from the reduction in residual halogen content to less than 5 ppm are significantly greater than those of conventional compounds.
As described above, it has been found that the iridium complex according to the present invention can provide an organic light-emitting element with improved lifetime.
According to the present invention, a composition containing an iridium complex having high durability can be provided.
While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-185369 | Nov 2020 | JP | national |
This application is a Continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2021/040507, filed Nov. 4, 2021, which claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-185369, filed Nov. 5, 2020, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2021/040507 | Nov 2021 | US |
| Child | 18311767 | US |
