The present invention relates to a formula or composition for use in reducing a honey bee parasitic mite infestation. Compositions of the present invention provide effective control, treatment, or prevention of honey bee parasitic mite infestations by inclusion of, for example, certain excipients that retard beta acid oxidation, prolong availability of active ingredient for bee uptake, improved convenience for beekeepers, and may both retard beta acid oxidation and prolong the availability of active ingredient for bee uptake.
As described below, the present invention comprises compositions useful for controlling, treating, or preventing honey bee parasitic mite infections and comprising excipients that allow these compositions to stay wet and/or biologically active for at least about 14 or more days.
Exemplary compositions of the present invention may comprise about 5% to about 75% by weight hop beta acids, about 5% to about 75% by weight solvent, about 5% to about 75% by weight emulsifier, and at least one of 0.5% to about 35% by weight fumed silica and 0.5% to about 5% by weight ascorbic acid or another antioxidant. The present invention includes one or more new formulation excipients, such as a thixotropic material and/or an antioxidant material. The present invention also provides formulations suitable for use as part of, or to form all of, new delivery vehicles comprising, for example, patties, pastes, plastic porous strips, other strip materials, pads, powders, etc. Additionally, the present invention provides formulations wherein the proportion of solvent and emulsifier excipients relative to each other and/or relative to the total composition (by weight) are substantially or significantly changed relative to the conventional art.
Hop acid oxidation is caused by oxygen containing species in hops and atmospheric oxygen via auto oxidation or through secondary oxidation, where the oxygen molecule indirectly oxidizes hop acids by first reacting with hop oil compounds creating pro-oxidants and then oxidizing hop acids. Hop acids oxidize and chemically deteriorate at high temperature and in presence of oxygen (Benitez, J. L.; Foster, A.; De Keukeleire, D.; Moir, M.; Sharpe, F. R.; Verhagen, L. C.; Wetwood, K. T. Hops and hop products. In Manual of Good Practice; European Brewery Convention: 1997). Beta acids (lupulone, colupulone, and adlupulone) in hops have isoprenyl chain that is sensitive to autoxidation resulting in oxidation product hulupones (Verzele 1991, Briggs 2004) (
The rate of oxidative degradation of beta acids increases with the increase in surface area exposed to air oxygen exposition. Krofta found higher rate of beta acid degradation when spread on surface of solid carriers such as cellulose powder or silica sand compared to leaf hops (Krofta, K., Vrabcová, S., Mikyška, A., Jurková, M., Cajka, T., & Hajslová, J. (2013). Stability of hop beta acids and their decomposition products during natural ageing (Vol. 1010) (“Krofta”)). For example, HopGuard® Strips with a thin beta acid layer of formulation allow greater exposure to oxygen in the bee hives. Such greater oxygen exposure can be detrimental to the effectiveness and/or duration of the HopGuard Strips. Here, the present invention solves problems associated with oxidation and moisture retention characteristic of conventional miticide formulations and delivery vehicles.
Thixotropic materials such as fumed silica, microparticles of alumina, aluminum nitride, carbon black, nanocarbons, could be used to form layers of formulation on delivery vehicles such as strip, gel, paste, patty or powder, to protect beta acid from oxidative degradation, prolong availability of beta acid for bee uptake, reduce drip loss and bee agitation due to dripping in hives, mask any bee repellant odor, and improve convenience for bee keepers.
Fumed silica (CAS 112945-52-5) is a low density high surface area powder which when mixed with fluids increases the viscosity and exhibits a thixotropic behavior.
Thixotropy is a time-dependent shear thinning property where the thick gel and colloids convert into fluid when agitated. Thixotropy may also be described as the property of becoming less viscous when subjected to an applied stress, shown for example by some gels that become temporarily fluid when shaken or stirred. This property is utilized in the present invention where bees receive a small dose of beta acid on interacting with the delivery system over a longer period of time instead of getting drenched, as seen with the formulations without fumed silica. In addition, fumed silica containing formulations are not chewed by bees since the cardboard strips are not exposed due to the presence of thick layers of the formulation.
Five Hop formulations and one control formulation with zero hop beta acid were developed at Haas Innovations Center, John I Haas, Inc., Yakima, Wash. TABLE. 1 is a table showing the composition of various HopGuard® formulations
In one embodiment, natural antioxidant ascorbic acid was used at the rate of 5% in the formulation while reducing the propylene glycol content to develop HopGuard® II+5% ascorbic acid strips. Other natural antioxidants such as, for example, vitamin A, tocopherols, carotenoids, lutein, lycopene, polyphenols like flavonoids or synthetic antioxidants such as propyl gallate, tertiary butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxyanisole, and butylated hydroxytoluene could be used for the same purpose.
Excipient fumed silica, a thixotropic material, was used to form gel, colloids and paste that convert into fluid when agitated due to bee interaction. The consistency of HopGuard® formulations was found to change with the level of excipient fumed silica added to the formulation, which allowed development of different delivery products such as liquid, paste, gel, patty or powder. Other materials with similar properties such as, for example, microparticles of alumina, aluminum nitride, carbon black, and nanocarbons, etc. could be used to achieve the desired outcome.
Three formulations, HopGuard® II, HopGuard® II+5% Ascorbic acid and HopGuard® III were prepared by soaking corrugated cardboard strips, with mylar backing, 17.5 (L)×1.25 (B) folded in half, with liquid formulation added at the rate of 25 g per strip. Strips were placed in an aluminum foil bag (13×5 inches) and soaked in formulation for 24 hours. HopGuard® III paste formulation was added to a permeable bag at the rate of 25 g per bag (
In a preferred embodiment, cardboard strip products are intended to be hung between the frames of beehives, whereas, paste and patty formula are intended to be placed on top of the frames or any other area where bees could interact with the product, for example the entrance.
For testing of formulations in the lab, a Thermolyne (oven series 9000) hot air incubator was used to simulate beehive environment with a controlled temperature of 35° C. and relative humidity of 35%. The strips were hung in the incubator, whereas the paste and patty based formulas were placed on a wire rack. Samples were pulled out in triplicate on a given time point, weighed, placed in Ziploc bags, flushed with nitrogen gas, and stored under nitrogen flush at 5° C. until analysis for beta acid using HPLC as μg/inch2 for strips and μg/g for paste and patty products.
For testing of formulations in the beehives, the products were tested in full strength bee colonies at Carl Hayden Bee Research Facility in Tucson, Ariz. For strip based formulas, two strips (25 g liquid formulation per strip) per hive were hung over the center brood frame near the middle of the frame with one half of the strip on each side of the frame. The paste and patty based products were placed on top of the center brood frames at the rate of two permeable bags (25 g each) or two patties (25 g each) per hive. Samples were pulled out in triplicate on a given time point, placed in Ziploc bags, flushed with nitrogen gas and stored under nitrogen flush at 5° C., until analysis for beta acid using HPLC.
In a preliminary experiment, our currently available product, HopGuard® II, was found to have 30% beta acid degradation over a period of 8 days under simulated hive conditions as described above (
Two strip based products, HopGuard® II and HopGuard® III were tested for change in strip weight and beta acid degradation under simulated hive conditions over a period of 14 days using protocol described in Example 1. Strip weight and wetness were used as an indicator of the availability of product for bee uptake. Fumed silica in HopGuard® III strip prevented the reduction of strip weight via evaporative drying or drip loss, while keeping the strip wet on touch (observation), thereby enabling the strip to last longer (
The strips were tested in bee hives to observe bee response to HopGuard® II and HopGuard® III over a period of 14 days. HopGuard® III strips were found wet on touch (observation) and visibly intact on day 14 whereas HopGuard® II strips were completely dry and partially or completely chewed up by the bees with mylar film exposed (
Two formulations, HopGuard® III paste and patty were tested for change in product weight and beta acid degradation under simulated hive conditions over a period of 14 days as described in Example 1. Strip weight and wetness were used an indicator of the availability of product for bee uptake. Both weight and beta acid content did not change (P<0.05) in the products, instead beta acid content of HopGuard® III paste was found to increase by 38% on day 14, probably due to the concentration of beta acid (
The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.
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