Patent Application
20100224361
When wellbores are drilled it is common to penetrate various subterranean bearing formations to reach the hydrocarbon-bearing formation of interest. Upon completion of the wellbores, water can reach the wellbore from a variety of sources, including natural water close to the formation or from artificial fluids that have been introduced into or adjacent to the wellbore. Examples of artificial sources of water include: drilling mud and other water-based drill-in-fluids and fracturing fluids. Natural sources of water that are near-wellbore include adjacent formations with quantities of water greater than the in-situ or natural water saturation levels of the formation. In-situ water saturation levels are typically nearly, if not the same, as the connate water saturation levels, although in some formations the in-situ water saturation levels may be substantially greater or less than the connate water saturation level for the formation.
Whether from natural or artificial sources, water that remains or enters a formation can greatly reduce, or completely stop, gas production from a well. Even shut-in wells can lose productivity after a short duration (including just a few days) due to water brine, flowing water, connate water, mobile water, immobile water, crossflow water, residual water, water in downhole fluids, water in concrete, water from adjacent perforated formations entering the wellbore region. Further, when formations are drilled, in addition to in-situ water, the wellbore region may be invaded with water from any of the sources of water listed.
The present invention includes compositions and methods for the treatment of hydrocarbon formations that have been damaged by water (i.e., at least partially water blocked). Examples of formations that may be treated using the present invention include dry gas reservoirs, wet gas reservoirs, retrograde condensate gas reservoirs, tight gas reservoirs, gas storage reservoirs and combinations thereof.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean formation having non-connate water, the method comprising contacting the hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean formation with a composition comprising solvent and a wettability modifier, wherein the solvent at least partially displaces or solubilizes the water in the formation.
In some embodiment, the non-connate water is at least one of flowing water, mobile water, immobile water, crossflow water, water in downhole fluids, water in concrete, water from adjacent perforated formations, or residual water. In some embodiment, the hydrocarbon-bearing formation has at least one fracture that includes a proppant. In some embodiment, the hydrocarbon-bearing formation comprises at least one of a dry gas reservoir, a wet gas reservoir, a retrograde condensate gas reservoir, a tight gas reservoir, a coal-bed gas reservoir or a gas storage reservoir. In some embodiment, the method may further comprise reducing non-Darcy flow in the formation. In some embodiment, the hydrocarbon-bearing formation comprises at least one of shale, conglomerate, diatomite, sand or sandstone. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon bearing formation comprises a water damaged formation (i.e., at least partially water blocked). In some embodiment, the formation is essentially free of condensate.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of reconditioning a hydrocarbon-bearing formation treated with a first wettability modifier, wherein the hydrocarbon-bearing formation is at least partially water-blocked, the method comprising:
In some embodiment, the formation is essentially free of condensate. In some embodiment, the performance information comprises at least one of gas permability, relative gas permeability, production rate of gas, production rate of condensate, production rate of oil, or the productivity index. In some embodiment, the method may further comprise re-treating the hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation with a composition comprising the second wettability modifier and at least one of solvent or water. In some embodiments, the first and second wettability modifiers are the same. In some embodiment, the wettability modifier comprises at least one of a fluorinated surfactant, a non-fluorinated surfactant, an organic surfactant or a hydrocarbon surfactant. In some embodiment, the solvent comprises at least one of a polyol or polyol ether, wherein the polyol and polyol ether independently have from 2 to 25 carbon atoms; and wherein the solvent comprises at least one of monohydroxy alcohol, ether, or ketone independently having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In some embodiment, the hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation has condensate, and wherein the fluid at least partially displaces the condensate in the hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation. In some embodiment, the hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation is downhole. In some embodiment, the fluid is essentially free of surfactant.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation having connate brine and at least one first gas relative permeability, wherein the formation is not otherwise liquid blocked or damaged by liquid, the method comprising:
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation having non-connate water and at least one temperature, wherein the non-connate water has at least one first composition, the method comprising:
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hydrocarbon-bearing formation having at least one fracture, wherein the fracture has brine and a plurality of proppants therein, and wherein the fracture has a volume, the method comprising:
In some embodiments, the plurality of proppants comprises at least one of sand, sintered bauxite, ceramics (i.e., glasses, crystalline ceramics, glass-ceramics, and combinations thereof), thermoplastic, organic matter or clay. In some embodiments, the wettability modifier is at least one of fluorinated surfactant or a hydrocarbon surfactant. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises solvent. In some embodiments, the fracture has at least one first conductivity prior to contacting the fracture with the composition and at least one second conductivity after contacting the fracture with the composition, and wherein the second conductivity is at least 5 (in some embodiments, at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100 or even at least 150 or more) percent higher than the first conductivity.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hydrocarbon-bearing formation having at least one fracture, wherein the fracture has brine and a plurality of proppants therein, and wherein the fracture has a volume, the method comprising:
In some embodiments, the fluid comprises at least one of toluene, diesel, heptane, octane, or condensate. In some embodiments, the fluid comprises at least one of a polyol or polyol ether, wherein the polyol and polyol ether independently have from 2 to 25 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the polyol or polyol ether is at least one of 2-butoxyethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, poly(propylene glycol), 1,3-propanediol, 1,8-octanediol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether. In some embodiments, the fluid further comprises at least one monohydroxy alcohol, ether, or ketone having independently from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the fluid comprises at least one of water, methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol. In some embodiments, the fluid comprises at least one of methane, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen. In some embodiments, the fracture has at least one first conductivity prior to contacting the fracture with the composition and at least one second conductivity after contacting the fracture with the composition, and wherein the second conductivity is at least 5 (in some embodiments, at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100 or even at least 150 or more) percent higher than the first conductivity. In some embodiments, the fracture is essentially free of condensate.
For a more complete understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention, reference is now made to the detailed description of the invention along with the accompanying figures and in which:
While the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of the invention.
To facilitate the understanding of this invention, a number of terms are defined below. Terms defined herein have meanings as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the areas relevant to the present invention. Terms such as “a”, “an” and “the” are not intended to refer to only a singular entity, but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration. The terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments of the invention, but their usage does not delimit the invention, except as outlined in the claims. The following definitions of terms apply throughout the specification and claims.
The term “brine” refers to water having at least one dissolved electrolyte salt therein (e.g., having any nonzero concentration, and which may be, in some embodiments, less than 1000 parts per million by weight (ppm), or greater than 1000 ppm, greater than 10,000 ppm, greater than 20,000 ppm, 30,000 ppm, 40,000 ppm, 50,000 ppm, 100,000 ppm, 150,000 ppm, or even greater than 200,000 ppm).
The term “brine composition” refers to the types of dissolved electrolytes and their concentrations in brine.
The term “compatibility information” refers to information concerning the phase stability of a solution or dispersion.
The term “downhole conditions” refers to the temperature, pressure, humidity, and other conditions that are commonly found in subterranean formations.
The term “homogeneous” means macroscopically uniform throughout and not prone to spontaneous macroscopic phase separation.
The term “hydrocarbon-bearing formation” includes both hydrocarbon-bearing formations in the field (i.e., subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formations) and portions of such hydrocarbon-bearing formations (e.g., core samples).
The term “fracture” refers to a fracture that is man-made. In the field, for example, fractures are typically made by injecting a fracturing fluid into a subterranean geological formation at a rate and pressure sufficient to open a fracture therein (i.e., exceeding the rock strength).
The term “hydrolyzable silane group” refers to a group having at least one Si—O—Z moiety that undergoes hydrolysis with water at a pH between about 2 and about 12, wherein Z is H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl.
The term “nonionic” refers to surfactant being free of ionic groups (e.g., salts) or groups (e.g., —CO2H, —SO3H, —OSO3H, —P(═O)(OH)2) that are readily substantially ionized in water.
The term “normal boiling point” refers to the boiling point at a pressure of one atmosphere (100 kPa).
The term “polymer” refers to a molecule of molecular weight of at least 1000 grams/mole, the structure of which includes the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The term “polymeric” refers to including a polymer.
The term “solvent” refers to a homogenous liquid material (inclusive of any water with which it may be combined) that is capable of at least partially dissolving the nonionic fluorinated polymeric surfactant(s) with which it is combined at 25° C.
The term “water-miscible” means soluble in water in all proportions.
The term “productivity” as applied to a well refers to the capacity of a well to produce hydrocarbons; that is, the ratio of the hydrocarbon flow rate to the pressure drop, where the pressure drop is the difference between the average reservoir pressure and the flowing bottom hole well pressure (i.e., flow per unit of driving force).
As used herein, the term “substantially free of precipitated salt” refers to the amount of salts found in water under downhole conditions that precipitate and do not interfere with the interaction (e.g., adsorption) of the surfactant with the formation, fracture or proppants, and in some instances the amount of salts may be zero. In one example, substantially free of precipitated salt is an amount of salt that is the less than 5% higher than the solubility product at a given temperature and pressure. In another example, a formation becomes substantially free of precipitated salt when the amount of salt in the formation has been reduced, dissolved or displaced such that the salts do not interfere with the binding of the surfactant with the formation.
As used herein, the term “performance information” refers to at least one of gas permability, relative gas permeability, production rate of gas, production rate of condensate, production rate of oil, or the productivity index (e.g., the ratio of the production rate to the difference between the average reservoir and the well bottom hole pressure).
The term “cloud point” of a surfactant refers to the temperature at which a nonionic surfactant becomes non-homogeneous in water. This temperature can depend on many variables (e.g., surfactant concentration, solvent concentration, solvent composition, water concentration, electrolyte composition and concentration, oil phase concentration and composition, and the presence of other surfactants).
As used herein, the term “essentially free of surfactant” refers to fluid that may have a surfactant in an amount insufficient for the fluid to have a cloud point, e.g., when it is below its critical micelle concentration. A fluid that is essentially free of surfactant may be a fluid that has a surfactant but in an amount insufficient to alter the wettability of, e.g., a hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation under downhole conditions. A fluid that is essentially free of surfactant includes those that have a weight percent of surfactant as low as 0 weight percent.
As used herein, a “wettability modifier” refers to a compound that affects the surface energy of a material. Non-limiting examples of wettability modifiers may include hydrocarbons (e.g., paraffin or wax), silicone (fluorinated or non-fluorinated), polysiloxanes (fluorinated or non-fluorinated), urethanes (fluorinated or non-fluorinated), polyamines, fluoropolymers, surfactants (fluorinated or non-fluorinated). In some embodiments, the wettability modifiers include surfactant. In some embodiments, the wettability modifiers include non-ionic fluorinated surfactants.
Surprisingly, applicants have discovered that removing connate water from a formation that is not otherwise liquid blocked or damaged by liquid (e.g., condensate banking, mobile water, and residual water) will improve gas permeability.
Many natural gas wells, especially those having so called “tight” or very low permeability formations, may be treated with the present invention to improve their productivity index (PI). It has been found that wettability modifiers can be used to treat low permeability formations (e.g., liquid-blocked, liquid damaged or water-blocked formations to improve the productivity index), and also problems caused by connate water in undamaged formations. Although not wanting to be bound by theory, it is believed that, the mechanisms include an increase in the gas permeability (e.g., gas relative permeability) and a reduction of inertial effects that decrease the flow of gas at high rates when water and/or condensate is removed from the porous medium. Further not wanting to be bound by theory, it is believed that, the chemical treatment may be useful in both clastic and carbonate formations since it is the hydraulic fracture that is primarily being treated rather than the formation. Often, a relatively small treatment volume may be needed since the pore volume in the propped fracture may be small. Some leak off to the formation may happen and may provide additional benefit by treatment of the rock immediately around the fracture, in some cases, but the primary stimulation target is the fracture itself. The treatment may be useful in fractures in both natural gas wells and gas condensate wells. In some embodiments, for example, when the salinity is high a preflush may be desirable.
In some embodiments, hydrocarbon-bearing formations that can be treated according to methods of the present invention have at least one fracture (in some embodiments, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or even 10 or more fractures). The volume of a fracture can be measured using methods that are known in the art (e.g., by pressure transient testing of a fractured well). Typically, when a fracture is created in a hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean formation, the volume of the fracture can be estimated using at least one of the known volume of fracturing fluid or the known amount of proppant used during the fracturing operation.
In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation has at least one fracture. In some of these embodiments, the fracture has a plurality of proppants therein. Fracture proppant materials are typically introduced into the formation as part of a hydraulic fracture treatment. Exemplary proppants known in the art include those made of sand (e.g., Ottawa, Brady or Colorado Sands, often referred to as white and brown sands having various ratios), resin-coated sand, sintered bauxite, ceramics (i.e., glass, crystalline ceramics, glass-ceramics, and combinations thereof), thermoplastics, organic materials (e.g., ground or crushed nut shells, seed shells, fruit pits, and processed wood), and clay. Sand proppants are available, for example, from Badger Mining Corp., Berlin, Wis.; Borden Chemical, Columbus, Ohio; and Fairmont Minerals, Chardon, Ohio. Thermoplastic proppants are available, for example, from the Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich.; and BJ Services, Houston, Tex. Clay-based proppants are available, for example, from CarboCeramics, Irving, Tex.; and Saint-Gobain, Courbevoie, France. Sintered bauxite ceramic proppants are available, for example, from Borovichi Refractories, Borovichi, Russia; 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.; CarboCeramics; and Saint Gobain. Glass bubble and bead proppants are available, for example, from Diversified Industries, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada; and 3M Company. In some embodiments, the proppants form packs within a formation and/or wellbore. Proppants may be selected to be chemically compatible with the fluids and compositions described herein. Non-limiting examples of particulate solids include fracture proppant materials introducible into the formation as part of a hydraulic fracture treatment, sand control particulate introducible into the wellbore/formation as part of a sand control treatment such as a gravel pack or frac pack.
The present invention includes compositions and methods for removing water from the near-wellbore portion of a hydrocarbon-bearing formation and penetrated by a wellbore, and more particularly, to the use of a wettability modifier that includes a nonionic fluorinated polymer to remove water-blockage to improve well productivity.
Examples of surfactants that may be useful in methods according to the present invention, include, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants (e.g., zwitterionic surfactants), and combinations thereof. Many of each type of surfactant are widely available to one skilled in the art. These include fluorochemical, silicone and hydrocarbon-based surfactants. One of skill in the art, in light of the present disclosure, will recognize that the selection of surfactants will depend in the nature of the formation (clastic versus non-clastic) as well as other surfactants. Useful surfactants that may be used to treat clastic formations may include cationic, anionic, nonionic, amphoteric (e.g., zwitterionic surfactants). Non-clastic formations may be treated with anionic, amphoteric (e.g., zwitterionic surfactants).
Examples of useful anionic surfactants include alkali metal and (alkyl)ammonium salts of: alkyl sulfates and sulfonates such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and potassium dodecanesulfonate; sulfates of polyethoxylated derivatives of straight or branched chain aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids; alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkylnaphthalenesulfonates and sulfates (e.g., sodium laurylbenzenesulfonate); ethoxylated and polyethoxylated alkyl and aralkyl alcohol carboxylates; glycinates (e.g., alkyl sarcosinates and alkyl glycinates); sulfosuccinates including dialkyl sulfosuccinates; isethionate derivatives; N-acyltaurine derivatives (e.g., sodium N-methyl-N-oleyl taurate); and alkyl phosphate mono- or di-esters (e.g., ethoxylated dodecyl alcohol phosphate ester, sodium salt.
Examples of useful cationic surfactants include: alkylammonium salts having the formula CTH2r+1N(CH3)3X, where X is, e.g., OH, Cl, Br, HSO4 or a combination of OH and Cl, and where r is an integer from 8 to 22, and the formula CSHS+1N(C2H5)3X, where s is an integer from 12 to 18; gemini surfactants, for example, those having the formula: [C16H33N(CH3)2CtH2t+1]X, wherein t is an integer from 2 to 12 and X is, e.g., OH, Cl, Br, HSO4 or a combination of OH and Cl; aralkylammonium salts (e.g., benzalkonium salts); and cetylethylpiperidinium salts, for example, C16H33N(C2H5)(C5H10)X, wherein X is, e.g., OH, Cl, Br, HSO4 or a combination of OH and Cl.
Examples of useful amphoteric surfactants include alkyldimethyl amine oxides, alkylcarboxamidoalkylenedimethyl amine oxides, aminopropionates, sulfobetaines, alkyl betaines, alkylamidobetaines, dihydroxyethyl glycinates, imidazoline acetates, imidazoline propionates, ammonium carboxylate and ammonium sulfonate amphoterics and imidazoline sulfonates.
Examples of useful hydrocarbon nonionic surfactants include polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl-phenyl ethers, polyoxyethylene acyl esters, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene alkylamines, polyoxyethylene alkylamides, polyoxyethylene lauryl ethers, polyoxyethylene cetyl ethers, polyoxyethylene stearyl ethers, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ethers, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ethers, polyethylene glycol laurates, polyethylene glycol stearates, polyethylene glycol distearates, polyethylene glycol oleates, oxyethylene-oxypropylene block copolymer, sorbitan laurate, sorbitan stearate, sorbitan distearate, sorbitan oleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan trioleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan laurates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan stearates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan oleates, polyoxyethylene laurylamines, polyoxyethylene laurylamides, laurylamine acetate, ethoxylated tetramethyldecynediol, fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester, and polyether-polysiloxane copolymers.
Useful nonionic surfactants also include nonionic fluorinated surfactants. Examples include nonionic fluorinated surfactants such as those marketed under the trade designation “ZONYL” (e.g., ZONYL FSO) by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del.
Nonionic fluorinated polymeric surfactants may also be used.
In some embodiments, the nonionic fluorinated polymeric surfactant comprises:
and
Wettability modifiers, such as, nonionic fluorinated polymeric surfactants may be prepared by techniques known in the art, including, for example, by free radical initiated copolymerization of a nonafluorobutanesulfonamido group-containing acrylate with a poly(alkyleneoxy) acrylate (e.g., monoacrylate or diacrylate) or mixtures thereof. Adjusting the concentration and activity of the initiator, the concentration of monomers, the temperature, and the chain-transfer agents can control the molecular weight of the polyacrylate copolymer. The description of the preparation of such polyacrylates is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,351 (Olson). Preparation of nonafluorobutanesulfonamido acrylate monomers are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,803,615 (Ahlbrecht et al.), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of fluoroaliphatic polymeric esters and their preparation are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,354 (Savu et al.).
Methods described above for making nonafluorobutylsulfonamido group-containing structures can be used to make heptafluoropropylsulfonamido groups by starting with heptafluoropropylsulfonyl fluoride, which can be made, for example, by the methods described in Examples 2 and 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 2,732,398 (Brice et al.), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Wettability modifiers, such as nonionic fluorinated polymeric surfactants that may be useful in practicing the present invention interact with at least a portion of the plurality of proppants (i.e., change the wettability of the proppants). Wettability modifiers may interact with the plurality of proppants, for example, by adsorbing to the surfaces of the proppants (in either clastic or non-clastic formations). Methods of determining the interaction of wettability modifiers with proppants include the measurement of the conductivity of the fracture.
In some embodiments, wettability modifiers useful in practicing the present invention modify the wetting properties of the rock in a near wellbore region of a hydrocarbon-bearing formation (in some embodiments in a fracture). Although not wanting to be bound by theory, it is believed the nonionic fluorinated polymeric surfactants generally adsorb to formations under downhole conditions.
Again, not wanting to be bound by theory, it is believed that nonionic fluorinated polymeric surfactants generally adsorb to the surfaces of proppants and the rock surface in fractured hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation and typically remain at the target site for the duration of an extraction (e.g., 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, or longer).
Examples of useful solvents include organic solvents, water, and combinations thereof. Examples of organic solvents include polar and/or water-miscible solvents such as monohydroxy alcohols independently having from 1 to 4 or more carbon atoms (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, and butanol); polyols such as, for example, glycols (e.g., ethylene glycol or propylene glycol), terminal alkanediols (e.g., 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, or 1,8-octanediol), polyglycols (e.g., diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, or dipropylene glycol) and triols (e.g., glycerol, trimethylolpropane); ethers (e.g., diethyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, p-dioxane; polyol ethers (e.g., glycol ethers (e.g., ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, or those glycol ethers available under the trade designation “DOWANOL” from Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.); ketones (e.g., acetone or 2-butanone), easily gasified fluids (e.g., ammonia, low molecular weight hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons, condensate, and supercritical or liquid carbon dioxide), and mixtures thereof.
In some embodiments, the solvent comprises at least one of a polyol or polyol ether and at least one monohydroxy alcohol, ether, or ketone independently having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a mixture thereof. In the event that a component of the solvent is a member of two functional classes, it may be used as either class but not both. For example, ethylene glycol methyl ether may be a polyol ether or a monohydroxy alcohol, but not as both simultaneously.
In some embodiments, the solvent consists essentially of (i.e., does not contain any components that materially affect water solubilizing or displacement properties of the composition under downhole conditions) at least one of a polyol independently having independently from 2 to 25 (in some embodiments, 2 to 10) carbon atoms or polyol ether independently having from 2 to 25 (in some embodiments, 2 to 10) carbon atoms, and at least one monohydroxy alcohol independently having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, ether independently having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or ketone independently having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a mixture thereof.
In some embodiments, the solvent comprises at least one polyol and/or polyol ether that independently has from 2 to 25 (in some embodiments from 2 to 20 or even from 2 to 10) carbon atoms.
As used herein in referring to the solvent, the term “polyol” refers to an organic molecule consisting of C, H, and O atoms connected one to another by C—H, C—C, C—O, O—H single bonds, and having at least two C—O—H groups. For example, useful polyols may have independently from 2 to 8 carbon atoms or independently from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and useful polyol ethers may independently have from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, for example, independently from 3 to 8 carbon atoms or independently from 5 to 8 carbon atoms. Exemplary useful polyols include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, poly(propylene glycol), 1,3-propanediol, trimethylolpropane, glycerol, pentaerythritol, and 1,8-octanediol.
As used herein in referring to the solvent, the term “polyol ether” refers to an organic molecule consisting of C, H, and O atoms connected one to another by C—H, C—C, C—O, O—H single bonds, and which is at least theoretically derivable by at least partial etherification of a polyol. Exemplary useful polyol ethers include diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether. The polyol and/or polyol ether may have a normal boiling point of less than 450° F. (232° C.); for example, to facilitate removal of the polyol and/or polyol ether from a well after treatment.
In some embodiments, the polyol or polyol ether is independently at least one of 2-butoxyethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, poly(propylene glycol), 1,3-propanediol, 1,8-octanediol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether.
In some embodiments, the solvent further comprises at least one monohydroxy alcohol, ether, and/or ketone that may independently have up to (and including) 4 carbon atoms. It is recognized that, by definition, ethers must have at least 2 carbon atoms, and ketones must have at least 3 carbon atoms.
As used herein in referring to the solvent, the term “monohydroxy alcohol” refers to an organic molecule formed entirely of C, H, and O atoms connected one to another by C—H, C—C, C—O, O—H single bonds, and having exactly one C—O—H group. Exemplary monohydroxy alcohols independently having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, and t-butanol.
As used herein in referring to the solvent, the term “ether” refers to an organic molecule formed entirely of C, H, and O atoms connected one to another by C—H, C—C, C—O, O—H single bonds, and having at least one C—O—C group. Exemplary ethers having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms include diethyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, p-dioxane, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
As used herein in referring to the solvent, the term “ketone” refers to an organic molecule formed entirely of C, H, and O atoms connected one to another by C—H, C—C, C—O single bonds and C═O double bonds, and having at least one C—C(═O)—C group. Exemplary ketones having from 3 to 4 carbon atoms include acetone, 1-methoxy-2-propanone, and 2-butanone.
In some embodiments, the solvent is generally capable of solubilizing and/or displacing brine and/or condensate in the formation. Examples of brine include connate or non-connate water, mobile or immobile water and the like. For example, the solvent may be capable of at least one of solubilizing or displacing brine in the formation. Likewise, the solvent may be, for example, capable of at least one of solubilizing or displacing condensate in the formation. In some embodiments, methods according to the present invention are typically useful for treating hydrocarbon-bearing formations containing brine and/or condensate.
Although not wanting to be bound by theory, it is believed that the effectiveness of compositions described herein for improving the permability of formations having brine (and/or condensate) therein will typically be determined by the ability of the composition to dissolve the quantity of brine (and/or condensate) present in the formation. Hence, at a given temperature greater amounts of compositions having lower brine (and/or condensate) solubility (i.e., compositions that can dissolve a relatively lower amount of brine or condensate) will typically be needed than in the case of compositions having higher brine (and/or condensate) solubility and containing the same surfactant at the same concentration.
Typically, compositions useful in practicing the present invention include from at least 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5 percent by weight, up to 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or percent by weight of the wettability modifier, based on the total weight of the composition. For example, the amount of the wettability modifier in the compositions may be in a range of from 0.01 to 10; 0.1 to 10, 0.1 to 5, 1 to 10, or even in a range from 1 to 5 percent by weight of the wettability modifier, based on the total weight of the composition. Lower and higher amounts of the wettability modifier in the compositions may also be used, and may be desirable for some applications.
The amount of solvent in the composition typically varies inversely with the amount of components in compositions useful in practicing the present invention. For example, based on the total weight of the composition the solvent may be present in the composition in an amount of from at least 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 percent by weight or more up to 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 98, or even 99 percent by weight, or more.
In some embodiments, compositions useful in practicing the present invention may further include water (e.g., in the solvent). In some embodiments, compositions according to the present invention are essentially free of water (i.e., contains less than 0.1 percent by weight of water based on the total weight of the composition).
The ingredients for compositions described herein including wettability modifiers and solvent can be combined using techniques known in the art for combining these types of materials, including using conventional magnetic stir bars or mechanical mixer (e.g., in-line static mixer and recirculating pump).
Generally, the amount of the wettability modifiers and solvent (any type of solvent) is dependent on the particular application since conditions typically vary between hydrocarbon-bearing formations, for example, different depths in the formation and even over time in a given formation. Advantageously, methods according to the present invention can be customized for individual formations and conditions.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that more desirable well treatment results are obtained when the treatment composition used in a particular near wellbore region of a well is homogenous at the temperature(s) encountered in the near wellbore region. Accordingly, the treatment composition is typically selected to be homogenous at temperature(s) found in the portion of hydrocarbon-bearing formation (e.g., a near well bore region) to be treated.
Fluids (including liquids and gases) useful in practicing the present invention at least one of at least partially solubilizes or at least partially displaces the brine in the hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation. In some embodiments, the fluid at least partially displaces the brine in the hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation. In some embodiments, the fluid at least partially solubilizes brine in the hydrocarbon-bearing clastic formation. Examples of useful fluids include polar and/or water-miscible solvents such as monohydroxy alcohols having from 1 to 4 or more carbon atoms (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, or butanol); polyols such as glycols (e.g., ethylene glycol or propylene glycol), terminal alkanediols (e.g., 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, or 1,8-octanediol), polyglycols (e.g., diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, or dipropylene glycol) and triols (e.g., glycerol, trimethylolpropane); ethers (e.g., diethyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, p-dioxane); polyol ethers such as glycol ethers (e.g., ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, or those glycol ethers available under the trade designation “DOWANOL” from Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.); and ketones (e.g., acetone or 2-butanone). Useful fluids also include liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene, diesel, heptane, octane, condensate, methane, and isoparaffinic solvents obtained from Total Fina, Paris, France, under trade designation “ISANE” and from Exxon Mobil Chemicals, Houston, Tex., under the trade designation “ISOPAR”) and other gases (e.g., nitrogen and carbon dioxide).
Methods according to the present invention may be useful, for example, for recovering hydrocarbons (e.g., at least one of methane, ethane, propane, butane, hexane, heptane, or octane) from hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean clastic formations (in some embodiments, predominantly sandstone) or from hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean non-clastic formations (in some embodiments, predominantly limestone).
Referring to
Wellbore 32 extends through the various earth strata including hydrocarbon-bearing formation 14. Casing 34 is cemented within wellbore 32 by cement 36. Work string 30 may include various tools including, for example, sand control screen assembly 38 which is positioned within wellbore 32 adjacent to hydrocarbon-bearing formation 14. Also extending from platform 12 through wellbore 32 is fluid delivery tube 40 having fluid or gas discharge section 42 positioned adjacent to hydrocarbon-bearing formation 14, shown with production zone 48 between packers 44, 46. When it is desired to treat the near-wellbore region of hydrocarbon-bearing formation 14 adjacent to production zone 48, work string 30 and fluid delivery tube 40 are lowered through casing 34 until sand control screen assembly 38 and fluid discharge section 42 are positioned adjacent to the near-wellbore region of hydrocarbon-bearing formation 14 including perforations 50. Thereafter, a composition described herein is pumped down delivery tube 40 to progressively treat the near-wellbore region of hydrocarbon-bearing formation 14.
Also shown in
While the drawing depicts an offshore operation, the skilled artisan will recognize that the compositions and methods for treating a production zone of a wellbore may also be suitable for use in onshore operations. Also, while the drawing depicts a vertical well, the skilled artisan will also recognize that methods of the present invention may also be useful, for example, for use in deviated wells, inclined wells or horizontal wells.
A schematic diagram of core flood apparatus 100 used to determine relative permeability of the substrate sample is shown in
Typically, it is believed to be desirable to allow for a shut-in time after fractures in the hydrocarbon-bearing formations are contacted with the compositions described herein. Exemplary set in times include a few hours (e.g., 1 to 12 hours), about 24 hours, or even a few (e.g., 2 to 10) days.
The skilled artisan, after reviewing the instant disclosure, will recognize that various factors may be taken into account in practice of the present invention including, for example, the ionic strength of the composition, pH (e.g., a range from a pH of about 4 to about 10), and the radial stress at the wellbore (e.g., about 1 bar (100 kPa) to about 1000 bars (100 MPa)).
Typically, after treatment according to the present invention hydrocarbons are then obtained from the wellbore at an increased permeability rate, as compared the permeability rate prior to treatment (in embodiments where the formation has fractures, the fracture has conductivity). In some embodiments, the formation has at least one first permeability prior to contacting the formation with the composition and at least one second permeability after contacting the formation with the composition, wherein the second permeability is at least 5 (in some embodiments, at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, or even at least 150 or more) percent higher than the first permeability.
Methods according to the present invention may be practiced, for example, in a laboratory environment (e.g., on a core sample (i.e., a portion) of a hydrocarbon-bearing formation) or in the field (e.g., on a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation situated downhole in a well). Typically, methods according to the present invention are applicable to downhole conditions having a pressure in a range of from about 1 bar (100 kPa) to about 1000 bars (100 MPa) and a temperature in a range from about 100° F. (37.8° C.) to 400° F. (204° C.), although they may also be useful to treat hydrocarbon-bearing formations under other conditions.
In addition to brine and/or condensate, other materials (e.g., asphaltene or water) may be present in the hydrocarbon-bearing formation. Methods according to the present invention may also be useful in those cases.
Various methods (e.g., pumping under pressure) known to those skilled in the oil and gas art can be used in accordance with the present invention to contact the hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean formations with compositions comprising solvent and nonionic fluorinated polymeric surfactant. Coil tubing, for example, may be used to deliver the treatment composition to a particular zone in a formation. In some embodiments, in practicing the present invention it may be desirable to isolate a particular zone in a formation (e.g., with conventional packers) to be contacted with the treatment composition.
Natural gas wells are often blocked by water from a variety of sources. The water reduces the relative permeability of the gas and reduces the productivity of the gas well. The water can come from natural sources such as an aquifer, various well stimulation methods such as fracturing that use water as a carrier fluid, and water flowing through the well from a water bearing zone to the gas bearing zone. Applicants have disclosed compositions comprising solvents and wettability modifiers can be used to remove water from the porous medium, restore its gas permeability to its original undamaged value and provide a durable remediation of the damage so that the gas production increases to its original high value before the damage.
The composition may include solvents, including mixtures of alcohol such as isopropanol and glycols such as propylene glycol that are tolerant of high salinity and other adverse factors commonly found in gas wells. Optionally, a screening method can be used to select desirable solvent blends of solvents for the reservoir conditions for a particular temperature. Another aspect of the invention is the use of a preflush when the salinity is high. The treatment composition can be used for both gas wells and gas condensate wells damaged by water. It can be used to stimulate both the gas formation and propped fractures that have been blocked by water. The mechanisms include an increase in the gas permeability and the reduction of inertial effects that decrease the flow of gas at high rates when water is removed from the porous medium. Still another aspect of the invention is the use of solvent mixtures to solubilize or displace brine from formations that are damaged after treatment with the fluorocarbon surfactant or damaged repeatedly by water since in such cases the solvent by itself can be used to restore the productivity of the well.
The treatment can be used for both gas wells and gas condensate wells damaged by water. It can be used to stimulate both the gas formation and propped fractures that have been blocked by water. Although not wanting to be bound by theory, it is believed that the mechanisms include an increase in the gas relative permeability and the reduction of inertial effects that decrease the flow of gas at high rates when water is removed from the porous medium. Still another aspect of the invention is the use of solvent mixtures to solubilize or displace brine from formations that are damaged after treatment with the wettability modifier or damaged repeatedly by water since in such cases the solvent by itself can be used to restore the productivity of the well.
In case the model brine and the treatment composition are at least partially incompatible, a fluid may be used to treat the formation prior to contacting the formation. In some embodiments wherein the first compatibility information indicates that the first model brine and the first treatment composition are at least partially incompatible, Method I is selected. Accordingly, the fluid amount and type is selected so that it at least one of solubilizes or displaces a sufficient amount of brine in the formation. In some embodiments of methods according to the present invention, the fluid amount and type may be selected so that it at least one of solubilizes or displaces a sufficient amount of brine in the formation such that when the composition is added to the formation, the surfactant has a cloud point that is above at least one temperature found in the formation. In some embodiments, the fluid amount and type is selected so that it at least one of solubilizes or displaces a sufficient amount of brine in the formation such that when the composition is contacting the formation, the formation is substantially free of precipitated salt.
In some embodiments wherein the compatibility information indicates that the first model brine and the first treatment composition are compatible, Method II is selected, and the second treatment composition has the same composition as the first treatment composition.
In some embodiments, a treatment method and/or composition is chosen based at least in part on the compatibility information. In general, a treatment composition is chosen that closely resembles, or is identical to, a surfactant-solvent formulation from the compatibility information set, but this is not a requirement. For example, cost, availability, regulations, flammability, and environmental concerns may influence the specific choice of treatment composition for use in testing and/or commercial production.
Once selected, the treatment compositions may be further evaluated; for example, by injection into a specimen (e.g., a core sample) taken from a particular geological zone to be treated, or a closely similar specimen. This may be performed in a laboratory environment using conventional techniques such as, for example, those described by Kumar et al. in “Improving the Gas and Condensate Relative Permeability Using Chemical Treatments”, paper SPE 100529, presented at the 2006 SPE Gas Technology Symposium held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 15-17 May 2006.
Advantages and embodiments of this invention are further illustrated by the following examples, but the particular materials and amounts thereof recited in these examples, as well as other conditions and details, should not be construed to unduly limit this invention. Unless otherwise noted, all parts, percentages, ratios, etc. in the examples and the rest of the specification are by weight.
A core with the dimensions specified below was cut from a source rock block. The core was dried in an oven at 100° C. for 24 hrs and then was weighed. The core was then wrapped with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), aluminum foil and shrink wrapped with heat shrink tubing (obtained under the trade designation “TEFLON HEAT SHRINK TUBING” from Zeus, Inc., Orangeburg, S.C.). The wrapped core was placed into a core holder inside the oven at the temperature.
A nonionic fluorinated polymeric surfactant (“Nonionic Fluorinated Polymeric Surfactant A”) was prepared essentially as in Example 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,354 (Savu), except using 15.6 grams (g) of 50/50 mineral spirits/organic peroxide initiator (tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate obtained from Akzo Nobel, Arnhem, The Netherlands under the trade designation “TRIGONOX-21-C50”) in place of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, and with 9.9 g of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone added to the charges.
A Berea sandstone with the properties given in Table 1 (below) was prepared and loaded in the core holder. A methane gas permeability of 158 md was measured at room temperature. Next connate water saturation of 30% was established in the core using brine with 15,000 ppm KCl. Methane gas was injected for 150 pore volumes. The gas permeability decreased to 102 md corresponding to a gas relative permeability at connate water saturation of 0.65.
The Berea sandstone core was then treated at a reservoir temperature of 275° F. (135° C.). The composition of the treatment solution is given in Table 2, below. The treatment was allowed to soak in the sandstone core for the next 16 hours and then methane gas was again injected for 160 pore volumes. The gas permeability at steady state was 150 md. Brine was then introduced into the core to reestablish the original connate water saturation of 30% and then methane injected once again to compare its permeability with the pretreatment value at the same water saturation. The methane permeability at steady state was 150 md. This value is almost as high as the original gas permeability and 1.5 times the gas permeability at the same 30% water saturation before treatment. This is a remarkable, unexpected and very favorable result.
Gas and brine were co-injected into the core to measure the relative permeability of each phase at a water fractional flow of 3.6% to represent the invasion of water into a gas zone without mobile water initially present. At steady state, the gas relative permeability was 0.066, which indicates severe damage due to water blocking. Methane was then injected to displace the mobile water in the rock. About 380 pore volumes of methane gas was injected. The final steady state gas permeability was 154 md. Surprisingly, this is essentially as high as the original gas permeability at zero water saturation even though a substantial amount of residual water was still in the core. The pressure drop of the final methane injection did not show any detectable tendency to increase with time indicating good durability of the chemical treatment.
The initial gas permeability was measured using nitrogen at 75° F. (23.9° C.). The initial brine saturation of 19% was established by injecting a measured volume of brine into the vacuumed core. The gas relative permeability at initial water saturation was measured using nitrogen at 75° F. (23.9° C.). Table 3 (below) summarizes the properties of the core at the listed conditions. The procedure was performed using a Berea sandstone core at a reservoir temperature of 175° F. (79.4° C.).
A synthetic hydrocarbon mixture was prepared that exhibits retrograde gas condensate behavior. Table 4 (below) gives the composition of the synthetic gas mixture. A two-phase flood with the fluid mixture was done using the dynamic flashing method, which is also known as the pseudo-steady state method, by flashing the fluid through the upstream back-pressure regulartor set above the dew point pressure at 5100 psig (35.2 MPa) to the core pressure set below the dew point pressure by the downstream back-pressure regulator. This core flood was done at a core pressure of 420 psig (2.9 MPa). Table 5 (below) summarizes the results for the pre-treatment two-phase flow.
The core was then treated with 18 pore volumes of the composition given in Table 6 (below) and then shut-in for 15 hours. The steady state two-phase flow of gas and condensate was then done under the same conditions as the pre-treatment two-phase flow. Table 5 (above) summarizes the results for the post-treatment two-phase flow. The results show that the chemical treatment increased the gas and condensate relative permeability by a factor of about 1.9.
Next two pore volumes of three-phase gas, condensate and brine at a fractional flow of brine equal to 0.038 was injected to test the effect of mobile water on the treatment. This was followed with a fluid flush (composition given in Table 7) to remove the brine from the core and finally with the two-phase flow of the same gas condensate fluid mixture (Condensate Flood-3). Table 5 (above) summarizes the results for Condensate Flood-3. The improvement factor was found to be about 2. Although not wanting to be bound by theory, it is believed that, these results show that if a post treated gas bearing zone were, for example, invaded by mobile water due to cross flow through the wellbore from a deeper water bearing zone penetrated by the same well, the resulting damage due to water blocking could be completely reversed by solvent injection into the treated gas zone.
A similar but more severe test of the water blocking damage caused by mobile water was done by next injecting 1 pore volume of 100% brine into the same core. The core was then flooded with solvent to flush out the brine and then again with the same two-phase gas condensate fluid mixture until steady state flow of gas and condensate was established (Condensate Flood-4). Table 5 (above) summarizes the results for Condensate Flood-4. The improvement factor at this time was about 1.9.
It will be understood that particular embodiments described herein are shown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the invention. The principal features of this invention can be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention and are covered by the claims.
The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.” Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value or varitation.
The term “or combinations thereof” as used herein refers to all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term. For example, “A, B, C, or combinations thereof” is intended to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or more item or term, such as BB, AAA, MB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US07/89183 | 12/30/2007 | WO | 00 | 3/11/2010 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60896883 | Mar 2007 | US |
