Compositions and methods for modeling bacillus subtilis metabolism

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates generally to analysis of the activity of a chemical reaction network and, more specifically, to computational methods for simulating and predicting the activity of Bacillus subtilis reaction networks.

[0002] Members of the Bacillus genus are Gram-positive, endospore forming, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil and associated water sources. Bacillus subtilis, the type species of the genus, is a non-pathogenic organism that has been studied for many years as a model organism for many aspects of the biochemistry, genetics and physiology of Gram-positive bacteria, and also used to investigate the simple developmental process of sporulation. Research into B. subtilis has more recently been motivated by the widespread use of this organism in the production of industrially important products, including enzymes used in the food, brewing, dairy, textile and detergent industries, as well as nucleosides, antibiotics, vitamins and surfactants.

[0003] Over two-thirds of the world market of industrial enzymes is produced by Bacillus species. Commercially important enzymes made by Bacillus include proteases, amylases, glucanases and cellulases, which can be produced in abundance using simple media under industrial fermentation conditions. B. subtilis, and particularly protease-deficient strains, has also proven useful in the production of recombinant enzymes and proteins, including human growth factors.

[0004] Genetic manipulations, as well as changes in various fermentation conditions, are being considered in an attempt to improve the yield of industrially important products made by B. subtilis. However, these approaches are currently not guided by a clear understanding of how a change in a particular parameter, or combination of parameters, is likely to affect cellular behavior, such as the growth of the organism, the production of the desired product or the production of unwanted by-products. It would be valuable to be able to predict, how changes in fermentation conditions, such as an increase or decrease in the supply of oxygen or a media component, would affect cellular behavior and, therefore, fermentation performance. Likewise, before engineering the organism by the addition or deletion of one or more genes, it would be useful to be able to predict how these changes would affect cellular behavior.

[0005] However, it is currently difficult to make these sorts of predictions for B. subtilis because of the complexity of the metabolic reaction network that is encoded by the B. subtilis genome. Even relatively minor changes in media composition can affect hundreds of components of this network such that potentially hundreds of variables are worthy of consideration in making a prediction of fermentation behavior. Similarly, due to the complexity of interactions in the network, mutation of even a single gene can have effects on multiple components of the network. Thus, there exists a need for a model that describes B. subtilis reaction networks, such as its metabolic network, which can be used to simulate many different aspects of the cellular behavior of B. subtilis under different conditions. The present invention satisfies this need, and provides related advantages as well.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The invention provides a computer readable medium or media, including: (a) a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating the substrate and the product, (b) a constraint set for the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, and (c) commands for determining at least one flux distribution that minimizes or maximizes an objective function when the constraint set is applied to the data representation, wherein the at least one flux distribution is predictive of a Bacillus subtilis physiological function. In one embodiment, at least one of the Bacillus subtilis reactions in the data structure is annotated to indicate an associated gene and the computer readable medium or media further includes a gene database including information characterizing the associated gene. In another embodiment, at least one of the Bacillus subtilis reactions is a regulated reaction and the computer readable medium or media further includes a constraint set for the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein the constraint set includes a variable constraint for the regulated reaction.

[0007] The invention provides a method for predicting a Bacillus subtilis physiological function, including: (a) providing a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating the substrate and the product; (b) providing a constraint set for the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions; (c) providing an objective function, and (d) determining at least one flux distribution that minimizes or maximizes the objective function when the constraint set is applied to the data structure, thereby predicting a Bacillus subtilis physiological function. In one embodiment, at least one of the Bacillus subtilis reactions in the data structure is annotated to indicate an associated gene and the method predicts a Bacillus subtilis physiological function related to the gene.

[0008] The invention provides a method for predicting a Bacillus subtilis physiological function, including: (a) providing a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating the substrate and the product, wherein at least one of the Bacillus subtilis reactions is a regulated reaction; (b) providing a constraint set for the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein the constraint set includes a variable constraint for the regulated reaction; (c) providing a condition-dependent value to the variable constraint; (d) providing an objective function, and (e) determining at least one flux distribution that minimizes or maximizes the objective function when the constraint set is applied to the data structure, thereby predicting a Bacillus subtilis physiological function.

[0009] Also provided by the invention is a method for making a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions in a computer readable medium or media, including: (a) identifying a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions and a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants that are substrates and products of the Bacillus subtilis reactions; (b) relating the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions in a data structure, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating the substrate and the product; (c) determining a constraint set for the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions; (d) providing an objective function; (e) determining at least one flux distribution that minimizes or maximizes the objective function when the constraint set is applied to the data structure, and (f) if the at least one flux distribution is not predictive of a Bacillus subtilis physiological function, then adding a reaction to or deleting a reaction from the data structure and repeating step (e), if the at least one flux distribution is predictive of a Bacillus subtilis physiological function, then storing the data structure in a computer readable medium or media. The invention further provides a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein the data structure is produced by the method.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010]
FIG. 1 shows contour diagrams for glucose uptake (A and D), oxygen uptake (B and E), and carbon dioxide evolution (C and F) rates as a function of ratio of ATP molecules produced per atom of oxygen (PO ratio) and ATP maintenance requirement. The data from Tables 1 and 2 were used as inputs to the system. Growth rates are fixed at 0.11 hr−1 (A-C) or 0.44 hr−1 (D-F).

[0011]
FIG. 2 shows phase plane analysis for possible byproduct patterns under different oxygen and glucose uptake rates. Units are in mmol/g dry cell weight (DCW)/hr. Depending on which byproducts are allowed to be secreted, different phase planes can be formed. Panel A: Acetate, acetoin, and diacetoin are allowed. Panel B: Butanediol, acetate, acetoin, and diacetoin are allowed. Panel C: Lactate (or ethanol), acetate, acetoin, and diacetoin are allowed. Thin lines in the upper and middle panels are isoclines that represent the locus of points in the two-dimensional space that define the same value of the objective function.

[0012]
FIG. 3 shows maximum yield graphs for riboflavin (A), subtilisin (B), and amylase (C) as a function of growth rate and PO ratio.

[0013]
FIG. 4 shows, in part A, carbon flux distributions that maximize biomass, riboflavin, amylase or protease (top, second, third and bottom numbers, respectively, in boxes) production in B. subtilis on glucose as the carbon substrate and ammonia as the nitrogen substrate, and, in part B, carbon flux distributions that maximize riboflavin biosynthesis as a function of PO ratio of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 (top, second and bottom numbers, respectively, in boxes).

[0014]
FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of a hypothetical metabolic network.

[0015]
FIG. 6 shows mass balance constraints and flux constraints (reversibility constraints) that can be placed on the hypothetical metabolic network shown in FIG. 5.

[0016]
FIG. 7 shows the stoichiometric matrix (S) for the hypothetical metabolic network shown in FIG. 5.

[0017]
FIG. 8 shows a balanced pathway for histidine utilization in B. subtilis.

[0018]
FIG. 9 shows a flux distribution map comparing results for simulation with a stand-alone metabolic model (lower numbers) and a combined regulatory/metabolic model (upper numbers).

[0019]
FIG. 10 shows two possible routes for the synthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.

[0020]
FIG. 11 shows, in Panel A, an exemplary biochemical reaction network and in Panel B, an exemplary regulatory control structure for the reaction network in panel A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021] The present invention provides an in silico B. subtilis model that describes the interconnections between the metabolic genes in the B. subtilis genome and their associated reactions and reactants. The model can be used to simulate different aspects of the cellular behavior of B. subtilis under different environmental and genetic conditions, thereby providing valuable information for industrial and research applications. An advantage of the model of the invention is that it provides a holistic approach to simulating and predicting the metabolic activity of B. subtilis.

[0022] As an example, the B. subtilis metabolic model can be used to determine the optimal conditions for fermentation performance, such as for maximizing the yield of a specific industrially important enzyme. The model can also be used to calculate the range of cellular behaviors that B. subtilis can display as a function of variations in the activity of one gene or multiple genes. Thus, the model can be used to guide the design of improved fermentation conditions and organismal genetic makeup for a desired application. This ability to make predictions regarding cellular behavior as a consequence of altering specific parameters will increase the speed and efficiency of industrial development of B. subtilis strains and conditions for their use.

[0023] The B. subtilis metabolic model can also be used to predict or validate the assignment of particular biochemical reactions to the enzyme-encoding genes found in the genome, and to identify the presence of reactions or pathways not indicated by current genomic data. Thus, the model can be used to guide the research and discovery process, potentially leading to the identification of new enzymes, medicines or metabolites of commercial importance.

[0024] The models of the invention are based on a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating the substrate and the product.

[0025] As used herein, the term “Bacillus subtilis reaction” is intended to mean a conversion that consumes a substrate or forms a product that occurs in or by a viable strain of Bacillus subtilis. The term can include a conversion that occurs due to the activity of one or more enzymes that are genetically encoded by a Bacillus subtilis genome. The term can also include a conversion that occurs spontaneously in a Bacillus subtilis cell. Conversions included in the term include, for example, changes in chemical composition such as those due to nucleophilic or electrophilic addition, nucleophilic or electrophilic substitution, elimination, isomerization, deamination, phosphorylation, methylation, reduction, oxidation or changes in location such as those that occur due to a transport reaction that moves a reactant from one cellular compartment to another. In the case of a transport reaction, the substrate and product of the reaction can be chemically the same and the substrate and product can be differentiated according to location in a particular cellular compartment. Thus, a reaction that transports a chemically unchanged reactant from a first compartment to a second compartment has as its substrate the reactant in the first compartment and as its product the reactant in the second compartment. It will be understood that when used in reference to an in silico model or data structure, a reaction is intended to be a representation of a chemical conversion that consumes a substrate or produces a product.

[0026] As used herein, the term “Bacillus subtilis reactant” is intended to mean a chemical that is a substrate or a product of a reaction that occurs in or by a viable strain of Bacillus subtilis. The term can include substrates or products of reactions performed by one or more enzymes encoded by a Bacillus subtilis genome, reactions occurring in Bacillus subtilis that are performed by one or more non-genetically encoded macromolecule, protein or enzyme, or reactions that occur spontaneously in a Bacillus subtilis cell. Metabolites are understood to be reactants within the meaning of the term. It will be understood that when used in reference to an in silico model or data structure, a reactant is intended to be a representation of a chemical that is a substrate or a product of a reaction that occurs in or by a viable strain of Bacillus subtilis.

[0027] As used herein the term “substrate” is intended to mean a reactant that can be converted to one or more products by a reaction. The term can include, for example, a reactant that is to be chemically changed due to nucleophilic or electrophilic addition, nucleophilic or electrophilic substitution, elimination, isomerization, deamination, phosphorylation, methylation, reduction, oxidation or that is to change location such as by being transported across a membrane or to a different compartment.

[0028] As used herein, the term “product” is intended to mean a reactant that results from a reaction with one or more substrates. The term can include, for example, a reactant that has been chemically changed due to nucleophilic or electrophilic addition, nucleophilic or electrophilic substitution, elimination, isomerization, deamination, phosphorylation, methylation, reduction or oxidation or that has changed location such as by being transported across a membrane or to a different compartment.

[0029] As used herein, the term “stoichiometric coefficient” is intended to mean a numerical constant correlating the number of one or more reactants and the number of one or more products in a chemical reaction. Typically, the numbers are integers as they denote the number of molecules of each reactant in an elementally balanced chemical equation that describes the corresponding conversion. However, in some cases the numbers can take on non-integer values, for example, when used in a lumped reaction or to reflect empirical data.

[0030] As used herein, the term “plurality,” when used in reference to Bacillus subtilis reactions or reactants, is intended to mean at least 2 reactions or reactants. The term can include any number of Bacillus subtilis reactions or reactants in the range from 2 to the number of naturally occurring reactants or reactions for a particular strain of Bacillus subtilis. Thus, the term can include, for example, at least 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 or more reactions or reactants. The number of reactions or reactants can be expressed as a portion of the total number of naturally occurring reactions for a particular strain of Bacillus subtilis such as at least 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 90%, 95% or 98% of the total number of naturally occurring reactions that occur in a particular strain of Bacillus subtilis.

[0031] As used herein, the term “data structure” is intended to mean a physical or logical relationship among data elements, designed to support specific data manipulation functions. The term can include, for example, a list of data elements that can be added combined or otherwise manipulated such as a list of representations for reactions from which reactants can be related in a matrix or network. The term can also include, a matrix that correlates data elements from two or more lists of information such as a matrix that correlates reactants to reactions. Information included in the term can represent, for example, a substrate or product of a chemical reaction, a chemical reaction relating one or more substrates to one or more products, a constraint placed on a reaction, or a stoichiometric coefficient.

[0032] As used herein, the term “constraint” is intended to mean an upper or lower boundary for a reaction. A boundary can specify a minimum or maximum flow of mass, electrons or energy through a reaction. A boundary can further specify directionality of a reaction. A boundary can be a constant value such as zero, infinity, or a numerical value such as an integer. Alternatively, a boundary can be a variable boundary value as set forth below.

[0033] As used herein, the term “variable,” when used in reference to a constraint is intended to mean capable of assuming any of a set of values in response to being acted upon by a constraint function. The term “function,” when used in the context of a constraint, is intended to be consistent with the meaning of the term as it is understood in the computer and mathematical arts. A function can be binary such that changes correspond to a reaction being off or on. Alternatively, continuous functions can be used such that changes in boundary values correspond to increases or decreases in activity. Such increases or decreases can also be binned or effectively digitized by a function capable of converting sets of values to discreet integer values. A function included in the term can correlate a boundary value with the presence, absence or amount of a biochemical reaction network participant such as a reactant, reaction, enzyme or gene. A function included in the term can correlate a boundary value with an outcome of at least one reaction in a reaction network that includes the reaction that is constrained by the boundary limit. A function included in the term can also correlate a boundary value with an environmental condition such as time, pH, temperature or redox potential.

[0034] As used herein, the term “activity,” when used in reference to a reaction, is intended to mean the amount of product produced by the reaction, the amount of substrate consumed by the reaction or the rate at which a product is produced or a substrate is consumed. The amount of product produced by the reaction, the amount of substrate consumed by the reaction or the rate at which a product is produced or a substrate is consumed can also be referred to as the flux for the reaction.

[0035] As used herein, the term “activity,” when used in reference to Bacillus subtilis, is intended to mean the magnitude or rate of a change from an initial state of Bacillus subtilis to a final state of Bacillus subtilis. The term can include the amount of a chemical consumed or produced by Bacillus subtilis, the rate at which a chemical is consumed or produced by Bacillus subtilis, the amount or rate of growth of Bacillus subtilis or the amount of or rate at which energy, mass or electrons flow through a particular subset of reactions.

[0036] The invention provides a computer readable medium, having a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating the substrate and the product. The plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions can include reactions of a peripheral metabolic pathway.

[0037] As used herein, the term “peripheral,” when used in reference to a metabolic pathway, is intended to mean a metabolic pathway that includes one or more reactions that are not a part of a central metabolic pathway. As used herein, the term “central,” when used in reference to a metabolic pathway, is intended to mean a metabolic pathway selected from glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the electron transfer system (ETS) and associated anapleurotic reactions.

[0038] A plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants can be related to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions in any data structure that represents, for each reactant, the reactions by which it is consumed or produced. Thus, the data structure, which is referred to herein as a “reaction network data structure,” serves as a representation of a biological reaction network or system. An example of a reaction network that can be represented in a reaction network data structure of the invention is the collection of reactions that constitute the metabolic reactions of B. subtilis.

[0039] The methods and models of the invention can be applied to any strain of Bacillus subtilis including, for example, strain 168 or any laboratory or production strain. A strain of Bacillus subtilis can be identified according to classification criteria known in the art. Those skilled in the art will be able to recognize a strain as a Bacillus subtilis because it will have characteristics that are closer to known strains of Bacillus subtilis than to strains of other organisms. Such characteristics can include, for example, classical microbiological characteristics, such as those upon which taxonomic classification is traditionally based, or evolutionary distance as determined for example by comparing sequences from within the genomes of organisms, such as ribosome sequences.

[0040] The reactants to be used in a reaction network data structure of the invention can be obtained from or stored in a compound database. As used herein, the term “compound database” is intended to mean a computer readable medium or media containing a plurality of molecules that includes substrates and products of biological reactions. The plurality of molecules can include molecules found in multiple organisms, thereby constituting a universal compound database. Alternatively, the plurality of molecules can be limited to those that occur in a particular organism, thereby constituting an organism-specific compound database. Each reactant in a compound database can be identified according to the chemical species and the cellular compartment in which it is present. Thus, for example, a distinction can be made between glucose in the extracellular compartment versus glucose in the cytosol. Additionally each of the reactants can be specified as a metabolite of a primary or secondary metabolic pathway. Although identification of a reactant as a metabolite of a primary or secondary metabolic pathway does not indicate any chemical distinction between the reactants in a reaction, such a designation can assist in visual representations of large networks of reactions.

[0041] As used herein, the term “compartment” is intended to mean a subdivided region containing at least one reactant, such that the reactant is separated from at least one other reactant in a second region. A subdivided region included in the term can be correlated with a subdivided region of a cell. Thus, a subdivided region included in the term can be, for example, the intracellular space of a cell; the extracellular space around a cell; the periplasmic space, the interior space of an organelle such as a mitochondrium, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuole or nucleus; or any subcellular space that is separated from another by a membrane or other physical barrier. Subdivided regions can also be made in order to create virtual boundaries in a reaction network that are not correlated with physical barriers. Virtual boundaries can be made for the purpose of segmenting the reactions in a network into different compartments or substructures.

[0042] As used herein, the term “substructure” is intended to mean a portion of the information in a data structure that is separated from other information in the data structure such that the portion of information can be separately manipulated or analyzed. The term can include portions subdivided according to a biological function including, for example, information relevant to a particular metabolic pathway such as an internal flux pathway, exchange flux pathway, central metabolic pathway, peripheral metabolic pathway, or secondary metabolic pathway. The term can include portions subdivided according to computational or mathematical principles that allow for a particular type of analysis or manipulation of the data structure.

[0043] The reactions included in a reaction network data structure can be obtained from a metabolic reaction database that includes the substrates, products, and stoichiometry of a plurality of metabolic reactions of Bacillus subtilis. The reactants in a reaction network data structure can be designated as either substrates or products of a particular reaction, each with a stoichiometric coefficient assigned to it to describe the chemical conversion taking place in the reaction. Each reaction is also described as occurring in either a reversible or irreversible direction. Reversible reactions can either be represented as one reaction that operates in both the forward and reverse direction or be decomposed into two irreversible reactions, one corresponding to the forward reaction and the other corresponding to the backward reaction.

[0044] Reactions included in a reaction network data structure can include intra-system or exchange reactions. Intra-system reactions are the chemically and electrically balanced interconversions of chemical species and transport processes, which serve to replenish or drain the relative amounts of certain metabolites. These intra-system reactions can be classified as either being transformations or translocations. A transformation is a reaction that contains distinct sets of compounds as substrates and products, while a translocation contains reactants located in different compartments. Thus a reaction that simply transports a metabolite from the extracellular environment to the cytosol, without changing its chemical composition is solely classified as a translocation, while a reaction such as the phosphotransferase system (PTS) which takes extracellular glucose and converts it into cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate is a translocation and a transformation.

[0045] Exchange reactions are those which constitute sources and sinks, allowing the passage of metabolites into and out of a compartment or across a hypothetical system boundary. These reactions are included in a model for simulation purposes and represent the metabolic demands placed on B. subtilis. While they may be chemically balanced in certain cases, they are typically not balanced and can often have only a single substrate or product. As a matter of convention the exchange reactions are further classified into demand exchange and input/output exchange reactions.

[0046] The metabolic demands placed on the B. subtilis metabolic reaction network can be readily determined from the dry weight composition of the cell which is available in the published literature or which can be determined experimentally. The uptake rates and maintenance requirements for B. subtilis can be determined by microbiological experiments in which the uptake rate is determined by measuring the depletion of the substrate from the growth medium. The measurement of the biomass at each point can also be determined, in order to determine the uptake rate per unit biomass. The maintenance requirements can be determined from a chemostat experiment. The glucose uptake rate is plotted versus the growth rate, and the y-intercept is interpreted as the non-growth associated maintenance requirements. The growth associated maintenance requirements are determined by fitting the model results to the experimentally determined points in the growth rate versus glucose uptake rate plot.

[0047] Input/output exchange reactions are used to allow extracellular reactants to enter or exit the reaction network represented by a model of the invention. For each of the extracellular metabolites a corresponding input/output exchange reaction can be created. These reactions are always reversible with the metabolite indicated as a substrate with a stoichiometric coefficient of one and no products produced by the reaction. This particular convention is adopted to allow the reaction to take on a positive flux value (activity level) when the metabolite is being produced or removed from the reaction network and a negative flux value when the metabolite is being consumed or introduced into the reaction network. These reactions will be further constrained during the course of a simulation to specify exactly which metabolites are available to the cell and which can be excreted by the cell.

[0048] A demand exchange reaction is always specified as an irreversible reaction containing at least one substrate. These reactions are typically formulated to represent the production of an intracellular metabolite by the metabolic network or the aggregate production of many reactants in balanced ratios such as in the representation of a reaction that leads to biomass formation, also referred to as growth. As set forth in the Examples, the biomass components to be produced for growth include the components listed in Table 3 and ALA, ARG, ASP, ASN, CYS, GLU, GLN, GLY, HIS, ILE, LEU, LYS, MET, PHE, PRO, THR, TRP, TYR, VAL, DATP, DGTP, DCTP, DTTP, GTP, CTP, UTP, PEPTIDO, PS, PE, CL, PG, THIAMIN, GLYTC1, GLYTC2, TEICHU, MTHF, SUCCOA, PTRC, Q, HEMEA, SHEME, FAD, NADP and SPMD.

[0049] A demand exchange reactions can be introduced for any metabolite in a model of the invention. Most commonly these reactions are introduced for metabolites that are required to be produced by the cell for the purposes of creating a new cell such as amino acids, nucleotides, phospholipids, and other biomass constituents, or metabolites that are to be produced for alternative purposes. Once these metabolites are identified, a demand exchange reaction that is irreversible and specifies the metabolite as a substrate with a stoichiometric coefficient of unity can be created. With these specifications, if the reaction is active it leads to the net production of the metabolite by the system meeting potential production demands. Examples of processes that can be represented as a demand exchange reaction in a reaction network data structure and analyzed by the methods of the invention include, for example, production or secretion of an individual protein; production or secretion of an individual metabolite such as an amino acid, vitamin, nucleoside, antibiotic or surfactant; production of ATP for extraneous energy requiring processes such as locomotion; or formation of biomass constituents.

[0050] In addition to these demand exchange reactions that are placed on individual metabolites, demand exchange reactions that utilize multiple metabolites in defined stoichiometric ratios can be introduced. These reactions are referred to as aggregate demand exchange reactions. An example of an aggregate demand reaction is a reaction used to simulate the concurrent growth demands or production requirements associated with cell growth that are placed on a cell, for example, by simulating the formation of multiple biomass constituents simultaneously at a particular cellular growth rate.

[0051] A hypothetical reaction network is provided in FIG. 5 to exemplify the above-described reactions and their interactions. The reactions can be represented in the exemplary data structure shown in FIG. 7 as set forth below. The reaction network, shown in FIG. 5, includes intrasystem reactions that occur entirely within the compartment indicated by the shaded oval such as reversible reaction R2 which acts on reactants B and G and reaction R3 which converts one equivalent of B to 2 equivalents of F. The reaction network shown in FIG. 5 also contains exchange reactions such as input/output exchange reactions Axt and Ext, and the demand exchange reaction, Vgrowth, which represents growth in response to the one equivalent of D and one equivalent of F. Other intrasystem reactions include R1 which is a translocation and transformation reaction that translocates reactant A into the compartment and transforms it to reactant G and reaction R6 which is a transport reaction that translocates reactant E out of the compartment.

[0052] A reaction network can be represented as a set of linear algebraic equations which can be presented as a stoichiometric matrix S, with S being an m×n matrix where m corresponds to the number of reactants or metabolites and n corresponds to the number of reactions taking place in the network. An example of a stoichiometric matrix representing the reaction network of FIG. 5 is shown in FIG. 7. As shown in FIG. 7, each column in the matrix corresponds to a particular reaction n, each row corresponds to a particular reactant m, and each Smn element corresponds to the stoichiometric coefficient of the reactant m in the reaction denoted n. The stoichiometric matrix includes intra-system reactions such as R2 and R3 which are related to reactants that participate in the respective reactions according to a stoichiometric coefficient having a sign indicative of whether the reactant is a substrate or product of the reaction and a value correlated with the number of equivalents of the reactant consumed or produced by the reaction. Exchange reactions such as −Ext and −Axt are similarly correlated with a stoichiometric coefficient. As exemplified by reactant E, the same compound can be treated separately as an internal reactant (E) and an external reactant (Eexternal) such that an exchange reaction (R6) exporting the compound is correlated by stoichiometric coefficients of −1 and 1, respectively. However, because the compound is treated as a separate reactant by virtue of its compartmental location, a reaction, such as R5, which produces the internal reactant (E) but does not act on the external reactant (Eexternal) is correlated by stoichiometric coefficients of 1 and 0, respectively. Demand reactions such as Vgrowth can also be included in the stoichiometric matrix being correlated with substrates by an appropriate stoichiometric coefficient.

[0053] As set forth in further detail below, a stoichiometric matrix provides a convenient format for representing and analyzing a reaction network because it can be readily manipulated and used to compute network properties, for example, by using linear programming or general convex analysis. A reaction network data structure can take on a variety of formats so long as it is capable of relating reactants and reactions in the manner exemplified above for a stoichiometric matrix and in a manner that can be manipulated to determine an activity of one or more reactions using methods such as those exemplified below. Other examples of reaction network data structures that are useful in the invention include a connected graph, list of chemical reactions or a table of reaction equations.

[0054] A reaction network data structure can be constructed to include all reactions that are involved in Bacillus subtilis metabolism or any portion thereof. A portion of Bacillus subtilis metabolic reactions that can be included in a reaction network data structure of the invention includes, for example, a central metabolic pathway such as glycolysis, the TCA cycle, the PPP or ETS; or a peripheral metabolic pathway such as amino acid biosynthesis, amino acid degradation, purine biosynthesis, pyrimidine biosynthesis, lipid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, vitamin or cofactor biosynthesis, cell wall metabolism, transport processes and alternative carbon source catabolism. Examples of individual pathways within the peripheral pathways are set forth in Table 8, including, for example, the cofactor biosynthesis pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis, quinone biosynthesis, enterochelin biosynthesis, riboflavin biosynthesis, folate biosyntheis, coenzyme A biosynthesis, NAD biosynthesis, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, biotin biosynthesis and thaimin biosynthesis. A reaction network can also include the production of a particular protein such as amylase or its secretion or both as demonstrated in the Examples below.

[0055] Depending upon a particular application, a reaction network data structure can include a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions including any or all of the reactions listed in Table 8. Exemplary reactions that can be included are those that are identified as being required to achieve a desired B. subtilis growth rate or activity including, for example, reactions identified as SUCA, GND, PGL, ACKA, ACS, ACNA, GLTA, ENO, FBP, FBA, FRDA, GLK2, ZWF, GAPA, ICDA, MDH, PC, PFKA, PGI1, PGK, PTA, GPMA, ACEE, PYKF, RPIA, ARAD, SDHA1, TKTA1 or TPIA in Table 7. Other reactions that can be included are those that are not described in the literature or genome annotation but can be identified during the course of iteratively developing a B. subtilis model of the invention including, for example, reactions identified as ADCSASE, MCCOAC, MGCOAH, ARGA, FORAMD, PMDPHT, PATRAN, PCDCL, PCLIG, NADF, ISPB, HMPK, THIK, BISPHDS, DAPC, METF, MTHIPIS, MTHRKN, MENG, NE1PH, NE3UNK, TNSUNK, SERB, CYSG3, CYSG2, PGPA, PLS2, 3MBACP, 2 MBACP, ISBACP, UDPNA4E, GLMM, MMCOAEP, MMCOAMT or PGL in Table 1. Standard chemical names for the acronyms used to identify the reactants in the reactions of Tables 1 and 7 are provided in Table 9.

[0056] For some applications, it can be advantageous to use a reaction network data structure that includes a minimal number of reactions to achieve a particular B. subtilis activity under a particular set of environmental conditions. A reaction network data structure having a minimal number of reactions can be identified by performing the simulation methods described below in an iterative fashion where different reactions or sets of reactions are systematically removed and the effects observed. As demonstrated in Example V, such methods were used to identify a reaction network data structure having at least 252 reactions. Accordingly, the invention provides a computer readable medium, containing a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions contains at least 252 reactions. In another embodiment, a data structure of the invention can exclude one or more peripheral pathway including, for example, the cofactor biosynthesis pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis, quinone biosynthesis, enterochelin biosynthesis, riboflavin biosynthesis, folate biosyntheis, coenzyme A biosynthesis, NAD biosynthesis, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, biotin biosynthesis and thaimin biosynthesis.

[0057] Depending upon the particular environmental conditions being tested and the desired activity, a reaction network data structure can contain smaller numbers of reactions such as at least 200, 150, 100 or 50 reactions. A reaction network data structure having relatively few reactions can provide the advantage of reducing computation time and resources required to perform a simulation. When desired, a reaction network data structure having a particular subset of reactions can be made or used in which reactions that are not relevant to the particular simulation are omitted. Alternatively, larger numbers of reactions can be included in order to increase the accuracy or molecular detail of the methods of the invention or to suit a particular application. Thus, a reaction network data structure can contain at least 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 or more reactions up to the number of reactions that occur in or by B. subtilis or that are desired to simulate the activity of the full set of reactions occurring in B. subtilis. A reaction network data structure that is substantially complete with respect to the metabolic reactions of B. subtilis provides the advantage of being relevant to a wide range of conditions to be simulated, whereas those with smaller numbers of metabolic reactions are limited to a particular subset of conditions to be simulated.

[0058] A B. subtilis reaction network data structure can include one or more reactions that occur in or by Bacillus subtilis and that do not occur, either naturally or following manipulation, in or by another organism, such as Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or human. Examples of reactions that are unique to B. subtilis compared to Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human include those identified in Table 8 as any of BS001 through BS125. It is understood that a B. subtilis reaction network data structure can also include one or more reactions that occur in another organism. Addition of such heterologous reactions to a reaction network data structure of the invention can be used in methods to predict the consequences of heterologous gene transfer and protein expression in B. subtilis, for example, when designing or engineering man-made strains.

[0059] The reactions included in a reaction network data structure of the invention can be metabolic reactions. A reaction network data structure can also be constructed to include other types of reactions such as regulatory reactions, signal transduction reactions, cell cycle reactions, reactions controlling developmental processes such as sporulation, reactions involved in protein synthesis and regulation thereof, reactions involved in gene transcription and translation, and regulation thereof, and reactions involved in assembly of a cell and its subcellular components.

[0060] A reaction network data structure or index of reactions used in the data structure such as that available in a metabolic reaction database, as described above, can be annotated to include information about a particular reaction. A reaction can be annotated to indicate, for example, assignment of the reaction to a protein, macromolecule or enzyme that performs the reaction, assignment of a gene(s) that codes for the protein, macromolecule or enzyme, the Enzyme Commission (EC) number of the particular metabolic reaction, a subset of reactions to which the reaction belongs, citations to references from which information was obtained, or a level of confidence with which a reaction is believed to occur in B. subtilis. A computer readable medium or media of the invention can include a gene database containing annotated reactions. Such information can be obtained during the course of building a metabolic reaction database or model of the invention as described below.

[0061] As used herein, the term “gene database” is intended to mean a computer readable medium or media that contains at least one reaction that is annotated to assign a reaction to one or more macromolecules that perform the reaction or to assign one or more nucleic acid that encodes the one or more macromolecules that perform the reaction. A gene database can contain a plurality of reactions some or all of which are annotated. An annotation can include, for example, a name for a macromolecule; assignment of a function to a macromolecule; assignment of an organism that contains the macromolecule or produces the macromolecule; assignment of a subcellular location for the macromolecule; assignment of conditions under which a macromolecule is regulated with respect to performing a reaction, being expressed or being degraded; assignment of a cellular component that regulates a macromolecule; an amino acid or nucleotide sequence for the macromolecule; or any other annotation found for a macromolecule in a genome database such as those that can be found in Genbank, a site maintained by the NCBI (ncbi.nlm.gov) or the Subtilist database (see, for example, Moszer et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 30:62-65 (2002)).

[0062] A gene database of the invention can include a substantially complete collection of genes or open reading frames in B. subtilis or a substantially complete collection of the macromolecules encoded by the B. subtilis genome. Alternatively, a gene database can include a portion of genes or open reading frames in B. subtilis or a portion of the macromolecules encoded by the B. subtilis genome. The portion can be at least 10%, 15% 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% or 95% of the genes or open reading frames encoded by the B. subtilis genome, or the macromolecules encoded therein. A gene database can also include macromolecules encoded by at least a portion of the nucleotide sequence for the B. subtilis genome such as at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% or 95% of the B. subtilis genome. Accordingly, a computer readable medium or media of the invention can include at least one reaction for each macromolecule encoded by a portion of the B. subtilis genome.

[0063] An in silico B. subtilis model of the invention can be built by an iterative process which includes gathering information regarding particular reactions to be added to a model, representing the reactions in a reaction network data structure, and performing preliminary simulations wherein a set of constraints is placed on the reaction network and the output evaluated to identify errors in the network. Errors in the network such as gaps that lead to non-natural accumulation or consumption of a particular metabolite can be identified as described below and simulations repeated until a desired performance of the model is attained. An exemplary method for iterative model construction is provided in Example I.

[0064] Thus, the invention provides a method for making a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions in a computer readable medium or media. The method includes the steps of: (a) identifying a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions and a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants that are substrates and products of the Bacillus subtilis reactions; (b) relating the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions in a data structure, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating the substrate and the product; (c) making a constraint set for the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions; (d) providing an objective function; (e) determining at least one flux distribution that minimizes or maximizes the objective function when the constraint set is applied to the data structure, and (f) if the at least one flux distribution is not predictive of Bacillus subtilis physiology, then adding a reaction to or deleting a reaction from the data structure and repeating step (e), if the at least one flux distribution is predictive of Bacillus subtilis physiology, then storing the data structure in a computer readable medium or media.

[0065] Information to be included in a data structure of the invention can be gathered from a variety of sources including, for example, the scientific literature or an annotated genome sequence of B. subtilis such as the Subtilist database (see, for example, Moszer et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 30:62-65 (2002)). In the course of developing an in silico model of B. subtilis metabolism, the types of data that can be considered include, for example, biochemical information which is information related to the experimental characterization of a chemical reaction, often directly indicating a protein(s) associated with a reaction and the stoichiometry of the reaction or indirectly demonstrating the existence of a reaction occurring within a cellular extract; genetic information which is information related to the experimental identification and genetic characterization of a gene(s) shown to code for a particular protein(s) implicated in carrying out a biochemical event; genomic information which is information related to the identification of an open reading frame and functional assignment, through computational sequence analysis, that is then linked to a protein performing a biochemical event; physiological information which is information related to overall cellular physiology, fitness characteristics, substrate utilization, and phenotyping results, which provide evidence of the assimilation or dissimilation of a compound used to infer the presence of specific biochemical event (in particular translocations); and modeling information which is information generated through the course of simulating activity of B. subtilis using methods such as those described herein which lead to predictions regarding the status of a reaction such as whether or not the reaction is required to fulfill certain demands placed on a metabolic network.

[0066] The majority of the reactions occurring in B. subtilis reaction networks are catalyzed by enzymes/proteins, which are created through the transcription and translation of the genes found within the chromosome in the cell. The remaining reactions occur either spontaneously or through non-enzymatic processes. Furthermore, a reaction network data structure can contain reactions that add or delete steps to or from a particular reaction pathway. For example, reactions can be added to optimize or improve performance of a B. subtilis model in view of empirically observed activity. Alternatively, reactions can be deleted to remove intermediate steps in a pathway when the intermediate steps are not necessary to model flux through the pathway. For example, if a pathway contains 3 nonbranched steps, the reactions can be combined or added together to give a net reaction, thereby reducing memory required to store the reaction network data structure and the computational resources required for manipulation of the data structure. An example of a combined reaction is that for UDP-N-acetylglucosamine diphosphorylase shown in Table 8, which combines the reactions for glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine diphosphorylase.

[0067] The reactions that occur due to the activity of gene-encoded enzymes can be obtained from a genome database which lists genes identified from genome sequencing and subsequent genome annotation. Genome annotation consists of the locations of open reading frames and assignment of function from homology to other known genes or empirically determined activity. Such a genome database can be acquired through public or private databases containing annotated B. subtilis nucleic acid or protein sequences. If desired, a model developer can perform a network reconstruction and establish the model content associations between the genes, proteins, and reactions as described, for example, in Covert et al. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 26:179-186 (2001) and Palsson, WO 00/46405.

[0068] As reactions are added to a reaction network data structure or metabolic reaction database, those having known or putative associations to the proteins/enzymes which enable/catalyze the reaction and the associated genes that code for these proteins can be identified by annotation. Accordingly, the appropriate associations for all of the reactions to their related proteins or genes or both can be assigned. These associations can be used to capture the non-linear relationship between the genes and proteins as well as between proteins and reactions. In some cases one gene codes for one protein which then perform one reaction. However, often there are multiple genes which are required to create an active enzyme complex and often there are multiple reactions that can be carried out by one protein or multiple proteins that can carry out the same reaction. These associations capture the logic (i.e. AND or OR relationships) within the associations. Annotating a metabolic reaction database with these associations can allow the methods to be used to determine the effects of adding or eliminating a particular reaction not only at the reaction level, but at the genetic or protein level in the context of running a simulation or predicting B. subtilis activity.

[0069] A reaction network data structure of the invention can be used to determine the activity of one or more reactions in a plurality of B. subtilis reactions independent of any knowledge or annotation of the identity of the protein that performs the reaction or the gene encoding the protein. A model that is annotated with gene or protein identities can include reactions for which a protein or encoding gene is not assigned. While a large portion of the reactions in a cellular metabolic network are associated with genes in the organism's genome, there are also a substantial number of reactions included in a model for which there are no known genetic associations. Such reactions can be added to a reaction database based upon other information that is not necessarily related to genetics such as biochemical or cell based measurements or theoretical considerations based on observed biochemical or cellular activity. For example, there are many reactions that can either occur spontaneously or are not protein-enabled reactions. Furthermore, the occurrence of a particular reaction in a cell for which no associated proteins or genetics have been currently identified can be indicated during the course of model building by the iterative model building methods of the invention.

[0070] The reactions in a reaction network data structure or reaction database can be assigned to subsystems by annotation, if desired. The reactions can be subdivided according to biological criteria, such as according to traditionally identified metabolic pathways (glycolysis, amino acid metabolism and the like) or according to mathematical or computational criteria that facilitate manipulation of a model that incorporates or manipulates the reactions. Methods and criteria for subdviding a reaction database are described in further detail in Schilling et al., J. Theor. Biol. 203:249-283 (2000). The use of subsystems can be advantageous for a number of analysis methods, such as extreme pathway analysis, and can make the management of model content easier. Although assigning reactions to subsystems can be achieved without affecting the use of the entire model for simulation, assigning reactions to subsystems can allow a user to search for reactions in a particular subsystem which may be useful in performing various types of analyses. Therefore, a reaction network data structure can include any number of desired subsystems including, for example, 2 or more subsystems, 5 or more subsystems, 10 or more subsystems, 25 or more subsystems or 50 or more subsystems.

[0071] The reactions in a reaction network data structure or metabolic reaction database can be annotated with a value indicating the confidence with which the reaction is believed to occur in B. subtilis. The level of confidence can be, for example, a function of the amount and form of supporting data that is available. This data can come in various forms including published literature, documented experimental results, or results of computational analyses. Furthermore, the data can provide direct or indirect evidence for the existence of a chemical reaction in a cell based on genetic, biochemical, and/or physiological data.

[0072] The invention further provides a computer readable medium, containing (a) a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating the substrate and the product, and (b) a constraint set for the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions.

[0073] Constraints can be placed on the value of any of the fluxes in the metabolic network using a constraint set!. These constraints can be representative of a minimum or maximum allowable flux through a given reaction, possibly resulting from a limited amount of an enzyme present. Additionally, the constraints can determine the direction or reversibility of any of the reactions or transport fluxes in the reaction network data structure. Based on the in vivo environment where B. subtilis lives the metabolic resources available to the cell for biosynthesis of essential molecules for can be determined. Allowing the corresponding transport fluxes to be active provides the in silico B. subtilis with inputs and outputs for substrates and by-products produced by the metabolic network.

[0074] Returning to the hypothetical reaction network shown in FIG. 5, constraints can be placed on each reaction in the exemplary format, shown in FIG. 6, as follows. The constraints are provided in a format that can be used to constrain the reactions of the stoichiometric matrix shown in FIG. 7. The format for the constraints used for a matrix or in linear programming can be conveniently represented as a linear inequality such as

βj≦vj≦αj:j=1 . . . n (Eq. 1)

[0075] where vj is the metabolic flux vector, βj is the minimum flux value and αj is the maximum flux value. Thus, αj can take on a finite value representing a maximum allowable flux through a given reaction or βj can take on a finite value representing minimum allowable flux through a given reaction. Additionally, if one chooses to leave certain reversible reactions or transport fluxes to operate in a forward and reverse manner the flux may remain unconstrained by setting βj to negative infinity and αj to positive infinity as shown for reaction R2 in FIG. 6. If reactions proceed only in the forward reaction βj is set to zero while αj is set to positive infinity as shown for reactions R1, R3, R4, R5, and R6 in FIG. 6. As an example, to simulate the event of a genetic deletion or non-expression of a particular protein, the flux through all of the corresponding metabolic reactions related to the gene or protein in question are reduced to zero by setting αj and βj to be zero. Furthermore, if one wishes to simulate the absence of a particular growth substrate one can simply constrain the corresponding transport fluxes that allow the metabolite to enter the cell to be zero by setting αj and βj to be zero. On the other hand if a substrate is only allowed to enter or exit the cell via transport mechanisms, the corresponding fluxes can be properly constrained to reflect this scenario.

[0076] The ability of a reaction to be actively occurring is dependent on a large number of additional factors beyond just the availability of substrates. These factors, which can be represented as variable constraints in the models and methods of the invention include, for example, the presence of cofactors necessary to stabilize the protein/enzyme, the presence or absence of enzymatic inhibition and activation factors, the active formation of the protein/enzyme through translation of the corresponding mRNA transcript, the transcription of the associated gene(s) or the presence of chemical signals and/or proteins that assist in controlling these processes that ultimately determine whether a chemical reaction is capable of being carried out within an organism. Regulation can be represented in an in silico B. subtilis model by providing a variable constraint as set forth below.

[0077] Thus, the invention provides a computer readable medium or media, including (a) a data structure relating a plurality of B. subtilis reactants to a plurality of B. subtilis reactions, wherein each of the reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating the substrate and the product, and wherein at least one of the reactions is a regulated reaction; and (b) a constraint set for the plurality of reactions, wherein the constraint set includes a variable constraint for the regulated reaction.

[0078] As used herein, the term “regulated,” when used in reference to a reaction in a data structure, is intended to mean a reaction that experiences an altered flux due to a change in the value of a constraint or a reaction that has a variable constraint.

[0079] As used herein, the term “regulatory reaction” is intended to mean a chemical conversion or interaction that alters the activity of a protein, macromolecule or enzyme. A chemical conversion or interaction can directly alter the activity of a protein, macromolecule or enzyme such as occurs when the protein, macromolecule or enzyme is post-translationally modified or can indirectly alter the activity of a protein, macromolecule or enzyme such as occurs when a chemical conversion or binding event leads to altered expression of the protein, macromolecule or enzyme. Thus, transcriptional or translational regulatory pathways can indirectly alter a protein, macromolecule or enzyme or an associated reaction. Similarly, indirect regulatory reactions can include reactions that occur due to downstream components or participants in a regulatory reaction network. When used in reference to a data structure or in silico B. subtilis model, the term is intended to mean a first reaction that is related to a second reaction by a function that alters the flux through the second reaction by changing the value of a constraint on the second reaction.

[0080] As used herein, the term “regulatory data structure” is intended to mean a representation of an event, reaction or network of reactions that activate or inhibit a reaction, the representation being in a format that can be manipulated or analyzed. An event that activates a reaction can be an event that initiates the reaction or an event that increases the rate or level of activity for the reaction. An event that inhibits a reaction can be an event that stops the reaction or an event that decreases the rate or level of activity for the reaction. Reactions that can be represented in a regulatory data structure include, for example, reactions that control expression of a macromolecule that in turn, performs a reaction such as transcription and translation reactions, reactions that lead to post translational modification of a protein or enzyme such as phophorylation, dephosphorylation, prenylation, methylation, oxidation or covalent modification, reactions that process a protein or enzyme such as removal of a pre- or pro-sequence, reactions that degrade a protein or enzyme or reactions that lead to assembly of a protein or enzyme.

[0081] As used herein, the term “regulatory event” is intended to mean a modifier of the flux through a reaction that is independent of the amount of reactants available to the reaction. A modification included in the term can be a change in the presence, absence, or amount of an enzyme that performs a reaction. A modifier included in the term can be a regulatory reaction such as a signal transduction reaction or an environmental condition such as a change in pH, temperature, redox potential or time. It will be understood that when used in reference to an in silico B. subtilis model or data structure a regulatory event is intended to be a representation of a modifier of the flux through a B. subtilis reaction that is independent of the amount of reactants available to the reaction.

[0082] The effects of regulation on one or more reactions that occur in B. subtilis can be predicted using an in silico B. subtilis model of the invention. Regulation can be taken into consideration in the context of a particular condition being examined by providing a variable constraint for the reaction in an in silico B. subtilis model. Such constraints constitute condition-dependent constraints. A data structure can represent regulatory reactions as Boolean logic statements (Reg-reaction). The variable takes on a value of 1 when the reaction is available for use in the reaction network and will take on a value of 0 if the reaction is restrained due to some regulatory feature. A series of Boolean statements can then be introduced to mathematically represent the regulatory network as described for example in Covert et al. J. Theor. Biol. 2131:73-88 (2001). For example, in the case of a transport reaction (A_in) that imports metabolite A, where metabolite A inhibits reaction R2 as shown in FIG. 11, a boolean rule can state that:

Reg−R2=IF NOT(A_in). (Eq. 2)

[0083] This statement indicates that reaction R2 can occur if reaction A_in is not occurring (i.e. if metabolite A is not present). Similarly, it is possible to assign the regulation to a variable A which would indicate an amount of A above or below a threshold that leads to the inhibition of reaction R2. Any function that provides values for variables corresponding to each of the reactions in the biochemical reaction network can be used to represent a regulatory reaction or set of regulatory reactions in a regulatory data structure. Such functions can include, for example, fuzzy logic, heuristic rule-based descriptions, differential equations or kinetic equations detailing system dynamics.

[0084] A reaction constraint placed on a reaction can be incorporated into an in silico B. subtilis model using the following general equation:

(Reg-Reaction)*βj≦vj≦αj*(Reg-Reaction): j=1 . . . n (Eq. 3)

[0085] For the example of reaction R2 this equation is written as follows:

(0)*Reg−R2≦R2≦(∞)*Reg−R2. (Eq. 4)

[0086] Thus, during the course of a simulation, depending upon the presence or absence of metabolite A in the interior of the cell where reaction R2 occurs, the value for the upper boundary of flux for reaction R2 will change from 0 to infinity, respectively.

[0087] With the effects of a regulatory event or network taken into consideration by a constraint function and the condition-dependent constraints set to an initial relevant value, the behavior of the B. subtilis reaction network can be simulated for the conditions considered as set forth below.

[0088] Although regulation has been exemplified above for the case where a variable constraint is dependent upon the outcome of a reaction in the data structure, a plurality of variable constraints can be included in an in silico B. subtilis model to represent regulation of a plurality of reactions. Furthermore, in the exemplary case set forth above, the regulatory structure includes a general control stating that a reaction is inhibited by a particular environmental condition. Using a general control of this type, it is possible to incorporate molecular mechanisms and additional detail into the regulatory structure that is responsible for determining the active nature of a particular chemical reaction within an organism.

[0089] Regulation can also be simulated by a model of the invention and used to predict a B. subtilis physiological function without knowledge of the precise molecular mechanisms involved in the reaction network being modeled. Thus, the model can be used to predict, in silico, overall regulatory events or causal relationships that are not apparent from in vivo observation of any one reaction in a network or whose in vivo effects on a particular reaction are not known. Such overall regulatory effects can include those that result from overall environmental conditions such as changes in pH, temperature, redox potential, or the passage of time.

[0090] The in silico B. subtilis model and methods described herein can be implemented on any conventional host computer system, such as those based on Intel.RTM. microprocessors and running Microsoft Windows operating systems. Other systems, such as those using the UNIX or LINUX operating system and based on IBM.RTM., DEC.RTM. or Motorola.RTM. microprocessors are also contemplated. The systems and methods described herein can also be implemented to run on client-server systems and wide-area networks, such as the Internet.

[0091] Software to implement a method or model of the invention can be written in any well-known computer language, such as Java, C, C++, Visual Basic, FORTRAN or COBOL and compiled using any well-known compatible compiler. The software of the invention normally runs from instructions stored in a memory on a host computer system. A memory or computer readable medium can be a hard disk, floppy disc, compact disc, magneto-optical disc, Random Access Memory, Read Only Memory or Flash Memory. The memory or computer readable medium used in the invention can be contained within a single computer or distributed in a network. A network can be any of a number of conventional network systems known in the art such as a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN). Client-server environments, database servers and networks that can be used in the invention are well known in the art. For example, the database server can run on an operating system such as UNIX, running a relational database management system, a World Wide Web application and a World Wide Web server. Other types of memories and computer readable media are also contemplated to function within the scope of the invention.

[0092] A database or data structure of the invention can be represented in a markup language format including, for example, Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), Hypertext markup language (HTML) or Extensible Markup language (XML). Markup languages can be used to tag the information stored in a database or data structure of the invention, thereby providing convenient annotation and transfer of data between databases and data structures. In particular, an XML format can be useful for structuring the data representation of reactions, reactants and their annotations; for exchanging database contents, for example, over a network or internet; for updating individual elements using the document object model; or for providing differential access to multiple users for different information content of a data base or data structure of the invention. XML programming methods and editors for writing XML code are known in the art as described, for example, in Ray, “Learning XML” O'Reilly and Associates, Sebastopol, Calif. (2001).

[0093] A set of constraints can be applied to a reaction network data structure to simulate the flux of mass through the reaction network under a particular set of environmental conditions specified by a constraints set. Because the time constants characterizing metabolic transients and/or metabolic reactions are typically very rapid, on the order of milli-seconds to seconds, compared to the time constants of cell growth on the order of hours to days, the transient mass balances can be simplified to only consider the steady state behavior. Referring now to an example where the reaction network data structure is a stoichiometric matrix, the steady state mass balances can be applied using the following system of linear equations

S·v=
0 (Eq. 5)

[0094] where S is the stoichiometric matrix as defined above and v is the flux vector. This equation defines the mass, energy, and redox potential constraints placed on the metabolic network as a result of stoichiometry. Together Equations 1 and 5 representing the reaction constraints and mass balances, respectively, effectively define the capabilities and constraints of the metabolic genotype and the organism's metabolic potential. All vectors, v, that satisfy Equation 5 are said to occur in the mathematical nullspace of S. Thus, the null space defines steady-state metabolic flux distributions that do not violate the mass, energy, or redox balance constraints. Typically, the number of fluxes is greater than the number of mass balance constraints, thus a plurality of flux distributions satisfy the mass balance constraints and occupy the null space. The null space, which defines the feasible set of metabolic flux distributions, is further reduced in size by applying the reaction constraints set forth in Equation 1 leading to a defined solution space. A point in this space represents a flux distribution and hence a metabolic phenotype for the network. An optimal solution within the set of all solutions can be determined using mathematical optimization methods when provided with a stated objective and a constraint set. The calculation of any solution constitutes a simulation of the model.

[0095] Objectives for activity of B. subtilis can be chosen to explore the improved use of the metabolic network within a given reaction network data structure. These objectives can be design objectives for a strain, exploitation of the metabolic capabilities of a genotype, or physiologically meaningful objective functions, such as maximum cellular growth. Growth can be defined in terms of biosynthetic requirements based on literature values of biomass composition or experimentally determined values such as those obtained as described above. Thus, biomass generation can be defined as an exchange reaction that removes intermediate metabolites in the appropriate ratios and represented as an objective function. In addition to draining intermediate metabolites this reaction flux can be formed to utilize energy molecules such as ATP, NADH and NADPH so as to incorporate any maintenance requirement that must be met. This new reaction flux then becomes another constraint/balance equation that the system must satisfy as the objective function. Using the stoichiometric matrix of FIG. 7 as an example, adding such a constraint is analogous to adding the additional column Vgrowth to the stoichiometric matrix to represent fluxes to describe the production demands placed on the metabolic system. Setting this new flux as the objective function and asking the system to maximize the value of this flux for a given set of constraints on all the other fluxes is then a method to simulate the growth of the organism.

[0096] Continuing with the example of the stoichiometric matrix applying a constraint set to a reaction network data structure can be illustrated as follows. The solution to equation 5 can be formulated as an optimization problem, in which the flux distribution that minimizes a particular objective is found. Mathematically, this optimization problem can be stated as:

Minimize Z (Eq. 6)

where z=Σci·vi (Eq. 7)

[0097] where Z is the objective which is represented as a linear combination of metabolic fluxes vi using the weights ci in this linear combination. The optimization problem can also be stated as the equivalent maximization problem; i.e. by changing the sign on Z. Any commands for solving the optimazation problem can be used including, for example, linear programming commands.

[0098] A computer system of the invention can further include a user interface capable of receiving a representation of one or more reactions. A user interface of the invention can also be capable of sending at least one command for modifying the data structure, the constraint set or the commands for applying the constraint set to the data representation, or a combination thereof. The interface can be a graphic user interface having graphical means for making selections such as menus or dialog boxes. The interface can be arranged with layered screens accessible by making selections from a main screen. The user interface can provide access to other databases useful in the invention such as a metabolic reaction database or links to other databases having information relevant to the reactions or reactants in the reaction network data structure or to B. subtilis physiology. Also, the user interface can display a graphical representation of a reaction network or the results of a simulation using a model of the invention.

[0099] Once an initial reaction network data structure and set of constraints has been created, this model can be tested by preliminary simulation. During preliminary simulation, gaps in the network or “dead-ends” in which a metabolite can be produced but not consumed or where a metabolite can be consumed but not produced can be identified. Based on the results of preliminary simulations areas of the metabolic reconstruction that require an additional reaction can be identified. The determination of these gaps can be readily calculated through appropriate queries of the reaction network data structure and need not require the use of simulation strategies, however, simulation would be an alternative approach to locating such gaps.

[0100] In the preliminary simulation testing and model content refinement stage the existing model is subjected to a series of functional tests to determine if it can perform basic requirements such as the ability to produce the required biomass constituents and generate predictions concerning the basic physiological characteristics of the particular organism strain being modeled. The more preliminary testing that is conducted the higher the quality of the model that will be generated. Typically the majority of the simulations used in this stage of development will be single optimizations. A single optimization can be used to calculate a single flux distribution demonstrating how metabolic resources are routed determined from the solution to one optimization problem. An optimization problem can be solved using linear programming as demonstrated in the Examples below. The result can be viewed as a display of a flux distribution on a reaction map. Temporary reactions can be added to the network to determine if they should be included into the model based on modeling/simulation requirements.

[0101] Once a model of the invention is sufficiently complete with respect to the content of the reaction network data structure according to the criteria set forth above, the model can be used to simulate activity of one or more reactions in a reaction network. The results of a simulation can be displayed in a variety of formats including, for example, a table, graph, reaction network, flux distribution map or a phenotypic phase plane graph.

[0102] Thus, the invention provides a method for predicting a Bacillus subtilis physiological function. The method includes the steps of (a) providing a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating said substrate and said product; (b) providing a constraint set for the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions; (c) providing an objective function, and (d) determining at least one flux distribution that minimizes or maximizes the objective function when the constraint set is applied to the data structure, thereby predicting a Bacillus subtilis physiological function.

[0103] A method for predicting a Bacillus subtilis physiological function can include the steps of (a) providing a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating the substrate and the product, and wherein at least one of the reactions is a regulated reaction; (b) providing a constraint set for the plurality of reactions, wherein the constraint set includes a variable constraint for the regulated reaction; (c) providing a condition-dependent value to the variable constraint; (d) providing an objective function, and (e) determining at least one flux distribution that minimizes or maximizes the objective function when the constraint set is applied to the data structure, thereby predicting a Bacillus subtilis physiological function.

[0104] As used herein, the term “physiological function,” when used in reference to Bacillus subtilis, is intended to mean an activity of a Bacillus subtilis cell as a whole. An activity included in the term can be the magnitude or rate of a change from an initial state of a Bacillus subtilis cell to a final state of the Bacillus subtilis cell. An activity included in the term can be, for example, growth, energy production, redox equivalent production, biomass production, development, or consumption of carbon nitrogen, sulfur, phosphate, hydrogen or oxygen. An activity can also be an output of a particular reaction that is determined or predicted in the context of substantially all of the reactions that affect the particular reaction in a B. subtilis cell or substantially all of the reactions that occur in a B. subtilis cell. Examples of a particular reaction included in the term are production of biomass precursors, production of a protein, production of an amino acid, production of a purine, production of a pyrimidine, production of a lipid, production of a fatty acid, production of a cofactor, production of a cell wall component or transport of a metabolite. A physiological function can include an emergent property which emerges from the whole but not from the sum of parts where the parts are observed in isolation (see for example, Palsson Nat. Biotech 18:1147-1150 (2000)).

[0105] A physiological function of B. subtilis reactions can be determined using phase plane analysis of flux distributions. Phase planes are representations of the feasible set which can be presented in two or three dimensions. As an example, two parameters that describe the growth conditions such as substrate and oxygen uptake rates can be defined as two axes of a two-dimensional space. The optimal flux distribution can be calculated from a reaction network data structure and a set of constraints as set forth above for all points in this plane by repeatedly solving the linear programming problem while adjusting the exchange fluxes defining the two-dimensional space. A finite number of qualitatively different metabolic pathway utilization patterns can be identified in such a plane, and lines can be drawn to demarcate these regions. The demarcations defining the regions can be determined using shadow prices of linear optimization as described, for example in Chvatal, Linear Programming New York, W. H. Freeman and Co. (1983). The regions are referred to as regions of constant shadow price structure. The shadow prices define the intrinsic value of each reactant toward the objective function as a number that is either negative, zero, or positive and are graphed according to the uptake rates represented by the x and y axes. When the shadow prices become zero as the value of the uptake rates are changed there is a qualitative shift in the optimal reaction network.

[0106] One demarcation line in the phenotype phase plane is defined as the line of optimality (LO). This line represents the optimal relation between respective metabolic fluxes. The LO can be identified by varying the x-axis flux and calculating the optimal y-axis flux with the objective function defined as the growth flux From the phenotype phase plane analysis the conditions under which a desired activity is optimal can be determined. The maximal uptake rates lead to the definition of a finite area of the plot that is the predicted outcome of a reaction network within the environmental conditions represented by the constraint set. Similar analyses can be performed in multiple dimensions where each dimension on the plot corresponds to a different uptake rate. These and other methods for using phase plane analysis, such as those described in Edwards et al., Biotech Bioeng. 77:27-36(2002), can be used to analyze the results of a simulation using an in silico B. subtilis model of the invention.

[0107] A physiological function of B. subtilis can also be determined using a reaction map to display a flux distribution. A reaction map of B. subtilis can be used to view reaction networks at a variety of levels. In the case of a cellular metabolic reaction network a reaction map can contain the entire reaction complement representing a global perspective. Alternatively, a reaction map can focus on a particular region of metabolism such as a region corresponding to a reaction subsystem described above or even on an individual pathway or reaction. An example of a reaction map showing a subset of reactions in a reaction network of B. subtilis is shown in FIG. 4.

[0108] Thus, the invention provides an apparatus that produces a representation of a Bacillus subtilis physiological function, wherein the representation is produced by a process including the steps of: (a) providing a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating said substrate and said product; (b) providing a constraint set for the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions; (c) providing an objective function; (d) determining at least one flux distribution that minimizes or maximizes the objective function when the constraint set is applied to the data structure, thereby predicting a Bacillus subtilis physiological function, and (e) producing a representation of the activity of the one or more Bacillus subtilis reactions.

[0109] The methods of the invention can be used to determine the activity of a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions including, for example, biosynthesis of an amino acid, degradation of an amino acid, biosynthesis of a purine, biosynthesis of a pyrimidine, biosynthesis of a lipid, metabolism of a fatty acid, biosynthesis of a cofactor, metabolism of a cell wall component, transport of a metabolite and metabolism of an alternative carbon source. In addition, the methods can be used to determine the activity of one or more of the reactions described above or listed in Table 8.

[0110] The methods of the invention can be used to determine a phenotype of a Bacillus subtilis mutant. The activity of one or more Bacillus subtilis reactions can be determined using the methods described above, wherein the reaction network data structure lacks one or more gene-associated reactions that occur in Bacillus subtilis. Alternatively, the methods can be used to determine the activity of one or more Bacillus subtilis reactions when a reaction that does not naturally occur in B. subtilis is added to the reaction network data structure. Deletion of a gene can also be represented in a model of the invention by constraining the flux through the reaction to zero, thereby allowing the reaction to remain within the data structure. Thus, simulations can be made to predict the effects of adding or removing genes to or from B. subtilis. The methods can be particularly useful for determining the effects of adding or deleting a gene that encodes for a gene product that performs a reaction in a peripheral metabolic pathway.

[0111] A drug target or target for any other agent that affects B. subtilis function can be predicted using the methods of the invention. Such predictions can be made by removing a reaction to simulate total inhibition or prevention by a drug or agent. Alternatively, partial inhibition or reduction in the activity a particular reaction can be predicted by performing the methods with altered constraints. For example, reduced activity can be introduced into a model of the invention by altering the αj or βj values for the metabolic flux vector of a target reaction to reflect a finite maximum or minimum flux value corresponding to the level of inhibition. Similarly, the effects of activating a reaction, by initiating or increasing the activity of the reaction, can be predicted by performing the methods with a reaction network data structure lacking a particular reaction or by altering the αj or βj values for the metabolic flux vector of a target reaction to reflect a maximum or minimum flux value corresponding to the level of activation. The methods can be particularly useful for identifying a target in a peripheral metabolic pathway.

[0112] Once a reaction has been identified for which activation or inhibition produces a desired effect on B. subtilis function, an enzyme or macromolecule that performs the reaction in B. subtilis or a gene that expresses the enzyme or macromolecule can be identified as a target for a drug or other agent. A candidate compound for a target identified by the methods of the invention can be isolated or synthesized using known methods. Such methods for isolating or synthesizing compounds can include, for example, rational design based on known properties of the target (see, for example, DeCamp et al., Protein Engineering Principles and Practice, Ed. Cleland and Craik, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 467-506 (1996)), screening the target against combinatorial libraries of compounds (see for example, Houghten et al., Nature, 354, 84-86 (1991); Dooley et al., Science, 266, 2019-2022 (1994), which describe an iterative approach, or R. Houghten et al. PCT/US91/08694 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,762 which describe the positional-scanning approach), or a combination of both to obtain focused libraries. Those skilled in the art will know or will be able to routinely determine assay conditions to be used in a screen based on properties of the target or activity assays known in the art.

[0113] A candidate drug or agent, whether identified by the methods described above or by other methods known in the art, can be validated using an in silico B. subtilis model or method of the invention. The effect of a candidate drug or agent on B. subtilis physiological function can be predicted based on the activity for a target in the presence of the candidate drug or agent measured in vitro or in vivo. This activity can be represented in an in silico B. subtilis model by adding a reaction to the model, removing a reaction from the model or adjusting a constraint for a reaction in the model to reflect the measured effect of the candidate drug or agent on the activity of the reaction. By running a simulation under these conditions the holistic effect of the candidate drug or agent on B. subtilis physiological function can be predicted.

[0114] The methods of the invention can be used to determine the effects of one or more environmental components or conditions on an activity of Bacillus subtilis. As set forth above an exchange reaction can be added to a reaction network data structure corresponding to uptake of an environmental component, release of a component to the environment, or other environmental demand. The effect of the environmental component or condition can be further investigated by running simulations with adjusted αj or βj values for the metabolic flux vector of the exchange reaction target reaction to reflect a finite maximum or minimum flux value corresponding to the effect of the environmental component or condition. The environmental component can be, for example an alternative carbon source or a metabolite that when added to the environment of B. subtilis can be taken up and metabolized. The environmental component can also be a combination of components present for example in a minimal medium composition. Thus, the methods can be used to determine an optimal or minimal medium composition that is capable of supporting a particular activity of B. subtilis.

[0115] The invention further provides a method for determining a set of environmental components to achieve a desired activity for Bacillus subtilis. The method includes the steps of (a) providing a data structure relating a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactants to a plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions, wherein each of the Bacillus subtilis reactions includes a reactant identified as a substrate of the reaction, a reactant identified as a product of the reaction and a stoichiometric coefficient relating the substrate and the product; (b)providing a constraint set for the plurality of Bacillus subtilis reactions; (c) applying the constraint set to the data representation, thereby determining the activity of one or more Bacillus subtilis reactions (d) determining the activity of one or more Bacillus subtilis reactions according to steps (a) through (c), wherein the constraint set includes an upper or lower bound on the amount of an environmental component and (e) repeating steps (a) through (c) with a changed constraint set, wherein the activity determined in step (e) is improved compared to the activity determined in step (d).

[0116] The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the present invention.

EXAMPLE I

[0117] This example shows the construction of a substantially complete B. subtilis metabolic model. This example also demonstrates the iterative model building approach for identifying B. subtilis metabolic reactions that are not present in the scientific literature or genome annotations and adding these reactions to a B. subtilis in silico model to improve the range of physiological functions that can be predicted by the model.

[0118] A metabolic reaction database was constructed as follows. The metabolic reactions initially included in the metabolic reaction database were compiled from the biochemical literature (Sonenshein et al., Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria: biochemistry, physiology, and molecular genetics. ASM Press, Washington, D.C. (1993) and Sonenshein et al., Bacillus subtilis and its closest relatives: from genes to cells. ASM Press, Washington, D.C. (2002), from genomic reference databases, including SubtiList (described in Moszer et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 30:62-65 and from Kunst et al., Nature 390:249-256 (1997).

[0119] Additional reactions, not described in the biochemical literature or genome annotation, were subsequently included in the database following preliminary simulation testing and model content refinement. A list of reactions that were not present in the literature or genome annotations but were determined in the course of metabolic model building to be essential to support growth, as defined by the production of required biomass components, of B. subtilis under several different fermentation conditions is provided in Table 1.

1TABLE 1ReactionEnzyme NameReaction StoichiometryNameAdenosylHCYS + ADN <-> SAHADCSASEhomocysteinase(unknown)Methylcrotonoyl-3M2ECOA + ATP + CO2 ->MCCOACCoA carboxylase3MGCOA + PI + ADPMethylgutaconyl-3MGCOA -> 3HMGCOAMGCOAHCoA hydrataseFormamidaseFAM -> NH3 + FORFORAMDPyrimidineA6RP5P2 -> A6RP + PIPMDPHTphosphatasePhospho-4PPNTE + ATP -> PPI +PATRANpantethieneDPCOAadenyly-transferasePhosphopanto-4PPNCYS -> CO2 + 4PPNTEPCDCLthenate-cysteinedecarboxylasePhosphopanto-4PPNTO + CTP + CYS ->PCLIGthenate-cysteineCMP + PPI + 4PPNCYSligaseNAD kinaseNAD + ATP -> NADP + ADPNADFOctoprenyl5 IPPP + FPP -> OPP + 5ISPBpyrophosphatePPIsynthase(5 reactions)HMP kinaseAHM + ADP -> AHMP + ADPHMPKThiamin kinaseTHMP + ADP <-> THIAMIN +THIKATP3′-5′PAP -> AMP + PIBISPHDSBisphosphatenucleotidaseSuccinylNS2A6O + GLU <-> AKG +DAPCdiaminopimelateNS26DPaminotransferaseMethyleneMETTHF + NADH -> NAD +METFtetrahydrofolateMTHFreductase5-5MTRP <-> 5MTR1PMTHIPISMethylthioribose-1-phosphateisomerase5-5MTR + ATP -> 5MTRP +MTHRKNMethylthioriboseADPkinaseS-DMK + SAM -> MK + SAHMENGAdenosylmethionine-2-DMKmethyltransferaseE-1 (Enolase-5MTR1P -> DKMPPNE1PHphosphatase)E-3 (Unknown)DKMPP -> FOR + KMBNE3UNKTransaminationKMB + GLN -> GLU + METTNSUNK(Unknown)Phosphoserine3PSER -> PI + SERSERBphosphataseSirohemeSHCL -> SHEMECYSG3ferrochelatase1,3-Dimethyluro-PC2 + NAD -> NADH + SHCLCYSG2(porphyrinogen)III dehydrogenasePhosphatidyl-PGP -> PI + PGPGPAglycerolphosphatephosphatase AAcyltransferaseGL3P + 0.035PLS2C140ACP + 0.102 C141ACP +0.717 C160ACP + 0.142C161ACP + 1.004 C181ACP ->2ACP + PAIsovaleryl-CoA3MBACP + COA <->3MBACPACP transacylase2MBCOA + ACP2-Methylbutyryl-2MBACP + COA <->2MBACPCoA ACP2MBCOA + ACPtransacylaseIsobutyryl-CoAISBACP + COA <->ISBACPACP transacylaseISBCOA + ACPUDP-N-UDPNAG -> UDPNAGALUDPNA4Eacetylglucosamine4-epimerasePhosphogluco-GA6P <-> GA1PGLMMsamine mutaseMethylmalonyl-CoASMMCOA <-> RMMCOAMMCOAEPepimerase(5.1.99.1)Methylmalonyl-CoARMMCOA -> SUCCOAMMCOAMTmutase (5.4.99.2)6-Phosphoglucono-D6PGL -> D6PGCPGLlactonase

[0120] As an example, the formamidase reaction, identified as FORAMD in Table 1, was added to the B. subtilis in silico model as follows. It is known from microbiological experiments that histidine can be metabolized as a carbon and nitrogen source in B. subtilis, indicating that a histidine degradation pathway must be present in the metabolic network (Fisher et al., Bacillus subtilis and its closest relatives: from genes to cells, ASM Press, Washington, D.C. (2002)). Four genes capable of degrading histidine were found in the Subtilist genome sequence and annotation including HUTH, HUTU, HUTI and HUTG. Therefore, to incorporate histidine utilization into the model, the HUTH, HUTU, HUTI and HUTG reactions were added to the stoichiometric matrix and metabolic reaction database to represent the pathway shown in FIG. 8.

[0121] A preliminary simulation was run using the stoichiometric matrix having equations for the reactions described in the biochemical literature or genome annotation including HUTH, HUTU, HUTI and HUTG. The simulation was setup with histidine as the only carbon source available to the model by constraining the input/output exchange flux on all other carbon sources to be only positive, whereby only allowing those other compounds to exit the metabolic network. The result of this simulation was that the model could not utilize histidine contrary to experimental evidence. The simulation indicates that the histidine cannot be utilized because the production of formamide (FAM) by the HUTG reaction was found to be unbalanced in the simulation and resulted in a flux of zero for the histidine degradation pathway. There are no reactions in the network capable of using FAM as a substrate to balance the production of FAM by the HUTG reaction. In order to allow the model to represent histidine utilization, a decision was made to balance the production of FAM by adding a reaction that would allow FAM to be utilized by the reaction network. This decision lead to the inclusion of the FORAMD reaction into the network. The simulation was then rerun with this reaction added to the reaction index and hence to the stoichiometric matrix. Addition of the reaction for FORAMD to the stoichiometric matrix was found to balance the production of FAM and to allow flux of mass from histidine through ammonia (NH3) and formate (FOR) to other reactions in the network, thereby simulating histidine utilization as a carbon source for the network in agreement with the true physiology of the organism.

[0122] The reactions for methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase (MCCOAC), methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (MGCOAH), methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase (MMCOAEP), and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMCOAMT) were also added to the B. subtilis stoichiometric matrix and metabolic reaction database based on iterative model building. The MCCOAC, MGCOAH, MMCOAEP, and MMCOAMT reactions were not apparent from the B. subtilis biochemical literature or from the Subtilist database annotation. However, it is known from microbiological experiments that leucine, isoleucine, and valine are degraded by B. subtilis (Fisher et al., supra (2002)). Therefore, reactions for methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase, methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase, methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase, and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase were added to complete the degradation pathways. Prior to addition of these reactions the model was not able to accurately predict utilization of leucine, isoleucine, or valine by B. subtilis. However, once the MCCOAC, MGCOAH, MMCOAEP, and MMCOAMT reactions were added, utilization of leucine, isoleucine, or valine by B. subtilis was accurately predicted by the model.

[0123] Other reactions added to the metabolic reaction index and stoichiometric matrix during the course of iterative model building included, (1) the pyrimidine phosphatase reaction which, when added, balanced the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway and (2) Isovaleryl-CoA ACP transacylase, 2-methylbutyryl-CoA ACP transacylase and isobutyryl-CoA ACP transacylase which, when added, balanced the production of the multitude of fatty acid structures found in the B. subtilis membranes.

[0124] The enzyme 6-phosphogluconolactonase (EC: 3.1.3.31 denoted as PGL) is missing from the Subtilist database. This reaction may or may not be essential for cell growth depending on how constraints are set for the reactions involved in the pentose phosphate pathway. For example, if the transaldolase and transketolase reactions are assumed to be reversible, the cell can replenish all of pentose phosphate intermediates without the action of this enzyme. However, if the transaldolase and transketolase reactions are assumed to be irreversible and operate only in the direction from ribulose 5-phosphate to ribose 5-phosphate and xylulose 5-phosphate, then the PGL reaction becomes essential. Since the latter is most likely operative in most cellular systems, the PGL reaction was added to the reaction database and stoichiometric matrix.

[0125] The presence of the PGL reaction in the B. subtilis reaction network was further supported by the results shown in Example V. It was shown by both in silico simulation and in vivo experimentation that deletion of the PGI or GPM reaction was not lethal but only growth-retarding as the pentose phosphate pathway can compensate partially for the inactivity of the glycolytic functions. However, if the PGL reaction is removed from the metabolic network, no carbon flow via PPP can occur which results in no cell growth. Thus, the PGL reaction must be present to reconcile the results of preliminary simulation without the PGL reaction with the results of Example V.

[0126] When the 6-phosphoglucolactonase gene of Neisseria meningitides MC58 (nme: NMB1391) was used in a BLAST search of the Bacillus subtilis genome, significant homology (E value of 6E-5) was found with the gamA gene. The gamA gene is putatively assigned to be glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase (EC: 3.5.99.6). These results demonstrate that a Bacillus subtilis in silico model can be used to identify a putative activity for Bacillus subtilis which can be further used in combination with sequence comparison methods to determine a putative activity for a protein encoded by the Bacillus subtilis genome.

[0127] The enzyme phosphoglucosamine mutase (EC:5.4.2.10) is also missing from the Subtilist database. This enzyme is involved in the pathway for bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in E. coli, being an essential step in the pathway for UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis. In B. subtilis, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine is required in the synthesis of glycerol techoic acid, a major cell-wall component. The first step in the glycerol techoic acid is catalyzed by the TagO gene product which links the carrier undecaprenyl phosphate with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to form undecaprenylpyrophosphate-N-acetylglucosamine. FIG. 10 shows two possible routes for the synthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in E. coli. Neither of these two pathways is complete in the B. subtilis genome but it is likely that one or both of these two pathways is active in B. subtilis.

[0128] When the E. coli glmM gene, encoding phosphoglucosamine mutase (EC:5.4.2.10), was searched using BLAST against the Bacillus subtilis genome, two likely candidates were identified: ybbT (E value 1.6e-67) and yhxB (E value 1.2e-7). Annotation for the ybbT gene indicated that its role was “unknown; similar to phosphoglucomutase (EC 5.4.2.2 involved in glycolysis, different from phosphoglucosamine mutase)”. The role of the yhxB was “unknown; similar to phosphomannomutase.” It is therefore very likely that the ybbT gene encodes phosphoglucosamine mutase, and thus the reaction was added to the reaction database and stoichiometric matrix. The pathway from D-glucosamine 6-phosphate to D-glucosaminel-phosphate to N-acetyl-D-glucosaminel-phosphate to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine was chosen to be active in the B. subtilis model.

[0129] The alternative route via glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase was not included since no significant homology was found when the glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase genes from Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans were searched using BLAST against the B. subtilis genome.

[0130] It should be noted that in Table 8, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine diphosphorylase reaction is combined to catalyze both glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.157) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine diphosphorylase reaction.

2TABLE 2Growth onPutativeglucose ofReactiongeneKnockoutEnzyme NameStoichiometryassignedmutantCardiolipin2PG <-> CL + GLywnESamesynthaseTetrahydro-PIP26DX + SUCCOA ->ykuQdipicolinateCOA + NS2A6OsuccinylaseSuccinylNS26DP -> SUCC +yodQdiaminopimelateD26PIMdesuccinylaseDephosphoCoADPCOA + ATP ->ytaGSamekinaseADP + COAIsoprenylIPPP -> DMPPypgASamepyrophosphateisomeraseNAMN adenylylNAMN + ATP -> PPI +yqeJ1transferaseNAADKetopantoateAKP + NADPH ->ylbQSlowreductaseNADP + PANTPhosphogluco-G1P <-> G6PybbTmutaseRibose-5-RL5P <-> R5PywlFphosphateisomerase ATransaldolase AT3P1 + S7P <->ywjHSameE4P + F6PHydroxymethyl-3HMGCOA -> ACCOA +yngGglutaryl-CoAAAClysase

[0131] Table 2 shows 11 reactions that were added to the B. subtilis metabolic reaction database and stoichiometric matrix based on putative assignments provided by the Subtilist genome database. The in silico B. subtilis model predicted that all of these reactions were essential for B. subtilis growth on glucose. Phenotypic studies using gene knockout studies on five of these genes have been performed by the European consortium group MICADO (MICrobial Advanced Database Organization; see, for example, Biaudet et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 13:431-438 (1997)) and include cardiolipin synthase, dephosphoCoA kinase, isoprenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, ketopantoate reductase and transaldolase A. Eleven reactions in Table 2 are also essential reactions. However, these reactions are slightly different from those in Table 1 in that at least some putative genes can be found. Deletion of any of the reactions in Table 2 should be lethal. However, the in vivo data (five reactions) which is shown in Column 4 of Table 2 indicated that they are not essential. Since the observed results from the gene deletion studies are inconsistent with the results predicted by the model, it is likely that the five genes are incorrectly assigned to the associated reactions.

[0132] The complete list of the 792 metabolic reactions included in the database, with the corresponding gene whose product catalyzes each reaction, is provided in Table 8. A list of abbreviations for the 525 metabolites that act as substrates and products of the reactions listed in Table 8 is provided in Table 9. The dimensions of the stoichiometric matrix including all reactions and reactants in the database is, therefore, 525×792. Individual exchange reactions (such as glucose and oxygen) and lumped demand exchange reaction (such as amylase and biomass) are not shown in the Tables 8 and 9 but are included in the reaction matrices for the specific simulations described below.

[0133] Thus, this example demonstrates that investigation of the metabolic biochemistry of B. subtilis using an in silico model of the invention can be useful for assigning pertinent biochemical reactions to sequences found in the genome; validating and scrutinizing annotation found in a genome database; and determining the presence of reactions or pathways in B. subtilis that are not indicated in the annotation of the B. subtilis genome or the biochemical literature.

EXAMPLE II

[0134] This example shows how two parameters, the ratio of the number of ATP molecules produced per atom of oxygen (PO ratio), and the ATP maintenance requirement (M), can be determined using the B. subtilis metabolic model described in Example I.

[0135] The PO ratio and maintenance requirement (M) cannot be independently determined from fermentation studies alone because these two values are coupled as

m

ATP

=m

GLC
(12*PO+4) (Eq. 8)

[0136] where mATP is the mass of ATP, PO is the PO ratio and mGLC is the mass of glucose consumed. The PO ratio is a molecular property which remains constant regardless of environmental conditions whereas the maintenance requirement is a macroscopic property which changes under different environmental conditions as described, for example, in Sauer and Bailey, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 64: 750-754 (1999). However, combinations of both parameters can be determined that are consistent with experimental data using the B. subtilis in silico model of the invention. The requirements for certain cellular building blocks, as listed in Table 3, were included in the metabolic flux analysis. The values in Table 3 were obtained from Dauner et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 76:132-143 (2001).

3TABLE 3REQUIREMENT (μmol/g DCW)ComponentD = 0.11 hr−1D = 0.44 hr−1ATP3511539440NADH−3015−4052NADPH1440514512CO2−2852−3011G6P712444R5P445644E4P397460T3P (T3P1)428235PGA (3PG)12411505PEP642685PYR29943143ACA (ACCOA)20971524OAA (OA)17851998OGA (AKG)12361309SER262304GLY542629Cl411549(not included)Pi16401737NH4 (NH3)80669275SO4 (H2SO4)195226

[0137] The values for certain extracellular fluxes, as listed in Table 4, were also included in the analysis. The values in Table 4 were obtained from Dauner et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 76:144-156 (2001).

4TABLE 4FLUX (mmol/g DCW/hr)ComponentD = 0.11 hr−1D = 0.44 hr−1Riboflavin0.020.03Acetate0.010.09Citrate0.030.06Diaceytl0.090.17(Diacetoin)Glucose1.987.05CO26.6919.75O26.7119.71

[0138] To estimate the values of P0 and M, linear programming (LP) was used to determine optimal flux for the in silico B. subtilis model. FIG. 1 shows the expected glucose uptake rate, O2 uptake rate and CO2 evolution rate as a function of PO and M at a growth rate (μ) of 0.11 hr−1 or 0.44 hr−1. The LP problem was repeatedly solved while varying the values of PO and M at a fixed value for μ. The objective function was to minimize the glucose uptake rate at given values of PO, M and μ. The values for certain extracellular fluxes, as listed in Table 4, were also included in the simulation as additional constraints. For example, at the dilution rate of 0.11 hr−1, the riboflavin secretion rate was set at 0.11 mmol/g DCW/hr, the acetate secretion rate at 0.01 mmol/g DCW/hr, the citrate secretion rate at 0.03 mmol/g DCW/hr, and the diacetoin secretion rate at 0.09 mmol/g DCW/hr.

[0139] A combination of PO and M that minimize the following error function (sum of squares of weighted errors) was searched:

\begin{matrix} SSE = {(\frac{q_{GLC}^{m} - q_{GLC}^{e}}{q_{GLC}^{m}})}^{2} + {(\frac{q_{O2}^{m} - q_{O2}^{e}}{q_{O2}^{m}})}^{2} + {(\frac{q_{CO2}^{m} - q_{CO2}^{e}}{q_{CO2}^{m}})}^{2} q_{GLC}^{m} = measured glucose uptake rate q_{O2}^{m} = measured oxygen uptake rate q_{CO2}^{m} = measured cabon dioxide evolution rate q_{GLC}^{e} = calculated glucose uptake rate q_{O2}^{e} = calculated oxygen uptake rat q_{CO2}^{e} = calculated cabon dioxide evolution rate & (Eq . 9) \end{matrix}

[0140]
FIG. 1 shows contour diagrams for glucose uptake (top), oxygen uptake (middle), and carbon dioxide evolution (bottom) rates as a function of PO ratio and maintenance requirement. From the analysis, it was found that there were multiple solutions of the combinations of PO and M that fit with the experimental data. Using D=0.11 hr−1, the best fit values were found at M=4.7 mmol ATP/g DCW/hr when PO=0.5, M=10.3 mmol ATP/g DCW/hr when PO=1.0, and M=16.9 mmol ATP/g DCW/hr when PO=1.5, as shown in FIG. 1B, which shows SSE as a function of M at different PO values. When D=0.44 hr−1, the best fit values were found at M=6.6 mmol ATP/g DCW/hr when PO=0.5, M=23.3 mmol ATP/g DCW/hr when PO=1.0, and M=42.8 mmol ATP/g DCW/hr when PO=1.5. Therefore, no combination of PO and M that was consistent for both sets of experimental data was found. This discrepancy could be possibly due to experimental errors.

[0141] However, the genomic analysis of the electron transport system in B. subtilis suggests that the PO ratio is most likely close to 1. This is based on the assumptions that (1) only two electrons are transferred via the NADH dehydrogenase reactions without any proton translocation, (2) two protons are translocated per one electron by the cytochrome oxidase reactions, and (3) the ATP synthase reaction requires four protons to drive phosphorylation of one ATP molecule. This leads to the estimation of M to be 10.3 using the data of D=0.11 hr−1. The estimated value of M=23.3 with the data of D=10.44 hr−1 appears to be too high and, therefore, unlikely.

[0142] Thus, this example demonstrates use of an in silico B. subtilis model to predict the ATP maintenance requirement for optimal growth.

EXAMPLE III

[0143] This example shows how the B. subtilis metabolic model can be used to calculate the range of characteristic phenotypes that the organism can display as a function of variations in the activity of multiple reactions.

[0144] For this analysis, O2 and glucose uptake rates were defined as the two axes of the two-dimensional space. The optimal flux distribution was calculated using linear programming (LP) for all points in this plane by repeatedly solving the LP problem while adjusting the exchange fluxes defining the two-dimensional space. A finite number of quantitatively different metabolic pathway utilization patterns were identified in the plane, and lines were drawn to demarcate these regions. One demarcation line in the phenotypic phase plane (PhPP) was defined as the line of optimality (LO), and represents the optimal relation between the respective metabolic fluxes. The LO was identified by varying the x-axis (glucose uptake rate) and calculating the optimal y-axis (O2 uptake rate), with the objective function defined as the growth flux. Further details regarding Phase-Plane Analysis are provided in Edwards et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 77: 27-36 (2002) and Edwards et al., Nature Biotech. 19:125-130 (2001)).

[0145] Lactate, acetoin, diacetoin, and butanediol were reported as fermentation byproducts from in vivo experimental results reported in the literature. Production of ethanol and succinate were not confirmed as fermentation byproducts in the reported in vivo experiments.

[0146] For each simulation, the maintenance requirement was constrained as M=9.5 mmol ATP/g DCW/hr, the PO ratio was 1 and ammonia was used as the nitrogen source.

[0147]
FIG. 2A shows the results of the simulation where only acetoin, acetate, and diacetoin were allowed to be secreted as byproducts. In phase 1, both acetate and acetoin are secreted. In phase 2, only acetate is secreted. In phase 3, no organic acids are secreted and all carbon is converted to biomass or CO2.

[0148]
FIG. 2B shows the results of the simulation where butanediol along with acetoin, acetate, and diacetoin were allowed to be secreted as byproducts. In phase 1, acetate and butanediol are secreted. In phase 2, acetate is secreted. In phase 3, no organic acids are secreted. Note that no acetoin or diacetoin can be secreted under this condition.

[0149]
FIG. 2C shows the results of the simulation where lactate (or ethanol) can be secreted along with acetoin, acetate, and diacetoin. The feasible metabolic region is slightly larger than in FIGS. 2A and 2B, and allows the O2 uptake rate to be zero. However, B. subtilis is strictly aerobic unless nitrate or nitrite is provided. The phase plane in FIG. 2C shows that B. subtilis can be anaerobic only if the glucose uptake rate is in the range of 4 to 5 mmol/g DCW/hr. These results indicate that the reason why B. subtilis is a strict aerobic is due to its inability to secrete organic byproducts such as lactate ethanol and succinate that can supply the reducing equivalent, NADH. B. subtilis can metabolize TCA cycle intermediates as carbon substrates but no TCA cycle intermediates are found as byproducts. This means that the uptake systems for these metabolites work in only one direction and that the transporter systems involved in uptake of TCA cycle intermediates are different from those involved in secretion.

[0150] Thus, this example demonstrates that Phase Plane Analysis can be used to determine the optimal fermentation pattern for B. subtilis, and to determine the types of organic byproducts that can be accumulated under different oxygenation conditions and glucose uptake rates.

EXAMPLE IV

[0151] This example shows how the B. subtilis metabolic model can be used to predict optimal flux distributions that would optimize fermentation performance, such as specific product yield or productivity. In particular, this example shows how flux based analysis (FBA) can be used to determine conditions that would maximize riboflavin, amylase (amyE), or protease (aprE) yields by B. subtilis grown on glucose.

[0152] The constraints on the system were set using the following assumptions set forth in Table 5.

5TABLE 5qglc = 10 mmol/g DCW/hr (no limit on O2)PO ratio is set either at 0.5 or 1.0 or 1.5M = 9.5 mmol ATP/g DCW/hrOne ATP needed to transport one molecule of protein(amylase or subtilisin)Biomass composition stays constant, and is thecomposition of the growth rate at 0.11 hr−1 (Table 1)4.323 ATPs per peptide bond formedBoth Spase and SSPase are ATP independent, i.e. no ATPneeded to degrade the cleaved signal peptide intoindividual amino acids

[0153] Table 6 shows the amino acid composition for amylase and subtilisin.

6TABLE 6amylase (amyE)subtilisin (aprE)Pre-processMaturePre-processMatureFormFormFormFormAla57504744Arg252454Asn56561817Asp44441313Cys1100Gln29291413Glu25251212Gly53513737His171688Ile35352119Leu44362217Lys33312523Met111096Phe252085Pro25231414Ser58565147Thr47462422Trp141443Tyr28281616Val33323332ATP2853271116471522

[0154] As shown in FIGS. 3A-C, yields of riboflavin, subtilisin and amylase, respectively, are lower at higher growth rates and at lower PO ratio. These results suggest that one metabolic engineering target is to increase the PO ratio to improve energetic efficiency of carbon substrate utilization.

[0155]
FIG. 4A shows carbon flux distribution patterns at optimal yield for the above three different cases and optimal biomass case. The flux patterns are very different depending on the choice of objective functions, indicating that different metabolic optimization strategies are needed for different fermentation objectives.

[0156] The results shown in FIG. 4B suggest that in order to maximize riboflavin fermentation yield, high flux via the pentose phophate pathway (PPP) is required. The gene deletion study in Example V indicates that B. subtilis seems to possess very inefficient PPP. Therefore, the PPP will be a good metabolic engineering target to improve riboflavin fermentation yield.

[0157] Thus, this Example demonstrates use of an in silico B. subtilis model for the prediction of conditions for optimal production of riboflavin, amylase, or protease when B. subtilis is grown on glucose. This example further demonstrates use of the model to identify targets for engineering B. subtilis for improved fermentation yield.

EXAMPLE V

[0158] This example shows how the B. subtilis metabolic model can be used to determine the effect of deletions of individual reactions in the network.

[0159] For this analysis, the objective function was the basic biomass function described in Table 3 in Example II except that the following additional metabolites were included in the biomass function: ALA, ARG, ASP, ASN, CYS, GLU, GLN, GLY, HIS, ILE, LEU, LYS, MET, PHE, PRO, THR, TRP, TYR, VAL, DATP, DGTP, DCTP, DTTP, GTP, CTP, UTP, PEPTIDO, PS, PE, CL, PG, THIAMIN, GLYTC1, GLYTC2, TEICHU, MTHF, SUCCOA, PTRC, Q, HEMEA, SHEME, FAD, NADP, SPMD. Since these metabolites were included in the modified biomass function at very low values, the quantitative changes in flux and growth rates due to this change in the biomass composition were insignificant. However, the addition of these biomass constituents ensured that the central and peripheral pathways leading to the synthesis of these metabolites were active and that inability to produce any of these metabolites would result in lethality. This representation is advantageous for determining the impact of deletion of a particular gene or reaction, that is not represented in the lumped biomass function, on the overall cell growth. For example, thiamin was not involved in calculating the composition of cellular building blocks in Example II. Therefore, in simulations with the lumped biomass function, the effect of deletions of thiamin biosynthetic genes cannot be addressed. However, thiamin serves as the coenzyme for a large number of enzyme systems in the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, and deletions of any of the thiamin biosynthetic genes should be lethal.

[0160] For the simulations in this example, the uptake rates for oxygen, nitrogen, sulfate and phosphate were set very high and were essentially unlimited. The glucose uptake rate was set at 10 mmol/g DCW/hr. PO ratio was set at 1.375. The CYOA reaction was set not to generate protons as QH2+0.5 O2−>Q. Additionally, the constraints were set on the following reactions:

[0161] 0<ATOB<10 (ATOB is irreversible)

[0162] PTA<ACxtI (acetate uptake rate)

[0163] ACS<ACxtI (acetate uptake rate)

[0164] KBL2<THRxtI (threonine uptake rate)

[0165] HUTH<HISxtI (histidine uptake rate)

[0166] MMCOAMT<LEUxtI (leucine uptake rate)

[0167] HMGCOAL<VALxtI (valine uptake rate)

[0168] SFCA (NAD-malic enzyme reaction)=0 (not active under glycolytic conditions)

[0169] MAEB (NADP-malic enzyme reaction)=0 (not active under glycolytic conditions)

[0170] PCKA (PEP carboxykinase reaction)=0 (not active under glycolytic conditions)

[0171] Simulations were conducted in which all 663 unique reactions were deleted one at a time. Of these, 252 reactions were determined to be essential for growth on glucose minimal medium. These results indicate that a high degree of redundancy exists in the B. subtilis metabolic network, such that inactivity of certain metabolic reactions can be compensated. The essential reactions are marked as “E” in Table 8.

[0172] It must be noted that a minimal reaction set is different from a minimal gene set for cellular growth and function. Also deletion of a reaction is different from deletion of a gene. For example, the ACEE reaction is a lumped reaction catalyzed by enzymes encoded by four genes, pdhABCD. Therefore, deletion of ACEE is equivalent to deletion of the four genes. Conversely, some genes encode enzymes that carry out multiple reactions. In these cases, deletion of any one of the associated reactions may not be lethal whereas deletion of the gene may be. For example, the adk (adenylate kinase) gene reaction is represented to catalyze four reactions: ADK1, ADK2, ADK3 and ADK4. Deletion of any of these reactions is not lethal for cell growth on glucose but deletion of the adk gene is lethal. At least one of the four ADK reactions is essential for growth on glucose minimal medium. In Table 8, all four ADK reactions are indicated as nonessential. Similar cases can be found in phosphate transport reactions (PIUP1 and PIUP2), CTP synthetase reactions (PYRG1 and PYRG2) and transketolase II reactions (TKTB1 and TKTB2) in which only one in each set is essential.

[0173] There are 17 reactions, marked “R” in Table 9, that were determined to be important for growth, in that their deletion led to growth retardation.

[0174] Table 7 shows a comparison of the results of the in silico gene deletion study with the experimental results of mutants grown on glucose minimal medium for some selected reactions in central carbon metabolism. As shown in Table 7, there exists a good qualitative correlation between the predicted in silico result and the observed experimental result.

7TABLE 7In silicoIn vivoReactionEnzymeStoichiometyPredictionResultSUCA2-KetoglutarateAKG + NAD +++dehyrogenaseCOA -> CO2 +++NADH + SUCCOAGND6-D6PGC + NADP ->+NoPhosphogluconateNADPH + CO2 +datadehydrogenaseRL5P(decarboxylating)PGL6-D6PL -> D6PGC+NoPhosphoglucono-datalactonaseACKAAcetate kinase AACTP + ADP <->+−ATP + ACACSAcetyl-CoAATP + AC ++NosynthetaseCOA -> AMP +dataPPI + ACCOAACNAAconitase ACIT <-> ICIT−−GLTACitrate synthaseACCOA + OA ->−−COA + CITENOEnolase2PG <-> PEPReducedNodataFBPFructose-1, 6-FDP -> F6P + PI+bisphosphataseFBAFructose-1, 6-FDP <-> T3P1 +ReducedNobisphosphatateT3P2dataFRDAFumurateFUM + FADH ->+NoreductaseSUCC + FADdataGLK2GlucokinaseGLC + ATP ->++G6P + ADPZWFGlucose 6-G6P + NADP <->+Nophosphate-1-D6PGL + NADPHdatadehydrogenaseGAPAGlyceraldehyde-T3PI + PI +−−3-phosphateNAD <->dehydrogenase-ANADH + 13DPGcomplexICDAIsocitrateICIT + NADP <->−NodehydrogenaseCO2 + NADPH +dataAKGMDHMalateMAL + NAD <->+NodehydorgenaseNADH + OAdataPCPyruvatePYR + CO2 ->−−carboxylaseOA + PIPFKAPhospofructo-F6P + ATP ->ReducedNokinaseFDP + ADPdataPGI1PhosphoglucoseG6P <-> F6PReducedSlowisomerasePGKPhosphoglycerate13DPG + ADP <->−−kinase3PG + ATPPTAPhosphotrans-ACCOA + PI <->+−acetylaseACTP + COAGPMAPhosphoglycerate3PG <-> 2PGReducedVerymutaseslowACEEPyruvatePYR + COA +−−dehydrogenaseNAD -> NADH +CO2 + ACCOAPYKFPyruvate Kinase IPEP + ADP ->++PYR + ATPRPIARibose-5-RL5P <-> R5P−Nophosphatedataisomerase AARADRibuloseRL5P <-> X5P−Nophosphate 3-dataepimeraseSDHA1SuccinateSUCC + FAD ->+NodehydrogenaseFADH + FUMdataTKTA1Transketolase IR5P + X5P <->+NoT3P1 + S7PdataTPIATriosphosphateT3PI <-> T3P2ReducedNoIsomerasedata

[0175] There exist some quantitative discrepancy in the phosphoglycerate mutase (GPM reaction) and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) reaction deletion cases. The in silico model predicts growth rates to be reduced by 14% and 2% in the phosphoglycerate mutase and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) cases, respectively. In both simulation cases, the growth rates are relatively unaffected despite blockage of the glycolytic steps because carbon metabolites can pass from the upper to the lower glycolytic metabolic pathways via the pentose phosphate pathway. When a GPM-deficient B. subtilis mutant was grown in glucose minimal media and observed in vivo, the mutant strain grew extremely slow at growth rates reduced by up to 90% (see, for example, Leyva-Vasquez and Setlow, J. Bacteriol. 176:3903-3910 (1994)). A PGI-deficient B. subtilis mutant grew at 42% of !the wild type growth rate (see, for example, Freese et al., Spores V. Halvorson et al. (ed.), American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C. pp 212-224, (1972)). These results suggest that B. subtilis possess an inefficient pentose phosphate pathway which cannot compensate for the inactivity of glycolysis in these mutants.

[0176] There is a discrepancy in the acetate kinase A (ACKA) deletion case between the in silico simulation and in vivo results. In silico simulation predicted that the deletion of ACKA did not affect cell growth on glucose. When a ACKA mutant was grown in minimal medium with excess glucose, the growth rate was 33% of the wild type growth rate suggesting that acetate kinase A is important to deal with excess carbohydrate. It is likely that the blockage of acetate secretion leads to an accumulation of acetyl phosphate, which could be growth inhibitory. (See, for example, Grundy et al., J. Bacteriol. 175:7348-7355 (1993)). The effect of such inhibition and regulation was not accounted for in the current model.

[0177] There are about 1,800 genes in the B. subtilis genome for which no functional information is available. One of the approaches to assess gene function is a phenotypic analysis of mutants missing each one. Ogasawara constructed 789 such mutants for this purpose and observed phenotypic changes in 328 mutants under various conditions (Ogasawara, Res. Microbiol. 151: 129-134 (2000)). Ogasawara identified several novel essential genes that were not identified in previous genetic studies. Three of these genes were predicted to be essential by the in silico model including yybQ (inorganic pyrophosphatase), ispA or yqiD (farnesyl-diophosphate synthase) and dxs or yqiD (1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase).

[0178] Thus, this example demonstrates that the in silico model can be used to uncover essential genes to augment or circumvent traditional genetic studies.

EXAMPLE VI

[0179] This example demonstrates simulation of B. subtilis growth using a combined regulatory/metabolic model. This example further demonstrates the effects on growth rate prediction when regulation is represented in a B. subtilis metabolic model.

[0180] Glucose repression is a phenomenon of catabolite repression mediated by CcpA (catabolite control protein) in B. subtilis (see, for example, Grundy et al., J. Bacteriol. 175:7348-7355 (1993)). CcpA acts both as a negative regulator of carbohydrate (including, for example, arabinose and ribose) utilization genes and as a positive regulator of genes involved in excretion of excess carbon.

[0181] Growth of B. subtilis in the presence of glucose and arabinose was simulated as follows. The B. subtilis model described in Example I was modified to incorporate the logic statement:

[0182] Reg−ARAA=IF (Glucose exchange reaction) then NOT(ARAA).

[0183] The constraint for the ARAA reaction was:

(0)*Reg−ARAA≦R2≦(∞)*Reg−ARAA.

[0184] According to the logic statement if glucose is present the gene for L-arabinose isomerase is not expressed and the flux via reaction ARAA (L-arabinose isomerase, EC 5.3.1.4) is constrained to zero. When glucose is not present, for example, when it is consumed from the media, the flux via reaction ARAA has an infinite boundary value.

[0185] A simulation was run for the combined regulatory/metabolic model and the stand-alone metabolic model described in Example I. The following parameters were used: PO=1; M=9.5 mmol ATPs/g DCW/hr; glucose uptake rate=5 mmol/g DCW/hr; arabinose uptake rate=5 mmol/g DCW/hr; the flux via ribulose 5-phosphate isomerase reaction (converting ribulose 5-phosphate to xylose 5-phosphate) was constrained to be greater than zero; the uptake rates for oxygen, nitrogen, sulfate and phosphate were unconstrained; and the biomass composition was as set forth in Tables 3 and 4 for a growth rate at 0.11 hr−1.

[0186]
FIG. 9 shows the differences in network utilization between the regulated model (top numbers) and stand-alone model (bottom numbers). Absent consideration of repression mediated by CcpA, both glucose and arabinose were taken up and utilized in the simulation. However when regulation due to CcpA was included in the model, arabinose was not utilized due to the import and utilization of glucose. Comparison of the results for the non-regulated model with those for the regulated model indicated that regulation by CcpA resulted in lower cell growth rate. The predicted growth rate was 0.818 hr−1 for the stand-alone metabolic model, and for the combined regulatory/metabolic model was 0.420 hr−1.

[0187] Incorporation of the regulatory controls into the metabolic model can result in more accurate representations of the true physiology of the organism. Using the methods described in this example, molecular level regulatory knowledge as well as information about causal relationships, for example, where molecular detail is not known, can be incorporated into a B. subtilis model. As an example, in vivo studies of gene expression have identified 66 genes which are repressed by glucose but induced when glucose levels decrease (Yoshida et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 29:683-692 (2001)). Incorporation of regulation at each gene in response to glucose levels using boolean logic statements such as that demonstrated above for the ARAA reaction, can be used to increase the predictive capacity of a B. subtilis model.

[0188] Throughout this application various publications have been referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference in this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

[0189] Although the invention has been described with reference to the examples provided above, it should be understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the claims.

8TABLE 8RxnDele-Gene DescriptionGeneReactionRxn NameE. C. #tionEMP PathwayEnolaseeno2PG <-> PEPENO4.2.1.11RFructose-1,6-bisphosphatasefbpFDP -> F6P + PIFBP3.1.3.11Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatate aldolasefbaAFDP <-> T3P1 + T3P2FBA4.1.2.13RFructose-1,6-bisphosphatate aldolasefbaBFDP <-> T3P1 + T3P2FBA24.1.2.13GlucokinaseglcKGLC + ATP -> G6P + ADPGLK22.7.1.2Glucose-1-phosphateglgCATP + G1P -> ADPGLC + PPIGLGC2.7.7.27adenylytransferaseGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphategapAT3P1 + PI + NAD <-> NADH + 13DPGGAPA1.2.1.12Edehydrogenase-A complexGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphategapBT3P1 + PI + NAD <-> NADH + 13DPGGAPC1.2.1.12dehydrogenase-C complexGlycogen phosphorylaseglgPGLYCOGEN + PI -> G1PGLGP2.4.1.1Glycogen synthaseglgAADPGLC -> ADP + GLYCOGENGLGA2.4.1.21Methylglyoxal synthasemgsAT3P2 -> MTHGXL + PIMGSA4.2.99.11Phosphoenolpyruvate synthaseppsPYR + ATP -> PEP + AMP + PIPPSA2.7.9.2PhosphofructokinasepfkAF6P + ATP -> FDP + ADPPFKA2.7.1.11RPhosphoglucose isomerasepgi1G6P <-> F6PPGI15.3.1.9RPhosphoglucose isomerasepgi2bDG6P <-> G6PPGI25.3.1.9Phosphoglucose isomerasepgi3bDG6P <-> F6PPGI35.3.1.9Phosphoglycerate kinasepgk13DPG + ADP <-> 3PG + ATPPGK2.7.2.3EPhosphoglycerate mutase 1pgm3PG <-> 2PGGPMA5.4.2.1RPhosphoglycerate mutase 2yhfR—3PG <-> 2PGGPMB5.4.2.1Pyruvate dehydrogenasepdhAPYR + COA + NAD -> NADH +ACEE1.2.4.1,ECO2 + ACCOA2.3.1.12,1.8.1.4Pyruvate Kinase IpykPEP + ADP -> PYR + ATPPYKF2.7.1.40RTriosphosphate IsomerasetpiAT3P1 <-> T3P2TPIA5.3.1.1RPentose Phosphate Pathway2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconatekdgA2KD6PG -> T3P1 + PYREDA4.1.2.14aldolase6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenasegntZD6PGC + NADP -> NADPH +GND1.1.1.44(decarboxylating)CO2 + RL5P6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenaseyqjID6PGC + NADP -> NADPH +GND21.1.1.44(decarboxylating)CO2 + RL5P6-PhosphogluconolactonasePGLD6PGL -> D6PGCPGL3.1.1.31Glucose 6-phosphate-1-dehydrogenasezwfG6P + NADP <-> D6PGL + NADPHZWF1.1.1.49Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase AywlFRL5P <-> R5PRPIA5.3.1.6ERibulose phosphate 3-epimeraserpeRL5P <-> X5PRPE5.1.3.1Transaldolase AywjHT3P1 + S7P <-> E4P + F6PTALA2.2.1.2Transketolase IItkt1R5P + X5P <-> T3P1 + S7PTKTB12.2.1.1Transketolase IItkt2X5P + E4P <-> F6P + T3P1TKTB22.2.1.1The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle2-Ketoglutarate dehyrogenaseodhAAKG + NAD + COA -> CO2 +SUCA1.2.4.2, 2.3.1.RNADH + SUCCOA61, 1.8.1.4Aconitase AcitBCIT <-> ICITACNA4.2.1.3ECitrate synthasecitAACCOA + OA -> COA + CITGLTA4.1.3.7ECitrate synthasecitZACCOA + OA -> COA + CITGLTA24.1.3.7Citrate synthasemmgDACCOA + OA -> COA + CITGLTA34.1.3.7Fumarase AcitGFUM <-> MALFUMA4.2.1.2EFumurate reductasesdhA3FUM + FADH -> SUCC + FADFRDA1.3.99.1Isocitrate dehydrogenaseicdICIT + NADP <-> CO2 +ICDA1.1.1.42ENADPH + AKGMalate dehydrogenasemalSMAL + NAD <-> NADH + OAMDH1.1.1.37EMalate dehydrogenasemdhMAL + NAD <-> NADH + OAMDH21.1.1.37Succinate dehydrogenase (Combine wsdhA1SUCC + FAD -> FADH + FUMSDHA11.3.99.1FRDA)Succinyl-CoA synthetasesucDSUCCOA + ADP + PI <-> ATP +SUCC6.2.1.5RCOA + SUCCPyruvate MetabolismAcetaldehyde dehydrogenasealdX4ACCOA + 2 NADH <-> ETH +ADHE21.2.1.102 NAD + COAAcetaldehyde dehydrogenasealdY4ACCOA + 2 NADH <-> ETH +ADHE32 NAD + COAAcetate kinase AackAACTP + ADP <-> ATP + ACACKA2.7.2.1Acetyl-CoA synthetaseacsAATP + AC + COA -> AMP +ACS6.2.1.1PPI + ACCOAAcetyl-CoA synthetaseytclATP + AC + COA -> AMP +ACS26.2.1.1PPI + ACCOAFormate hydrogen lyasefdhDFOR -> CO2FDHF11.2.1.2,E1.12.1.2L-Lactate dehydrogenaseldhPYR + NADH <-> NAD + LLACLDH1.1.1.27PhosphotransacetylaseptaACCOA + PI <-> ACTP + COAPTA2.3.1.8Anaplerotic ReactionsInorganic pyrophosphataseppaCPPI -> 2 PIPPA3.6.1.1EMalic enzyme (NAD)mleA1MAL + NAD -> CO2 + NADH + PYRSFCA1.1.1.38Malic enzyme (NADP)mleA2MAL + NADP -> CO2 + NADPH + PYRMAEB1.1.1.40Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinasepckAOA + ATP -> PEP + CO2 + ADPPCKA4.1.1.49Pyruvate carboxylasepycAPYR + ATP + CO2 -> OA + PI + ADPPC6.4.1.1ERespiration (Note: the P/O ratio is set to 1.5 as anexample)Cytochrome oxidase bdctaDQH2 + .5 O2 -> Q + 2 HEXTCYDA1.10.2.2,R1.9.3.1Cytochrome oxidase bo3ctaCQH2 + .5 O2 -> Q + 2.5 HEXTCYOA1.10.2.2,1.9.3.1F0F1-ATPaseatpAATP <-> ADP + PI + 4 HEXTATPA3.6.1.34RGlycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenaseglpDGL3P + Q -> T3P2 + QH2GLPD1.1.99.5(aerobic)NADH dehydrogenase IndhF1NADH + Q -> NAD + QH2 + 3.5 HEXTNUOA1.6.5.3RNADH dehydrogenase IIndhF2NADH + Q -> NAD + QH2NDH1.6.5.3Succinate dehydrogenase complexsdhA2FADH + Q <-> FAD + QH2SDHA21.3.5.1RThioredoxin reductasetrxBOTHIO + NADPH -> NADP + RTHIOTRXB1.6.4.5EAlternative Carbon SourceMelibioseAlpha-galactosidase (melibiase)melAMELI -> GLC + GLACMELA3.2.1.22GalactoseGalactokinasegalKGLAC + ATP -> GAL1P + ADPGALK2.7.1.6Galactose-1-phosphategalTGAL1P + UDPG <-> G1P + UDPGALGALT2.7.7.10uridylyltransferaseUDP-glucose 4-epimerasegalEUDPGAL <-> UDPGGALE5.1.3.2UDP-glucose 4-epimeraseyjaVUDPGAL <-> UDPGGALE25.1.3.2UDP-glucose-1-phosphategtaBG1P + UTP <-> UDPG + PPIGALU12.7.7.9EuridylyltransferaseUDP-glucose-1-phosphateytdAG1P + UTP <-> UDPG + PPIGALU1a2.7.7.9uridylyltransferaseUDP-glucose-1-phosphateyngBG1P + UTP <-> UDPG + PPIGALU1b2.7.7.9uridylyltransferasePhosphoglucomutaseybbTG1P <-> G6PPGM5.4.2.2ELactosePeriplasmic beta-glucosidase precursorbglHLCTS -> GLC + GLACBGLX3.2.1.21phospho-beta-glucosidaseyesZLCTS -> GLC + GLACBGLX23.2.1.21phospho-beta-glucosidaseydhPLCTS -> GLC + GLACBGLX33.2.1.21Beta-galactosidase (LACTase)yckELCTS -> GLC + GLACLACZ3.2.1.23Beta-galactosidase (LACTase)lacALCTS -> GLC + GLACLACZ23.2.1.23Trehalosetrehalose-6-phosphate hydrolasetreATRE6P -> bDG6P + GLCTREC3.2.1.93Fructose1-Phosphofructokinase (Fructose 1-fruKF1P + ATP -> FDP + ADPFRUK12.7.1.56phosphate kinase)Xylose isomerasexylA2FRU -> GLCXYLA15.3.1.5MannosePhosphomannomutaseyhxBMAN6P <-> MAN1PCPSG5.4.2.8Mannose-6-phosphate isomerasemanAMAN6P <-> F6PMANA5.3.1.8Mannose-6-phosphate isomerasepmiMAN6P <-> F6PMANA25.3.1.8Mannose-6-phosphate isomeraseydhSMAN6P <-> F6PMANA35.3.1.8N-AcetylglucosamineN-Acetylglucosamine-6-phosphatenagANAGP -> GA6P + ACNAGA3.5.1.25deacetylaseGlucosamineGlucosamine-6-phosphate deaminasegamAGA6P -> F6P + NH3NAGB5.3.1.10FucoseAldehyde dehydrogenase AaldX3LACAL + NAD <-> LLAC + NADHALDA1.2.1.22Aldehyde dehydrogenase BaldY3LACAL + NAD <-> LLAC + NADHALDB1.2.1.22Aldehyde dehydrogenaseycbDLACAL + NAD <-> LLAC + NADHADHC11.1.1.1EAldehyde dehydrogenasealdX2GLAL + NADH <-> GL + NADADHC21.1.1.1EAldehyde dehydrogenasealdY2GLAL + NADH <-> GL + NADADHC31.1.1.1Aldehyde dehydrogenasealdX1ACAL + NAD -> AC + NADHALDH21.2.1.3Aldehyde dehydrogenasealdY1ACAL + NAD -> AC + NADHADHC41.2.1.3EAldehyde dehydrogenasedhaSACAL + NAD -> AC + NADHADHC51.2.1.3Aldehyde dehydrogenaseywdHACAL + NAD -> AC + NADHADHC61.2.1.3GluconateGluconokinase IgntKGLCN + ATP -> D6PGC + ADPGNTV2.7.1.12RhamnoseL-Rhamnose isomeraseyulERMN <-> RMLRHAA5.3.1.14RhamnulokinaseyulCRML + ATP -> RML1P + ADPRHAB2.7.1.5ArabinoseL-Arabinose isomerasearaAARAB <-> RBLARAA5.3.1.4L-RibulokinasearaB1RBL + ATP -> LRL5P + ADPARAB2.7.1.16L-RibulokinasearaB2RBL + ATP -> RL5P + ADPARAB2.7.1.16L-Ribulose-phosphate 4-epimerasearaDLRL5P <-> X5PARAD5.1.3.4XyloseXylose isomerasexylAXYL <-> XULXYLA25.3.1.5XylulokinasexylBXUL + ATP -> X5P + ADPXYLB2.7.1.17XylulokinaseyoaCXUL + ATP -> X5P + ADPXYLB2RiboseRibokinaserbsKRIB + ATP -> R5P + ADPRBSK2.7.1.15RibokinaseyurLRIB + ATP -> R5P + ADPRBSK22.7.1.15MannitolMannitol-1-phosphates 5-mtlDMNT6P + NAD <-> F6P + NADHMTLD1.1.1.17dehydrogenaseGlycerolGlycerol kinaseglpKGL + ATP -> GL3P + ADPGLPK2.7.1.30EGlycerol-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase-gpsAGL3P + NADP <-> T3P2 + NADPHGPSA11.1.1.94E[NAD(P)+]Nucleosides and DeoxynucleosidesPhosphopentomutasedrm1DR1P <-> DR5PDEOB15.4.2.7Phosphopentomutasedrm2R1P <-> R5PDEOB25.4.2.7Deoxyribose-phosphate aldolasedraDR5P -> ACAL + T3P1DEOC4.1.2.4Aspartate & Asparagine BiosynthesisAsparagine synthetase (GlutamateasnBASP + ATP + GLN -> GLU + ASN +ASNB16.3.5.4Edependent)AMP + PPIAsparagine synthetase (GlutamateasnHASP + ATP + GLN -> GLU + ASN +ASNB1b6.3.5.4dependent)AMP + PPIAsparagine synthetase (GlutamateasnOASP + ATP + GLN -> GLU + ASN +ASNB1c6.3.5.4dependent)AMP + PPIAsparate transaminaseaspBOA + GLU <-> ASP + AKGASPC12.6.1.1EAsparate transaminaseyhdR—OA + GLU <-> ASP + AKGASPC22.6.1.1Asparate transaminaseykrVOA + GLU <-> ASP + AKGASPC32.6.1.1Asparate transaminaseyurGOA + GLU <-> ASP + AKGASPC42.6.1.1Glutamate and Glutamine BiosynthesisGlutamate dehydrogenasegudBAKG + NH3 + NADPH <->GDHA1.4.1.4RGLU + NADPGlutamate dehydrogenase IIrocGAKG + NH3 + NADH <-> GLU + NADGDHA2RGlutamate synthaseyerDAKG + GLN + NADPH ->GLTB1.4.1.13NADP + 2 GLUGlutamate synthase: NADH specificgltAAKG + GLN + NADH -> NAD + 2 GLUGLTB21.4.1.13Glutamate-ammonia ligaseglnAGLU + NH3 + ATP -> GLN + ADP + PIGLNA6.3.1.2EAlanine BiosynthesisAlanine racemase, biosyntheticalr—ALA <-> DALAALR—5.1.1.1Alanine racemase, catabolicyncDALA -> DALADADX5.1.1.1Alanine transaminasealaTPYR + GLU <-> AKG + ALAALAB2.6.1.2EArginine, Putriscine, and Spermidine Biosynthesis5-Methylthioribose kinaseMTHRKN5MTR + ATP -> 5MTRP + ADPMTHRKN2.7.1.100E5-Methylthioribose-1-phosphateMTHIPIS5MTRP <-> 5MTR1PMTHIPIS5.3.1.23EisomeraseAcetylornithine deacetylaseylmB1NAARON -> AC + ORNARGE13.5.1.16Acetylornithine transaminaseargDNAGLUSAL + GLU <->ARGD2.6.1.11EAKG + NAARONAdenosylmethionine decarboxylasespeDSAM <-> DSAM + CO2SPED4.1.1.50EAgmatinasespeBAGM -> UREA + PTRCSPEB3.5.3.11EArginine decarboxylase, biosyntheticspeAARG -> CO2 + AGMSPEA4.1.1.19EArgininosuccinate lyaseargHARGSUCC <-> FUM + ARGARGH4.3.2.1EArgininosuccinate synthaseargGCITR + ASP + ATP -> AMP +ARGG6.3.4.5EPPI + ARGSUCCCarbamoyl phosphate synthetasecarAGLN + 2 ATP + CO2 -> GLU + CAP +CARA6.3.5.5E2 ADP + PIE-1 (Enolase-phosphatase)NE1PH5MTR1P -> DKMPPNE1PHEE-3 (Unknown)NE3UNKDKMPP -> FOR + KMBNE3UNKEMethylthioadenosine nucleosidasemtn5MTA -> AD + 5MTRMTHAKN3.2.2.16EN-Acetylglutamate kinaseargBNAGLU + ATP -> ADP + NAGLUYPARGB2.7.2.8EN-Acetylglutamate phosphateargCNAGLUYP + NADPH <->ARGC1.2.1.38EreductaseNADP + PI + NAGLUSALN-Acetylglutamate synthaseARGAGLU + ACCOA -> COA + NAGLUARGA2.3.1.1Ornithine carbamoyl transferase 1argFORN + CAP <-> CITR + PIARGF2.1.3.3EOrnithine transaminaserocDORN + AKG -> GLUGSAL + GLUYGJG2.6.1.13Spermidine synthasespeEPTRC + DSAM -> SPMD + 5MTASPEE2.5.1.16ETransamination (Unknown)TNSUNKKMB + GLN -> GLU + METTNSUNKEUreaseureAUREA -> CO2 + 2 NH3UREA3.5.1.5EProline biosynthesisγ-Glutamyl kinaseproBGLU + ATP -> ADP + GLUPPROB2.7.2.11γ-Glutamyl kinaseproJGLU + ATP -> ADP + GLUPPROB22.7.2.11Glutamate-5-semialdehydeproAGLUP + NADPH -> NADP +PROA1.2.1.41dehydrogenasePI + GLUGSALPyrroline-5-carboxylate reductaseproGGLUGSAL + NADPH -> PRO + NADPPROC1.5.1.2EPyrroline-5-carboxylate reductaseproHGLUGSAL + NADPH -> PRO + NADPPROC21.5.1.2Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductaseproIGLUGSAL + NADPH -> PRO + NADPPROC31.5.1.2Branched Chain Amino AcidBiosynthesis3-Isopropylmalate dehydrogenaseleuBIPPMAL + NAD -> NADH +LEUB1.1.1.85EOICAP + CO23-Isopropylmalate dehydrogenaseycsAIPPMAL + NAD -> NADH +LEUB21.1.1.85OICAP + CO2Acetohydroxy Acid isomeroreductaseilvC1ABUT + NADPH -> NADP + DHMVAILVC11.1.1.86EAcetohydroxy acid isomeroreductaseilvC2ACLAC + NADPH -> NADP + DHVALILVC21.1.1.86EAcetohydroxybutanoate synthase IalsS2OBUT + PYR -> ABUT + CO2ILVB14.1.3.18EAcetohydroxybutanoate synthase IIilvB2OBUT + PYR -> ABUT + CO2ILVG14.1.3.18Acetolactate synthase IalsS12 PYR -> CO2 + ACLACILVB24.1.3.18EAcetolactate synthase IIilvB12 PYR -> CO2 + ACLACILVG24.1.3.18Branched chain amino acidywaA1OMVAL + GLU <-> AKG + ILEILVE14.6.1.42EaminotransferaseBranched chain amino acidybgE1OMVAL + GLU <-> AKG + ILEILVE1baminotransferaseBranched chain amino acidywaA2OIVAL + GLU <-> AKG + VALILVE22.6.1.42EaminotransferaseBranched chain amino acidybgE2OIVAL + GLU <-> AKG + VALILVE2baminotransferaseBranched chain amino acidywaA3OICAP + GLU <-> AKG + LEUILVE42.6.1.42EaminotransferaseBranched chain amino acidybgE3OICAP + GLU <-> AKG + LEUILVE4baminotransferaseDihydroxy acid dehydrataseilvD1DHMVA -> OMVALILVD14.2.1.9EDihydroxy acid dehydrataseilvD2DHVAL -> OIVALILVD24.2.1.9EIsopropylmalate isomeraseleuCCBHCAP <-> IPPMALLEUC4.2.1.33EIsopropylmalate synthaseleuAACCOA + OIVAL -> COA + CBHCAPLEUA4.1.3.12EThreonine dehydratase, biosyntheticilvATHR -> NH3 + OBUTILVA4.2.1.16EAromatic Amino Acids2-Dehydro-3-deoxyphosphoheptonatearoA1E4P + PEP -> PI + 3DDAH7PAROF4.1.2.15Ealdolase F3-Dehydroquinate dehydratasearoCDQT <-> DHSKAROD4.2.1.10E3-Dehydroquinate dehydrataseyqhSDQT <-> DHSKAROD24.2.1.103-Dehydroquinate synthasearoB3DDAH7P -> DQT + PIAROB4.6.1.3E3-Phosphoshikimate-1-aroESME5P + PEP <-> 3PSME + PIAROA2.5.1.19EcarboxyvinyltransferaseAnthranilate synthasetrpECHOR + GLN -> GLU + PYR + ANTRPDE4.1.3.27Anthranilate synthase component IItrpDAN + PRPP -> PPI + NPRANTRPD2.4.2.18EAromatic amino acid transaminasehisC2PHPYR + GLU <-> AKG + PHETYRB12.6.1.57EAromatic amino acid transaminasehisC3HPHPYR + GLU <-> AKG + TYRTYRB22.6.1.5EChorismate mutase 1aroA2CHOR -> PHENPHEA15.4.99.5EChorismate mutase 2aroHCHOR -> PHENTYRA15.4.99.5Chorismate mutase 2pheBCHOR -> PHENTYRA1b5.4.99.5Chorismate synthasearoF3PSME -> PI + CHORAROC4.6.1.4EIndoleglycerol phosphate synthasetrpCCPAD5P -> CO2 + IGPTRPC24.1.1.48EPhosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerasetrpFNPRAN -> CPAD5PTRPC15.3.1.24EPhosphoribosyl anthranilate isomeraseynalNPRAN -> CPAD5PTRPC1b5.3.1.24Prephanate dehydrogenasetyrAPHEN + NAD -> HPHPYR +TYRA21.3.1.12ECO2 + NADHPrephenate dehydratasepheAPHEN -> CO2 + PHPYRPHEA24.2.1.51EShikimate dehydrogenasearoDDHSK + NADPH <-> SME + NADPAROE1.1.1.25EShikimate kinase IaroKSME + ATP -> ADP + SME5PAROK2.7.1.71ETryptophan synthasetrpAIGP + SER -> T3P1 + TRPTRPA4.2.1.20EHistidine BiosynthesisATP phosphoribosyltransferasehisGPRPP + ATP -> PPI + PRBATPHISG2.4.2.17EHistidinol dehydrogenasehisDHISOL + 3 NAD -> HIS + 3 NADHHISD1.1.1.23EHistidinol phosphatasehisJHISOLP -> PI + HISOLHISB23.1.3.15EImidazoleglycerol phosphatehisBDIMGP -> IMACPHISB14.2.1.19EdehydrataseImidazoleglycerol phosphate synthasehisFPRLP + GLN -> GLU +HISF2.4.2.—EAICAR + DIMGPL-Histidinol phosphatehisC1IMACP + GLU -> AKG + HISOLPHISC2.6.1.9EaminotransferasePhosphoribosyl pyrophosphateprsR5P + ATP <->PRSA2.7.6.1EsynthasePRPP + AMPPhosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolasehisI1PRBAMP -> PRFPHISI23.5.4.19EPhosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatasehisI2PRBATP -> PPI + PRBAMPHISI13.6.1.31EPhosphoribosylformimino-5-amino-1-hisAPRFP -> PRLPHISA5.3.1.16Ephosphoribosyl-4-imidazolecarboxamide isomeraseSerine & Glycine Biosynthesis3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenaseserA3PG + NAD -> NADH + PHPSERA1.1.1.95E3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenaseyoaD3PG + NAD -> NADH + PHPSERA21.1.1.95Glycine hydroxymethyltransferaseglyA3THF + SER -> GLY + METTHFGLYA32.1.2.1Phosphoserine phosphataseSERB3PSER -> PI + SERSERB3.1.3.3EPhosphoserine transaminaseserCPHP + GLU -> AKG + 3PSERSERC12.6.1.52ECysteine Biosynthesis3′-5′ Bisphosphate nucleotidaseBISPHDSPAP -> AMP + PIBISPHDS3.1.3.7E3′-Phospho-adenylylsulfate reductasecysHPAPS + RTHIO -> OTHIO +CYSH1.8.99.—EH2SO3 + PAP3′-Phospho-adenylylsulfate reductaseyitBPAPS + RTHIO -> OTHIO +CYSH21.8.99.—H2SO3 + PAPAdenylylsulfate kinasecysCAPS + ATP -> ADP + PAPSCYSC2.7.1.25EAdenylylsulfate kinaseyisZAPS + ATP -> ADP + PAPSCYSC22.7.1.25O-Acetylserine (thiol)-lyase AcysKASER + H2S -> AC + CYSCYSK4.2.99.8EO-Acetylserine (thiol)-lyase BytkPASER + H2S -> AC + CYSCYSM4.2.99.8O-Acetylserine (thiol)-lyase ByrhAASER + H2S -> AC + CYSCYSM24.2.99.8Serine transacetylasecysESER + ACCOA <-> COA + ASERCYSE2.3.1.30ESulfate adenylyltransferasesatH2SO4 + ATP + GTP -> PPI + APS +CYSD2.7.7.4EGDP + PISulfate adenylyltransferaseyitAH2SO4 + ATP + GTP -> PPI + APS +CYSD22.7.7.4GDP + PISulfite reductaseyvgQH2SO3 + 3 NADPH <-> H2S + 3 NADPCYSI1.8.1.2ESulfite reductaseyvgR—H2SO3 + 3 NADPH <-> H2S + 3 NADPCYSI21.8.1.2Threonine and Lysine BiosynthesisAspartate kinase IdapGASP + ATP <-> ADP + BASPTHRA12.7.2.4EAspartate kinase IIlysCASP + ATP <-> ADP + BASPMETL12.7.2.4Aspartate kinase IIIyclMASP + ATP <-> ADP + BASPLYSC2.7.2.4Aspartate semialdehydeasdBASP + NADPH <-> NADP +ASD1.2.1.11EdehydrogenasePI + ASPSADiaminopimelate decarboxylaselysAMDAP -> CO2 + LYSLYSA4.1.1.20EDiaminopimelate epimerasedapFD26PIM <-> MDAPDAPF5.1.1.7EDihydrodipicolinate reductasedapBD23PIC + NADPH -> NADP + PIP26DXDAPB1.3.1.26EDihydrodipicolinate synthasedapAASPSA + PYR -> D23PICDAPA4.2.1.52EHomoserine dehydrogenase IhomASPSA + NADPH <-> NADP + HSERTHRA21.1.1.3EHomoserine kinasethrBHSER + ATP -> ADP + PHSERTHRB2.7.1.39ELysine decarboxylase 1yaaOLYS -> CO2 + CADVCADA4.1.1.18Succinyl diaminopimelateDAPCNS2A6O + GLU <-> AKG + NS26DPDAPC2.6.1.17EaminotransferaseSuccinyl diaminopimelateyodQNS26DP -> SUCC + D26PIMDAPE3.5.1.18EdesuccinylaseTetrahydrodipicolinate succinylaseykuQPIP26DX + SUCCOA ->DAPD2.3.1.117ECOA + NS2A6OThreonine synthasethrCPHSER -> PI + THRTHRC14.2.99.2EMethionine BiosynthesisAdenosyl homocysteinase (Unknown)DeductionHCYS + ADN <-> SAHADCSASE3.3.1.1ECobalamin-dependent methioninemetEHCYS + MTHF -> MET +THFMETH2.1.1.13EsynthaseCystathionine- -lyaseyjcJLLCT -> HCYS + PYR + NH3METC4.4.1.8Homoserine transsuccinylasemetAHSER + SUCCOA -> COA + OSLHSERMETA2.3.1.46EO-succinlyhomoserine lyaseyjcI1OSLHSER + CYS -> SUCC + LLCTMETB1a4.2.99.9O-succinlyhomoserine lyaseyrhB1OSLHSER + CYS -> SUCC + LLCTMETB1b4.2.99.9O-Succinlyhomoserine lyaseyjcI2OSLHSER + H2S -> SUCC + HCYSMETB3aO-Succinlyhomoserine lyaseyrhB2OSLHSER + H2S -> SUCC + HCYSMETB3bO-Succinlyhomoserine lyaseyjcI3OSLHSER + CH3SH -> SUCC + METMETB4aO-Succinlyhomoserine lyaseyrhB3OSLHSER + CH3SH -> SUCC + METMETB4bS-Adenosylmethionine synthetasemetKMET + ATP -> PPI + PI + SAMMETK2.5.1.6EAmino Acid DegradationAlanineAlanine dehydrogenasealdALA + NAD -> PYR + NH3 + NADHALD1.4.1.1ArginineArginaserocFARG -> ORN + UREAROCF3.5.3.1Aminobutyrate aminotransaminase 1gabTGABA + AKG -> SUCCSAL + GLUGABT2.6.1.19Succinate semialdehydegabDSUCCSAL + NAD -> SUCC + NADHSAD1.2.1.16dehydrogenase-NADAsparagineAsparininase IansAASN -> ASP + NH3ASNA23.5.1.1Asparininase IIyccCASN -> ASP + NH3ASNB23.5.1.1AspartateAspartate ammonia-lyaseansBASP -> FUM + NH3ASPA4.3.1.1GlutamineGlutaminase AybgJGLN -> GLU + NH3GLNASEA3.5.1.2Glutaminase BylaMGLN -> GLU + NH3GLNASEB3.5.1.2HistidineFormiminoglutamate hydrolasehutGNFGLU -> GLU + FAMHUTG3.5.3.8HistidasehutHHIS -> URCAN + NH3HUTH4.3.1.3Imidazolone-5-propionate hydrolasehutI4IMZP -> NFGLUHUTI3.5.2.7UrocanasehutUURCAN -> 4IMZPHUTU4.2.1.49FormamidaseFORAMDFAM -> NH3 + FORFORAMDIsoleucine, Leucine, ValineLeucine dehydrogenasebcdLEU + NAD -> OICAP + NH3 + NADHLEUDHAcyl-CoA dehydrogenasemmgC13MBCOA + NADP ->ACYLCOA11.3.99.33M2ECOA + NADPHAcyl-CoA dehydrogenasemmgC2ISBCOA + NADP -> MCCOA + NADPHACYLCOA21.3.99.3Acyl-CoA dehydrogenasemmgC32MBCOA + NADP ->ACYLCOA31.3.99.32MBECOA + NADPHMethylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylaseMCCOAC3M2ECOA + ATP + CO2 -> 3MGCOA +MCCOAC6.4.1.4PI + ADPMethylglutaconyl-CoA hydrataseMGCOAH3MGCOA -> 3HMGCOAMGCOAH4.2.1.18Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyaseyngG3HMGCOA -> ACCOA + AACHMGCOAL4.1.3.4succinyl CoA:3-oxoacid CoA-scoASUCCOA + AAC -> SUCC + AACCOASUCCOATtransferasebranched-chain alpha-keto acidbkdAA1OICAP + COA + NAD -> 3MBCOA +BKDAA1EdehydrogenaseCO2 + NADHbranched-chain alpha-keto acidbkdAA2OIVAL + COA + NAD -> ISBCOA +BKDAA2EdehydrogenaseCO2 + NADHbranched-chain alpha-keto acidbkdAA3OMVAL + COA + NAD -> 2MBCOA +BKDAA3EdehydrogenaseCO2 + NADH3-hydroxbutyryl-CoA dehydrataseyngF1MCCOA -> 3HIBCOAyngF14.2.1.173-hydroxbutyryl-CoA dehydrataseysiB1MCCOA -> 3HIBCOAysiB14.2.1.173-hydroxbutyryl-CoA dehydrataseyngF22MBECOA -> 3H2MBCOAyngF24.2.1.173-hydroxbutyryl-CoA dehydrataseysiB22MBECOA -> 3H2MBCOAysiB24.2.1.17Acyl-CoA hydrolaseykhA3HIBCOA -> 3H2MP + COAykhA3.1.2.4Methylmalonyl-CoA epimeraseMMCOAEPSMMCOA <->MMCOAEP5.1.99.1(5.1.99.1)RMMCOAMethylmalonyl-CoA mutase (5.4.99.2)MMCOAMTRMMCOA -> SUCCOAMMCOAMT5.4.99.2ProlinePyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenaserocAGLUGSAL + NAD -> NADH + GLUPUTA21.5.1.12Proline oxidaseycgMPRO + NADP -> GLUGSAL + NADPHPROOX1.5.1.2SerineD-Serine deaminasedsdADSER -> PYR + NH3DSDA4.2.1.14Serine deaminase 1sdaAASER -> PYR + NH3SDAA14.2.1.13ThreonineAmino ketobutyrate ligasekbl2A3O + COA -> ACCOA + GLYKBL22.3.1.29Threonine dehydrogenasetdhTHR + NAD -> 2A3O + NADHTDH21.1.1.103Purine Biosynthesis5′-Phosphoribosyl-4-(N-purB2SAICAR <-> FUM + AICARPURB14.3.2.2Esuccinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazolelyaseAdenylosuccinate lyasepurB1ASUC <-> FUM + AMPPURB24.3.2.2EAdenylosuccinate synthetasepurAIMP + GTP + ASP -> GDP + PI + ASUCPURA6.3.4.4EAICAR transformylasepurH1AICAR + FTHF <-> THF + PRFICAPURH12.1.2.3EAmidophosphoribosyl transferasepurFPRPP + GLN -> PPI + GLU + PRAMPURF2.4.2.14EGMP reductaseguaCGMP + NADPH -> NADP + IMP + NH3GUAC1.6.6.8GMP synthaseguaAXMP + ATP + GLN -> GLU + AMP +GUAA6.3.4.1EPPI + GMPIMP cyclohydrolasepurH2PRFICA <-> IMPPURH23.5.4.10EIMP dehydrogenaseguaBIMP + NAD -> NADH + XMPGUAB1.1.1.205EIMP dehydrogenaseyhcVIMP + NAD -> NADH + XMPGUAB21.1.1.205IMP dehydrogenaseylbBIMP + NAD -> NADH + XMPGUAB31.1.1.205Phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligasepurDPRAM + ATP + GLY <->PURD6.3.4.13EADP + PI + GARPhosphoribosylaminoimidazolepurEAIR + CO2 + ATP <->PURK4.1.1.21Ecarboxylase 1 NCAIR + ADP + PIPhosphoribosylaminoimidazolepurKNCAIR + CO2 <-> CAIRPURE4.1.1.21Ecarboxylase 2Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-purCCAIR + ATP + ASP <->PURC6.3.2.6Esuccinocarboxamide synthetaseADP + PI + SAICARPhosphoribosylformylglycinamidepurMFGAM + ATP -> ADP + PI + AIRPURM6.3.3.1Ecyclo-ligasePhosphoribosylformylglycinamidepurLFGAR + ATP + GLN -> GLU + ADP +PURL6.3.5.3EsynthetasePI + FGAMPhosphoribosylformylglycinamidepurQFGAR + ATP + GLN -> GLU + ADP +PURL26.3.5.3synthetasePI + FGAMPhosphoribosylglycinamidepurNGAR + FTHF <-> THF + FGARPURN2.1.2.2EformyltransferasePhosphoribosylglycinamidepurTGAR + FTHF <->THF + FGARPURN22.1.2.2formyltransferasePyrimidine BiosynthesisAspartate-carbamoyltransferasepyrBCAP + ASP -> CAASP + PIPYRB2.1.3.2ECTP synthetasepyrG1UTP + GLN + ATP -> GLU + CTP +PYRG16.3.4.2ADP + PICTP synthetasepyrG2UTP + NH3 + ATP -> CTP + ADP + PIPYRG2DihydroorotasepyrCCAASP <-> DOROAPYRC3.5.2.3EDihydroorotate dehydrogenasepyrDDOROA + Q <-> QH2 + OROAPYRD1.3.3.1EOMP decarboxylasepyrFOMP -> CO2 + UMPPYRF4.1.1.23EOrotate phosphoribosyl transferasepyrEOROA + PRPP <-> PPI + OMPPYRE2.4.2.10ESalvage Pathways5′-NucleotidaseyhcR1DUMP -> DU + PIUSHA13.1.3.55′-NucleotidaseyhcR4DTMP -> DT + PIUSHA23.1.3.55′-NucleotidaseyhcR5DAMP -> DA + PIUSHA33.1.3.55′-NucleotidaseyhcR6DGMP -> DG + PIUSHA43.1.3.55′-NucleotidaseyhcR7DCMP -> DC + PIUSHA53.1.3.55′-NucleotidaseyhcR8CMP -> CYTD + PIUSHA63.1.3.55′-NucleotidaseyhcR9AMP -> PI + ADNUSHA73.1.3.55′-NucleotidaseyhcR10GMP -> PI + GSNUSHA83.1.3.55′-NucleotidaseyhcR11IMP -> PI + INSUSHA93.1.3.55′-NucleotidaseyhcR3XMP -> PI + XTSNUSHA123.1.3.55′-NucleotidaseyhcR2UMP -> PI + URIUSHA113.1.3.5Adenine deaminaseadeCAD -> NH3 + HYXNYICP3.5.4.2Adenine deaminaseyerAAD -> NH3 + HYXNYICP23.5.4.2Adenine phosphoryltransferaseaptAD + PRPP -> PPI + AMPAPT2.4.2.7Adenosine kinaseadk1ADN + ATP -> AMP + ADPADKIN2.7.1.20Adenylate kinaseadk2ATP + AMP <-> 2 ADPADK12.7.4.3Adenylate kinaseadk3GTP + AMP <-> ADP + GDPADK22.7.4.3Adenylate kinaseadk4ITP + AMP <-> ADP + IDPADK32.7.4.3Adenylate kinaseadk5DAMP + ATP <-> ADP + DADPADK42.7.4.11Cytidine deaminasecdd1CYTD -> URI + NH3CDD13.5.4.5Cytidine deaminasecdd2DC -> NH3 + DUCDD23.5.4.5Cytidylate kinasecmk1DCMP + ATP <-> ADP + DCDPCMKA12.7.4.14Cytidylate kinasecmk2CMP + ATP <-> ADP + CDPCMKA22.7.4.14Cytidylate kinasecmk3UMP + ATP <-> ADP + UDPCMKA32.7.4.14Cytodine kinaseudk5CYTD + GTP -> GDP + CMPUDK22.7.1.48Deoxyguanylate kinasegmk2DGMP + ATP <-> DGDP + ADPGMK22.7.4.8dTMP kinasetmkDTMP + ATP <-> ADP + DTDPTMK2.7.4.9EdUTP pyrophosphataseyncFDUTP -> PPI + DUMPDUT3.6.1.23dUTP pyrophosphataseyosSDUTP -> PPI + DUMPDUT23.6.1.23Guanylate kinasegmk1GMP + ATP <-> GDP + ADPGMK12.7.4.8Nucleoside triphosphatasephoA2GTP -> GSN + 3 PIMUTT13.6.1.—Nucleoside triphosphatasephoB2GTP -> GSN + 3 PIMUTT1b3.6.1.—Nucleoside triphosphatasephoA3DGTP -> DG + 3 PIMUTT23.6.1.—Nucleoside triphosphatasephoB3DGTP -> DG + 3 PIMUTT2b3.6.1.—Nucleoside-diphosphate kinasendk2GDP + ATP <-> GTP + ADPNDK12.7.4.6Nucleoside-diphosphate kinasendk3UDP + ATP <-> UTP + ADPNDK22.7.4.6ENucleoside-diphosphate kinasendk4CDP + ATP <-> CTP + ADPNDK32.7.4.6Nucleoside-diphosphate kinasendk5DGDP + ATP <-> DGTP + ADPNDK52.7.4.6Nucleoside-diphosphate kinasendk6DUDP + ATP <-> DUTP + ADPNDK62.7.4.6Nucleoside-diphosphate kinasendk7DCDP + ATP <-> DCTP + ADPNDK72.7.4.6Nucleoside-diphosphate kinasendk8DADP + ATP <-> DATP + ADPNDK92.7.4.6Nucleoside-diphosphate kinasendk1DTDP + ATP <-> DTTP + ADPNDK02.7.4.6EPurine nucleotide phosphorylasedeoD1DIN + PI <-> HYXN + DR1PDEOD12.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasepunA1DIN + PI <-> HYXN + DR1PPUNA12.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasedeoD2DA + PI <-> AD + DR1PDEOD22.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasepunA2DA + PI <-> AD + DR1PPUNA22.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasedeoD3DG + PI <-> GN + DR1PDEOD32.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasepunA3DG + PI <-> GN + DR1PPUNA32.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasedeoD4HYXN + R1P <-> INS + PIDEOD42.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasepunA4HYXN + R1P <-> INS + PIPUNA42.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasedeoD5AD + R1P <-> PI + ADNDEOD52.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasepunA5AD + R1P <-> PI + ADNPUNA52.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasedeoD6GN + R1P <-> PI + GSNDEOD62.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasepunA6GN + R1P <-> PI + GSNPUNA62.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasedeoD7XAN + R1P <-> PI + XTSNDEOD72.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasepunA7XAN + R1P <-> PI + XTSNPUNA72.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasedeoD8DU + PI <-> URA + DR1PDEOD82.4.2.1Purine nucleotide phosphorylasepunA8DU + PI <-> URA + DR1PPUNA82.4.2.1Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductasenrdE1ADP + RTHIO -> DADP + OTHIONRDA11.17.4.1Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductasenrdE2GDP + RTHIO -> DGDP + OTHIONRDA21.17.4.1Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductasenrdE3CDP + RTHIO -> DCDP + OTHIONRDA31.17.4.1Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductasenrdE4UDP + RTHIO -> DUDP + OTHIONRDA41.17.4.1Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductasenrdE5ATP + RTHIO -> DATP + OTHIONRDD11.17.4.2Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductasenrdE6GTP + RTHIO -> DGTP + OTHIONRDD21.17.4.2Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductasenrdE7CTP + RTHIO -> DCTP + OTHIONRDD31.17.4.2Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductasenrdE8UTP + RTHIO -> OTHIO + DUTPNRDD41.17.4.2Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductaseyosNP1ADP + RTHIO -> DADP + OTHIOyosNP11.17.4.2Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductaseyosNP2GDP + RTHIO -> DGDP + OTHIOyosNP21.17.4.2Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductaseyosNP3CDP + RTHIO -> DCDP + OTHIOyosNP31.17.4.2Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductaseyosNP4UDP + RTHIO -> DUDP + OTHIOyosNP41.17.4.2Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductaseyosNP5ATP + RTHIO -> DATP + OTHIOyosNP51.17.4.2Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductaseyosNP6GTP + RTHIO -> DGTP + OTHIOyosNP61.17.4.2Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductaseyosNP7CTP + RTHIO -> DCTP + OTHIOyosNP71.17.4.2Ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductaseyosNP8UTP + RTHIO -> OTHIO + DUTPyosNP81.17.4.2Thymidilate synthetasethyADUMP + METTHF -> DHF + DTMPTHYA2.1.1.45EThymidilate synthetasethyBDUMP + METTHF -> DHF + DTMPTHYA22.1.1.45Thymidine (deoxyuridine) kinasetdk1DU + ATP -> DUMP + ADPTDK12.7.1.21Thymidine (deoxyuridine) kinasetdk2DT + ATP -> ADP + DTMPTDK22.7.1.21Thymidine (deoxyuridine)deoD9DT + PI <-> THY + DR1PDEOA22.4.2.4phosphorylaseThymidine (deoxyuridine)punA9DT + PI <-> THY + DR1PPUNA92.4.2.4phosphorylaseUracil phosphoribosyltransferaseuppURA + PRPP -> UMP + PPIUPP2.4.2.9Uridine kinaseudk2URI + GTP -> GDP + UMPUDK12.7.1.48Uridylate kinasepyrH1UMP + ATP <-> UDP + ADPPYRH12.1.4.—Uridylate kinasepyrH2DUMP + ATP <-> DUDP + ADPPYRH22.1.4.—Xanthine-guaninehrpT1XAN + PRPP -> XMP + PPIGPT12.4.2.22phosphoribosyltransferaseXanthine-guaninehrpT2HYXN + PRPP -> PPI + IMPGPT22.4.2.22phosphoribosyltransferaseXanthine-guaninehrpT3GN + PRPP -> PPI + GMPGPT32.4.2.22phosphoribosyltransferaseOne Carbon MetabolismGlycine cleavage system (Multi-gcvPAGLY + THF + NAD -> METTHF +GCV1.4.4.2,component system)NADH + CO2 + NH32.1.2.10Formyl tetrahydrofolate deformylaseykkEFTHF -> FOR + THFPURU3.5.1.10RMethenyl tetrahydrofolatefolD2METHF <-> FTHFFOLD23.5.4.9EcyclehydrolaseMethylene tetrahydrofolate reductaseMETFMETTHF + NADH -> NAD + MTHFMETF1.7.99.5EMethylene THF dehydrogenasefolD1METTHF + NADP <-> METHF + NADPHFOLD11.5.1.5EMembrane Lipid BiosynthesisAcetyl-CoA carboxyltransferaseaccAACCOA + ATP + CO2 <-> MALCOA +ACCA6.4.1.2,EADP + PI6.3.4.14Acetyl-CoA-ACP transacylasefabHAB0ACACP + COA <-> ACCOA + ACPFABH2.3.1.41EIsovaleryl-CoA ACP transacylase3MBACP3MBACP + COA <-> 3MBCOA + ACP3MBACPE2-Methylbutyryl-CoA ACP transacylase2MBACP2MBACP + COA <-> 2MBCOA + ACP2MBACPEIsobutyryl-CoA ACP transacylaseISBACPISBACP + COA <-> ISBCOA + ACPISBACPEAcyltransferasePLS2GL3P + 0.022 C140IACP + 0.046PLS2EC140NACP + 0.386 C150IACP + 0.654C150AACP + 0.00001 C161IACP + 0.094C160IACP + 0.00001 C161NACP + 0.202C160NACP + 0.00001 C171IACP +0.00001 C171AACP + 0.154 C170IACP +0.362 C170AACP + 0.074 C180NACP ->1.994 ACP + PAβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB1ISBACP + 5 MALACP + 10 NADPH -> 10fabHAB1ENADP + C140IACP + 5 CO2 + 5 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB2ACACP + 6 MALACP + 12 NADPH -> 12fabHAB2ENADP + C140NACP + 6 CO2 + 6 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB33MBACP + 5 MALACP + 10 NADPH ->fabHAB3E10 NADP + C150IACP + 5 CO2 + 5 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB42MBACP + 5 MALACP + 10 NADPH ->fabHAB4E10 NADP + C150AACP + 5 CO2 + 5 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB5ISBACP + 6 MALACP + 11 NADPH -> 11fabHAB5ENADP + C161IACP + 6 CO2 + 6 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB6ISBACP + 6 MALACP + 12 NADPH -> 12fabHAB6ENADP + C160IACP + 6 CO2 + 6 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB7ACACP + 7 MALACP + 13 NADPH -> 13fabHAB7ENADP + C161NACP + 7 CO2 + 7 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB8ACACP + 7 MALACP + 14 NADPH -> 14fabHAB8ENADP + C160NACP + 7 CO2 + 7 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB93MBACP + 6 MALACP + 11 NADPH ->fabHAB9E11 NADP + C171IACP + 6 CO2 + 6 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB102MBACP + 6 MALACP + 11 NADPH ->fabHAB10E11 NADP + C171AACP + 6 CO2 + 6 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB113MBACP + 6 MALACP + 12 NADPH ->fabHAB11E12 NADP + C170IACP + 6 CO2 + 6 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB122MBACP + 6 MALACP + 12 NADPH ->fabHAB12E12 NADP + C170AACP + 6 CO2 + 6 ACPβ-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase IIIfabHAB13ACACP + 8 MALACP + 16 NADPH -> 16fabHAB13ENADP + 1 C180NACP + 8 CO2 + 8ACPCardiolipin synthaseywnE2 PG <-> CL + GLCLS2.7.8.—ECDP-Diacylglycerol synthetasecdsAPA + CTP <-> CDPDG + PPICDSA2.7.7.41EMalonyl-CoA-ACP transacylasefabDMALCOA + ACP <-> MALACP + COAFADD12.3.1.39EPhosphatidylglycerol phosphatePGPAPGP -> PI + PGPGPA3.1.3.27Ephosphatase APhosphatidylglycerol phosphatepgsACDPDG + GL3P <-> CMP + PGPPGSA2.7.8.5EsynthasePhosphatidylserine decarboxylasepsdPS -> PE + CO2PSD4.1.1.65EPhosphatidylserine synthasepssACDPDG + SER <-> CMP + PSPSSA2.7.8.8EFatty Acid Metabolism3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenaseyusL1HACOA + NAD <-> OACOA + NADHFADBS1.1.1.353-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenaseyusL23H2MBCOA + NAD ->FADBS21.1.1.352MAACOA + NADH3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolaseyusK1OACOA + COA -> ACOA + ACCOAFADA2.3.1.163-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolaseyusK22MAACOA + COA -> ACCOA + PPCOAFADA22.3.1.16Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferasemmgA2 ACCOA <-> COA + AACCOAATOB2.3.1.9Acyl-CoA dehydrogenaseacdAACOA + FAD -> 23DACOA + FADHFADE1.3.99.3Acyl-CoA synthetaseIcfAATP + LCCA + COA <-> AMP +FADD6.2.1.3EPPI + ACOAIsoprenoid BiosynthesisFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthetaseyqiD1DMPP + IPPP -> GPP + PPIISPA12.5.1.1EGeranyltranstransferaseyqiD2GPP + IPPP -> FPP + PPIISPA22.5.1.10EIsoprenyl pyrophosphate isomeraseypgAIPPP -> DMPPIPPPISO5.3.3.2EIsoprenyl-pyrophosphate synthesisdxr—T3P1 + PYR + 2 NADPH + ATP ->IPPPSYN8 rxnsEpathwayIPPP + ADP + 2 NADP + CO2Octoprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (5ISPB5 IPPP + FPP -> OPP + 5 PPIISPB2.5.1.—Ereactions)Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthaseUDPPSYN8 IPPP + FPP -> UDPP + 8 PPIUDPPSYN2.5.1.31(8 reactions)Quinone BiosynthesisMenaquinoneIsochorismate synthase 1dhbCCHOR -> ICHORMENF5.4.99.6EIsochorismate synthase 1menFCHOR -> ICHORMENF25.4.99.61,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphthoatemenADHNA + OPP -> DMK + PPI + CO2MENA2.5.1.—Eoctaprenyltransferaseα-Ketoglutarate decarboxylasemenD1AKG + TPP -> SSALTPP + CO2MEND14.1.1.71ENaphthoate synthasemenBOSBCOA -> DHNA + COAMENB4.1.3.36EO-Succinylbenzoate-CoA synthasemenCSHCHC -> OSBMENC4.2.1.—EO-Succinylbenzoic acid-CoA ligasemenEOSB + ATP + COA -> OSBCOA +MENE6.2.1.26EAMP + PPIS-Adenosylmethionine-2-DMKMENGDMK + SAM -> Q + SAHMENG2.1.1.—EmethyltransferaseSHCHC synthasemenD2ICHOR + SSALTPP -> PYR +MEND24.1.3.—ETPP + SHCHCEnterochelin Biosynthesis2,3-Dihydo-2,3-dihydroxybenzoatedhbA23DHDHB + NAD <-> 23DHB + NADHENTA1.3.1.28dehydrogenaseATP-dependent activation of 2,3-dhbE23DHB + ATP <-> 23DHBA + PPIENTE6.—.—.—dihydroxybenzoateATP-dependent serine activatingENTFSER + ATP <-> SERA + PPIENTF2.7.7.—enzymeEnterochelin synthetaseENTD3 SERA + 3 23DHBA -> ENTER + 6 AMPENTD6.—.—.—IsochorismatasedhbBICHOR <-> 23DHDHB + PYRENTB3.3.2.1Riboflavin Biosynthesis3,4 Dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphateribA2RL5P -> DB4P + FORRIBB3.5.4.25Esynthase6,7-Dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthaseribA3DB4P + A6RP -> D8RL + PIRIBE3.5.4.25EFAD synthetaseribC1FMN + ATP -> FAD + PPIRIBF22.7.7.2EGTP cyclohydrolase IIribA1GTP -> D6RP5P + FOR + PPIRIBA3.5.4.25EPryimidine deaminaseribDD6RP5P -> A6RP5P + NH3RIBD13.5.4.26EPyrimidine phosphatasePMDPHTA6RP5P2 -> A6RP + PIPMDPHTEPyrimidine reductaseribTA6RP5P + NADPH -> A6RP5P2 + NADPRIBD21.1.1.193ERiboflavin kinaseribC2RIBFLV + ATP -> FMN + ADPRIBF12.7.1.26ERiboflavin kinaseribR—RIBFLV + ATP -> FMN + ADPRIBF1bRiboflavin synthaseribE2 D8RL -> RIBFLV + A6RPRIBC2.5.1.9EFolate Biosynthesis6-Hydroxymethyl-7,8 dihydropterinfolKAHHMP + ATP -> AMP + AHHMDFOLK2.7.6.3EpyrophosphokinaseAminodeoxychorismate lyasepabCADCHOR -> PYR + PABAPABC4.—.—.—EAminodeoxychorismate synthasepabA1CHOR + GLN -> ADCHOR + GLUPABA4.1.3.—EDihydrofolate reductasedfrADHF + NADPH -> NADP + THFFOLA1.5.1.3EDihydrofolate synthetasefolCDHPT + ATP + GLU -> ADP + PI + DHFFOLC6.3.2.12EDihydroneopterin aldolasefolBDHP -> AHHMP + GLALDHDNPA4.1.2.25EDihydropteroate synthasesulPABA + AHHMD -> PPI + DHPTFOLP2.5.1.15EGTP cyclohydrolase ImtrAGTP -> FOR + AHTDFOLE3.5.4.16ENucleoside triphosphatasephoA1AHTD -> DHP + 3 PIMUTT3.1.3.1ENucleoside triphosphatasephoB1AHTD -> DHP + 3 PIMUTTa3.1.3.1Coenzyme A BiosynthesisACP SynthaseacpSCOA -> PAP + ACPACPS2.7.8.7Aspartate decarboxylasepanDASP -> CO2 + bALAPAND4.1.1.11EDephosphoCoA kinaseytaGDPCOA + ATP -> ADP + COADPHCOAK2.7.1.24EKetopantoate reductaseylbQAKP + NADPH -> NADP + PANTPANE1.1.1.169EKetopentoate hydroxymethylpanBOIVAL + METTHF -> AKP + THFPANB2.1.2.11EtransferasePantoate-β-alanine ligasepanCPANT + bALA + ATP -> AMP +PANC6.3.2.1EPPI + PNTOPantothenate kinasecoaAPNTO + ATP -> ADP + 4PPNTOCOAA2.7.1.33EPhospho-pantethienePATRAN4PPNTE + ATP -> PPI + DPCOAPATRAN2.7.7.3EadenylyltransferasePhosphopantothenate-cysteinePCDCL4PPNCYS -> CO2 + 4PPNTEPCDCL4.1.1.36EdecarboxylasePhosphopantothenate-cysteine ligasePCLIG4PPNTO + CTP + CYS -> CMP +PCLIG6.3.2.5EPPI + 4PPNCYSNAD BiosynthesisAspartate oxidasenadBASP + FAD -> FADH + ISUCCNADB1.4.3.—Deamido-NAD ammonia ligasenadENAAD + ATP + NH3 ->NADE6.3.5.1NAD + AMP + PPINAD kinaseNADFNAD + ATP -> NADP + ADPNADF2.7.1.23NADP phosphataseNADPHPSNADP -> NAD + PINADPHPS3.1.2.—NAMN adenylyl transferaseyqeJ1NAMN + ATP -> PPI + NAADNADD12.7.7.18NAMN adenylyl transferaseyqeJ2NMN + ATP -> NAD + PPINADD22.7.7.18Quinolate phosphoribosyl transferasenadCQA + PRPP -> NAMN + CO2 + PPINADC2.4.2.19Quinolate synthasenadAISUCC + T3P2 -> PI + QANADA1.4.3.16PNC IVDNA ligaseligANAD -> NMN + AMPLIG6.5.1.2Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis1,3-Dimethyluroporphyrinogen IIICYSG2PC2 + NAD -> NADH + SHCLCYSG2EdehydrogenaseCoproporphyrinogen oxidase, aerobichemNO2 + CPP -> 2 CO2 + PPHGHEMF1.3.3.3ECoproporphyrinogen oxidase, aerobichemZO2 + CPP -> 2 CO2 + PPHGHEMF2FerrochelatasehemHPPIX -> PTHHEHH4.99.1.1EGlutamate-1-semialdehydegsaBGSA -> ALAVHEML5.4.3.8EaminotransferaseGlutamate-1-semialdehydehemLGSA -> ALAVHEML2aminotransferaseGlutamyl-tRNA reductasehemAGTRNA + NADPH -> GSA + NADPHEMA1.2.1.—EGlutamyl-tRNA synthetasegltXGLU + ATP -> GTRNA + AMP + PPIGLTX6.1.1.17EHeme O synthasectaOPTH + FPP -> HO + PPICYOEEHydroxymethylbilane synthasehemC4 PBG -> HMB + 4 NH3HEMC4.1.3.8EPorphobilinogen synthasehemB8 ALAV -> 4 PBGHEMB4.2.1.24EProtoporphyrinogen oxidasehemYO2 + PPHG -> PPIXHEMG1.3.3.4ESiroheme ferrochelataseCYSG3SHCL -> SHEMECYSG34.99.1.—EUroporphyrin-III C-methyltransferase 1nasFSAM + UPRG -> SAH + PC2HEMX2.1.1.107EUroporphyrin-III C-methyltransferase 2ylnDSAM + UPRG -> SAH + PC2CYSG12.1.1.107Uroporphyrin-III C-methyltransferase 2ylnFSAM + UPRG -> SAH + PC2CYSG1aUroporphyrinogen decarboxylasehemEUPRG -> 4 CO2 + CPPHEME4.1.1.37EUroporphyrinogen III synthasehemDHMB -> UPRGHEMD4.2.1.75EHeme A SynthasectaAHO -> HEMEAHEMASEBiotin Biosynthesis8-Amino-7-oxononanoate synthasebioFALA + CHCOA <-> CO2 + COA + AONABIOF2.3.1.47Adenosylmethionine-8-amino-7-bioASAM + AONA <-> SAMOB + DANNABIOA2.6.1.62oxononanoate aminotransferaseAdenosylmethionine-8-amino-7-yodTSAM + AONA <-> SAMOB + DANNABIOA2oxononanoate aminotransferaseBiotin synthasebioBDTB + CYS <-> BTBIOB2.8.1.—Dethiobiotin synthasebioDCO2 + DANNA + ATP <->BIOD6.3.3.3DTB + PI + ADPThiamin (Vitamin B1) BiosynthesisHMP kinaseHMPKAHM + ATP -> AHMP + ADPTHIN2.7.1.49EHMP-phosphate kinasethiDAHMP + ATP -> AHMPP + ADPTHID2.7.4.7EHypothetical Thimin RxndxsT3P1 + PYR -> DTPUNKRXN1EThiamin kinaseTHIKTHMP + ADP <-> THIAMIN + ATPTHIK2.7.1.89EThiamin phosphate kinasethiLTHMP + ATP <-> TPP + ADPTHIL2.7.4.16Thiamin phosphate synthasethiETHZP + AHMPP -> THMP + PPITHIB2.5.1.3EthiC proteinthiCAIR -> AHMTHICEthiF proteinthiFDTP + TYR + CYS -> THZ + CO2THIFbEthiG proteinthiGDTP + TYR + CYS -> THZ + CO2THIGbTHZ kinasethiMTHZ + ATP -> THZP + ADPTHIM2.7.1.50ECell Envelope BiosynthesisGlutamine fructose-6-phosphateglmSF6P + GLN -> GLU + GA6PGLMS2.6.1.16ETransaminaseN-Acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate-gcaDUTP + GA1P + ACCOA -> UDPNAG +GLMU2.7.7.23EuridyltransferasePPI + COAPhosphoglucosamine mutaseGLMMGA6P <-> GA1PGLMMETechoic Acid SynthesisTechoic Acid Syn (TagA to O)tagAO1PEPTIDO + UDPNAG + UDPNAMS + 30TASYN1ECDPGLYC + 10 UDPG + 10 DALA ->GLYTC1 + UMP + UDP + 30 CMP + 10UDPTechoic Acid Syn (TagA to O)tagAO2PEPTIDO + UDPNAG + UDPNAMS + 30TASYN2EUDPNAGAL + 30 UDPG -> GLYTC2 +UMP + UDP + 30 UMP + 30 UDPUDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimeraseyvyHUDPNAG <-> UDPNAMSUDP2E5.1.3.14EGlycerol-3-phosphatetagDCTP + T3P1 -> CDPGLYC + PPIGLY3PCT2.7.7.39EcytidylyltransferaseTeichuronic Acid SynthesisBiosynthesis of teichuronic acid (UDP-tuaDUDPG -> UDPGCUUDPGDHEglucose 6-dehydrogenase)UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimeraseUDPNA4EUDPNAG -> UDPNAGALUDPNA4EETeichuronic Acid Syn (tau A to H)tuaAHPEPTIDO + 30 UDPNAGAL + 30TUASYNEUDPGCU -> 30 UMP + 30 UDP + TEICHULPS sugar biosynthesisDiacylglycerol kinasedgkADGR + ATP -> ADP + PADAGKIN2.7.1.107Murein biosyntheisD-ala: D-ala ligasesddl2 DALA + ATP <-> AA + ADP + PIDDLA6.3.2.4ED-Alanine-D-alanine adding enzymemurFUNAGD + ATP + AA -> UNAGDA +MURF6.3.2.15EADP + PIGlutamate racemaseracEGLU <-> DGLUMURI5.1.1.3Glutamate racemaseyrpCGLU <-> DGLUMURI25.1.1.3N-Acetylglucosaminyl transferasemurGUNPTDO + UDPNAG -> UDP + PEPTIDOMURG2.7.8.13EPhospho-N-mraYUNAGDA -> UMP + PI + UNPTDOMRAY2.7.8.13EacetylmuramoylpentapeptidetransferaseUDP-N-acetylglucosamine-murBUDPNAGEP + NADPH -> UDPNAM +MURB1.1.1.158Eenolpyruvate dehydrogenaseNADPUDP-N-acetylglucosamine-murAAUDPNAG + PEP -> UDPNAGEP + PIMURA2.5.1.7Eenolpyruvate transferaseUDP-N-acetylglucosamine-murABUDPNAG + PEP -> UDPNAGEP + PIMURA22.5.1.7enolpyruvate transferaseUDP-N-acetylmuramate-alanine ligasemurCUDPNAM + ALA + ATP -> ADP +MURC6.3.2.8EPI + UDPNAMAUDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-murDUDPNAMA + DGLU + ATP ->MURD6.3.2.9Eglutamate ligaseUDPNAMAG + ADP + PIUDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanyl-D-murEUDPNAMAG + ATP + MDAP ->MURE6.3.2.13Eglutamate 2,6-diaminopimelate ligaseUNAGD + ADP + PIMembrane TransportCarbohydratesArabinose (low affinity)araEARABxt + HEXT <-> ARABARABUP1FructosefruAFRUxt + PEP -> F1P + PYRFRUPTSFructoselevDFRUxt + PEP -> F1P + PYRFRUPTS2GlucitolgutPGLTxt + PEP -> GLT6P + PYRGLTUPGluconategntPGLCNxt + HEXT -> GLCNGLCNUP2GluconateyojAGLCNxt + HEXT -> GLCNGLCNUP2GlucosaminegamPGLAMxt + PEP -> GA6P + PYRGAUPGlucoseptsGGLCxt + PEP -> G6P + PYRGLCPTSEGlycerolglpFGLxt <-> GLGLUPMaltosemalPMLTxt + PEP -> MLT6P + PYRMALUP1MannitolmtlAMNTxt + PEP -> MNT6P + PYRMNTUPMannosemanPMANxt + PEP -> MAN1P + PYRMANNUPN-AcetylglucosaminenagPNAG + PEP -> NAGP + PYRNAGUPRiboserbsARIBxt + ATP -> RIB + ADP + PIRIBUPSucrosesacPSUCxt + PEP -> SUC6P + PYRSUCUPTrehalosetrePTRExt + PEP -> TRE6P + PYRTREUPInositoliolFINOSTxt + HEXT -> INOSITINOSUPAmino AcidsAlaninealsTLAxt + HEXT -> ALAALAUP2ArginineARGUPARGxt + ATP -> ARG + ADP + PIARGUPArginineARGUP2ARGxt + HEXT <-> ARGARGUP2Asparagine (high Affinity)ASNUP2ASNxt + ATP -> ASN + ADP + PIASNUP2Asparagine (low Affinity)ASNUP1ASNxt + HEXT <-> ASNASNUP1AspartateASPUP1ASPxt + HEXT -> ASPASPUP1AspartateASPUP2ASPxt + ATP -> ASP + ADP + PIASPUP2Branched chain amino acid transportBCAAUP1BCAAxt + HEXT <-> BCAABCAAUP1DipeptidedppBDIPEPxt + ATP -> DIPEP + ADP + PIDPEPUP-Aminobutyrate transportgabPGABAxt + ATP -> GABA + ADP + PIGABAUPGlutamategltTGLUxt + HEXT <-> GLUGLUUP1GlutamategltPGLUxt + HEXT <-> GLUGLUUP2GlutamateGLUUP3GLUxt + ATP -> GLU + ADP + PIGLUUP3GlutamineglnHGLNxt + ATP -> GLN + ADP + PIGLNUPHistidineytmNHISxt + ATP -> HIS + ADP + PIHISUPHistidinehutMHISxt + HEXT <-> HISHISUP2IsoleucineILEUPILExt + ATP -> ILE + ADP + PIILEUPLeucineLEUUPLEUxt + ATP -> LEU + ADP + PILEUUPOligopeptideappAOPEPxt + ATP -> OPEP + ADP + PIOPEPUPOligopeptideoppAOPEPxt + ATP -> OPEP + ADP + PIOPEPUP2OrnithineORNUPORNxt + ATP -> ORN + ADP + PIORNUPOrnithineORNUP2ORNxt + HEXT <-> ORNORNUP2PeptidePEPUPPEPTxt + ATP -> PEPT + ADP + PIPEPUPPhenlyalaninePHEUPPHExt + HEXT <-> PHEPHEUPProlineopuEPROxt + HEXT <-> PROPROUPProlineopuB2PROxt + ATP -> PRO + ADP + PIPROUP2ThreonineTHRUP1THRxt + ATP -> THR + ADP + PITHRUP1ThreonineTHRUP2THRxt + HEXT <-> THRTHRUP2TyrosineTYRUPTYRxt + HEXT <-> TYRTYRUPValineVALUPVALxt + ATP -> VAL + ADP + PIVALUPPurines & PyrimidinesAdenineyxlA81ADxt + HEXT -> ADADUPC-systemyxlA1ADNxt + HEXT -> ADNNCCUP1C-systemnupC6URIxt + HEXT -> URINCCUP2C-systemnupC1CYTDxt + HEXT -> CYTDNCCUP3C-systemnupC3DTxt + HEXT -> DTNCCUP4C-systemyxlA2DAxt + HEXT -> DANCCUP5C-systemnupC2DCxt + HEXT -> DCNCCUP6C-systemnupC4DUxt + HEXT -> DUNCCUP7CytosinenupC7CYTSxt + HEXT -> CYTSCYTSUPG-systemyxlA5GSNxt + HEXT -> GSNNCGUP2G-systemyxlA7XTSNxt + HEXT -> XTSNNCGUP6G-systemyxlA3DGxt + HEXT -> DGNCGUP9G-system (transports all nucleosides)yxlA6INSxt + HEXT -> INSNCGUP5GuaninepbuG1GNxt <-> GNGNUPHypoxanthinepbuG2HYXNxt <-> HYXNHYXNUPNucleosides and deoxynucleosideyxlA4DINxt + HEXT -> DINNCUP8UracilpyrPURAxt + HEXT -> URAURAUPXanthinepbuXXANxt <-> XANXANUPMetabolic By-ProductsAcetate transportACUPACxt + HEXT <-> ACACUPAcetoin transportACTNUPACTNxt + HEXT <-> ACTNACTNUPDiacetyl transportDIACTUPDIACTxt + HEXT <-> DIACTDIACTUP2,3-Butanediol transportBUTNUPBUTNxt + HEXT <-> BUTNBUTNUPEthanol transportETHUPETHxt + HEXT <-> ETHETHUPLactate transportlctPLACxt + HEXT <-> LACLACUP1Pyruvate transportPYRUPPYRxt + HEXT <-> PYRPYRUPOther Compoundsα-KetoglutaratedctB5AKGxt + HEXT <-> AKGAKGUPα-Ketoglutarate/malate translocatoryflSMALxt + AKG <-> MAL + AKGxtAKMALUPAmmonia transportnrgANH3xt + HEXT <-> NH3NH3UPEATP drain flux for constantATPMATP -> ADP + PIATPMmaintanence requirementsCarbon dioxide transportCO2TXCO2xt <-> CO2CO2TXECitrateyraOCITxt + HEXT -> CITCITUPDicarboxylatesdctB2SUCCxt + HEXT <-> SUCCSUCCUP2DicarboxylatesdctB1FUMxt + HEXT <-> FUMFUMUPDicarboxylatesdctB3MALxt + HEXT <-> MALMALUP3DicarboxylatesdctB4ASPxt + HEXT <-> ASPASPUPGlycerol-3-phosphateglpTGL3Pxt + HEXT -> GL3PGL3PUPaNa/H antiporternhaCNAxt + <-> NA + HEXTNAUP1Na/H antiportermrpANAxt + <-> NA + HEXTNAUP2Na/H antiporteryhaUNAxt + <-> NA + HEXTNAUP3Na/H antiporteryjbQNAxt + <-> NA + HEXTNAUP4Nitrate transportnasANO3xt + HEXT -> NO3NO3UPNitrate extrusionnarKNO2xt + HEXT <-> NO2NO2UPNitrite transportywcJNO2xt + HEXT -> NO2NO2UP2Oxygen transportO2TXO2xt <-> O2O2TXEPantothenateywcAPNTOxt + HEXT <-> PNTOPANTOUPPhosphate transportpstAPIxt + ATP -> ADP + 2 PIPIUP1Phosphate transportpitPIxt + HEXT <-> PIPIUP2RPotassium transporttrkAKxt + HEXT <-> KPOTUP2Sulfate transportcysPH2SO4xt + HEXT -> H2SO4H2SO4UP2EUrea transportpucJUREAxt + 2 HEXT <-> UREAUREATXFNADHNAD -> NADHFNADHFNADPHNADP -> NADPHFNADPHFATPADP + PI ->ATPFATPMiscellaneous Reactionsbeta-phosphoglucomutase/glucose-1-pgcM2 G1P -> GLC + G16DPBS0015.4.2.6phosphate phosphodismutaseunknown; similar to 2′,3′-cyclic-yfkN23CAMP -> 3AMPBS002nucleotide 2°-phosphodiesterase2-keto-3-deoxygluconate kinasekdgK2D3D6PG + ATP -> ADP + 2KD6PGBS0032.7.1.452-keto-3-deoxygluconatekduD2DGLCN + NAD -> 3D2DGLCN + NADHBS0041.1.1.125oxidoreductasemethylmalonate-semialdehydemmsA2M3OP + COA + NAD -> PPCOA +BS0051.2.1.27dehydrogenaseCO2 + NADHunknown; similar to phosphoglycolateyhcW2PGLYC + H2O -> GLYC + PIBS0063.1.3.18phosphatasenaringenin-chalcone synthasebcsA3 MALCOA + CMRCOA -> 4 COA +BS0072.3.1.74NARGC + 3 CO2assimilatory nitrite reductase (subunit)nasD3 NADPH + NO2 -> 3 NADP + NH3BS0081.6.6.4unknown; similar to 3-yqeC3H2MP + NAD -> 2M3OP + NADHBS009hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenasemmgB3HBCOA + NADP -> AACCOA + NADPHBS0101.1.1.1575-keto-4-deoxyuronate isomerasekduI4D5HSUR <-> 3DG25DSBS0115.3.1.17unknown; similar to 4-yoaI4HPHAC + NADH + O2 -> 34DHPHAC +BS012hydroxyphenylacetate-3-hydroxylaseNADunknown; similar to p-nitrophenylyutF4NPPI + H2O -> 4NPH + PIBS0133.1.3.41phosphataseunknown; similar to 5-dehydro-4-ycbC5D4DGLCR -> 25DXP + H2O + CO2BS0144.2.1.41deoxyglucarate dehydratase6-phospho-beta-glucosidasebglA6PGG -> GLC + G6PBS0153.2.1.866-phospho-beta-glucosidaselicH6PGG -> GLC + G6PBS0163.2.1.86unknown; similar to N-yvcNACCOA + HXARA -> COA + ACARABS017hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferaseprobable maltose O-acetyltransferasemaaACCOA + MALT-> COA + ACMALTBS0182.3.1.79unknown; similar to serine O-yvfDACCOA + SER -> COA + OASERBS019acetyltransferasealpha-acetolactate decarboxylasealsDACLAC -> CO2 + ACTNBS0204.1.1.5acetoin dehydrogenase E1 componentacoAACTN + NAD -> DIACT + NADHBS021(TPP-dependent alpha subunit)acetoin dehydrogenaseacuAACTN + NAD -> DIACT + NADHBS022Butanediol DehydrogenaseBUTDHACTN + NADH <-> BUTN + NADBS0231.1.1.4ADP-ribose pyrophosphatasenudFADPRIB -> R5P + AMPBS0243.6.1.13unknown; similar to purine-cytosineyxlA8ADxt + HEXT -> ADBS025permeaseallantoinasepucHALLTN -> ALLTTBS0263.5.2.5tagaturonate reductaseuxaBALTRN + NAD -> TAGATU +NADHBS0271.1.1.58unknown; similar to diadenosineyjbPAPPPPA -> 2 ADPBS0283.6.1.41tetraphosphataseprobable branched-chain fatty-acidbukATP + BUT -> ADP + BUTPBS0292.7.2.7kinase (butyrate kinase)6-carboxyhexanoate-CoA ligasebioWATP + CHX -> AMP + PPI + CHCOABS0306.2.1.14deoxyadenosine/deoxycytidine kinasedck1ATP + DA -> ADP + DAMPBS031deoxyadenosine/deoxycytidine kinasedck3ATP + DC -> ADP + DCMPBS032deoxyadenosine/deoxycytidine kinasedck2ATP + DG -> ADP + DGMPBS033deoxyguanosine kinasedgk1ATP + DG -> GDP + DAMPBS034deoxyguanosine kinasedgk2ATP + DIN -> IDP + DAMPBS035unknown; similar to fructokinaseydhR—ATP + FRUC -> ADP + F6PBS0362.7.1.4unknown; similar to fructokinaseydjEATP + FRUC -> ADP + F6PBS0372.7.1.4GTP pyrophosphokinase (stringentrelAATP + GTP -> GDPTP + AMPBS0382.7.6.5response)unknown; similar to GTPyjbMATP + GTP -> GDPTP + AMPBS039pyrophosphokinaseunknown; similar to GTP-ywaCATP + GTP -> GDPTP + AMPBS040pyrophosphokinaseunknown; similar to propionyl-CoAyngEATP + PPCOA + CO2 -> ADP +BS0416.4.1.3carboxylasePI + SMMCOAunknown; similar to propionyl-CoAyqjDATP + PPCOA + CO2 -> ADP +BS042carboxylasePI + SMMCOAunknown; similar to pyruvate, wateryvkCATP + PYR -> AMP + PEP + PIBS043dikinaseunknown; similar to benzaldehydeyfmTBENALD + NADP -> BENZ + NADPHBS044dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to aryl-alcoholycsNBENOH + NAD-> BENALD + NADHBS0451.1.1.90dehydrogenaseprobable phosphate butyryltransferaseptbBUTCOA + PI <-> COA + BUTPBS0462.3.1.19unknown; similar to ribonucleoside-yosNCDP + RTHIO -> DCDP + OTHIOBS0471.17.4.1diphosphate reductase (alpha subunit)unknown; similar to CDP-glucose 4,6-yfnGCDPGLC -> CDP46GLC + H2OBS0484.2.1.45dehydratasecholine ABC transporter (choline-opuB3CHOLxt + ATP -> CHOL + ADP + PIBS049binding protein)glycine betaine/carnitine/choline ABCopuC2CHOLxt + ATP -> CHOL + ADP + PIBS050transporter (membrane protein)para-aminobenzoate synthasepabA2CHOR + GLN -> AN + PYR + GLUBS0514.1.3.—glutamine amidotransferase (subunit B)/anthranilate synthase (subunit II)deoxyadenosine/deoxycytidine kinasedck5CTP + DC -> CDP + DCMPBS052unknown; similar to glucose-1-yfnHCTP + G1P -> PPI + CDPGLCBS0532.7.7.33phosphate cytidylyltransferaseunknown; similar to cysteineyubCCYS + O2 -> 3SALABS054dioxygenaseuridine kinaseudk4CYTD + ATP -> ADP + CMPBS0552.7.1.48uridine kinaseudk6CYTD + CTP -> CDP + CMPBS056pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylasepdp1CYTD + R1P -> CYTS + PIBS0572.4.2.2probable D-alanine aminotransferasedatDALA + AKG -> PYR + DGLUBS0582.6.1.21pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylasepdp3DT + R1P-> THY + PIBS059deoxyadenosine/deoxycytidine kinasedck6DTTP + DC -> DTDP + DCMPBS060alcohol dehydrogenase (assumeadhBETH + NAD -> ACAL + NADHBS0611.1.1.1;ethanol dehydrogenase)1.2.1.1NADP-dependent alcoholadhAETH + NADP -> ACAL + NADPHBS0621.1.1.2dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to formaldehydeyycR—FORMALD + NAD + H2O ->BS063dehydrogenaseFORMATE + NADHunknown; similar to formate transporteryrhGFORxt + HEXT <-> FORBS064glucuronate isomeraseuxaC2GALUR <-> FRCURBS0655.3.1.12glucose 1-dehydrogenasegdhGLC + NAD -> G15LAC + NADHBS0661.1.1.47unknown; similar to glucose 1-ycdFGLC + NAD -> G15LAC + NADHBS067dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to glucose 1-yhdFGLC + NAD -> G15LAC + NADHBS068dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to glucose 1-ykuFGLC + NAD -> G15LAC + NADHBS069dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to glucose 1-ykvOGLC + NAD -> G15LAC + NADHBS070dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to glucose 1-ywfDGLC + NAD -> G15LAC + NADHBS071dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to glucose 1-yxbGGLC + NAD -> G15LAC + NADHBS072dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to glucose 1-yxnAGLC + NAD -> G15LAC + NADHBS073dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to gluconate 5-yxjFGLCN + NADP -> 5DHGLCN + NADPHBS0741.1.1.30dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to glycerateyvcTGLCR + NAD -> HPYR + NADHBS0751.1.1.215dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to glucarateycbFGLCR -> 5D4DLCR + H2OBS0764.2.1.40dehydrataseglucuronate isomeraseuxaC1GLCUR <-> FRCURBS0775.3.1.12unknown; similar to glucosamine-ybcMGLN + F6P -> GLU + GLCAM6PBS0782.6.1.16fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferaseunknown; similar to glutamine-fructose-yurPGLN + F6P -> GLU + GLCAM6PBS0796-phosphate transaminaseunknown; similar to 1-pyrroline-5-ycgNGLUGSAL + NAD -> GLU + NADHBS0801.5.1.12carboxylate dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to glycine oxidaseyurR—GLY + O2 -> GLX + NH3 + H2O2BS081glycine betaine ABC transporter (ATP-opuAGLYBETxt + ATP -> GLYBET +BS082binding protein)ADP + PIcholine ABC transporter (ATP-bindingopuB1GLYBETxt + ATP -> GLYBET +BS083protein)ADP + PIglycine betaine/carnitine/choline ABCopuC1GLYBETxt + ATP -> GLYBET +BS084transporter (ATP-binding protein)ADP + PIglycerophosphoryl diesterglpQGLYPD + H2O -> ALC + GL3PBS0853.1.4.46phosphodiesteraseguanine deaminaseguaDGN -> XAN + NH3BS0863.5.4.3deoxyadenosine/deoxycytidine kinasedck4GTP + DC -> GDP + DCMPBS087unknown; similar to carbonic anhydraseybcFH2CO3 -> CO2 + H2OBS088unknown; similar to carbonic anhydraseytiBH2CO3 -> CO2 + H2OBS089unknown; similar to carbonic anhydraseyvdAH2CO3 -> CO2 + H2OBS090unknown; similar to epoxide hydrolaseyfhMH2O + EPOX -> GLYCOLBS0913.3.2.3unknown; similar to sulfite oxidaseyuiHH2SO3 + O2 + H2O -> H2SO4 + H2O2BS092unknown; similar to hippurate hydrolaseykuR—HIPP -> BENZ + GLYBS093heptaprenyl diphosphate synthasehepSHXPP + IPPP -> PPI + HTPPBS094component Iunknown; similar to L-iditol 2-ydjLIDITOL + NAD -> SORB + NADHBS095dehydrogenaseiron-uptake system (binding protein)feuAIRONxt + ATP -> IRON + ADP + PiBS096(ABC Transport)2-keto-3-deoxygluconate permeasekdgTK3DGCxt + HEXT -> K3DGCBS097lysine 2,3-aminomutasekamALYS <-> DMHEXBS0986-phospho-alpha-glucosidasemalAMAL6P -> GLC + G6PBS0993.2.1.122malate-H+/Na+-lactate antiportermleNMALxt + Hxt + NA + LAC <->BS100MAL + NAxt + LACxtNa+/malate symportermaeNMALxt + NAxt <-> MAL + NABS101unknown; similar to D-mannonateyjmFMANNT + NAD <-> FRCUR + NADHBS1021.1.1.57oxidoreductasealtronate hydrolaseuxaAMANNT -> K3DGC + H2OBS1034.2.1.7D-mannonate hydrolaseuxuAMANNT -> K3DGC + H2OBS1044.2.1.7manganese ABC transportermntAMNxt + ATP -> MN + ADP + PIBS105(membrane protein)Na+ ABC transporter (extrusion) (ATP-natANA + ATP -> NAxt + ADP + PiBS106binding protein)ornithine acetyltransferase/amino-acidargJNAARON + GLU -> ORN + NAGLUBS1072.3.1.35;acetyltransferase2.3.1.1unknown; similar to acetylornithineylmB2NAGMET -> AC + METBS108deacetylaseunknown; similar to nitric-oxideyojNNADP + N2O + H2O -> 2 NO + NADPHBS109reductase (assume acceptor = NADP)nitrate reductase (alpha subunit)narGNADPH + NO3 -> NADP + NO2BS1101.7.99.4assimilatory nitrate reductase (electronnasBNADPH + NO3 -> NADP + NO2BS1111.6.6.4transfer subunit)FMN-containing NADPH-linkednfrANADPH + RIBFLV -> RIBFLVRD +BS1121.—.—.—nitro/flavin reductaseNADPunknown; similar to NADPH-flavinycnDNADPH + RIBFLV -> RIBFLVRD +BS113oxidoreductaseNADPoxalate decarboxylaseoxdCOAA -> PYR + CO2BS1144.1.1.3unknown; similar toyqiQPEP <-> 3PNPYRBS1155.4.2.9phosphoenolpyruvate mutaseunknown; similar to prolineyusMPRO + FAD -> GLUGSAL + FADHBS116dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to pyruvate oxidaseydaPPYR + PI + O2 + H2O -> ACTP +BS1171.2.3.3CO2 + H2O2unknown; similar to ribulose-ykrWR15BP + CO2 -> 2 3PGBS1184.1.1.39bisphosphate carboxylaseunknown; similar to retinolyusZretinol + NAD <-> retinal + NADHBS1191.1.1.105dehydrogenaseunknown; similar to methylglyoxalaseyurTSLGT -> RGT + MTHGXLBS120unknown; similar to mandelateyitFSMAND <-> RMANDBS121racemaseunknown; similar to sorbitol-6-yuxGSORB6P + NAD -> F6P + NADHBS1221.1.1.140phosphate 2-dehydrogenasesorbitol dehydrogenasegutBSORBT + NAD -> SORB + NADHBS1231.1.1.14squalene-hopene cyclasesqhCSQU -> HOPBS124levansucrasesacBSUC + 26FRUCT -> GLC + 26FRUCTBS1252.4.1.10sucrase-6-phosphate hydrolasesacASUC6P -> SUC + PIBS1263.2.1.26serine hydroxymethyltransferaseglyATHF + SER <-> GLY + METTHFBS1272.1.2.1pyrimidine-nucleoside transport proteinnupC5THYxt + HEXT -> THYBS128UDP-glucose diacylglycerolugtPUDPG + DGR -> UDP + GLCDGBS129glucosyltransferase1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzymeglgBUDPGLC -> UDP + GLYCOGENBS1302.4.1.18uricasepucLURATE + O2 -> ALLTNBS1311.7.3.3uridine kinaseudk1URI + ATP -> ADP + UMPBS1322.7.1.48uridine kinaseudk3URI + CTP -> CDP + UMPBS1332.7.1.48pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylasepdp2URI + R1P -> URA + PIBS1342.4.2.2xanthine dehydrogenasepucABCDEXAN + NAD -> URATE + NADHBS135xanthine phosphoribosyltransferasexptXAN + PRPP -> RXAN5P + PPIBS1362.4.2.—

[0190]

9

Abbreviation
Metabolite

13DPG
1,3-bis-Phosphoglycerate

23CAMP
nucleoside 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate

23DACOA
2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA

23DHB
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate

23DHBA
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoyl-adenylate

23DHDHB
2,3-Dihydo-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate

25DXP
2,5-Dioxopentanoate

26FRUCT
β-2,6-fructan

2A3O
2-Amino-3-oxobutanoate

2D3D6PG
2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate

2DGLCN
2-Deoxy-D-gluconate

2KD6PG
2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phospho-gluconate

2M3OP
2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate (Methylmalonate semialdehyde)

2MAACOA
2-Methyl-acetoacetyl-CoA

2MBACP
2-Methylbutanoyl-ACP

2MBCOA
2-Methylbutanoyl-CoA

2MBECOA
trans-2-Methyl-but-2-enoyl-CoA

2PG
2-Phosphoglycerate

2PGLYC
2-phosphoglycolate

34DHPHAC
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate

3AMP
nucleoside 3′-phosphate

3D2DGLCN
3-Dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate

3DDAH7P
3-Deoxy-d-arabino heptulosonate-7-phosphate

3DG25DS
3-Deoxy-D-glycero-2,5-dexodiulosonate

3H2MBCOA
(S)-3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-CoA

3H2MP
3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate

3HBCOA
(S)-3-Hydroxy-isobutyryl-ACP

3HIBCOA
(S)-3-Hydroxy-isobutyryl-CoA

3HMGCOA
(S)-3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA

3M2ECOA
3-Methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA

3MBACP
3-Methylbutanoyl-ACP

3MBCOA
3-Methylbutanoyl-CoA

3MGCOA
3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA

3PG
3-Phosphoglycerate

3PNPYR
3-phosphonopyruvate

3PSER
3-Phosphoserine

3PSME
3-Phosphate-shikimate

3SALA
3-sulfinoalanine

4D5HSUR
4-Deoxy-L-threo-5-hexosulose uronate

4HPHAC
4-hydroxyphenylacetate

4IMZP
4-imidazolone-5-propanoate

4NPH
4-nitrophenol

4NPPI
4-nitrophenyl phosphate

4PPNCYS
4′-Phosphopantothenoylcysteine

4PPNTE
4′-Phosphopantetheine

4PPNTO
4′-Phosphopantothenate

5D4DGLCR
5-Dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate

5DHGLCN
5-dehydro-D-gluconate

5MTA
5-Methylthioadenosine

5MTR
5-Methylthio-D-ribose

5MTR1P
5-Methylthio-5-deoxy-D-ribulose 1-phosphate

5MTRP
S5-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribose

6PGG
6-phospho-β-D-glucosyl-(1,4)-D-glucose

A6RP
5-Amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

A6RP5P
5-Amino-6-(ribosylamino)-2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 5′-phosphate

A6RP5P2
5-Amino-2,6-dioxy-4-(5′-phosphoribitylamino)pyrimidine

AA
D-Alanyl-D-alanine

AAC
Acetoacetate

AACCOA
Acetoacetyl-CoA

ABUT
2-Aceto-2-hydroxy butyrate

AC
Acetate

ACACP
Acetyl-ACP

ACAL
Acetaldehyde

ACARA
N-acetoxyarylamine

ACCOA
Acetyl-CoA

ACLAC
Acetolactate

ACMALT
acetyl-maltose

ACOA
Acyl-CoA

ACP
Acyl carrier protein

ACTN
Acetoin

ACTNxt
Acetoin external

ACTP
Acetyl-phosphate

AD
Adenine

ADCHOR
4-Amino-4-deoxychorismate

ADN
Adenosine

ADNxt
Adenosine external

ADP
Adenosine diphosphate

ADPGLC
ADP-Glucose

ADPRIB
ADPRibose

AGM
Agmatine

AHHMD
2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl dihydropteridine-pp

AHHMP
2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl dihydropteridine

AHM
4-Amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine

AHMP
4-Amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine-phosphate

AHMPP
4-Amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine-pyrophosphate

AHTD
2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1-2-3-trihydroxypropyl) dihydropteridine-p

AICAR
5-Phosphate-ribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide

AIR
5-Phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole

AKG
α-Ketoglutarate

AKP
α-Ketopantoate

ALA
Alanine

ALAV
D-Aminolevulinate

ALC
Alcohol

ALLTN
Allantoin

ALLTT
Allantoate

ALTRN
D-altronate

AMP
Adenosine monophosphate

AN
Antranilate

AONA
8-Amino-7-oxononanoate

APPPPA
diadenosine tetraphospate

APS
Adenylyl sulfate

ARAB
Arabinose

ARG
Arginine

ARGSUCC
L-Arginio succinate

ASER
O-Acetylserine

ASN
Asparagine

ASP
Aspartate

ASPSA
Aspartic beta-semialdehyde

ASUC
Adenilsuccinate

ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

bALA
β-Alanine

BASP
β-Aspartyl phosphate

BCAA
Branched chain amino acid

bDG6P
β-D-Glucose 6-Phosphate

BENALD
Benzaldehyde

BENOH
Benzyl alcohol

BENZ
Benzoate

BT
Biotin

BUT
Butyrate

BUTCOA
Butanoyl-CoA

BUTN
Butanediol

BUTP
Butanoyl phosphate

C140IACP
Iso-C14:0-ACP

C140NACP
C14:0-ACP

C150AACP
Anteiso-C15:0-ACP

C150IACP
Iso-C15:0-ACP

C160IACP
Iso-C16:0-ACP

C160NACP
C16:0-ACP

C161IACP
Anteiso-C16:1-ACP

C161NACP
C16:1-ACP

C170AACP
Anteiso-C17:0-ACP

C170IACP
Iso-C17:0-ACP

C171AACP
Anteiso-C17:1-ACP

C171IACP
Iso-C17:1-ACP

C180NACP
C18:0-ACP

CAASP
Carbamoyl aspartate

CADV
Cadaverine

CAIR
5-Phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylate

CAP
Carbamoyl phosphate

CBHCAP
3-Carboxy-3-hydroxy-isocaproate

CDP
Cytidine diphosphate

CDP46GLC
CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose

CDPDG
CDP-1,2-Diacylglycerol

CDPGLC
CDP-Glucose

CDPGLYC
CDPglycerol

CH3SH
Methanethiol

CHCOA
6-Carboxyhexanoyl-coa

CHOL
Choline

CHOR
Chorisimate

CHX
6-Carboxyhexanoate

CIT
Citrate

CITR
L-Citrulline

CL
Cardiolypin

CMP
Cytidine monophosphate

CMRCOA
4-coumaroyl-CoA

CO2
Carbon dioxide

COA
Coenzyme A

CPAD5P
1-O-Carboxyphenylamino 1-deoxyribulose-5-phosphate

CPP
Coproporphyrinogen III

CTP
Cytidine triphosphate

CYS
Cysteine

CYTD
Cytidine

CYTS
Cytosine

D23PIC
2,3-Dihydro dipicolinate

D26PIM
L,I-2,6-Diamino pimelate

D6PGC
D-6-Phosphate-gluconate

D6PGL
D-6-Phosphate-glucono-delta-lactone

D6RP5P
2,5-Diamino-6-(ribosylamino)-4-(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate

D8RL
6,7-Dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine

DA
Deoxyadenosine

DADP
Deoxyadenosine diphosphate

DALA
D-Alanine

DAMP
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate

DANNA
7,8-Diaminononanoate

DATP
Deoxyadenosine triphosphate

DB4P
3,4-Dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate

DC
Deoxycytidine

DCDP
Deoxycytidine diphosphate

DCMP
Deoxycytidine monophosphate

DCTP
Deoxycytidine triphosphate

DG
Deoxyguanosine

DGDP
Deoxyguanosine diphosphate

DGLU
D-Glutamate

DGMP
2-Deoxy-guanosine-5-phosphate

DGR
D-1,2-Diacylglycerol

DGTP
Deoxyguanosine triphosphate

DHF
Dihydrofolate

DHMVA
2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-valerate

DHNA
1,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid

DHP
Dihydroneopterin

DHPT
7,8-Dihydropteroate

DHSK
Dehydroshikimate

DHVAL
Dihydroxy-isovalerate

DIACT
Diacetyl

DIMGP
D-Erythro imidazoleglycerol-phosphate

DIN
Deoxyinosine

DIPEP
Dipeptide

DKMPP
2,3-Diketo-5-methylthio-1-phosphopentane

DMHEX
(3S)-3,6-diaminohexanoate

DMK
Demethylmenaquinone

DMPP
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

DOROA
Dihydroorotic acid

DPCOA
Dephosphocoenzyme A

DQT
3-Dehydroquinate

DR1P
Deoxyribose 1-Phosphate

DR5P
Deoxyribose 5-Phosphate

DSAM
Decarboxylated adenosylmethionine

DSER
D-Serine

DT
Thymidine

DTB
Dethiobiotin

DTDP
Thymidine diphosphate

DTMP
Thymidine monophosphate

DTP
1-Deoxy-d-threo-2-pentulose

DTTP
Thymidine triphosphate

DU
Deoxyuridine

DUDP
Deoxyuridine diphosphate

DUMP
Deoxyuridine monophosphate

DUTP
Deoxyuridine triphosphate

E4P
Erythrose 4-phosphate

ENTER
Enterochelin

EPOX
Epoxide

ETH
Ethanol

F1P
Fructose 1-Phosphate

F6P
Fructose 6-phosphate

FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide

FADH
Flavin adenine dinucleotide reduced

FAM
formamide

FDP
Fructose 1,6-diphosphate

FGAM
5-Phosphoribosyl-n-formylgycineamidine

FGAR
5-Phosphoribosyl-n-formylglycineamide

FMN
flavin mononucleotide

FOR
Formate

FORMALD
Formaldehyde

FPP
trans, trans Farnesyl pyrophosphate

FRCUR
D-fructuronate

FRU
Fructose

FTHF
10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate

FUM
Fumarate

G15LAC
D-glucono-1,5-lactone

G16DP
Glucose 1,6-diphosphate

G1P
Glucose 1-phosphate

G6P
Glucose 6-phosphate

GA1P
Glucosamine 1-phosphate

GA6P
D-Glucosamine

GABA
4-Aminobutanoate

GAL1P
Galactose 1-Phosphate

GALUR
D-galacturonate

GAR
5-Phosphate-ribosyl glycineamide

GDP
Guanosine diphosphate

GDPTP
guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate

GL
Glycerol

GL3P
Glycerol 3-phosphate

GLAC
Galactose

GLAL
D-Glyceraldehyde

GLC
α-D-Glucose

GLCAM6P
glucosamine 6-phosphate

GLCDG
3-D-glucosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol

GLCN
Gluconate

GLCR
(R)-glycerate

GLCUR
D-glucuronate

GLN
Glutamine

GLT6P
Glucitol 6-Phosphate

GLU
Glutamate

GLUGSAL
1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate

GLUP
Glutamyl phosphate

GLX
Glyoxylate

GLY
Glycine

GLYBET
Glycine Betaine

GLYC
glycolate

GLYCOGEN
Glycogen

GLYCOL
Glycol

GLYPD
glycerophosphodiester

GLYTC1
D-alanyl glycerol teichoic acid

GLYTC2
glucosyl glycerol teichoic acid

GMP
Guanosine monophosphate

GN
Guanine

GPP
trans Geranyl pyrophosphate

GSA
Glutamate-1-semialdehyde

GSN
Guanosine

GTP
Guanosine triphosphate

GTRNA
L-Glutamyl-tRNA(glu)

H2CO3
Carbonate

H2O
Water

H2O2
Hydrogen Peroxide

H2S
Hydrogen sulfide

H2SO3
Sulfite

H2SO4
Sulfate

HACOA
Hydroxyacyl-CoA

HCYS
Homocysteine

HEMEA
Heme A

HEXT
External H+

HIPP
hippurate

HIS
Histidine

HISOL
Histidinol

HISOLP
L-Histidinol-phosphate

HMB
Hydroxymethylbilane

HO
Heme O

HOP
Hopene

HPHPYR
para-Hydroxy phenyl pyruvate

HPYR
hydroxypyruvate

HSER
Homoserine

HTPP
heptaprenyl diphosphate

HXARA
N-Hydroxyarylamine

HXPP
hexaprenyl diphosphate

HYXN
Hypoxanthine

ICHOR
Isochorismate

ICIT
Isocitrate

IDITOL
L-Iditol

IDP
Inosine diphosphate

IGP
Indole glycerol phosphate

ILE
Isoleucine

IMACP
Imidazole acetyl-phosphate

IMP
Inosine monophosphate

INOSIT
Inositol

INS
Inosine

IPPMAL
3-Isopropylmalate

IPPP
Isopentyl pyrophosphate

IRON
IRON

ISBACP
Isobutyryl-ACP

ISBCOA
Isobutyryl-CoA

ISUCC
α-iminosuccinate

ITP
Inosine triphosphate

K
Potassium

K3DGC
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate

KMB
α-keto-g-methiobutyrate

LAC
D-Lactate

LACAL
Lactaldehyde

LCCA
Long-chain carboxylic acid

LCTS
Lactose

LEU
Leucine

LLAC
L-Lactate

LLCT
L-Cystathionine

LRL5P
L-Ribulose 5-phosphate

LYS
L-Lysine

MAL
Malate

MAL6P
Maltose 6-phosphate

MALACP
Malonyl-ACP

MALCOA
Malonyl-CoA

MALT
Maltose

MAN1P
Mannose 1-Phosphate

MAN6P
Mannose 6-Phosphate

MANNT
Mannonate

MCCOA
Methacrylyl-CoA

MDAP
Meso-diaminopimelate

MELI
Melibiose

MET
Methionine

METHF
5,10-Methenyl tetrahydrofolate

METTHF
5,10-Methylene tetrahydrofolate

MLT6P
Maltose 6-phosphate

MN
Manganese

MNT6P
Mannitol 6-Phosphate

MTHF
5-Methyl tetrahydrofolate

MTHGXL
Methylglyoxal

N2O
Nitrous Oxide

NA
Sodium

NAAD
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide

NAARON
N-α-Acetyl omithine

NACMET
N-acetylmethionine

NAD
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced

NADP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NADPH
Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced

NAG
N-Acetylglucosamine

NAGLU
N-Acetyl glutamate

NAGLUSAL
N-Acetyl glutamate semialdehyde

NAGLUYP
N-Acetyl glutamyl-phosphate

NAGP
N-Acetylglucosamine (6-phosphate)

NAMN
Nicotinic acid mononucleotide

NARGC
naringenin-chalcone

NCAIR
5'-Phosphoribosyl-5-carboxyaminoimidazole

NFGLU
N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate

NH3
Ammonia

NMN
Nicotinamide mononucleotide

NO
Nitric Oxide

NO2
Nitrite

NO3
Nitrate

NPRAN
N-5-phosphoribosyl-antranilate

NS26DP
N-Succinyl-I,I-2,6-diaminopimelate

NS2A6O
N-Succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate

O2
Oxygen

OA
Oxaloacetate

OACOA
3-Oxoacyl-CoA

OASER
O-acetyl-L-serine

OBUT
Oxobutyrate

OICAP
2-Oxoisocaproate

OIVAL
3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoate (2-Oxoisovalerate)

OMP
Orotidylate

OMVAL
3-Methyl-2-oxopentanoate (OMVAL)

OPEP
Oligopeptide

OPP
trans Octaprenyl pyrophosphate

ORN
Ornithine

OROA
Orotic acid

OSB
O-Succinylbenzoic acid

OSBCOA
O-Succinylbenzoyl-CoA

OSLHSER
O-Succinyl-I-homoserine

OTHIO
Thioredoxin (oxidized form)

PA
Phosphatidyl acid

PABA
para-Aminobenzoic acid

PANT
Pantoate

PAP
Adenosine-3',5'-diphosphate

PAPS
3-Phosphoadenylyl sulfate

PBG
Probilinogen III

PC2
Percorrin 2

PE
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine

PEP
Phosphoenolpyruvate

PEPT
Peptide

PEPTIDO
Peptidoglycan

PG
Phosphatidyl glycerol

PGP
L-1-Phoshatidyl-glycerol-phosphate

PHE
Phenylalanine

PHEN
Prephenate

PHP
3-Phosphohydroxypyruvate

PHPYR
Phenyl pyruvate

PHSER
O-Phospho-I-homoserine

PI
Phosphate (inorganic)

PIP26DX
Delta-piperidine-2,6-dicarboxylate

PNTO
Pantothenate

PPCOA
propanoyl-CoA

PPHG
Protoporphyrinogen

PPI
Pyrophosphate

PPIX
Protoporphyrin IX

PRAM
5-Phosphate-β-D-ribosyl amine

PRBAMP
Phosphoribosyl-AMP

PRBATP
Phosphoribosyl-ATP

PRFICA
5-Phosphate-ribosyl-formamido-4-imidazole carboxamide

PRFP
Phosphoribosyl-formimino-AICAR-phosphate

PRLP
Phosphoribulosyl-formimino-AICAR-phosphate

PRO
Proline

PRPP
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

PS
Phosphatidyl serine

PTH
Protoheme

PTRC
Putrescine

PYR
Pyruvate

Q
Menaquinone

QA
Quinolinate

QH2
Ubiquinol

R15BP
D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate

R1P
Ribose 1-phosphate

R5P
Ribose 5-phosphate

RBL
Ribulose

retinal
Retinal

retinol
Retinol

RGT
Reduced glutathione

RIB
Ribose

RIBFLV
Riboflavin

RIBFLVRD
Riboflavin reduced

RL5P
Ribulose 5-phosphate

RMAND
(R)-mandelate

RML
Rhamnulose

RML1P
Rhamnulose 1-phosphate

RMMCOA
(R)-methylmalonyl-CoA

RMN
Rhamnose

RTHIO
Thioredoxin (reduced form)

RXAN5P
(9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5'-phosphate

S7P
sedo-Heptulose

SAH
S-Adenosyl homocystine

SAICAR
5-Phosphoribosyl-4-(N-succinocarboxyamide)-5-amino-imidazole

SAM
S-Adenosyl methionine

SAMOB
S-Adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate

SER
Serine

SERA
L-Seryl-adenylate

SHCHC
2-Succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate

SHCL
Sirohydrochlorin

SHEME
Siroheme

SLGT
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione

SMAND
(S)-mandelate

SME
Shikimate

SME5P
Shikimate-5-phosphate

SMMCOA
(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA

SORB
Sorbose

SORB6P
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate

SORBT
Sorbitol

SPMD
Spermidine

SQU
Squalene

SSALTPP
Succinate semialdehyde —thiamine pyrophosphate

SUC
Sucrose

SUC6P
Surose 6-phosphate

SUCC
Succinate

SUCCOA
Succinate CoA

SUCCSAL
Succinate semialdehyde

T3P1
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

T3P2
Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate

TAGATU
D-tagaturonate

TEICHU
Teichuronic Acid

THF
Tetrahydrofolate

THIAMIN
Thiamin

THMP
Thiamine-phosphate

THR
Threonine

THY
Thymine

THZ
4-Methyl-5-(beta-hydroxyethyl)thiazole

THZP
4-Methyl-5-(beta-hydroxyethyl)thiazole phosphate

TPP
Thiamine-pyrophosphate

TRE6P
Trehalose 6-phosphate

TRP
Tryptophan

TYR
Tyrosine

UDP
Uridine diphosphate

UDPG
UDP Glucose

UDPGAL
UDP Galactose

UDPGCU
UDP-Glucouronate

UDPNAG
UDP N-acetyl glucosamine

UDPNAGAL
UDP-N-acetyl-Galactosamine

UDPNAGEP
UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine

UDPNAM
UDP-N-acetyl-D-muramate

UDPNAMA
UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine

UDPNAMAG
UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate

UDPNAMS
UDP-N-acetyl-Mannosamine

UDPP
Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate

UMP
Uridine monophosphate

UNAGD
UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate

UNAGDA
UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate-D-alanyl-D-alanine

UNPTDO
UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate-D-alanyl-D-alanine-

diphosphoundecaprenol

UPRG
Uroporphyrinogen III

URA
Uracil

URATE
Urate

URCAN
urocanate

UREA
Urea

URI
Uridine

UTP
Uridine triphosphate

VAL
Valine

X5P
Xylulose-5-phosphate

XAN
Xanthine

XMP
Xantosine monophosphate

XTSN
Xanthosine

XUL
Xylulose

XYL
Xylose

Compositions and methods for modeling bacillus subtilis metabolism

Information

Publication Number

Date Filed

Date Published

Inventors

CPC

US Classifications

International Classifications

Abstract

Description

Claims