Patent Application
20240051981
This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Applications Nos. 10-2022-0089879, filed on Jul. 20, 2022, and 10-2023-0092594, filed on Jul. 17, 2023, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the content of each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
One or more embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a composition, a light-emitting device, an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device, and an organometallic compound.
Among light-emitting devices, self-emissive devices (for example, organic light-emitting devices, etc.) have relatively wide viewing angles, excellent or suitable contrast ratios, fast response time, and excellent or suitable characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage and response speed.
In a light-emitting device, a first electrode is disposed on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, may recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transition and relax from an excited state to a ground state to generate light.
One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are directed toward a composition capable of providing improved color purity, improved luminescence efficiency, and improved lifespan, an organometallic compound having excellent or suitable heat resistance and processibility, a light-emitting device having improved color purity, improved luminescence efficiency, and improved lifespan, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.
Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description, which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the present disclosure.
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure,
In Formula 1,
and a group represented by
may be different from each other,
In Formula 3,
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure,
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic device includes the light-emitting device.
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic apparatus includes the light-emitting device.
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the present disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of the present disclosure. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the present disclosure. The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the present disclosure, and duplicative descriptions thereof may not be provided for conciseness. In this regard, the embodiments of the present disclosure may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments of the present disclosure are merely described, by referring to the drawings, to explain aspects of the present disclosure. As utilized herein, the term “and/or” or “or” may include any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expressions such as “at least one of,” “one of,” and “selected from,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list. For example, “at least one of a, b or c”, “at least one selected from a, b, and c”, “at least one selected from among a to c”, etc., may indicates only a, only b, only c, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and b, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and c, both (e.g., simultaneously) b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof. The “/” utilized herein may be interpreted as “and” or as “or” depending on the situation.
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure,
Formulae 1 and 3 may each independently be the same as described in the present disclosure.
In one or more embodiments, the composition may be included in a layer including 1) the organometallic compound and 2) the second compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof. The “layer including the composition” may include a mixture including 1) the organometallic compound and 2) the second compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof. Therefore, the “layer including the composition” is clearly distinguished from, for example, a double layer including (e.g., consisting of) 1) a first layer including the organometallic compound and 2) a second layer including the second compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the composition may be a composition prepared to form a layer including 1) the organometallic compound and 2) the second compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof by utilizing one or more suitable methods, such as a deposition method and/or a wet process. For example, the composition may be a pre-mixed mixture prepared for utilization in a deposition method (for example, a vacuum deposition method). The pre-mixed mixture may be charged, for example, into a deposition source within a vacuum chamber, and two or more compounds included in the pre-mixed mixture may be co-deposited.
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the composition may include:
In one or more embodiments, an absolute value of a difference between a phase transition temperature of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 under a pressure of 5.0×10−5 torr to 1.0×10−3 torr and a phase transition temperature of the second compound under a pressure of 5.0×10−5 torr to 1.0×10−3 torr may be about 10° C. or less, about 0° C. to about 10° C., about 1° C. to about 10° C., about 2° C. to about 10° C., about 3° C. to about 10° C., about 4° C. to about 10° C., about 0° C. to about 8° C., about 1° C. to about 8° C., about 2° C. to about 8° C., about 3° C. to about 8° C., about 4° C. to about 8° C., about 0° C. to about 5° C., about 1° C. to about 5° C., about 2° C. to about 5° C., about 3° C. to about 5° C., about 4° C. to about 5° C., about 0° C. to about 4.5° C., about 1° C. to about 4.5° C., about 2° C. to about 4.5° C., about 3° C. to about 4.5° C., or about 4° C. to about 4.5° C.
In one or more embodiments, an absolute value of a difference between a phase transition temperature of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 and a phase transition temperature of the second compound may be about 10° C. or less, about 0° C. to about 10° C., about 1° C. to about 10° C., about 2° C. to about 10° C., about 3° C. to about 10° C., about 4° C. to about 10° C., about 0° C. to about 8° C., about 1° C. to about 8° C., about 2° C. to about 8° C., about 3° C. to about 8° C., about 4° C. to about 8° C., about 0° C. to about 5° C., about 1° C. to about 5° C., about 2° C. to about 5° C., about 3° C. to about 5° C., about 4° C. to about 5° C., about 0° C. to about 4.5° C., about 1° C. to about 4.5° C., about 2° C. to about 4.5° C., about 3° C. to about 4.5° C., or about 4° C. to about 4.5° C., the phase transition temperatures are evaluated under the same pressure, and the pressure may be in a range of about 5.0×10−5 torr to about 1.0×10−3 torr.
When the organometallic compound and the second compound satisfy a phase transition temperature relationship as described above, a phase transition of each of the organometallic compound and the second compound in the composition (for example, a pre-mixed mixture) including the organometallic compound and the second compound may be made at substantially the same temperature within the pressure range. Therefore, when a deposition process is performed after the composition including the organometallic compound and the second compound is charged to a deposition source, the organometallic compound and the second compound in the composition may be vaporized (or sublimated) at substantially the same temperature, as a result, the organometallic compound and the second compound may be effectively co-deposited, and one or more electrical characteristics and durability of a layer prepared as a result of the co-deposition may be improved.
In one or more embodiments, a weight ratio of the organometallic compound to the second compound in the composition may be about 10:90 to about 90:10 or about 20:80 to about 80:20.
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure,
Formula 1 is the same as described in the present disclosure.
The light-emitting device includes the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, and thus, may have improved color purity, improved luminescence efficiency, and improved lifespan characteristics.
For example, in some embodiments, the interlayer in the light-emitting device may include the organometallic compound.
In some embodiments, the emission layer in the light-emitting device may include the organometallic compound.
In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include a second compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 heterocyclic group, a third compound including a group represented by Formula 3, a fourth compound capable of emitting delayed fluorescence, or any combination thereof, and
The second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound in the composition and the light-emitting device are respectively the same as those described in the present disclosure.
In one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound may include at least one deuterium.
In one or more embodiments, the second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound may each include at least one deuterium.
In one or more embodiments, the second compound may include at least one silicon.
In one or more embodiments, the third compound may include at least one silicon.
In one or more embodiments, each of the composition and the light-emitting device (for example, the emission layer in the light-emitting device) may further include, in addition to the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, a second compound and a third compound, and at least one selected from the second compound and the third compound may include at least one deuterium, at least one silicon, or a combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, each of the composition and the light-emitting device (for example, the emission layer in the light-emitting device) may further include, in addition to the organometallic compound, a second compound. At least one selected from the organometallic compound and the second compound may include at least one deuterium. For example, in some embodiments, each of the composition and the light-emitting device (for example, the emission layer in the light-emitting device) may further include, in addition to the organometallic compound and the second compound, a third compound, a fourth compound, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, each of the composition and the light-emitting device (for example, the emission layer in the light-emitting device) may further include, in addition to the organometallic compound, a third compound. At least one selected from the organometallic compound and the third compound may include at least one deuterium. For example, in some embodiments, each of the composition and the light-emitting device (for example, the emission layer in the light-emitting device) may further include, in addition to the organometallic compound and the third compound, a second compound, a fourth compound, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, each of the composition and the light-emitting device (for example, the emission layer in the light-emitting device) may further include, in addition to the organometallic compound, a fourth compound. At least one selected from the organometallic compound and the fourth compound may include at least one deuterium. The fourth compound may serve to improve color purity, luminescence efficiency, and lifespan characteristics of the light-emitting device. For example, in some embodiments, each of the composition and the light-emitting device (for example, the emission layer in the light-emitting device) may further include, in addition to the organometallic compound and the fourth compound, a second compound, a third compound, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, each of the composition and the light-emitting device (for example, the emission layer in the light-emitting device) may further include, in addition to the organometallic compound, a second compound and a third compound. The second compound and the third compound may form an exciplex. At least one selected from the organometallic compound, the second compound, and the third compound may include at least one deuterium.
In one or more embodiments, a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the organometallic compound may be about −5.35 eV to about −5.15 eV or about −5.30 eV to about −5.20 eV.
In one or more embodiments, a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the organometallic compound may be about −2.20 eV to about −1.80 eV or about −2.15 eV to about −1.90 eV.
The HOMO and LUMO energy levels may be evaluated through cyclic voltammetry analysis (for example, Evaluation Example 1) of the organometallic compound.
In one or more embodiments, a maximum emission wavelength (or an emission peak wavelength) of a photoluminescence spectrum in a film of the organometallic compound may be about 430 nm to about 475 nm, about 440 nm to about 475 nm, about 450 nm to about 475 nm, about 430 nm to about 470 nm, about 440 nm to about 470 nm, about 450 nm to about 470 nm, about 430 nm to about 465 nm, about 440 nm to about 465 nm, about 450 nm to about 465 nm, about 430 nm to about 460 nm, about 440 nm to about 460 nm, or about 450 nm to about 460 nm.
In one or more embodiments, a photoluminescence full width at half maximum (FWHM) of a photoluminescence spectrum in a film of the organometallic compound may be about 40 nm or less, about 5 nm to about 40 nm, about 10 nm to about 40 nm, about 15 nm to about 40 nm, about 20 nm to about 40 nm, about 5 nm to about 37 nm, about 10 nm to about 37 nm, about 15 nm to about 37 nm, or about 20 nm to about 37 nm.
In one or more embodiments, a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) in a film of the organometallic compound may be about 90% to about 99% or about 90% to about 97%.
In one or more embodiments, a decay time (e.g., emission decay time) of the organometallic compound may be about 2.40 μs to about 3.5 μs, about 2.40 μs to about 3.0 μs, or about 2.40 μs to about 2.7 μs.
The maximum emission wavelength, photoluminescence FWHM, PLQY, and decay time (e.g., emission decay time) of the organometallic compound are evaluated from a film including the organometallic compound, and an evaluation method thereof is the same as described in connection with, for example, Evaluation Examples 2 and 3.
In one or more embodiments, i) the organometallic compound; and ii) the second compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof may be included in the emission layer of the light-emitting device, and the emission layer may be to emit blue light.
In one or more embodiments, a maximum emission wavelength of the blue light may be about 430 nm to about 475 nm, about 440 nm to about 475 nm, about 450 nm to about 475 nm, about 430 nm to about 470 nm, about 440 nm to about 470 nm, about 450 nm to about 470 nm, about 430 nm to about 465 nm, about 440 nm to about 465 nm, about 450 nm to about 465 nm, about 430 nm to about 460 nm, about 440 nm to about 460 nm, or about 450 nm to about 460 nm.
In one or more embodiments, a photoluminescence FWHM of the blue light may be about 40 nm or less, about 5 nm to about 40 nm, about 10 nm to about 40 nm, about 15 nm to about 40 nm, about 20 nm to about 40 nm, about 5 nm to about 37 nm, about 10 nm to about 37 nm, about 15 nm to about 37 nm, or about 20 nm to about 37 nm.
In one or more embodiments, the blue light may be deep blue light.
In one or more embodiments, a CIEx coordinate (for example, a bottom emission CIEx coordinate of a bottom-emitting device) of the blue light may be about 0.125 to about 0.140 or about 0.130 to about 0.140.
In an embodiment, a CIEy coordinate (for example, a bottom emission CIEy coordinate of a bottom-emitting device) of the blue light may be about 0.120 to about 0.200.
Examples of the maximum emission wavelength and the CIEx and CIEy coordinates of the blue light may be referred to data shown in Tables 10 and 11 of the present disclosure.
For example, in one or more embodiments, the second compound may include a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the following compounds may be excluded from the third compound.
In one or more embodiments, a difference between a triplet energy level (unit: eV) of the fourth compound and a singlet energy level (eV) of the fourth compound may be about 0 eV or higher and about 0.5 eV or lower (or, about 0 eV or higher and about 0.3 eV or lower).
In one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may include at least one cyclic group including both (e.g., simultaneously) boron (B) and nitrogen (N) as ring-forming atoms.
In one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may be a C8-C60 polycyclic group-containing compound including at least two cyclic groups that are condensed with each other with sharing boron (B).
In one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may include a condensed ring in which at least one third ring may be condensed with at least one fourth ring, for example, to form the condensed ring including four or more rings,
For example, in some embodiments, the third compound may not include (e.g., may exclude) a compound represented by Formula 3-1 in the present disclosure.
In one or more embodiments, the second compound may include a compound represented by Formula 2:
In one or more embodiments, the third compound may include a compound represented by Formula 3-1, a compound represented by Formula 3-2, a compound represented by Formula 3-3, a compound represented by Formula 3-4, a compound represented by Formula 3-5, or any combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may include a compound represented by Formula 502, a compound represented by Formula 503, or any combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may satisfy at least one selected from among Condition 1 to Condition 4.
Condition 1
LUMO energy level (eV) of third compound>LUMO energy level (eV) of organometallic compound
Condition 2
LUMO energy level (eV) of organometallic compound>LUMO energy level (eV) of second compound
Condition 3
HOMO energy level (eV) of organometallic compound>HOMO energy level (eV) of third compound
Condition 4
HOMO energy level (eV) of third compound>HOMO energy level (eV) of second compound
The HOMO energy level and LUMO energy level of each of the organometallic compound, the second compound, and the third compound are each a negative value, and may be measured according to a suitable method, for example, a method described in Evaluation Example 1 in the present disclosure.
In one or more embodiments, an absolute value of a difference between a LUMO energy level of the organometallic compound and a LUMO energy level of the second compound may be about 0.1 eV or higher and about 1.0 eV or lower, an absolute value of a difference between a LUMO energy level of the organometallic compound and a LUMO energy level of the third compound may be about 0.1 eV or higher and about 1.0 eV or lower, an absolute value of a difference between a HOMO energy level of the organometallic compound and a HOMO energy level of the second compound may be about 1.25 eV or lower (for example, about 1.25 eV or lower and about 0.2 eV or higher), and an absolute value of a difference between a HOMO energy level of the organometallic compound and a HOMO energy level of the third compound may be about 1.25 eV or lower (for example, about 1.25 eV or lower and about 0.2 eV or higher).
When the relationships between the LUMO energy level and the HOMO energy level satisfy the conditions as described above, the balance between holes and electrons injected into the emission layer may be achieved.
The light-emitting device may have a structure of a first embodiment or a second embodiment:
According to the first embodiment, the organometallic compound may be included in the emission layer in the interlayer of the light-emitting device, wherein the emission layer may further include a host, the organometallic compound may be different from the host, and the emission layer may be to emit phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the organometallic compound. In other words, according to the first embodiment, the organometallic compound may be a dopant or an emitter. For example, in some embodiments, the organometallic compound may be a phosphorescent dopant or a phosphorescent emitter.
Phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the organometallic compound may be blue light.
In some embodiments, the emission layer may further include an auxiliary dopant. The auxiliary dopant may serve to improve luminescence efficiency of the organometallic compound by effectively transferring energy to the organometallic compound as a dopant or an emitter.
The auxiliary dopant may be different from each of the organometallic compound and the host.
For example, in some embodiments, the auxiliary dopant may be a delayed fluorescence-emitting compound.
In some embodiments, the auxiliary dopant may be a compound including at least one cyclic group including both (e.g., simultaneously) boron (B) and nitrogen (N) as ring-forming atoms.
According to the second embodiment, the organometallic compound may be included in the emission layer in the interlayer of the light-emitting device, wherein the emission layer may further include a host and a dopant, the organometallic compound, the host, and the dopant may be different from one another, and the emission layer may be to emit phosphorescence or fluorescence (for example, delayed fluorescence) from the dopant.
For example, in some embodiments, the organometallic compound in the second embodiment may serve as an auxiliary dopant that transfers energy to a dopant (or an emitter), not as a dopant.
In some embodiments, the organometallic compound in the second embodiment may serve as an emitter and also serve as an auxiliary dopant that transfers energy to a dopant (or an emitter).
For example, phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the dopant (or the emitter) in the second embodiment may be blue phosphorescence or blue fluorescence (for example, blue delayed fluorescence).
The dopant (or the emitter) in the second embodiment may be a phosphorescent dopant material (for example, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401, or any combination thereof) or any fluorescent dopant material (for example, the compound represented by Formula 501, the compound represented by Formula 502, the compound represented by Formula 503, or any combination thereof).
In the first embodiment and the second embodiment, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength of about 390 nm to about 500 nm, about 410 nm to about 490 nm, about 430 nm to about 480 nm, about 440 nm to about 475 nm, or about 455 nm to about 470 nm.
The auxiliary dopant in the first embodiment may include, for example, the fourth compound represented by Formula 502 or 503.
The host in the first embodiment and the second embodiment may be any host material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 301, a compound represented by 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof).
In one or more embodiments, the host in the first embodiment and the second embodiment may be the second compound, the third compound, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include a capping layer located outside the first electrode and/or outside the second electrode.
In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first capping layer located outside the first electrode or a second capping layer located outside the second electrode, and the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer. The first capping layer and/or the second capping layer may respectively be the same as those described in the present disclosure.
In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include:
The expression “(interlayer and/or capping layer) includes an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1” as utilized herein may refer to that the (interlayer and/or capping layer) may include one kind of organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 or two or more different kinds of organometallic compounds, each represented by Formula 1.
For example, in some embodiments, the interlayer and/or capping layer may include only Compound BD01 of the present disclosure as the organometallic compound. In this regard, Compound BD01 may be present in the emission layer of the light-emitting device. In some embodiments, the interlayer may include, as the organometallic compound, Compound BD01 and Compound BD02 of the present disclosure. In this regard, Compound BD01 and Compound BD02 may be present in an identical layer (for example, both (e.g., simultaneously) Compound BD01 and Compound BD02 may be present in the emission layer), or may be present in different layers (for example, Compound BD01 may be present in the emission layer and Compound BD02 may be present in an electron transport region).
The term “interlayer” as utilized herein refers to a single layer and/or all of a plurality of layers between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided an electronic device including the light-emitting device. In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, in some embodiments, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor. In some embodiments, the electronic device may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. More details for the electronic device are as described in the present disclosure.
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.
For example, the electronic apparatus may be at least one selected from a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor or outdoor light and/or light for signal, a head-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a portable phone, a tablet personal computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual reality or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, and a signboard.
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1. Formula 1 is the same as described in the present disclosure.
Methods of synthesizing the organometallic compound may be easily understood to those of ordinary skill in the art by referring to Synthesis Examples and/or Examples described herein.
In Formula 1, M may be platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), silver (Ag), or copper (Cu).
In one or more embodiments, M may be Pt.
In Formula 1, X1 to X4 may each independently be C or N.
For example, in some embodiments, X1 may be C. For example, in some embodiments, X1 in Formula 1 may be C, and C may be carbon of a carbene moiety.
In one or more embodiments, X1 in Formula 1 may be N.
In one or more embodiments, X2 and X3 may each be C, and X4 may be N.
In Formula 1, i) a bond between X1 and M may be a coordinate bond, ii) one selected from among a bond between X2 and M, a bond between X3 and M, and a bond between X4 and M may be a coordinate bond, and the other two (remainders or the remaining two) may each be a covalent bond.
In one or more embodiments, a bond between X2 and M and a bond between X3 and M may each be a covalent bond, and a bond between X4 and M may be a coordinate bond.
In one or more embodiments, X4 may be N, and a bond between X4 and M may be a coordinate bond.
In Formula 1, ring CY1 and ring CY2 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
For example, in some embodiments, ring CY1 may be a nitrogen-containing C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
Ring CY1 in Formula 1 may be i) an X1-containing 5-membered ring, ii) an X1-containing 5-membered ring in which at least one 6-membered ring is condensed, or iii) an X1-containing 6-membered ring. In one or more embodiments, ring CY1 in Formula 1 may be i) an X1-containing 5-membered ring or ii) an X1-containing 5-membered ring in which at least one 6-membered ring is condensed. In other words, ring CY1 may include a 5-membered ring bonded to M in Formula 1 via X1. In this regard, the X1-containing 5-membered ring may be a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an iso-oxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, or a thiadiazole group, and the X1-containing 6-membered ring and the 6-membered ring which may be optionally condensed to the X1-containing 5-membered ring may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, or a pyrimidine group.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY1 may be an X1-containing 5-membered ring, and the X1-containing 5-membered ring may be an imidazole group or a triazole group.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY1 may be an X1-containing 5-membered ring in which at least one 6-membered ring is condensed, and the X1-containing 5-membered ring in which the at least one 6-membered ring is condensed may be a benzimidazole group or an imidazopyridine group.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY1 may be an imidazole group, a triazole group, a benzimidazole group, a naphthoimidazole group, or an imidazopyridine group.
In one or more embodiments, X1 may be C, and ring CY1 may be an imidazole group, a triazole group, a benzimidazole group, a naphthoimidazole group, or an imidazopyridine group.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY2 may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a naphthalene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a naphthobenzofuran group, a naphthobenzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzofluorene group, a naphthobenzosilole group, a dinaphthofuran group, a dinaphthothiophene group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofluorene group, a dinaphthosilole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azanaphthobenzofuran group, an azanaphthobenzothiophene group, an azabenzocarbazole group, an azabenzofluorene group, an azanaphthobenzosilole group, an azadinaphthofuran group, an azadinaphthothiophene group, an azadibenzocarbazole group, an azadibenzofluorene group, or an azadinaphthosilole group.
For example, in some embodiments, ring CY2 may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a naphthalene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, or a dibenzosilole group.
In Formula 1, ring CY3 may be: a C2-C8 monocyclic group; or a C4-C20 polycyclic group in which two or three C2-C8 monocyclic groups are condensed together.
For example, in some embodiments, in Formula 1, ring CY3 may be: a C4-C6 monocyclic group; or a C4-C8 polycyclic group in which two or three C4-C6 monocyclic groups are condensed together.
The C2-C8 monocyclic group in the present disclosure may refer to a non-condensed ring group, and may be, for example, a cyclopentadiene group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a cycloheptadiene group, or cyclooctadiene group.
For example, in some embodiments, ring CY3 may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a naphthalene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, or an azadibenzosilole group.
In Formula 1, X41 may be C(R41) or N, X42 may be C(R42) or N, X43 may be C(R43) or N, and X44 may be C(R44) or N.
For example, in some embodiments, X41 may be C(R41), X42 may be C(R42), X43 may be C(R43), and X44 may be C(R44).
In Formula 1, ring CY11, ring CY12, and ring CY13 may each be a C2-C8 monocyclic group.
For example, in some embodiments, ring CY11, ring CY12, and ring CY13 may each independently be a cyclopentadiene group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a cycloheptadiene group, or a cyclooctadiene group.
In some embodiments, ring CY11, ring CY12, and ring CY13 may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, or a pyridazine group.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY11, ring CY12, and ring CY13 in Formula 1 may be identical to each other.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY11, ring CY12, and ring CY13 in Formula 1 may each be a benzene group.
X51 in Formula 1 may be a single bond, *—N(Z51a)—*′, *—B(Z51a)—*′, *—P(Z51a)—*′, *—C(Z51a)(Z51b)—*′, *—Si(Z51a)(Z51b)—*′, *—Ge(Z51a)(Z51b)—*′, *—S—*′, *—Se—*′, *—O—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)2—*′, *—C(Z51a)=*′, *═C(Z51a)—*′, *—C(Z51a)═C(Z51b)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, or *—C≡C—*′. Z51a and Z51b may respectively be the same as those described in the present disclosure. Z51a and Z51b may optionally be bonded together to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
For example, in some embodiments, X51 may be *—N(Z51a)—*′, *—B(Z51a)—*′, *—P(Z51a)—*′, *—C(Z51a)(Z51b)—*′, *—Si(Z51a)(Z51b)—*′, *—Ge(Z51a)(Z51b)—*′, *—S—*′, *—Se—*′, or *—O—*′.
X52 in Formula 1 may be a single bond, *—N(Z52a)—*′, *—B(Z52a)—*′, *—P(Z52a)—*′, *—C(Z52a)(Z52b)—*′, *—Si(Z52a)(Z52b)—*′, *—Ge(Z52a)(Z52b)—*′, *—S—*′, *—Se—*′, *—O—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)2—*′, *—C(Z52a)=*′, *═C(Z52a)—*′, *—C(Z52a)═C(Z52b)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, or *—C≡C—*′. Z52a and Z52b may respectively be the same as those described in the present disclosure. Z52a and Z52b may optionally be bonded together to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In some embodiments, X52 in Formula 1 may be a single bond, *—N(Z52a)—*′, *—B(Z52a)—*′, *—P(Z52a)—*′, *—C(Z52a)(Z52b)—*′, *—Si(Z52a)(Z52b)—*′, *—Ge(Z52a)(Z52b)—*′, *—S—*′, *—Se—*′, or *—O—*′.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1,
is a group represented by Formula CY3A or CY3B,
is a group represented by Formula CY3C, or
For example, in some embodiments, in Formulae CY3A and CY3B, X31, X3, and X32 may each be C, and X33 may be N.
In some embodiments, X31, X3, and X32 in Formula CY3C may each be C.
In Formula 1,
R1 to R3, R41, R42, R44, Z51a, Z51b, Z52a, Z52b, and T1 to T3 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C25 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C7-C60 aryl alkyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), and
R43 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2).
Q1 to Q3 may respectively be the same as those described in the present disclosure.
In one or more embodiments, R1 to R3, R41, R42, R44, Z51a, Z51b, Z52a, Z52b, and T1 to T3 may each independently be:
In one or more embodiments, R43 may be:
In one or more embodiments, X42 in Formula 1 may be C(R42), R42 may be a group represented by *—C(R42a)(R42b)(R42c), and R42a, R42b, and R42c may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C19 alkyl group, a deuterated C1-C19 alkyl group, a fluorinated C1-C19 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a deuterated phenyl group, a fluorinated phenyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl)phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a deuterated biphenyl group, a fluorinated biphenyl group, or a (C1-C20 alkyl)biphenyl group.
For example, in some embodiments, at least one selected from among R42a, R42b, and R42c may not be hydrogen.
A1, a2, a3, c2, and c3 in Formula 1 indicate numbers of R1, R2, R3, T2, and T3, respectively, and may each independently an integer from 0 to 10 (for example, an integer from 0 to 5). When a1 is 2 or more, two or more R1(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a2 is 2 or more, two or more R2(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a3 is 2 or more, two or more R3(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when c2 is 2 or more, two or more T2(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when c3 is 2 or more, two or more T3(s) may be identical to or different from each other.
c1 in Formula 1 indicates the number of T1, and may be an integer from 0 to 5 (for example, 0, 1, or 2). When c1 is 2 or more, two or more T1(s) may be identical to or different from each other.
In one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may satisfy at least one selected from among Condition A1 to Condition A10.
Condition A1
a1 is not 0, and R1 is not hydrogen.
Condition A2
a2 is not 0, and R2 is not hydrogen.
Condition A3
a3 is not 0, and R3 is not hydrogen.
Condition A4
X41 is C(R41), and R41 is not hydrogen.
Condition A5
X42 is C(R42), and R42 is not hydrogen.
Condition A6
X43 is C(R43), and R43 is not hydrogen.
Condition A7
X44 is C(R44), and R44 is not hydrogen.
Condition A8
c1 is not 0, and T1 is not hydrogen.
Condition A9
c2 is not 0, and T2 is not hydrogen.
Condition A10
c3 is not 0, and T3 is not hydrogen.
In one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may include at least one deuterium.
In one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may satisfy at least one selected from among Condition B1 to Condition B10.
Condition B1
a1 is not 0, and at least one R1 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition B2
a2 is not 0, and at least one R2 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition B3
a3 is not 0, and at least one R3 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition B4
X41 is C(R41), and R41 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition B5
X42 is C(R42), and R42 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition B6
X43 is C(R43), and R43 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition B7
X44 is C(R44), and R44 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition B8
c1 is not 0, and at least one T1 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition B9
c2 is not 0, and at least one T2 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition B10
c3 is not 0, and at least one T3 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
The term “deuterium-containing group” utilized herein refers to any group including at least one deuterium, and may be further substituted with substituents other than deuterium. For example, the deuterium-containing group may be a C1-C20 alkyl group, a fluorinated C1-C20 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a fluorinated phenyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl)phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a fluorinated biphenyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl)biphenyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a naphthyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one deuterium.
In Formula 1, a group represented by
and a group represented by
may be different from each other.
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 1 may be a group represented by Formula AS1:
For example, in some embodiments, Y2 in Formula AS1 may be C(T12), and T12 may not be hydrogen.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, a group represented by
may be one selected from groups represented by Formulae AS2-1 to AS2-20:
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, a group represented by
may be one selected from groups represented by Formulae AS3-1 to AS3-20:
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1,
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1,
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1,
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1,
is a group represented by Formula AS2,
may be a group represented by Formula AS3, and
In Formula AS2, T21 to T25 may each be the same as described with respect to T2, and * indicates a binding site to ring CY11, and
in Formula AS3, T31 to T35 may each be the same as described with respect to T3, and * indicates a binding site to ring CY11.
Condition C1
The number of groups that are not hydrogen among T21 to T25 in Formula AS2 and the number of groups that are not hydrogen among T31 to T35 in Formula AS3 are different from each other.
Condition C2
T21 and T31 are different from each other.
Condition C3
T22 and T32 are different from each other.
Condition C4
T23 and T33 are different from each other.
Condition C5
T24 and T34 are different from each other.
Condition C6
T25 and T35 are different from each other.
In one or more embodiments, T21 to T25 in Formula AS2 may each not be hydrogen, and
Formula AS3 may satisfy Condition D1 or Condition D2.
Condition D1
Each of T31, T33, and T35 is hydrogen, and each of T32 and T34 is not hydrogen.
Condition D2
Each of T31, T33, T34, and T35 is hydrogen, and T32 is not hydrogen.
In Formula 1, i) two or more of a1 R1(s) when a1 is two or more, ii) two or more of a2 R2(s) when a2 is two or more, iii) two or more of R41 to R44, and iv) two or more of R1 to R3, R41 to R44, Z51a, Z51b, Z52a, and Z52b may each optionally be bonded together to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a. In other words, in Formula 1, i) two or more of a1 R1(s) when a1 is two or more may optionally be bonded together to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, ii) two or more of a2 R2(s) when a2 is two or more may optionally be bonded together to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, iii) two or more of R41 to R44 may optionally be bonded together to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, and iv) two or more of R1 to R3, R41 to R44, Z51a, Z51b, Z52a, and Z52b may optionally bonded together to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In Formula 1, two or more of a3 R3(s) when a3 is two or more may not be linked together, and two or more of T1 to T3 may not be linked together.
In one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1-1 or an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1-2:
and a group represented by
may be different from each other.
All descriptions of Formula 1 may be applied to Formulae 1-1 and 1-2.
In one or more embodiments, X34 in Formulae 1-1 and 1-2 may be C(R34), and R34 may not be hydrogen.
In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 1-1 and 1-2, X11 may be C(R11), X12 may be C(R12), X13 may be C(R13), X14 may be C(R14), X21 may be C(R21), X22 may be C(R22), X23 may be C(R23), X31 may be C(R31), X32 may be C(R32), X33 may be C(R33), X34 may be C(R34), X35 may be C(R35), X36 may be C(R36), Y1 may be C(T11), Y2 may be C(T12), and Y3 may be C(T13), and
Condition E1
At least one selected from among R11 to R14 in Formula 1-1 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group, and at least one selected from among R11 and R12 in Formula 1-2 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition E2
At least one selected from among R21 to R23 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition E3
At least one selected from among R31 to R36 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition E4
At least one selected from among R41 to R44 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition E5
At least one selected from among T11 to T13 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition E6
At least one selected from among T21 to T25 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
Condition E7
At least one selected from among T31 to T35 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group.
In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 1-1 and 1-2, at least one selected from among T21 to T25 is deuterium or a deuterium-containing group, and T31 to T35 may each not include deuterium.
In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 1-1 and 1-2, at least one selected from among T21 to T25 is deuterium, and at least one selected from among T31 to T35 is a deuterium-containing group (for example, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a fluorinated C1-C20 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a fluorinated phenyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl)phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a fluorinated biphenyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl)biphenyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a naphthyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one deuterium).
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 1 may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae CY1-1 to CY1-42:
For example, in one or more embodiments, X1 in Formulae CY1-1 to CY1-8 may be C, and X1 in Formulae CY1-9 to CY1-42 may be N.
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 1 may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae CY2-1 to CY2-11:
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 1 and a group represented by
in Formulae 1-1 and 1-2 may each independently be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY2(1) to CY2(26):
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by,
in Formula 1 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY3-1 to CY3-23:
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 1 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY3(1) to CY3(20), and a group represented by
in Formulae 1-1 and 1-2 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY3(1) to CY3(12):
A group represented by
in Formula 1 may have an “asymmetric” structure including “three monocyclic groups linked together via a single bond” in which i) a group represented by
and a group represented by
are different from each other, and ii) ring CY11, ring CY12, and ring CY13 are each a C2-C8 monocyclic group.
1. Because the group represented by
in Formula 1 has the “asymmetric” structure as described above, the transition energy (e.g., optical transition energy) in the group represented by
is increased (for example, increased by about 0.1 eV or more), and thus, the selective electron density in a 6-membered ring moiety including X4 and X41 to X44, which may be a chromophoric region in Formula 1, may be increased. Accordingly, a maximum emission wavelength (or emission peak wavelength) of light (for example, blue light) that may be emitted from the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be shifted to a relatively short wavelength, and color purity of light (for example, blue light) that may be emitted from the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be increased.
2. In addition, because the group represented by
in Formula 1 has the “asymmetric” structure as described above,
As a result, in the excited triplet energy state of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, a dihedral angle (hereinafter, referred to as “dihedral angle A”) between a plane to which a group represented by
belongs (for example, a plane to which a group represented by
in Formula 1-1′ belongs) and a plane including ring CY1 (for example, a plane to which a group represented by
in Formula 1-1′ belongs) is relatively reduced, and thus distortion between the planes may be minimized or reduced.
Table 1 summarizes the dihedral angle A, the first distance, and the sum of the first and second distances of each of Compounds BD16, BD02, and BD10. The dihedral angle A, the first distance, and the second distance may each be the same as described in connection with Formula 1-1′.
The dihedral angle A, the first distance, and the sum of the first and second distances of each of Compounds BD16, BD02, and BD10 are evaluated by performing density functional theory (DFT) calculation by utilizing Opt/Freq/TD calculation after optimizing each molecular structure (see the following molecular structure) by utilizing B3LYP/6-311 g(d,p) function with respect to C, H, O, and N and utilizing B3LYP/LANL2DZ function with respect to Pt.
Accordingly, because the stability of ring CY1 including X1 in Formula 1 may be significantly increased, the stability of the entire organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may also be increased, and thus, the lifespan of a light-emitting device including the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be increased.
3. Furthermore, because the group represented by
in Formula 1 has the “asymmetric” structure as described above, the steric shielding effect (SSE), which is a stereoscopic effect, in the group represented by
is enhanced, and thus, formation of excimer and/or formation of exciplex with a host material in a light-emitting device including the organometallic compound may be substantially suppressed or reduced. As a result, the internal quantum efficiency of the light-emitting device may be increased, and excellent or suitable color purity may be effectively maintained.
4. Finally, because the group represented by
in Formula 1 has the “asymmetric” structure as described above, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may have significantly increased processibility and heat resistance, which may be clearly found from Evaluation Example 4 (phase transition temperature evaluation), Evaluation Example 5 (evaluation of amount of change in purity), and Evaluation Example 8 (evaluation of rates of change in luminescence efficiency and change in lifespan after heat treatment) of the present disclosure.
For example, a temperature at a vaporization pressure, for example, at a pressure of about 5.0×10−5 torr to about 1.0×10−3 torr (as another example, 6.4×10−4 torr), of the organometallic compound (that is, a vaporization temperature of the organometallic compound or a phase transition temperature of the organometallic compound) may be 320° C. or less, for example, about 250° C. to about 320° C., about 260° C. to about 320° C., about 270° C. to about 320° C., about 250° C. to about 310° C., about 260° C. to about 310° C., about 270° C. to about 310° C., about 250° C. to about 305° C., about 260° C. to about 305° C., or about 270° C. to about 305° C.
In one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound may have a purity change amount after heat treatment of about −3.0% to about 0%, about −2.0% to about 0%, about −1.0% to about 0%, about −0.5% to about 0%, about −0.4% to about 0%, about −0.208% to about 0%, about −3.0% to about −0.002%, about −2.0% to about −0.002%, about −1.0% to about −0.002%, about −0.5% to about −0.002%, about −0.4% to about −0.002%, or about −0.208% to about −0.002%. In this regard, the purity change amount (%) after heat treatment of the organometallic compound is evaluated by the following Equation P:
Purity change amount (%) after heat treatment of organometallic compound ═P(360 Hr)−P(0 Hr) Equation P
In one or more embodiments, b51 to b53 in Formula 2 indicate numbers of L51 to L53, respectively, and may each be an integer from 1 to 5. When b51 is 2 or more, two or more L51 (s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b52 is 2 or more, two or more L52(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when b53 is 2 or more, two or more L53(s) may be identical to or different from each other. For example, b51 to b53 may each independently be 1 or 2.
L51 to L53 in Formula 2 may each independently be:
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, a bond between L51 and R51, a bond between L52 and R52, a bond between L53 and R53, a bond between two or more L51(s), a bond between two or more L52(s), a bond between two or more L53(s), a bond between L51 and carbon between X54 and X55 in Formula 2, a bond between L52 and carbon between X54 and X56 in Formula 2, and a bond between L53 and carbon between X55 and X56 in Formula 2 may each be a “carbon-carbon single bond”.
In Formula 2, X54 may be N or C(R54), X55 may be N or C(R55), X56 may be N or C(R56), and at least one selected from among X54 to X56 may be N. R54 to R56 may each independently be the same as described in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, two or three selected from among X54 to X56 may be N.
R51 to R56, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, R84b, R500a, R500b, R501 to R508, R505a, R505b, R506a, R506b, R507a, R507b, R508a, and R508b in the present disclosure may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C7-C60 aryl alkyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2). Q1 to Q3 may respectively be the same as those described in the present disclosure.
For example, in one or more embodiments, i) R1 to R3, R41, R42, R44, Z51a, Z51b, Z52a, Z52b, and T1 to T3 in Formula 1, ii) R51 to R56, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a and R84b, R500a, R500b, R501 to R508, R505a, R505b, R506a, R506b, R507a, R507b, R508a, and R508b in Formulae 2, 3-1 to 3-5, 502, and 503, and iii) R10a may each independently be:
For example, in one or more embodiments, in Formula 91,
In one or more embodiments, i) R1 to R3, R41, R42, R44, Z51a, Z51b, Z52a, Z52b, and T1 to T3 in Formula 1, ii) R51 to R56, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a and R84b, R500a, R500b, R501 to R508, R505a, R505b, R506a, R506b, R507a, R507b, R508a, and R508b in Formulae 2, 3-1 to 3-5, 502, and 503, and iii) R10a may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a nitro group, —CH3, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a group represented by one selected from among Formulae 9-1 to 9-19, a group represented by one selected from among Formulae 10-1 to 10-246, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2) (wherein Q1 to Q3 are respectively the same as those described in the present disclosure):
In Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, 502, and 503, a71 to a74 and a501 to a504 indicate numbers of R71 to R74 and R501 to R504, respectively, and may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20. When a71 is 2 or greater, two or more R71 (s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a72 is 2 or greater, two or more R72(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a73 is 2 or greater, two or more R73(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a74 is 2 or greater, two or more R74(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a501 is 2 or greater, two or more R501 (s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a502 is 2 or greater, two or more R502(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a503 is 2 or greater, two or more R503(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when a504 is 2 or greater, two or more R504(s) may be identical to or different from each other. In some embodiments, a71 to a74 and a501 to a504 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 8.
In Formula 2, a group represented by *-(L51)b51-R51 and a group represented by *-(L52)b52-R52 may each not be a phenyl group.
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by *-(L51)b51-R51 and a group represented by *-(L52)b52-R52 in Formula 2 may be identical to each other.
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by *-(L51)b51-R51 and a group represented by *-(L52)b52-R52 in Formula 2 may be different from each other.
In one or more embodiments, b51 and b52 in Formula 2 may each be 1, 2, or 3, and L51 and L52 may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazine group, or a triazine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In one or more embodiments, R51 and R52 in Formula 2 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), or —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), and
In one or more embodiments,
For example, in one or more embodiments,
In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, L81 to L85 may each independently be:
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formulae 3-1 and 3-2 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), and/or
in Formulae 3-1 and 3-3 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), and/or
a group represented by
in Formulae 3-2 and 3-4 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), and/or
in Formulae 3-3 to 3-5 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and/or
In one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be one selected from Compounds BD01 to BD122:
In one or more embodiments, the second compound may be at least one selected from among Compounds ETH1 to ETH100:
In one or more embodiments, the third compound may be at least one selected from among Compounds HTH1 to HTH46:
In one or more embodiments, the fourth compound may be at least one selected from among the following Compounds DFD1 to DFD29:
In the compounds described above, Ph represents a phenyl group, D5 represents substitution with five deuterium, and D4 represents substitution with four deuterium. For example, a group represented by
may be identical to a group represented by
Hereinafter, the structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described in more detail with reference to
In
The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, applying a material for forming the first electrode 110 onto the substrate by utilizing a deposition or sputtering method. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high work function material to facilitate injection of holes.
The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combination thereof.
The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer, or a multilayer structure including a plurality of layers. For example, in some embodiments, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.
The interlayer 130 may be located on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.
In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region located between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electron transport region located between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.
In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may further include a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, an inorganic material such as a quantum dot, and/or the like, in addition to one or more suitable organic materials.
In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include i) two or more emitting units sequentially stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) a charge generation layer located between two neighboring emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes emitting units and a charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.
The hole transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multilayer structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.
The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.
For example, in one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may have a multilayer structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, the constituting layers of each structure being stacked sequentially from the first electrode 110 in each stated order.
In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:
na1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.
For example, in some embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one selected from groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:
R10b and R10c in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may each be the same as defined with respect to R10a, ring CY201 to ring CY204 may each independently be a C3-C20 carbocyclic group or a C1-C20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R10a.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY201 to ring CY204 in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one selected from groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one selected from groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one selected from groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In one or more embodiments, xa1 in Formula 201 may be 1, R201 may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R202 may be a group represented by one selected from Formulae CY204 to CY207.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude any) groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude any) groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one selected from groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude any) groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217.
In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include at least one selected from Compounds HT1 to HT46, 4,4′,4″-[tris(3-methylphenyl)phenylamino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), 4,4′,4″-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA), 4,4′,4″-tris[N(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]-triphenylamine (2-TNATA), N,N′-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB(NPD)), β-NPB, N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TPD), Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, 4,4′-cyclohexylidene bis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine](TAPC), 4,4′-bis[N,N′-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD), 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PANI/PSS), and/or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the hole transport region may be about 50 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole-transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block or reduce the leakage of electrons from the emission layer to the hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer.
p-Dopant
In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may further include, in addition to these aforementioned materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be substantially uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a charge-generation material).
The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.
For example, in some embodiments, a LUMO energy level of the p-dopant may be about −3.5 eV or less.
In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound containing an element EL1 and an element EL2, or any combination thereof.
Non-limiting examples of the quinone derivative may include tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), and/or the like.
Non-limiting examples of the cyano group-containing compound may include dipyrazino[2,3-f: 2′,3′-h] quinoxaline-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN), a compound represented by Formula 221, and/or the like.
In Formula 221,
In the compound containing the element EL1 and the element EL2, the element EL1 may be metal, metalloid, or a combination thereof, and the element EL2 may be non-metal, metalloid, or a combination thereof.
Non-limiting examples of the metal may include an alkali metal (for example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), etc.); an alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc.); a transition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc.); a post-transition metal (for example, zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), etc.); and/or a lanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), etc.).
Non-limiting examples of the metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), and/or tellurium (Te).
Non-limiting examples of the non-metal may include oxygen (O) and/or halogen (for example, F, Cl, Br, I, etc.).
For example, in one or more embodiments, the compound containing the element EL1 and the element EL2 may include a metal oxide, a metal halide (for example, a metal fluoride, a metal chloride, a metal bromide, or a metal iodide), a metalloid halide (for example, a metalloid fluoride, a metalloid chloride, a metalloid bromide, or a metalloid iodide), a metal telluride, or any combination thereof.
Non-limiting examples of the metal oxide may include a tungsten oxide (for example, WO, W2O3, WO2, WO3, W2O5, etc.), a vanadium oxide (for example, VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5, etc.), a molybdenum oxide (MoO, Mo2O3, MoO2, MoO3, Mo2O5, etc.), and/or a rhenium oxide (for example, ReO3, etc.).
Non-limiting examples of the metal halide may include an alkali metal halide, an alkaline earth metal halide, a transition metal halide, a post-transition metal halide, and/or a lanthanide metal halide.
Non-limiting examples of the alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, and/or CsI.
Non-limiting examples of the alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, BeCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2), SrCl2, BaCl2, BeBr2, MgBr2, CaBr2, SrBr2, BaBr2, BeI2, MgI2, CaI2, SrI2, and/or BaI2.
Non-limiting examples of the transition metal halide may include a titanium halide (for example, TiF4, TiCl4, TiBr4, TiI4, etc.), a zirconium halide (for example, ZrF4, ZrCl4, ZrBr4, ZrI4, etc.), a hafnium halide (for example, HfF4, HfCl4, HfBr4, HfI4, etc.), a vanadium halide (for example, VF3, VCl3, VBr3, VI3, etc.), a niobium halide (for example, NbF3, NbCl3, NbBr3, NbI3, etc.), a tantalum halide (for example, TaF3, TaCl3, TaBr3, TaI3, etc.), a chromium halide (for example, CrF3, CrCl3, CrBr3, CrI3, etc.), a molybdenum halide (for example, MoF3, MoCl3, MoBr3, MoI3, etc.), a tungsten halide (for example, WF3, WCl3, WBr3, WI3, etc.), a manganese halide (for example, MnF2, MnCl2, MnBr2, MnI2, etc.), a technetium halide (for example, TcF2, TcCl2, TcBr2, TcI2, etc.), a rhenium halide (for example, ReF2, ReCl2, ReBr2, ReI2, etc.), an iron halide (for example, FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeI2, etc.), a ruthenium halide (for example, RuF2, RuCl2, RuBr2, RuI2, etc.), an osmium halide (for example, OsF2, OsCl2, OsBr2, OsI2, etc.), a cobalt halide (for example, CoF2, COCl2, CoBr2, CoI2, etc.), a rhodium halide (for example, RhF2, RhCl2, RhBr2, RhI2, etc.), an iridium halide (for example, IrF2, IrCl2, IrBr2, IrI2, etc.), a nickel halide (for example, NiF2, NiCl2, NiBr2, NiI2, etc.), a palladium halide (for example, PdF2, PdCl2, PdBr2, PdI2, etc.), a platinum halide (for example, PtF2, PtCl2, PtBr2, PtI2, etc.), a copper halide (for example, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, etc.), a silver halide (for example, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, etc.), and/or a gold halide (for example, AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, etc.).
Non-limiting examples of the post-transition metal halide may include a zinc halide (for example, ZnF2, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, ZnI2, etc.), an indium halide (for example, InI3, etc.), and/or a tin halide (for example, SnI2, etc.).
Non-limiting examples of the lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF2, YbF3, SmF3, YbCl, YbCl2, YbCl3SmCl3, YbBr, YbBr2, YbBr3, SmBr3, YbI, YbI2, YbI3, and/or SmI3.
Non-limiting examples of the metalloid halide may include an antimony halide (for example, SbCl5, etc.).
Non-limiting examples of the metal telluride may include an alkali metal telluride (for example, Li2Te, Na2Te, K2Te, Rb2Te, Cs2Te, etc.), an alkaline earth metal telluride (for example, BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, etc.), a transition metal telluride (for example, TiTe2, ZrTe2, HfTe2, V2Te3, Nb2Te3, Ta2Te3, Cr2Te3, Mo2Te3, W2Te3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu2Te, CuTe, Ag2Te, AgTe, Au2Te, etc.), a post-transition metal telluride (for example, ZnTe, etc.), and/or a lanthanide metal telluride (for example, LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, etc.).
When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers of a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers may contact each other or may be separated from each other, to emit white light (e.g., combined white light). In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials of a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and/or a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials may be mixed with each other in a single layer, to emit white light (e.g., combined white light).
In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a host and a dopant (or emitter). In some embodiments, the emission layer may further include an auxiliary dopant that promotes energy transfer to a dopant (or emitter), in addition to the host and the dopant (or emitter). When the emission layer includes the dopant (or emitter) and the auxiliary dopant, the dopant (or emitter) and the auxiliary dopant are different from each other.
In one or more embodiments, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 in the present disclosure may serve as the dopant (or emitter), or may serve as the auxiliary dopant.
An amount (weight) of the dopant (or emitter) in the emission layer may be about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host.
In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1. An amount (weight) of the organometallic compound in the emission layer may be about 0.01 parts by weight to about 30 parts by weight, about 0.1 parts by weight to about 20 parts by weight, or about 0.1 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the emission layer.
A thickness of the emission layer may be about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within the range, excellent or suitable light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
In one or more embodiments, the host in the emission layer may include the second compound or the third compound described in the present disclosure, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301.
[Ar301]xb11-[(L301)xb1-R301]xb21. Formula 301
In Formula 301,
For example, in some embodiments, when xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more Ar301(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. For example, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the host may include at least one selected from among Compounds H1 to H130, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), and/or any combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the host may include a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containing compound, or any combination thereof.
The host may have one or more suitable modifications. For example, the host may include only one kind of compound, or may include two or more kinds of different compounds.
The emission layer may include, as a phosphorescent dopant, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 as described in the present disclosure.
In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, and when the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 serves as an auxiliary dopant, the emission layer may include a phosphorescent dopant.
The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal.
The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.
For example, in one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:
For example, in one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X4O1 may be nitrogen, and X402 may be carbon, or ii) each of X401 and X402 may be nitrogen.
In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 402 is 2 or more, two ring A401 (s) in two or more L401 (s) may be optionally linked to each other via T402, which is a linking group, and/or two ring A402(s) may optionally be linked to each other via T403, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T402 and T403 may each be the same as described with respect to T401.
L402 in Formula 401 may be an organic ligand. For example, in one or more embodiments, L402 may include a halogen, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), —C(═O), an isonitrile group, —CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.), or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, at least one selected from among Compounds PD1 to PD25, and/or any combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, and when the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 serves as an auxiliary dopant, the emission layer may further include a fluorescent dopant.
In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, and when the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 serves as a phosphorescent dopant, the emission layer may further include an auxiliary dopant.
The fluorescent dopant and the auxiliary dopant may each independently include an arylamine compound, a styrylamine compound, a boron-containing compound, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant and the auxiliary dopant may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 501:
For example, in one or more embodiments, Ar501 in Formula 501 may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, or a pyrene group) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.
In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.
For example, in one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant and the auxiliary dopant may each include at least one selected from among Compounds FD1 to FD36, 4,4′-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (DPVBi), 4,4′-bis[4-(di-phenylamino)styryl]biphenyl (DPAVBi), and/or any combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant and the auxiliary dopant may each independently include the fourth compound represented by Formula 502 or 503 as described herein.
The electron transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multilayer structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.
The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, the constituting layers of each structure being sequentially stacked from the emission layer in each stated order.
The electron transport region (for example, a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:
[Ar601]xe11-[(L601)xe1-R601]xe21, Formula 601
For example, in some embodiments, when xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more Ar601 (s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, Ar601 in Formula 601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:
In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one selected from among Compounds ET1 to ET46, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3), bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato-N1,O8)-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum (BAlq), 3-(4-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ), and/or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the electron transport region may be about 100 Å to about 5,000 Å, for example, about 160 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å, and the thickness of the electron transport layer may be about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory or suitable electron-transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.
The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and a metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
For example, in some embodiments, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or ET-D2:
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include an electron injection layer to facilitate the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with the second electrode 150.
The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multilayer structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.
The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may include oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound may include: alkali metal oxides, such as Li2O, Cs2O, and/or K2O; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, and/or RbI; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal compound, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr1-xO (x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), BaxCa1-xO (x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), and/or the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include lanthanide metal telluride. Non-limiting examples of the lanthanide metal telluride may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, and/or Lu2Te3.
The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include i) one of metal ions of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, respectively, and ii) a ligand bonded to the metal ion, for example, a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In some embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 601).
In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) i) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide), ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide); and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, a RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, and/or the like.
When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, alkali metal-containing compound, alkaline earth metal-containing compound, rare earth metal-containing compound, alkali metal complex, alkaline earth-metal complex, rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be substantially homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.
A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, and, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range described above, satisfactory or suitable electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130 having a structure. In one or more embodiments, the second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as a material for the second electrode 150, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof, each having a low work function, may be utilized.
The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (AI), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag—Yb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.
The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure or a multilayer structure including two or more layers.
A first capping layer may be located outside the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer may be located outside the second electrode 150. In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are sequentially stacked in the stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order.
In some embodiments, light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the first capping layer. In some embodiments, light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the second capping layer.
The first capping layer and/or the second capping layer may increase external luminescence efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 is increased, so that the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.
Each of the first capping layer and second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index (e.g., at 589 nm) of 1.6 or more.
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.
At least one selected from among the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine group-containing compounds, porphyrin derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may be optionally substituted with a substituent containing O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from among the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.
For example, in one or more embodiments, at least one selected from among the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include at least one selected from among Compounds HT28 to HT33, at least one selected from among Compounds CP1 to CP6, β-NPB, and/or any combination thereof:
The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic devices. For example, the electronic device including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, and/or the like.
In one or more embodiments, the electronic device (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be located in at least one travel direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device. For example, in some embodiments, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light, green light, or white light (e.g., combined white light). The light-emitting device may be the same as described above. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots.
The electronic device may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of subpixel areas, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas.
A pixel-defining layer may be located among the subpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas.
The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and light-shielding patterns located between the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns located between the color conversion areas.
The color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include a first area to emit first color light, a second area to emit second color light, and/or a third area to emit third color light, and the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, in some embodiments, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. In one or more embodiments, the color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. In some embodiments, the first area may include red quantum dots to emit red light, the second area may include green quantum dots to emit green light, and the third area may not include (e.g., may exclude) quantum dots. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each further include a scatterer.
In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may be to emit first light, the first area may be to absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second area may be to absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third area may be to absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. In this regard, the first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. In some embodiments, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.
In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer, wherein one selected from the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to the first electrode or the second electrode of the light-emitting device.
The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode and a gate insulating film.
The activation layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, organic semiconductor, oxide semiconductor, and/or the like.
In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be located between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, while concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) preventing or reducing ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including at least one layer of an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin-film encapsulation layer, the electronic device may be flexible.
One or more functional layers may be additionally located on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the intended utilization of the electronic device. Non-limiting examples of the functional layers may include a touch screen layer and/or a polarizing layer. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by utilizing biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, etc.).
The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, a biometric information collector.
The electronic device may be applied to one or more of displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic diaries, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, one or more suitable measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and/or the like.
The light-emitting apparatus of
The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be formed on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent or reduce penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.
A TFT may be located on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an activation layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.
The activation layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.
A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the activation layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be located on the activation layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be located on the gate insulating film 230.
An interlayer insulating film 250 may be on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be placed between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the drain electrode 270.
The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be respectively in contact with the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220.
The TFT may be electrically connected to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and may be covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or a combination thereof. A light-emitting device may be provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.
The first electrode 110 may be formed on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 does not completely cover the drain electrode 270 and exposes a portion of the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.
A pixel-defining layer 290 containing an insulating material may be located on the first electrode 110. The pixel-defining layer 290 exposes a region of the first electrode 110, and the interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel-defining layer 290 may be a polyimide or polyacrylic organic film. In some embodiments, at least some layers of the interlayer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel-defining layer 290 to be located in the form of a common layer.
The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130, and a second capping layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 150. The second capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.
The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on the second capping layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on the light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture and/or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxide (SiOx), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, and/or the like), an epoxy-based resin (for example, aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), and/or the like), or a combination thereof; or a combination of the inorganic film and the organic film.
The light-emitting apparatus of
The electronic apparatus 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA located outside the display area DA. A display apparatus of the electronic apparatus 1 may implement an image through an array of a plurality of pixels that are two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.
The non-display area NDA is an area that does not display an image, and may entirely surround the display area DA. A driver for providing an electrical signal or electric power to display devices arranged in the display area DA and/or the like may be arranged in the non-display area NDA. A pad, which is an area to which an electronic device or a printed circuit board may be electrically connected, may be arranged in the non-display area NDA.
The electronic apparatus 1 may have different lengths in an X-axis direction and a y-axis direction. For example, in some embodiments, as shown in
Referring to
The vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle 1000 may move in a set or predetermined direction according to rotation of at least one wheel. For example, the vehicle 1000 may include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, a construction vehicle, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover apparatus, a bicycle, or a train traveling on a track.
The vehicle 1000 may include a body having interior trims and exterior trims, and a chassis in which mechanical apparatuses necessary for driving are installed as other parts except for the body. The exterior trims of the body may include a pillar provided at a boundary between a front panel, a bonnet, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, and doors. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generating apparatus, a power transmitting apparatus, a driving apparatus, a steering apparatus, a braking apparatus, a suspension apparatus, a transmission apparatus, a fuel apparatus, and front, rear, left and right wheels.
The vehicle 1000 may include a side window glass 1100, a front window glass 1200, a side-view mirror 1300, a cluster 1400, a center fascia 1500, a front passenger seat dashboard 1600, and a display apparatus 2.
The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 may be partitioned by a pillar arranged between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.
The side window glass 1100 may be installed on a side of the vehicle 1000. In some embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may be installed on a door of the vehicle 1000. A plurality of side window glasses 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In some embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In some embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to the cluster 1400. The second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to the front passenger seat dashboard 1600.
In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses 1100 may be spaced apart from each other in an x direction or in a −x direction. For example, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be spaced apart from each other in the x direction or in the −x direction. In other words, a virtual straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 to each other may extend in the x direction or in the −x direction. For example, the virtual straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 to the second side window glass 1120 may extend in the x direction or in the −x direction.
The front window glass 1200 may be installed in the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other.
The side-view mirror 1300 may provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side-view mirror 1300 may be installed on the exterior trim of the body. In some embodiments, a plurality of side-view mirrors 1300 may be provided. One of the plurality of side-view mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the first side window glass 1110. The other among the plurality of side-view mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the second side window glass 1120.
The cluster 1400 may be located in front of a steering wheel. The cluster 1400 may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, a fuel gauge, a turn signal indicator light, a high beam indicator light, a warning light, a seat belt warning light, an odometer, an automatic gear selector lever indicator light, a door open warning light, an engine oil warning light, and/or a low fuel warning light.
The center fascia 1500 may include a control panel on which a plurality of buttons for adjusting an audio apparatus, an air conditioning apparatus, and/or a heater of a seat are arranged. The center fascia 1500 may be arranged on one side of the cluster 1400.
The front passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be spaced apart from the cluster 1400 with the center fascia 1500 therebetween. In some embodiments, the cluster 1400 may be arranged to correspond to a driver's seat, and the front passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be arranged to correspond to a front passenger seat. In some embodiments, the cluster 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the front passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.
In one or more embodiments, the display apparatus 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display apparatus 2 may be arranged inside the vehicle 1000. In one embodiment, the display apparatus 2 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display apparatus 2 may be arranged on at least one selected from among the cluster 1400, the center fascia 1500, and the front passenger seat dashboard 1600.
The display apparatus 2 may include an organic light-emitting display, an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) display (inorganic light-emitting display), and a quantum dot display. Hereinafter, an organic light-emitting display including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is described as an example of the display apparatus 2 according to one or more embodiments, but in embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more suitable types (kinds) of display apparatuses as described above may be utilized.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and layers included in the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by utilizing one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and/or laser-induced thermal imaging.
When layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10−8 torr to about 10−3 torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.
The term “C3-C60 carbocyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group consisting of carbon only as a ring-forming atom and having three to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and further has, in addition to carbon, a heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group consisting of one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may have 3 to 61 ring-forming atoms.
The term “cyclic group” as utilized herein may include the C3-C60 carbocyclic group and/or the C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
The term “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group that has three to sixty carbon atoms and does not include *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a heterocyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and includes *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety.
For example,
The term “cyclic group”, “C3-C60 carbocyclic group”, “C1-C60 heterocyclic group”, “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group”, or “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as utilized herein may refer to a group condensed to any cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, etc.), according to the structure of a formula in which the corresponding term is utilized. For example, “a benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, and/or the like, which may be easily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group.”
Depending on context, in the present disclosure, a divalent group may refer or be a polyvalent group (e.g., trivalent, tetravalent, etc., and not just divalent) per, e.g., the structure of a formula in connection with which of the terms are utilized.
For example, non-limiting examples of a monovalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group and a monovalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may include a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and non-limiting examples of a divalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group and a divalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may include a C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C6-C60 arylene group, a C1-C60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C1-C60 alkyl group” as utilized herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term “C1-C60 alkylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkenyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of a C2-C60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof may include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkenylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C2-C60 alkenyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkynyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of a C2-C60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof may include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkynylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C2-C60 alkynyl group.
The term “C1-C60 alkoxy group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA101 (wherein A101 is the C1-C60 alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof may include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group.
The term “C1-C1 heterocycloalkyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that further includes, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom and has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C1 heterocycloalkylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C1 heterocycloalkyl group.
The term “C3-C1 cycloalkenyl group” utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has three to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C3-C1 cycloalkenylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C3-C1 cycloalkenyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Non-limiting examples of the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group may include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C1a heterocycloalkenylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having six to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C6-C60 arylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having six to sixty carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C6-C60 aryl group may include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, and an ovalenyl group. When the C6-C60 aryl group and the C6-C60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “C1-C60 heteroaryl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C1-C60 heteroarylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C1-C60 heteroaryl group may include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C1-C60 heteroaryl group and the C1-C60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) as ring-forming atoms, and non-aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, and an indeno anthracenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed to each other, at least one heteroatom other than carbon atoms (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as a ring-forming atom, and non-aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indenocarbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C6-C60 aryloxy group” as utilized herein indicates —OA102 (wherein A102 is the C6-C60 aryl group), and the term “C6-C60 arylthio group” as utilized herein indicates —SA103 (wherein A103 is the C6-C60 aryl group).
The term “C7-C60 arylalkyl group” as utilized herein refers to -A104A105 (where A104 may be a C1-C54 alkylene group, and A105 may be a C6-C59 aryl group), and the term “C2-C60 heteroarylalkyl group” utilized herein refers to -A106A107 (where A106 may be a C1-C59 alkylene group, and A107 may be a C1-C59 heteroaryl group).
R10a may be:
The term “heteroatom” as utilized herein refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Non-limiting examples of the heteroatom may include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, or any combination thereof.
The term “the transition metal” as utilized herein includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), and/or the like.
The term “Ph” as utilized herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” as utilized herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as utilized herein refers to an ethyl group, the term “tert-Bu” or “But” as utilized herein refers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as utilized herein refers to a methoxy group.
The term “biphenyl group” as utilized herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.” In other words, the “biphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having a C6-C60 aryl group as a substituent.
The term “terphenyl group” as utilized herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group”. The “terphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C-Co aryl group substituted with a C-Co aryl group.
*, *′ and *″ as utilized herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.
Hereinafter, compounds and light-emitting devices according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the following Synthesis Examples and Examples. The wording “B was utilized instead of A,” utilized in describing Synthesis Examples, indicates that an identical molar equivalent of B was utilized in place of A.
2,6-dibromoaniline (25.0 g, 100.0 mmol), (phenyl-d5)boronic acid (6.4 g, 50.0 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd(PPh3)4) (2.9 g, 2.5 mmol), and K2CO3 (13.8 g, 100.0 mmol) were placed in a reaction vessel, suspended in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (200 mL) and H2O (50 mL) under nitrogen, and then heated and stirred at 80° C. for 12 hours. After the reaction was terminated, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, 150 mL of distilled water was added thereto, an organic layer was extracted therefrom utilizing ethylacetate, and the organic layer thus extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution and dried utilizing sodium sulfate. The resulting product thus obtained therefrom was subjected to column chromatography to obtain Intermediate IM-1 (16.1 g, 63.6 mmol) in the yield of 65%.
Intermediate IM-1 (7.8 g, 28.5 mmol), (3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)boronic acid (10.0 g, 2.3 g), Pd(PPh3)4 (2.6 g, 2.2 mmol), and K2CO3 (12.6 g, 90.9 mmol) were placed in a reaction vessel, and suspended in 1,4-dioxane (210 mL) and H2O (70 mL) under nitrogen, and then heated and stirred at 100° C. for 12 hours. After the reaction was terminated, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, 150 mL of distilled water was added thereto, an organic layer was extracted therefrom utilizing ethylacetate, and the organic layer thus extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution and dried utilizing sodium sulfate. The resulting product thus obtained therefrom was subjected to column chromatography to obtain Intermediate IM-2 (10.0 g, 27.6 mmol) in the yield of 97%.
Intermediate IM-2 (10.0 g, 27.6 mmol), 1-bromo-2-nitrobenzene (8.4 g, 41.4 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd2(dba)3) (2.6 g, 2.8 mmol), 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl (SPhos) (1.7 g, 4.1 mmol), and NaOtBu (10.6 g, 110.4 mmol) were placed in a reaction vessel, suspended in toluene (250 mL) under nitrogen, and then heated and stirred at 120° C. for 12 hours. After the reaction was terminated, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, 150 mL of distilled water was added thereto, an organic layer was extracted therefrom utilizing ethylacetate, and the organic layer thus extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution and dried utilizing sodium sulfate. The resulting product thus obtained therefrom was subjected to column chromatography to obtain Intermediate IM-3 (11.6 g, 24.0 mmol) in the yield of 87%.
A mixture of Intermediate IM-3 (11.6 g, 24.0 mmol) and tin (8.5 g, 72 mmol) was placed in a reaction vessel, suspended in a mixed solution of ethanol (EtOH) (240 mL) and HCl (37%, 10.8 mL), and then heated and stirred at 80° C. for 12 hours. After the reaction was terminated, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, 150 mL of distilled water was added thereto, followed by neutralization, an organic layer was extracted therefrom utilizing dichloromethane, and the organic layer thus extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution and dried utilizing sodium sulfate. The resulting product thus obtained therefrom was subjected to column chromatography to obtain Intermediate IM-4 (9.6 g, 21.1 mmol) in the yield of 88%.
Intermediate IM-4 (N1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-yl-2″,3″,4″,5″,6″-d5)benzene-1,2-diamine) (5.2 g, 11.4 mmol), 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (5.4 g, 11.4 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (0.2 g, 0.2 mmol), SPhos (1.9 g, 4.6 mmol), and NaOtBu (1.7 g, 18.2 mmol) were placed in a reaction vessel, suspended in 114 mL of toluene, and then heated and stirred at 110° C. for 4 hours. After the reaction was terminated, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, 300 mL of distilled water was added thereto, an organic layer was extracted therefrom utilizing ethylacetate, and the organic layer thus extracted therefrom was washed with a saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution and dried utilizing sodium sulfate. The resulting product thus obtained therefrom was subjected to column chromatography to obtain Intermediate IM-5 (6.2 g, 7.4 mmol) in the yield of 65%.
Intermediate IM-5 (6.2 g, 7.4 mmol), HCl (37%), and HC(OEt)3 (0.9 mL, 8.9 mmol) were placed in a reaction vessel, and then heated and stirred at 80° C. for 12 hours. After the reaction was terminated, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, a solid thus generated was subjected to filtration and washed utilizing ether, and then the washed solid was dried to obtain Intermediate IM-6 (6.3 g, 7.0 mmol) in the yield of 95%.
Intermediate IM-6 (6.3 g, 7.7 mmol) and NH4PF6 (3.8 g, 23.1 mmol) were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in a mixed solution of 100 mL of methyl alcohol and 50 mL of water, and then stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. After the reaction was terminated, a solid thus generated was subjected to filtration and washed utilizing ether, and then the washed solid was dried to obtain Intermediate IM-7 (7.0 g, 7.0 mmol) in the yield of 99%.
Intermediate IM-7 (6.4 g, 6.9 mmol) and dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (Pt(COD)Cl2) (2.8 g, 7.6 mmol), and sodium acetate (NaOAc) (1.7 g, 20.7 mmol) were suspended in 150 mL of 1,4-dioxane, and then heated and stirred at 120° C. for 72 hours. After the reaction was terminated, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, 150 mL of distilled water was added thereto, an organic layer was extracted therefrom utilizing ethylacetate, and then, the organic layer thus extracted therefrom was washed with a NaCl aqueous solution and dried utilizing MgSO4. The resulting product thus obtained therefrom was subjected to column chromatography to obtain Compound BD01 (2.2 g, 2.1 mmol) in the yield of 30%.
Compound BD02 (2.5 g, 2.4 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 33% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole-5,6,7,8-d4 was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD03 (2.3 g, 2.2 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 32% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole-3,4,5,6,7,8-d6 was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD07 (2.8 g, 2.5 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 36% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-phenyl-9H-carbazole was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD08 (2.6 g, 2.3 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 33% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(phenyl-d5)-9H-carbazole was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD09 (2.5 g, 2.1 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 31% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(phenyl-d5)-9H-carbazole-3,4,5,7,8-d5 was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD10 (2.5 g, 2.2 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 32% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl-3,5,6-d3)-6-(phenyl-d5)-9H-carbazole was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD15 (2.3 g, 2.3 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 33% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, during synthesis of Intermediate IM-2, (3-(tert-butyl)phenyl)boronic acid was utilized instead of (3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)boronic acid.
Compound BD16 (2.3 g, 2.3 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 36% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, i) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-2, (3-(tert-butyl)phenyl)boronic acid was utilized instead of (3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)boronic acid, and ii) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole-5,6,7,8-d4 was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD17 (2.4 g, 2.4 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 35% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, i) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-2, (3-(tert-butyl)phenyl)boronic acid was utilized instead of (3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)boronic acid, and ii) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole-3,4,5,6,7,8-d6 was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD21 (2.3 g, 2.1 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 31% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, i) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-2, (3-(tert-butyl)phenyl)boronic acid was utilized instead of (3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)boronic acid, and ii) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-phenyl-9H-carbazole was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD22 (2.4 g, 2.3 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 33% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, i) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-2, (3-(tert-butyl)phenyl)boronic acid was utilized instead of (3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)boronic acid, and ii) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(phenyl-d5)-9H-carbazole was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD23 (2.4 g, 2.2 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 32% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, i) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-2, (3-(tert-butyl)phenyl)boronic acid was utilized instead of (3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)boronic acid, and ii) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(phenyl-d5)-9H-carbazole-3,4,5,7,8-d5 was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD24 (2.4 g, 2.3 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 33% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, i) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-2, (3-(tert-butyl)phenyl)boronic acid was utilized instead of (3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)boronic acid, and ii) during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl-3,5,6-d3)-6-(phenyl-d5)-9H-carbazole was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Compound BD113 (1.8 g, 1.7 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 25% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, during synthesis of Intermediate IM-1, phenylboronic acid was utilized instead of (phenyl-d5)boronic acid.
Compound BD119 (3.0 g, 2.8 mmol) was obtained in the yield of 33% by utilizing substantially the same manner as in Synthesis Example 1, except that, during synthesis of Intermediate IM-5, 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(methyl-d3)-9H-carbazole was utilized instead of 2-(3-bromophenoxy)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole.
Measurement results of 1H NMR and high-resolution mass (HR-MS) of the compounds synthesized in Synthesis Examples 1 to 16 are shown in Table 2. Synthesis methods of compounds other than the compounds synthesized in Synthesis Examples 1 to 16 may be easily recognized by those skilled in the art by referring to the synthesis paths and source materials.
1H NMR (CDCl3 , 500 MHZ)
3JH—H = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.38 (m, 3H),
3JH—H = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (d, 3JH—H = 7.5 Hz,
3JH—H = 6.3 Hz, 4JH—H = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 1.28
3JH—H = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dd, 3JH—H = 6.3 Hz,
4JH—H = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (s, 9H), 0.91 (br s,
3JH—H = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, 3JH—H = 8.2 Hz,
3JH—H = 8.4 Hz, 4JH—H = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (br s,
3JH—H = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, 3JH—H = 8.2 Hz, 1H),
3JH—H = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, 3JH—H = 8.2 Hz,
3JH—H = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (d, 3JH—H = 6.2 Hz,
4JH—H = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (s, 9H), 0.94 (br s,
3JH—H = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, 3JH—H = 8.1 Hz,
3JH—H = 8.4 Hz, 4JH—H = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (br s,
3JH—H = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, 3JH—H = 8.2 Hz, 1H),
3JH—H = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, 3JH—H = 8.2 Hz,
3JH—H = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (d, 3JH—H = 6.2 Hz,
4JH—H = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 9H), 1.29 (s, 9H).
3JH—H = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, 3JH—H = 8.1 Hz,
3JH—H = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (br s, 1H) 7.48 (t,
3JH—H = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.36 (m, 4H), 7.31 (d,
3JH—H = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.17 (m, 6H), 7.08
3JH—H = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (br s, 1H), 7.29-
3JH—H = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (dd, 3JH—H = 6.3 Hz,
4JH—H = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (s, 9H), 0.92
According to the methods of Table 3, HOMO and LUMO energy levels of each of Compounds BD01, BD02, BD03, BD07, BD08, BD09, BD10, BD15, BD16, BD17, BD21, BD22, BD23, BD24, BD113, BD119, and A to G were evaluated, and results thereof are shown in Table 4.
PMMA in CH2Cl2 solution and Compound BD01 (4 wt % to PMMA) were mixed, and then, the resulting product thus obtained therefrom was coated on a quartz substrate by utilizing a spin coater, and then heat-treated in an oven at 80° C., followed by cooling to room temperature, to manufacture Film BD01 having a thickness of 40 nm. Next, Films BD02, BD03, BD07, BD08, BD09, BD10, BD15, BD16, BD17, BD21, BD22, BD23, BD24, BD113, BD119, and A to G each were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in the method of manufacturing Film BD01, except that each of Compounds BD02, BD03, BD07, BD08, BD09, BD10, BD15, BD16, BD17, BD21, BD22, BD23, BD24, BD113, BD119, and A to G was utilized instead of Compound BD01.
A photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of each of Films BD01, BD02, BD03, BD07, BD08, BD09, BD10, BD15, BD16, BD17, BD21, BD22, BD23, BD24, BD113, BD119, and A to G was measured by utilizing a Quantaurus-QY Absolute PL quantum yield spectrometer (equipped with a xenon light source, a monochromator, a photonic multichannel analyzer, and an integrating sphere, and utilizing a PLQY measurement software (Hamamatsu Photonics, Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan)) manufactured by Hamamatsu Company. During the measurement, an excitation wavelength was scanned from 320 nm to 380 nm at intervals of 10 nm, and a photoluminescence spectrum measured at the excitation wavelength of 340 nm was taken to obtain a maximum emission wavelength (emission peak wavelength) and FWHM of an organometallic compound included in each Film, which are shown in Table 5.
Next, a photoluminescence quantum yield of each of Films BD01, BD02, BD03, BD07, BD08, BD09, BD10, BD15, BD16, BD17, BD21, BD22, BD23, BD24, BD113, BD119, and A to G was measured by scanning an excitation wavelength from 300 nm to 380 nm at intervals of 10 nm by utilizing the Quantaurus-QY Absolute PL quantum yield spectrometer manufactured by Hamamatsu Company, and a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) measured at the excitation wavelength of 330 nm was taken to obtain a photoluminescence quantum yield of the organometallic compound included in each Film, which are shown in Table 5.
From Table 5, it was found that Compounds BD01, BD02, BD03, BD07, BD08, BD09, BD10, BD15, BD16, BD17, BD21, BD22, BD23, BD24, BD113, and BD119 had an equal PLOY to or better PLOY than that of Compounds A to G, and emitted blue light having relatively equal FWHM to or smaller FWHM than that of Compounds A to G.
For each of Films BD01, BD02, BD03, BD07, BD08, BD09, BD10, BD15, BD16, BD17, BD21, BD22, BD23, BD24, BD113, BD119, and A to G, a PL spectrum was evaluated at room temperature by utilizing Fluotime 300, which is a time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurement system manufactured by PicoQuant Inc., and PLS340 (excitation wavelength=340 nm, spectral width=20 nm), which has a pumping source manufactured by PicoQuant Inc., a wavelength of a main peak of the spectrum was determined, and then, the number of photons emitted at the wavelength of the main peak from each Film excited by photon pulse (pulse width=500 picoseconds) applied by PLS340 to each Film was repeatedly measured based on time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) according to time, to obtain a TRPL curve sufficient for fitting. The result thus obtained therefrom was fitted with at least one exponential decay function to obtain Tdecay(Ex), that is, decay time (e.g., emission decay time), of each of Films BD01, BD02, BD03, BD07, BD08, BD09, BD10, BD15, BD16, BD17, BD21, BD22, BD23, BD24, BD113, BD119, and A to G, and results thereof are shown in Table 6. A function utilized for fitting is as shown in Equation 20, and from among Tdecay values obtained from each exponential decay function utilized for fitting, the largest Tdecay was obtained as Tdecay (Ex). In this regard, the same measurement was performed during the same measurement time as that for obtaining TRPL curve in the dark state (in which pumping signals entering a film are blocked) to obtain a baseline or a background signal curve for utilization as a baseline for fitting.
From Table 6, it was found that Compounds BD01, BD02, BD03, BD07, BD08, BD09, BD10, BD15, BD16, BD17, BD21, BD22, BD23, BD24, BD113, and BD119 had an equal emission decay time to or longer emission decay time (that is, higher radiative decay rate (Kr)) than that of Compounds A to G.
A phase transition diagram of each of Compounds A, BD15, BD01, BD16, BD02, and BD119 was evaluated by utilizing SETSYS evolution TG-DTA manufactured by Setaram Inc., and a temperature of each of Compounds A, BD15, BD01, BD16, BD02, and BD119 at a vaporization (or, sublimation) pressure (at 6.4×10−4 torr) was evaluated therefrom and is shown in Table 7. A phase transition diagram of each of Compounds A, BD16, BD02, and BD119 is shown in
From Table 7 and
The purity of each of Compounds A, BD15, BD01, BD16, BD02, and BD119 was measured by utilizing HPLC to evaluate P(0 Hr) (%) of each Compound.
Next, each of Compounds A, BD15, BD01, BD16, BD02, and BD119 was heat-treated for 360 hours in a chamber in which an internal temperature at a vaporization pressure (at 6.4×10−4 torr) were maintained, and then collected, and then, purity evaluation utilizing HPLC was performed again to evaluate P(360 Hr) (%) of each Compound.
From this, P(360 Hr)−P(0 Hr) (%), which is a purity change amount after heat treatment for each Compound, was evaluated, and results thereof are shown in Table 8.
From Table 8, it was found that each of Compounds BD15, BD01, BD16, BD02, and BD119 had a smaller absolute value of the purity change amount after heat treatment than that of Compound A, and thus, had excellent or suitable heat resistance.
As an anode, a glass substrate (product of Corning Inc.) with a 15 Ω/cm2 (1,200 Å) ITO formed thereon was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated in isopropyl alcohol and pure water each for 5 minutes, cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 30 minutes, and then mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.
2-TNATA was vacuum-deposited on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 600 Å, and 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (hereinafter, referred as “NPB”) was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å.
Compound BD01 (organometallic compound represented by Formula 1), Compound ETH2 (second compound), and Compound HTH29 (third compound) were vacuum-deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 350 Å. In this regard, an amount of Compound BD01 was 13 wt % based on the total weight (100 wt %) of the emission layer, and a weight ratio of Compound ETH2 to Compound HTH29 was adjusted to 3.5:6.5.
Compound ETH34 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 50 Å, and ET46 and LiQ were vacuum-deposited on the hole blocking layer at a weight ratio of 4:6 to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 310 Å. Next, Yb was vacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 15 Å, and then Mg was vacuum-deposited thereon to form a cathode having a thickness of 800 Å, thereby completing manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that, in forming the emission layer, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, the second compound, the third compound, and/or the fourth compound, and amounts of these compounds were changed and utilized as described in Table 9. In Table 9, the weight in parentheses indicates the weight of the corresponding compound based on 100 wt % of the emission layer.
The driving voltage (V) at 1,000 cd/m2, color purity (CIE(x,y)), luminescence efficiency (cd/A), color conversion efficiency (cd/A/y), maximum emission wavelength (nm), and lifespan (T95) of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 1 to 18 were each measured utilizing Keithley SMU 236 and a luminance meter PR650, and results thereof are shown in Table 10. In Table 10, the lifespan (T95) indicates a time (Hr) (i.e., hours) taken for the luminance to reach 95% of the initial luminance. Meanwhile, an electroluminescence spectrum, a (blue conversion) luminescence efficiency-luminance graph, and a luminance-time graph of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 1 to 7, 16, and 17 are shown in
From Table 10, it was found that the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 18 emitted deep blue light and had excellent or suitable driving voltage, excellent or suitable color purity, excellent or suitable luminescence efficiency, excellent or suitable color conversion efficiency, and excellent or suitable lifespan characteristics.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that, in forming the emission layer, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 was changed as described in Table 11.
The driving voltage (V) at 1,000 cd/m2, color purity (CIE(x,y)), luminescence efficiency (cd/A), maximum emission wavelength (nm), and lifespan (T95) of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Example 19 and Comparative Examples A to C and G were each measured by utilizing the method as described in Evaluation Example 6, and results thereof are shown in Table 11. In Table 11, the lifespan (T95) indicates a time (Hr) taken for the luminance to reach 95% of the initial luminance. In some embodiments, it was not possible to measure the performance of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Comparative Examples D to F, which is attributed to the denaturation of Compounds D to F, occurred during a deposition process for manufacturing the organic light-emitting devices, and/or the relatively small decay time of Compounds D to F.
From Table 11, it was found that the organic light-emitting device of Example 19 emitted deep blue light and concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) had improved driving voltage, improved color purity, improved luminescence efficiency, and improved lifespan characteristics, compared to the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples A to G.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that, in forming the emission layer, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 was changed as described in Table 12. The expression “heat-treated compound” in Table 12 refers to a “compound collected after heat treatment for 360 hours in a chamber in which an internal temperature at a vaporization pressure (at 6.4×10−4 torr) are maintained” as in Evaluation Example 5.
The luminescence efficiency (cd/A) at 1,000 cd/m2 and lifespan (T95) of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Comparative Example A-heat and Examples 8-heat, 1-heat, 9-heat, 2-heat, and 18-heat were each measured by utilizing the method as described in Evaluation Example 6, and results thereof are shown in Table 12. In Table 12, the lifespan (T95) indicates a time (Hr) taken for the luminance to reach 95% of the initial luminance.
Next, “(luminescence efficiency of Comparative Example A-heat −luminescence efficiency of Comparative Example A)/luminescence efficiency of Comparative Example A×100” (%) and “(lifespan of Comparative Example A-heat−lifespan of Comparative Example A)/lifespan of Comparative Example A×100” (%) were each calculated to evaluate luminescence efficiency change rate (%) and lifespan change rate (%) after heat treatment of an organic light-emitting device including Compound A, and results thereof are shown in Table 12. This evaluation was repeated for each of organic light-emitting devices including Compounds BD15, BD01, BD16, BD02, and BD119, and results thereof are shown in Table 12.
From Table 12, it was found that the organic light-emitting device including each of Compounds BD15, BD01, BD16, BD02, and BD119 had a smaller absolute value of the luminescence efficiency change rate after heat treatment and a smaller absolute value of the lifespan change rate after heat treatment than those of an organic light-emitting device including Compound A, and thus, it was found that an organic light-emitting device manufactured by utilizing the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 (for example, manufactured by utilizing a deposition process) may have excellent or suitable luminescence efficiency and lifespan characteristics concurrently (e.g., at the same time).
Because the organometallic compound has excellent or suitable processibility, excellent or suitable heat resistance, and excellent or suitable electric characteristics, a light-emitting device including the organometallic compound may have improved color purity, improved luminescence efficiency, and improved lifespan.
In the present disclosure, it will be understood that the terms “comprise(s),” “include(s),” or “have/has” specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Throughout the present disclosure, when a component such as a layer, a film, a region, or a plate is mentioned to be placed “on” another component, it will be understood that it may be directly on another component or that another component may be interposed therebetween. In some embodiments, “directly on” may refer to that there are no additional layers, films, regions, plates, etc., between a layer, a film, a region, a plate, etc. and the other part. For example, “directly on” may refer to two layers or two members are disposed without utilizing an additional member such as an adhesive member therebetween.
In the present disclosure, although the terms “first,” “second,” etc., may be utilized herein to describe one or more elements, components, regions, and/or layers, these elements, components, regions, and/or layers should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only utilized to distinguish one component from another component.
As utilized herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” “one,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Further, the use of “may” when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to “one or more embodiments of the present disclosure”.
As utilized herein, the terms “substantially,” “about,” or similar terms are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. “About” as used herein, is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value.
Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amend this specification, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.
The light-emitting device, the display device, the electronic apparatus, the electronic device, or any other relevant devices or components according to embodiments of the present disclosure described herein may be implemented utilizing any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, the various components of the device may be formed on one integrated circuit (IC) chip or on separate IC chips. Further, the various components of the device may be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, a tape carrier package (TCP), a printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on one substrate. Further, the various components of the device may be a process or thread, running on one or more processors, in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions and interacting with other system components for performing the various functionalities described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory which may be implemented in a computing device using a standard memory device, such as, for example, a random access memory (RAM). The computer program instructions may also be stored in other non-transitory computer readable media such as, for example, a CD-ROM, flash drive, or the like. Also, a person of skill in the art should recognize that the functionality of various computing devices may be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functionality of a particular computing device may be distributed across one or more other computing devices without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure.
It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the drawings, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that one or more suitable changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims and equivalents thereof.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2022-0089879 | Jul 2022 | KR | national |
| 10-2023-0092594 | Jul 2023 | KR | national |
