Patent Application
20180098960
The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis which comprises a naphthoquinone-based compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a prodrug, a solvate, or an isomer thereof as an active ingredient, or a health food for the prevention and improvement of pancreatitis comprising the same.
The pancreas is a long and flat organ having the length of 13 cm and the weight of about 100 g. The pancreas is located deep in the upper part of the belly button, under the stomach in the retroperitoneum. The important role of pancreas is the following two: the exocrine function to secret digestive enzymes necessary for the digestion and absorption of food, and the endocrine function involved in hormone secretion to regulate in vivo metabolism like insulin regulating sugar.
Pancreatitis is a disease developed by the inflammation in the pancreas, which is divided into acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic juice contains such digestive enzymes as amylase (hydrolyze carbohydrate), trypsin (hydrolyze protein), and lipase (hydrolyze fat). Pancreatitis is developed when autolysis of the pancreas is induced by the enzymes above because the pancreatic juice does not flow smoothly due to alcohol abuse and gallstones, etc. There are two kinds of pancreatitis in general, which are mild type pancreatitis accompanied by interstitial edema and peripancreatic fat necrosis around the pancreas; and severe type pancreatitis accompanied by broad peripancreatic and intrapancreatic fat necrosis, pancreatic parenchymal necrosis, and hemorrhage (Bank PA., Am. J. gastroenterol., 89, pp151-152, 1994.; Bradley EL., Arch. Surg., 128, pp586-590, 1993.; Kim, C. H., Korean Journal of Gastroenterology, 46, pp321-332, 2005).
Pancreatitis is not only developed by the biliary disease caused by alcohol abuse and gallstones but also by various other reasons including metabolic disorders, drugs, and abdominal damage, etc. Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease causing damage in pancreatic acinar cells, extensive interstitial edema, hemorrhage, and migration of neutrophilic granulocytes to the site of injury. Approximately 20% of pancreatitis patients undergo a severe clinical course involving multiple organ failures and systemic complications such as pancreatic necrosis and injury, with a high mortality rate of approximately 30%. The exact pathophysiological mechanism of pancreatitis has not been disclosed but is believed to be an autolysis process caused by the early activation of protease precursors in the pancreas. That is, once a digestive enzyme is abnormally prematurely activated in pancreas acinar cells, the pancreatic acinus itself is digested and accordingly the inflammation occurs to cause the separation and death of the pancreatic tissues. It has recently been reported that the activated macrophages infiltrating into pancreas after injury of pancreas acinar cells induce the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as a response to the tissue damage, suggesting that the macrophages play an important role in circulation of inflammatory cells, pancreatic edema, and actual pancreas destruction.
The progression of acute pancreatitis can be divided into three stages; which are local inflammatory response, systemic inflammatory response causing one or multiple organ failure, and inflammation by the migration of intestinal bacteria into the pancreas. The early pathophysiological mechanism of pancreatitis has not been disclosed, yet. However, it has recently been known that when macrophages move into the pancreas after injury of pancreas acinar cells and induce the secretion of cytokines (IL-1 (interleukin-1), IL-6, and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α)) in response to the tissue damage. The said cytokines play an important role in inflammatory cell circulation, pancreatic edema, and actual pancreas destruction. In the serum of acute pancreatitis patients, the increase of cytokines is observed. This increase is significantly higher in the cases with complications such as pancreatic necrosis, systemic inflammatory response, multiple organ failure, etc.
Several experimental treatment methods have been proposed to alleviate the severity of pancreatitis and inhibit the development of complications in various organs. However, when these experimental treatment methods were applied to patients, the effect was not so great, so that there are no approved drugs so far in relation to the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis.
In the meantime, the naphthoquinone-based compounds are known as active ingredients in some pharmaceutical compositions. Among them, β-lapachone is obtained from the laphacho tree (Tabebuia avellanedae) growing in South America, and dunnione and alpha-dunnione are obtained from the leaves of Streptocarpus dunnii growing in South America. Such natural tricyclic naphthoquinone derivatives have long been used as an anticancer agent and for the treatment of Chagas disease, one of the most representative endemic diseases in South America, and the effect thereof has been proved to be excellent. Since the pharmacological activity of the above compounds as an anticancer agent was known to the western world, they have been drawing people's attention and thereafter as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,263, these tricyclic naphthoquinone derivatives have been developed as various types of anticancer agents by many study groups. Nevertheless, there is no report that these naphthoquinone-based compounds are effective in treating pancreatitis.
Thus, the present inventors have been tried to find out a material that is efficient in preventing and treating pancreatitis. In the course of our study, the inventors confirmed that the naphthoquinone-based compounds β-lapachone and dunnione could reduce the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, which is increased by pancreatitis; reduce the increased activities of digestive enzymes (amylase and lipase); reduce the expressions of cytokines (IL-1β (interleukin-1β) and MCP-1); reduce or inhibit the inflammation, edema, and cell necrosis of the pancreatic tissues; and inhibit the lung damage caused by pancreatitis, leading to the completion of this invention by proving the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer of the same could be effectively used as a composition for the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis which comprises a naphthoquinone-based compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a prodrug, a solvate, or an isomer of the same as an active ingredient.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis which comprises the compound represented by formula 1 or formula 2 below, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof as an active ingredient:
The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis mediated disease which comprises the compound represented by formula 1 or formula 2, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof as an active ingredient.
The present invention further provides a health functional food for the prevention and improvement of pancreatitis which comprises the compound represented by formula 1 or formula 2, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof as an active ingredient.
In addition, the present invention provides a health functional food for the prevention and improvement of pancreatitis mediated disease which comprises the compound represented by formula 1 or formula 2, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof as an active ingredient.
The present invention relates to a composition for the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis comprising a naphthoquinone-based compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a prodrug, a solvate, or an isomer of the same. Particularly, the naphthoquinone-based compounds β-lapachone and dunnione can reduce the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, which is increased by pancreatitis; reduce the increased activities of digestive enzymes (amylase and lipase); reduce the expressions of cytokines (IL-1β (interleukin-1β) and MCP-1); reduce or inhibit the inflammation, edema, and cell necrosis of the pancreatic tissues; and inhibit the lung damage caused by pancreatitis. Therefore, the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the pro-drug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof can be effectively used as a composition for the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis.
The application of the preferred embodiments of the present invention is best understood with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
#p<0.05: comparison between the normal control group and the caerulein treated group; and *p<0.05: comparison between the caerulein treated group and the β-lapachone treated group or comparison between the caerulein treated group and the dunnione treated group.
#p<0.05: comparison between the normal control group and the caerulein treated group; and
*p<0.05: comparison between the caerulein treated group and the β-lapachone treated group or comparison between the caerulein treated group and the dunnione treated group.
Cont: normal group;
CAE: caerulein treated group;
β-Lap: β-lapachone treated group;
CAE+β-Lap 10: caerulein and β-lapachone treated group (10 mg/kg);
CAE+β-Lap 20: caerulein and β-lapachone treated group (20 mg/kg);
CAE+β-Lap 40: caerulein and β-lapachone treated group (40 mg/kg);
Dunnione: dunnione treated group;
CAE+Dunnione 10: caerulein and dunnione treated group (10 mg/kg);
CAE+Dunnione 20: caerulein and dunnione treated group (20 mg/kg);
CAE+Dunnione 40: caerulein and dunnione treated group (40 mg/kg);
#p<0.05: comparison between the normal control group and the caerulein treated group; and
*p<0.05: comparison between the caerulein treated group and the β-lapachone treated group or comparison between the caerulein treated group and the dunnione treated group.
Cont: normal group;
CAE: caerulein treated group;
β-Lap 40: β-lapachone treated group (40 mg/kg);
CAE+β-Lap 40: caerulein and β-lapachone treated group (40 mg/kg);
#p<0.05: comparison between the normal control group and the caerulein treated group; and
NS: Non-significant, comparison between the caerulein treated group and the β-lapachone treated group.
#p<0.05: comparison between the normal control group and the caerulein treated group; and
NS: Non-significant, comparison between the caerulein treated group and the β-lapachone treated group.
Cont: normal group;
CAE: caerulein treated group;
β-Lap 40: β-lapachone treated group (40 mg/kg);
CAE+β-Lap 10: caerulein and β-lapachone treated group (10 mg/kg);
CAE+β-Lap 20: caerulein and β-lapachone treated group (20 mg/kg);
CAE+β-Lap 40: caerulein and β-lapachone treated group (40 Mg/kg);
#p<0.05: comparison between the normal control group and the caerulein treated group; and
*p<0.05: comparison between the caerulein treated group and the β-lapachone treated group.
Cont: normal group;
CAE: caerulein treated group;
β-Lap: β-lapachone treated group;
CAE+β-Lap 10: caerulein and β-lapachone treated group (10 Mg/kg);
CAE+β-Lap 20: caerulein and β-lapachone treated group (20 mg/kg); and
CAE+β-Lap 40: caerulein and β-lapachone treated group (40 mg/kg).
Cont: normal group;
CAE: caerulein treated group;
Dunnione: dunnione treated group;
CAE+Dunnione 10: caerulein and dunnione treated group (10 mg/kg);
CAE+Dunnione 20: caerulein and dunnione treated group (20 mg/kg); and
CAE+Dunnione 40: caerulein and dunnione treated group (40 mg/kg).
Hereinafter, the present invention is described in detail.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the present inventors induced pancreatitis in a mouse by administering caerulein (50 μg/kg) intraperitoneally 6 times at 1 hour intervals. The mouse was orally administered with β-lapachone (β-Lap) and dunnione a day before the caerulein administration to prepare the pancreatitis animal model. The weight of pancreas was measured and the ratio of the pancreas weight by the body weight was calculated. As a result, while the ratio of pancreas weight/body weight of the caerulein treated group was significantly increased, compared with that of the control group, the ratio of pancreas weight/body weight of the β-lapachone and dunnione treated group was significantly reduced dose-dependently (see
The present inventors investigated the activities of amylase and lipase, the digestive enzymes synthesized and secreted in pancreatic cells. As a result, the activity levels of both amylase and lipase in serum were higher in the caerulein treated group than in the normal control group, while the activities were significantly reduced in the β-lapachone treated group and the dunnione treated group dose-dependently (see
To confirm whether or not the protective effect of β-lapachone was attributed to the pathway of NQO1 enzyme, the morphological changes of the pancreatic tissue, the weight of pancreas, the activities of amylase and lipase in serum, and the concentration of IL-1β in serum in the NQO1 knockout (KO) mouse were investigated. As a result, there was no significant difference between the caerulein treated group and the β-lapachone treated group (see
The present inventors also investigated the protective effect of β-lapachone and dunnione, the naphthoquinone-based compounds, on the lung damage caused by pancreatitis. As a result, the lung damage caused by caerulein was suppressed by the co-treatment with β-lapachone in C57/BL6 mouse dose-dependently. However, in the NQO1 knock out mouse, even the co-treatment with β-lapachone could not protect lung from being damaged (see
Therefore, the present inventors confirmed that the naphthoquinone-based compounds β-lapachone and dunnione can reduce the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, which is increased by pancreatitis; reduce the increased activities of digestive enzymes; reduce the expressions of cytokines; reduce or inhibit the inflammation, edema, and cell necrosis in the pancreatic tissues; and inhibit the lung damage caused by pancreatitis. Therefore, the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof can be effectively used as an active ingredient of a composition for the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis.
The naphthoquinone-based compound of the present invention can be used as a form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, in which the salt is preferably acid addition salt formed by pharmaceutically acceptable free acids. The acid addition salt herein can be obtained from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydriodic acid, nitrous acid, and phosphorous acid; non-toxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono/dicarboxylate, phenyl-substituted alkanoate, hydroxy alkanoate, alkandioate, aromatic acids, and aliphatic/aromatic sulfonic acids; or organic acids such as acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, gluconic acid, methanesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, tartaric acid, and fumaric acid. The pharmaceutically non-toxic salts are exemplified by sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulphite, bisulphite, nitrate, phosphate, monohydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutylate, caprate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, cabacate, fumarate, maliate, butyne-1,4-dioate, hexane-1,6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, terephthalate, benzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, chlorobenzenesulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutylate, citrate, lactate, hydroxybutylate, glycolate, malate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate and mandelate.
The acid addition salt in this invention can be prepared by the conventional method known to those in the art. For example, the naphthoquinone-based compound of the present invention is dissolved in an organic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, methylenechloride, or acetonitrile, to which organic acid or inorganic acid is added to induce precipitation. Then, the precipitate is filtered and dried to give the salt. Or the same amount of the naphthoquinone-based compound and an acid or alcohol in water were heated, then the mixture was evaporated and dried or the precipitated salt was suction-filtered to give the same.
A pharmaceutically acceptable metal salt can be prepared by using a base. Alkali metal or alkali earth metal salt is obtained by the following processes: dissolving the compound in excessive alkali metal hydroxide or alkali earth metal hydroxide solution; filtering non-soluble compound salt; evaporating the remaining solution and drying thereof. At this time, the metal salt is preferably prepared in the pharmaceutically suitable form of sodium, potassium, or calcium salt. And the corresponding silver salt is prepared by the reaction of alkali metal or alkali earth metal salt with proper silver salt (ex; silver nitrate).
The present invention includes not only the naphthoquinone-based compound of the present invention but also a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a solvate, a hydrate, or an optical isomer possibly produced from the same.
The addition salt in this invention can be prepared by the conventional method known to those in the art. For example, the naphthoquinone-based compound of the present invention is dissolved in water-miscible organic solvent such as acetone, methanol, ethanol, or acetonitrile, to which excessive organic acid or acid aqueous solution of inorganic acid is added to induce precipitation or crystallization. Then, the solvent or the excessive acid is evaporated from the mixture, followed by drying the mixture to give addition salt or suction-filtering the precipitated salt to give the same.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprising the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer of the same as an active ingredient can be administered orally or parenterally and be used in general forms of pharmaceutical formulation, but not always limited thereto.
The formulations for oral administration are exemplified by tablets, pills, hard/soft capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, granules, elixirs, and troches, etc. These formulations can include diluents (for example, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, and/or glycine) and lubricants (for example, silica, talc, stearate and its magnesium or calcium salt, and/or polyethylene glycol) in addition to the active ingredient. Tablets can include binding agents such as magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and/or polyvinylpyrolidone, and if necessary disintegrating agents such as starch, agarose, alginic acid or its sodium salt or azeotropic mixtures and/or absorbents, coloring agents, flavours, and sweeteners can be additionally included thereto.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprising the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer of the same as an active ingredient can be administered by parenterally and the parenteral administration includes subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection and intrathoracic injection. To prepare the composition as a formulation for parenteral administration, the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer of the same of the present invention are mixed with a stabilizer or a buffering agent to produce a solution or suspension, which is then formulated as ampoules or vials. The composition herein can be sterilized and additionally contains preservatives, stabilizers, wettable powders or emulsifiers, salts and/or buffers for the regulation of osmotic pressure, and other therapeutically useful materials, and the composition can be formulated by the conventional mixing, granulating or coating method.
The effective dosage of the composition of the present invention can be adjusted according to the age, weight, and gender of patient, administration pathway, health condition, severity of disease, etc. For example, the effective dosage is 0.001˜1,000 mg/day, and preferably 0.01˜500 mg/day based on adult patients weighing 60 kg, which can be administered 1˜several times a day or the dosage can be divided and administered several times a day at a regular interval according to the judgment of a doctor or a pharmacist.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention contains the naphthoquinone-based compound at the concentration of 0.01˜100 weight %, which can be varied with the form of medicine.
The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis mediated disease which comprises the compound represented by formula 1 or formula 2, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof as an active ingredient.
The pancreatitis mediated disease herein is preferably one or more diseases selected from the group consisting of lung damage, sepsis, renal failure, pleural effusion, multiple organ failure, and multiple organ damage.
The naphthoquinone-based compounds, β-lapachone and dunnione, of the present invention were confirmed to reduce the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, which is increased by pancreatitis; reduce the increased activities of digestive enzymes; reduce the expressions of cytokines; reduce or inhibit the inflammation, edema, and cell necrosis of the pancreatic tissues; and inhibit the lung damage caused by pancreatitis. Therefore, the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the pro-drug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof can be effectively used as an active ingredient of a composition for the prevention and treatment of pancreatitis.
The present invention further provides a health functional food for the prevention and improvement of pancreatitis which comprises the compound represented by formula 1 or formula 2, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof as an active ingredient.
The said pancreatitis is preferably chronic pancreatitis or acute pancreatitis.
The said health functional food preferably includes a sitologically acceptable carrier, an excipient, or a diluent, but not always limited thereto.
The naphthoquinone-based compounds, β-lapachone and dunnione, of the present invention were confirmed to reduce the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, which is increased by pancreatitis; reduce the increased activities of digestive enzymes; reduce the expressions of cytokines; reduce or inhibit the inflammation, edema, and cell necrosis of the pancreatic tissues; and inhibit the lung damage caused by pancreatitis. Therefore, the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the pro-drug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof can be effectively used as an active ingredient of a health functional food for the prevention and improvement of pancreatitis.
To be used for the prevention and improvement of pancreatitis as mentioned above, the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the pro-drug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof of the present invention can be prepared by various methods informed to those in the field of sitology or pharmacology. It can be prepared as it is or processed into any food form that can be taken orally by mixing them with a sitologically acceptable carrier, an excipient, or a diluent. Preferably, it can be prepared in the form of beverages, pills, granules, tablets, or capsules.
The health functional food of the present invention can additionally include any sitologically acceptable component that can be generally added to the preparation process of a food product. For example, when the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the pro-drug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof of the present invention is prepared as a beverage, one or more components selected from the group consisting of citric acid, liquid fructose, sugar, glucose, acetic acid, malic acid, and fruit juice can be added thereto.
The amount of the active ingredient of the present invention added to the health functional food can be adjusted according to age, gender, weight, health condition, or disease condition of a target subject for the prevention and improvement of pancreatitis, and the preferable dosage is 0.01˜10.0 g per day (for adults). This dosage is efficient for the health functional food of the present invention to bring the prevention and improvement effect on pancreatitis.
In the preparation of the health functional food according to the present invention, the health functional food can contain the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the pro-drug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof at the concentration of 0.01˜100 weight %, which can be varied with the form of the health functional food.
In addition, the present invention provides a health functional food for the prevention and improvement of pancreatitis mediated disease which comprises the compound represented by formula 1 or formula 2, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the prodrug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof as an active ingredient.
The pancreatitis mediated disease herein is preferably one or more diseases selected from the group consisting of lung damage, sepsis, renal failure, pleural effusion, multiple organ failure, and multiple organ damage, but not always limited thereto.
The naphthoquinone-based compounds, β-lapachone and dunnione, of the present invention were confirmed to reduce the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, which is increased by pancreatitis; reduce the increased activities of digestive enzymes; reduce the expressions of cytokines; reduce or inhibit the inflammation, edema, and cell necrosis of the pancreatic tissues; and inhibit the lung damage caused by pancreatitis. Therefore, the naphthoquinone-based compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the pro-drug, the solvate, or the isomer thereof can be effectively used as an active ingredient of a health functional food for the prevention and improvement of pancreatitis mediated disease.
Practical and presently preferred embodiments of the present invention are illustrative as shown in the following Examples.
However, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, on consideration of this disclosure, may make modifications and improvements within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
β-lapachone is obtained in a relatively small amount from lapacho trees, but lapachol, which is a raw material of β-lapachone synthesis, is obtained in a relatively large amount from lapacho trees. So, a method to synthesize β-lapachone by using lapachone was developed a long time ago. According to the method, β-lapachone can be obtained with a relatively good yield by mixing lapachol and sulfuric acid and stirring the mixture vigorously at room temperature.
In this example, in order to synthesize lapachol, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (17.4 g, 0.10 M) was dissolved in DMSO (120 ml), to which LiH (0.88 g, 0.11 M) was slowly added. At this time, hydrogen could be generated, which needed to be carefully watched. During stirring the reaction solution, when the generation of hydrogen was not observed any more, the mixture was stirred further for 30 minutes, to which prenyl bromide (1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene, 15.9 g, 0.10 M) and LiI (3.35 g, 0.025 M) were slowly added. Then, the reaction solution was heated at 45□ and then stirred vigorously for 12 hours. The reaction solution was cooled down at 10□ or under, to which ice (76 g) was added and then water (250 ml) was added stepwise. The reaction solution was kept acidic (pH 1) by slowly adding concentrated hydrochloric acid (25 ml). EtOAc (200 ml) was added to the reaction mixture, followed by stirring vigorously. As a result, a white solid that was not dissolved in EtOAc was generated. The obtained white solid was filtered and EtOAc layer was separated. Water layer was extracted by using EtOAc (100 ml) again, which was mixed with the organic layer extracted earlier. The organic layer was washed with 5% NaHCO3 (150 ml), followed by concentration. The concentrate was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (200 ml), followed by separation using 2N NaOH (70 ml) with vigorous stirring. CH2Cl2 layer was separated twice by using 2 N NaOH aqueous solution (70 ml×2). The separated solutions were combined together and pH of the mixed solution was adjusted to pH 2 by using concentrated HCl. Then, a solid was generated therein, which was separated by filtering. As a result, lapachol was obtained. The obtained lapachol proceeded to recrystallization by using 75% EtOH. The mixture was vigorously stirred with sulfuric acid (80 ml) at room temperature for 10 minutes, to which ice (200 g) was loaded to terminate the reaction.
The above process can be expressed with the following formula.
Next, CH2Cl2 (60 ml) was added thereto, and then the mixture was vigorously stirred. CH2Cl2 layer was separated and washed with 5% NaHCO3. Water layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (30 ml)once again and then washed with 5% NaHCO3. The extracted water layer was mixed with the organic layer extracted earlier. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4 and then concentrated, resulting in the obtainment of impure β-lapachone. The obtained impure β-lapachone was recrystallized by using isopropanol. As a result, pure β-lapachone (8.37 g) was obtained.
1H-NMR (CDC13, δ): 8.05 (1H, dd, J=1, 8Hz), 7.82 (1H, dd, J=1, 8 Hz), 7.64 (1H, dt, J=1, 8 Hz), 7.50 (1H, dt, J=1, 8 Hz), 2.57 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 1.86 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz) 1.47 (6H, s).
The solid not dissolved in EtOAc, which was separated during the production of lapachol in Example 1 was O-alkylated 2-prenyloxy-1,4-maphthoquinone, which was a different material from the C-alkylated lapachol. The obtained O-alkylated 2-prenyloxy-1,4-maphthoquinone was recrystallized by using EtOAc once again for the purification. The purified solid (3.65 g, 0.015 M) was dissolved in toluene, followed by reflux for 5 hours to induce claisen rearrangement. The toluene was concentrated by distillation under reduced pressure, which was mixed with sulfuric acid (15 ml) without any further purification process, followed by vigorous stirring at room temperature for 10 minutes. Ice (100 g) was added thereto to terminate the reaction. CH2Cl2 (50 ml) was added thereto as a reactant, and then the mixture was stirred vigorously. CH2Cl2 layer was separated and washed with 5% NaHCO3. Water layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (20 ml)once again and then washed with 5% NaHCO3. The extracted water layer was mixed with the organic layer extracted earlier. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4 and then concentrated, followed by silica gel chromatography. As a result, pure dunnione (2.32 g) was obtained.
1H-NMR (CDC13, δ): 8.05 (1H, d, J=8Hz), 7.64 (2H, d,
J=8Hz), 7.56 (1H, m), 4.67 (1H, q, J=7Hz), 1.47 (3H, d, J=7Hz), 1.45(3H, s) 1.27 (3H, s).
2-Prenyloxy-1,4-maphthoquinone (4.8 g, 0.020 M) purified in Example 2 was dissolved in xylene, followed by reflux for 15 hours. Claisen rearrangement was induced at a higher temperature for a longer time than those of Example 1. In this process, α-dunnione in which claisen rearrangement and cyclization reaction with the lapachol derivative wherein one of two methyl groups has migrated were accomplished was obtained. Then, xylene was concentrated by distillation under reduced pressure, followed by silica gel chromatography. As a result, pure α-dunnione (1.65 g) was obtained.
1H-NMR (CDC13, δ): 8.06 (1H, d, J=8Hz), 7.64 (2H, m), 7.57 (1H, m), 3.21 (1H, q, J=7Hz), 1.53 (3H, s), 1.51(3H, s) 1.28 (3H, d, J=7Hz).
In this invention, C57BL/6 mice at the body weight of about 22±2 g were used. All the mice were raised in a sterile animal laboratory with constant temperature (22˜26□) and humidity (55˜60%). The mice were adapted for 1 week while feeding with normal solid feed (Samtaco Korea) and water. All the experiments were performed according to the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals set by Wonkwang University. Among the many methods for inducing pancreatitis, the caerulein mediated pancreatitis model is the most common animal model due to the excellent reproducibility and economic feasibility, and accordingly this animal model has been well studied relatively by many research groups particularly about the development mechanism of the disease. All the experimental animals stopped being supplied with feeds from 16 hours before the experiment except the normal group, and from that moment caerulein (50 μg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered 6 times at one hour interval to induce pancreatitis. One day before the caerulein administration, β-lapachone (β-Lap) and dunnione were orally administered in order to investigate the preventive effect of β-lapachone and dunnione on caerulein mediated pancreatitis. After inducing pancreatitis by administering caerulein (50 μg/kg) intra-intraperitoneally 6 times at one hour interval, 6 hours after the final caerulein administration, β-lapachone was intravenously injected, followed by the investigation of the treatment effect of β-lapachone on caerulein mediated pancreatitis.
When pancreatitis is developed, the weight of pancreas is known to be increased because of edema. Thus, blood was extracted from all the animals finished with the experiment and then the ratio of the pancreas weight to the body weight was measured.
Particularly, the animal model prepared by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 1 was treated with β-lapachone and dunnione at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg), to which caerulein (50 μg/kg) was administered to induce pancreatitis. After blood was extracted, the pancreas was cut out and the weight of the pancreas to the body weight was measured by the pancreas weight (wet pancreas weight)/body weight (wet body weight) formula of Grady method.
As a result, as shown in
Pancreas is the organ that synthesizes protein most actively, so that it synthesizes and secrets 6-20 mg of digestive proteins a day. These digestive enzymes have a strong proteolytic activity, so that various safety systems are working in pancreatic acinar cells to prevent self-digestion of pancreas. Pancreatitis occurs by the self-digestion of pancreas induced when the digestive enzymes normally synthesized and secreted in pancreas cells as inactive precursors is abnormally early activated. Thus, the present inventors investigated the activities of amylase and lipase in serum.
Particularly, the animal model prepared by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 1 was treated with β-lapachone or dunnione by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 2, followed by caerulein administration. Serum was obtained and then OD595 and OD412 were measured by using amylase activity analysis kit (DAMY-100; BioAssay Systems, USA) and lipase activity analysis kit (DLPS-100; BioAssay Systems, USA) to investigate the activities of amylase and lipase.
As a result, as shown in
Pancreatitis is caused by the damage of pancreas cells by self-activation of digestive enzymes in pancreatic acinar cells. When various immune cells are activated to cause inflammation, the damage of pancreas is enlarged. Then, various humoral factors including inflammatory cytokines produced from the immune cells are involved in the inducement of systemic organ damage. The most representative factors involved in the activation of immune cells causing inflammatory reaction in pancreatitis are TNF-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6. Particularly, serum IL-1β and TNF-α are up-regulated in the case of pancreatitis. According to the previous reports, they are also closely related to the severity of pancreatitis. The experiment using the interleukin 1 knock-out mouse proved that when interleukin 1 receptor antagonist was treated to the animal, the development of pancreatitis was inhibited, indicating that IL-1β was a major factor to cause pancreatitis. Therefore, any change in the expression of IL-1β was investigated.
Particularly, the animal model prepared by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 1 was treated with β-lapachone or dunnione by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 2, followed by caerulein administration. Serum was obtained from the animal model and then the level of serum IL-1β was measured by using mouse IL-1β ELISA kit (BD, USA). First, nasal lavage fluid or diluted serum was loaded in the 96-well plate coated with the mouse IL-1β specific antibody, followed by reaction at room temperature for 2 hours. After washing the plate, biotin conjugate was added thereto, followed by reaction at room temperature for 1 hour. After washing the plate, streptavidin-HRP working solution was added thereto, followed by reaction. After washing the plate again, stabilized chromogen was added thereto, followed by reaction. Then, OD450 was measured. In addition, the expression of IL-1β in pancreas was confirmed by real-time PCR in each pancreas tissue. To extract total RNA, 1 mL of TRIzol (Invitrogen, USA) was added to 20 mg of each pancreas tissue, which stood on ice for 5 minutes to lyse cells. 200 μL of chloroform was added thereto, followed by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was obtained and transferred into a new tube, to which equal amount of isopropanol was added, followed by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 10 minutes to separate RNA. 99% ethanol was added thereto, followed by centrifugation at 2,000 rpm. After washing once again, the RNA pellet was dried in air and then dissolved in diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) water. The RNA was quantified by using Nanodrop 2000 (Thermo, USA). 2 μg of total RNA was heated with DEPC together at 70□ for 15 minutes, which was added to Reverse Transcription Premix (Invitrogen, USA) containing oligo (dT), whose final volume was adjusted to be 20 μL. The reaction mixture was reacted at 42□ for 55 minutes and at 70□ for 15 minutes to synthesize cDNA. The synthesized cDNA was used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To amplify IL-1β and GAPDH from the obtained cDNA, PCR was performed with 2 μL of the cDNA diluted 5 times in DEPC, 0.5 μL of primer, 7 μL of DEPC water, and 10 μL of SYBR green Master Mix (Invitrogen Life Technology, USA) using StepOne Plus Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, USA). Reaction condition was as follows: 50□ for 2 minutes, 95□ for 10 minutes, 95□ for 10 seconds and 60□ for 1 minute, and this cycle was repeated 40 times. Primer sequences of the genes to be amplified are shown in Table 1 below.
As a result, as shown in
<4-2> Inhibitory effect of β-lapachone and dunnione on the expression of MCP-1
For the infiltration of inflammatory cells, a series of processes such as activation of inflammatory cells and migration of inflammatory cells from blood vessels into tissues are required. Chemokine is a kind of cytokine that helps inflammatory cells to move to tissue sites with its activity such as chemokinesis and chemotaxis. In particular, in the case of pancreatitis, MCP-1 is known to be involved in the developments of pancreatitis and lung damage, the pancreatitis complication. Thus, the present inventors investigated the MCP-1 expression pattern.
Particularly, the animal model prepared by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 1 was treated with β-lapachone or dunnione and caerulein by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 2. RT-PCR was performed with each pancreas tissue by the same manner as described in Example <4-1> to investigate the expression pattern of MCP-1. Primer sequences of the genes to be amplified are shown in Table 2 below.
As a result, as shown in
The present inventors investigated the morphological changes of pancreas tissue based on the previous reports saying that inflammation, edema, and cell necrosis were found in pancreatitis.
Particularly, the animal model prepared by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 1 was treated with β-lapachone or dunnione and caerulein by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 2. Pancreas tissues were separated, fixed in 10% formalin for 24 hours at 4□, demineralized with 10% ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA, pH 7.4) solution, washed, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and cut into 5 μm sections. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, followed by observation under optical microscope.
As a result, as shown in
β-lapachone is known as a co-substrate of NQO-1 (NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1). So, in order to confirm whether or not the pancreas protection effect of β-lapachone was via the activation pathway of NQO-1, the morphological changes of pancreas were investigated in NQO-1 knock out mouse.
Particularly, NQO-1 knock out mouse was treated with β-lapachone or dunnione and caerulein by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 2. Then, the pancreas tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 5, followed by observation under optical microscope.
As a result, as shown in
To confirm whether or not the protective effect of β-lapachone on pancreatitis was via the activation pathway of NQO-1 enzyme, the present inventors investigated the weight of pancreas, the activities of serum amylase and lipase, and the concentration of serum IL-1β in NQO-1 knock out mouse.
Particularly, NQO-1 knock out mouse was treated with β-lapachone or dunnione and caerulein by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 2. Then, the ratio of the pancreas weight to the body weight was calculated by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 2. The activities of serum amylase and lipase were measured using a kit by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 3. The concentration of serum IL-1β was measured using ELISA kit by the same manner as described in Experimental Example <4-1>.
As a result, as shown in
The therapeutic effect of β-lapachone on pancreatitis induced by caerulein was investigated.
Particularly, the animal model prepared by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 1 was administrated with caerulein (50 μg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection 6 times at one hour interval to induce pancreatitis. Six hours after the final caerulein administration, β-lapachone was intravenously injected. The pancreas was extracted and the morphological changes of the pancreas tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 5.
As a result, as shown in
Pancreatitis induces complications (especially respiratory failure) in various organs and is a serious disease with a mortality rate of about 20% in this case. Thus, the present inventors confirmed that the pancreatitis-induced lung damage could be suppressed by β-lapachone.
Particularly, C57/BL6 mouse and NQO-1 knock out mouse prepared by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 1 were treated with β-lapachone and caerulein by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 2. Then, the pancreas tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 5, followed by observation under optical microscope.
As a result, as shown in
The present inventors confirmed that the pancreatitis-induced lung damage could be suppressed by dunnione.
Particularly, C57/BL6 mouse prepared by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 1 was treated with dunnione and caerulein by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 2. Then, the pancreas tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin by the same manner as described in Experimental Example 5, followed by observation under optical microscope.
As a result, as shown in
Based on the results above, the naphthoquinone-based compounds β-lapachone and dunnione were confirmed to have an excellent protective effect on caerulein mediated pancreatitis and lung damage induced by pancreatitis by regulating various inflammatory responses.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conceptions and specific embodiments disclosed in the foregoing description may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other embodiments for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that such equivalent embodiments do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended Claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2015-0054364 | Apr 2015 | KR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2016/003998 | 4/18/2016 | WO | 00 |
