Claims
- 1. A process for removing a pollutant from a contaminated site containing water wherein said process comprises the steps of:
growing a fern plant selected from the group consisting of Pteridaceae, Adiantaceae, Aspleniaceae, Dryopteridaceae, and Oleandraceae, on said site containing water; and accumulating said pollutant within biomass of the fern plant such that said pollutants are at least approximately 1000 mg/kg in biomass of the fern plants by phytoremediation, said pollutant is selected from the group consisting of arsenic, copper, chromium and phosphorous, whereby the fern plant removes said pollutant from said water-containing site.
- 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the water containing site includes: an aqueous solution.
- 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the water containing site includes: wastewater.
- 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the water containing site includes: wetland.
- 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the water containing site includes: groundwater.
- 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the water containing site includes: surface water.
- 7. The process of claim 1, wherein arsenic accumulates in said plant in an amount greater than approximately 100 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.
- 8. The process, according to claim 7, wherein arsenic accumulates in said plant in an amount greater than approximately 1000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.
- 9. The process, according to claim 8, wherein arsenic accumulates in said plant in an amount greater than approximately 10,000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.
- 10. The process, according to claim 1, wherein arsenic accumulates in said plant to a concentration which is at least approximately 2 times greater than the concentration of arsenic in the water-containing site from which the arsenic is being removed.
- 11. The process, according to claim 10, wherein the concentration of arsenic which accumulates in said plant is at least approximately 10 times the concentration of arsenic in the water-containing site from which the arsenic is being removed.
- 12. The process, according to claim 11, wherein the concentration of arsenic which accumulates in said plant is at least approximately 50 times the concentration of arsenic in the water-containing site from which the arsenic is being removed.
- 13. The process, according to claim 12, wherein the concentration of arsenic which accumulates is said plant is at least approximately 100 times the concentration of arsenic in the water-containing site from which the arsenic is being removed.
- 14. The process, according to claim 1, wherein the arsenic concentration in the water-containing site from which the arsenic is being removed is greater than approximately 5 milligrams per kilogram.
- 15. The process, according to claim 14, wherein the arsenic concentration from which arsenic is being removed is greater than approximately 50 milligrams per kilogram.
- 16. The process, according to claim 15, wherein the arsenic concentration from which the arsenic is being removed is greater than approximately 100 milligrams per kilogram.
- 17. The process, according to claim 16, wherein the concentration of arsenic in the water-containing site from which said arsenic is being removed is at least approximately 500 milligrams per kilogram.
- 18. The process, according to claim 17, wherein the arsenic concentration in the water-containing site from which the arsenic is being removed is greater than approximately 1,000 milligrams per kilogram.
- 19. The process, according to claim 1, wherein said fern plant is of the family Pteridaceae.
- 20. The process, according to claim 1, wherein said fern plant is of the family Adiantaceae.
- 21. The process, according to claim 20, wherein said fern plant is Adiantum raddianum.
- 22. The process, according to claim 19, wherein said fern plant is of the genus Pteris.
- 23. The process, according to claim 19, wherein said fern plant is Pteris cretica parkerii.
- 24. The process, according to claim 19, wherein said fern plant is a Pteris cretica albo-lineata.
- 25. The process, according to claim 19, wherein said fern plant is a Pteris cretica mayii.
- 26. The process, according to claim 19, wherein said fern plant is a Pteris vittata.
- 27. The process, according to claim 1, wherein up to approximately 100% of the arsenic in the water-containing site is being removed.
- 28. The process, according to claim 1, wherein the arsenic concentrations in the water-containing site include up to approximately 50 ppm.
- 29. A process for removing pollutants in an aqueous solution, comprising the steps of:
hydroponically growing a fern plant selected from the group consisting of Pteridaceae, Adiantaceae, Aspleniaceae, Dryopteridaceae, and Oleandraceae, on said aqueous solution; and accumulating the pollutant substance in biomass of the fern plant by phytoremediation, the pollutant substance selected from the group consisting of arsenic, copper, chromium and phosphorous, such that said pollutant substance accumulates in portions of said fern plant, said portions selected from the group of leaves, stems, fronds and roots.
- 30. The process of claim 29, wherein the aqueous solution is wastewater.
- 31. The process of claim 29, wherein the aqueous solution is wetland.
- 32. The process of claim 29, wherein the aqueous solution is ground water.
- 33. The process of claim 29, wherein the aqueous solution is surface water.
- 34. The process of claim 29, wherein the pollutant substance is arsenic.
- 35. The process of claim 34, wherein up to approximately 100% of the arsenic in the aqueous solution is being removed.
- 36. The process, according to claim 34, wherein concentrations of the arsenic in the aqueous solution include up to approximately 50 ppm.
- 37. A method of phytoremediating arsenic from an aqueous solution comprising the steps of:
growing a fern plant in the aqueous solution having an arsenic concentration, the fern plant selected from the group consisting of Pteridaceae, Adiantaceae, Aspleniaceae, Dryopteridaceae, and Oleandraceae; accumulating in biomass of the plant a concentration of arsenic by phytoremediation; and harvesting said plant, whereby said aqueous solution has a reduced arsenic concentration content.
- 38. The process of claim 37, wherein up to approximately 100% of the arsenic in the aqueous solution is being removed.
- 39. The process of claim 37, wherein concentrations of the arsenic in the aqueous solution include up to approximately 50 ppm.
- 40. The process of claim 37, wherein said portions of fern plants, have, on a dry weight basis, an arsenic concentration of at least 1,000 mg/kg.
- 41. A process for removing a pollutant from a contaminated water-containing site wherein said process comprises the steps of:
growing a fern plant selected from the group consisting of Pteridaceae, Adiantaceae, Aspleniaceae, Dryopteridaceae, and Oleandraceae, in said water-containing site; and accumulating up to approximately 1,000 mg/kg of said pollutant within biomass of the fern by phytoremediation, said pollutant is selected from the group consisting of arsenic, copper, chromium and phosphorous, whereby the fern plant removes said pollutant from said site.
- 42. The process of claim 41, wherein the water-containing site includes: an aqueous solution.
- 43. The process of claim 41, wherein the water-containing site includes: wastewater.
- 44. The process of claim 41, wherein the water-containing site includes: wetland.
- 45. The process of claim 41, wherein the water-containing site includes: ground water.
- 46. The process of claim 41, wherein the water-containing site includes: surface water.
Parent Case Info
[0001] This invention is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. Ser. No. 09/948,969, filed Sep. 7, 2001, which is a Divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/546,941 filed Apr. 11, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,302,942, which is a Continuation-In-Part (CIP) of U.S. Ser. No. 09/471,566 filed Dec. 23, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,500, which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/129,203, filed Apr. 14, 1999.
Provisional Applications (1)
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Number |
Date |
Country |
|
60129203 |
Apr 1999 |
US |
Divisions (1)
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Number |
Date |
Country |
Parent |
09546941 |
Apr 2000 |
US |
Child |
09948969 |
Sep 2001 |
US |
Continuation in Parts (2)
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Number |
Date |
Country |
Parent |
09948969 |
Sep 2001 |
US |
Child |
10756237 |
Jan 2004 |
US |
Parent |
09471566 |
Dec 1999 |
US |
Child |
09546941 |
Apr 2000 |
US |