Compositions containing corticosteroids or analogues thereof and corticosteroid buffering effective amounts of 5-androstene 3B, 17B or 5-androstene 3B, 7B, 17B triol or analogues thereof

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to 3.beta.,17.beta.-androstenediol (".beta.AED") and 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-androstenetriol (".beta.AET") and their use to counteract the antiproliferative and immunosuppressive effects of hydrocortisone and other corticosteroids (i.e., to act as buffers to counteract the lymphosuppressive response to such steroids). .beta.AED and .beta.AET act as immune regulating steroids in the body. By "immune regulating steroids" is meant steroids which mediate immune response to provide the body protection against immune down-regulation. The invention also relates to means for testing analogues of .beta.AED and .beta.AET to compare the effectiveness of such analogues as buffers of certain effects of hydrocortisone and other corticosteroids, including immune response and proliferative effects. Finally the invention relates to production of cytokines, including most particularly IL-3, by addition of .beta.AET and .beta.AED and their analogues to the growth media of cell cultures of lymphatic cells.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In vertebrates the development of host protection against pathogens requires a selective host immune response that involves the mobilization of the humoral and/or cellular mediated immune responses. Several factors adversely affect the body's protective response capability by causing prolonged immuno-suppression or "down-regulation" of the immune system. It is, in reality, more appropriate to speak of "mal-regulation" or "deregulation" of the immune system than of down-regulation since the result is a failure to protect the body from assault. Immuno-suppression provides an opportunity for pathogens to grow in the host. It does not matter what causes the primary insult to immunity. The resulting inability to muster the appropriate immune response has the same effect. Among the many different causes of immuno-suppression are viral, bacterial, fungal, yeast and parasitic infections, chemotherapy, irradiation, severe stress, chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and some forms of steroid therapy.
It has long been known that patients receiving steroid hormones of adrenocortical origin at pharmacologically appropriate doses show increased incidence of infectious disease. A.S. Fauci, Immunolo. Rev., 65, 133-155 (1982); and J.E. Parillo and A.S. Fauci, Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 19, 179-201 (1979). Dehydroepiandrosterone, also known as 3.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one or dehydroiso-androsterone (referred to hereinafter as DHEA), is a 17-ketosteroid which is quantitatively one of the major adrenocortical steroid hormones found in mammals. M.E. Windholz, The Merck Index, Ninth Edition (1976); K. Diem and C. Lentner, Geigy Scientific Tables (1975). (Although DHEA appears to serve as an intermediary in gonadal steroid synthesis, the primary physiological function of DHEA has not been fully understood. It has been known, however, that levels of this hormone begin to decline in the second decade of life, reaching 5% of the original level in the elderly.)
Clinically, DHEA has been used systemically and/or topically for treating patients suffering from psoriasis, gout, hyperlipemia, and it has been administered to post-coronary patients. (W. Regelson et al., New York Academy of Sciences, 518, 260-273 (1988)). In mammals DHEA has been shown to have weight optimizing and anticarcinogenic effects.
DHEA has been used clinically in Europe in conjunction with estrogen as an agent to reverse menopausal symptoms and also has been used in the treatment of manic depression, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. DHEA has also been used clinically at 40 mg/kg/day in the treatment of advanced cancer and multiple sclerosis. Mild androgenic effects, hirsutism, and increased libido were the side effects observed. These side effects can be overcome by monitoring the dose and/or by using analogues.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,284 entitled "Use of Dehydroepian-drosterone to Improve Immune Response" describes the subcutaneous or oral administration of DHEA to improve the host's response to infections. U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,532 describes use of patch technology to deliver DHEA.
It is now disclosed that DHEA is a precursor in a metabolic pathway which ultimately leads to more powerful agents that increase immune response in mammals. That is, DHEA acts as a biphasic compound: it acts as an immuno-modulator when converted to androstenediol (androst-5-ene-3.beta.,17.beta.-diol, .beta.AED) or androstenetriol (androst-5-ene-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-triol, .beta.AET). However, in vitro DHEA has certain lymphotoxic and suppressive effects on cell proliferation prior to its conversion to .beta.AED and/or .beta.AET. It is, therefore, postulated that the superior immunity enhancing properties obtained by administration of DHEA result from its conversion to more active metabolites.
An agent that would advance the protective regulation of the immune system without giving rise to undesirable side effects seen with DHEA administration would provide particularly advantageous improvement of host resistance against infection. Protective regulation of the immune system could then be effected using lower doses of the chemotherapeutic agent, and would provide more immediate response with a wider range of protection. It has previously been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,008, incorporated herein in its entirety, that .beta.AED and .beta.AET (asteroid found in the skin, other epithelial tissue and neuronal tissue) enhance immune response and lymphocytic cell proliferation.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,008 a new class of steroids which act as immune regulators has been identified. 3.beta.,17.beta.-androstenediol (.beta.AED) and 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-androstenetriol (.beta.AET) have been shown to enhance immune response in the presence of stress, including infection and exposure to chemotherapy. It is believed that 3.beta.,17.beta.-androstenediol (.beta.AED) is converted in the skin to 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-androstenetriol (.beta.AET) and 3.beta.,7.alpha.,17.beta.-androstenetriol (.alpha.AET). Both the .beta.AED and .beta.AET have been shown to be potent immune regulators, with the .beta.AET being about 100 times as potent as .beta.AED.
The present invention provides methods of testing the effect of immune-regulating steroids by measuring the counteracting effect of .beta.AED and .beta.AET and their analogues against the antiproliferative effects of corticosteroids in vitro. The method is particularly useful for evaluating the effectiveness of analogues of .beta.AED and .beta.AET and other immune-regulating steroids as buffers of corticosteroid activities. Uses of .beta.AED and .beta.AET have been disclosed in U.S. patent application 07/739,809. These compounds have use as immune regulating steroids for several purposes, as described below. A second aspect of the invention is the use of .beta.AED and .beta.AET in conjunction with corticosteroids to ameliorate some of the undesirable effects of corticosteroid therapy. It has been found in vivo that the spleen and thymus of animals under stress decrease in size. It was found that .beta.AED and .beta.AET do not effect a change in the size of the spleen of normal, healthy animals, but protected the spleen and thymus from involution in animals during infection or other conditions of stress. In spleen cell cultures exposed to hydrocortisone a decrease in proliferation is seen. Spleen lymphocytes in culture, when exposed to mitogens such as concanavalin A (Con A), lipopolysaccharide A (LPS), or some antigens, undergo a marked proliferative increase. Addition of hydrocortisone to such a culture prevents such proliferative response. The addition of .beta.AED and .beta.AET to cultures containing proliferating-inhibiting amounts of hydrocortisone has now been found to counteract or buffer the anti-proliferative effects of corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone. .beta.AED or .beta.AET may be given concurrently with corticosteroids or may be administered in a composition containing a combination of .beta.AED or .beta.AET with corticosteroids.
In addition to their use as immune regulators, .beta.AED and .beta.AET, their esters and other analogues are useful for production of interleukin-3 (IL-3) in cell culture, including autogenous IL-3, as well as other cytokines which are effective in regulation of the body's responses. IL-3 is an important cytokine capable of stimulating granulopoiesis, erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis. It is a major factor governing differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells. Presently several forms of IL-3 are available. Recombinant human IL-3 has been produced in several organisms. (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,450, which is incorporated herein by reference.) However, IL-3 obtained from non-human sources has caused unacceptable side effects.
It has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,008 that .beta.AED and .beta.AET, their esters and analogues, provide means for regulating the immune response, for ameliorating effects of stress, and for avoiding untoward effects of chemotherapy or exposure to irradiation by administration of androstenediol (.beta.AED) and androstenetriol (.beta.AET). The improved means of regulating immune response to viral, bacterial, and other infections can be utilized in treating not only infectious diseases, but also in treating other immune disturbances such as diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome (both diseases now considered to be immune response related syndromes), rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune responses. In the case of virus-induced heart or pancreatic infection where no other antiviral chemotherapeutic modality exists, .beta.AED and .beta.AET and their analogues, including esters thereof, have value as prophylactic protective agents.
In clinical medicine, treatment with .beta.AED and .beta.AET can lower morbidity in patients exposed to pathogenic organisms. These agents can be effectively used prophylactically in patients known to be particularly susceptible to infection. Patients undergoing surgery or chemotherapy or patients suffering from burns, hypoplastic or aplastic anemias, or diabetes are such susceptible patients who would benefit from prophylactic administration of .beta.AED and/or .beta.AET. Also among the causes of immuno-suppression treatable with .beta.AED and .beta.AET are viral, bacterial, fungal, yeast and parasitic infections, chemotherapy, irradiation, severe stress, chronic fatigue syndrome and untoward effects of steroid therapy. The compositions of the invention are particularly useful for treating patients suffering from infections caused by viruses that destroy the body's immune response, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis. The protective value of .beta.AED and .beta.AET is particularly important to patients undergoing "dirty" procedures such as bowel surgery or repair of gunshot wounds of the abdomen where pseudomonas presents a serious threat. Patients with a history of conditions such as rheumatic fever would also benefit from prophylactic and maintenance use of the regulatory steroids .beta.AED and .beta.AET or in conjunction with other steroids as disclosed herein. In treating any condition wherein both inflammation and threat of infection are present, treatment with a combination of .beta.AED or .beta.AET or their analogues in conjunction with corticosteroids (both natural and synthesized analogues) can provide benefit of anti-inflammatory action and modification of allergenic response coupled with avoidance of increased susceptibility to infection.
Both .beta.AED and .beta.AET are steroids and possess lipophilic characteristics. Solvents for lipophilic steroids are known in the art and would be used as carriers for these compounds. Examples of such carriers are pharmaceutically acceptable glycols, and cyclodextrins, especially the intrinsically amorphous cyclodextrins. Other vehicles that should be considered include fatty acid esters such as esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tweens) or sorbitan (Spans) to prepare oil-in-water emulsions. For subcutaneous administration to animals used in the examples, the agents were dissolved 1:1 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/ethanol, then diluted for subcutaneous administration to the animals. When the compositions were administered by mouth, .beta.AED and .beta.AET were added (without being dissolved) to the diet to provide a composition containing 0.4% .beta.AED. The compositions may be provided in capsules formulated with the usual fillers. For application to the skin, .beta.AED or .beta.AET may, for example, be dissolved in carrier material containing DMSO and alcohol, then applied to a patch or directly to epidermal tissues. For vaginal or rectal administration, .beta.AED or .beta.AET may be administered by suppository, enema, or by application of creams, etc. Compositions of the invention may be administered by any method that will result in contact of the active agent with tissue of ectodermal origin.
.beta.AED and .beta.AET have been found to inhibit the adherence properties of body cells. The anti-adherence properties of the active agents of the invention may be delivered directly to epithelial tissue during surgery. An example of such use would involve the application of compositions containing the active agents of the invention to the omentum in conditions such as infection, endometritis and malignancies of the bowel and ovary wherein adherence of foreign cells or particles to normal cells of the peritoneal lining is a problem. Compositions of the invention may, for example, be administered as mists or sprays. Compositions can also be administered intrathecally.
.beta.AED has previously been used as a laboratory chemical and is available commercially for that purpose from Sigma. A compound now known to have been .beta.AET was produced by Butenandt as an intermediate in preparation of compounds of the androstane and pregnane series. No disclosure of any other use for .beta.AET is seen therein (See Butenandt et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,170,124, and Ber. 71B, 1316-22 (1938) which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.)
Evaluation of the immune regulating effect of steroids can be accomplished using the methods of the invention. By the method disclosed herein it is possible to evaluate the relative potency and relative immediacy of response of analogues of .beta.AED and .beta.AET. The evaluative method relies on the buffering of lymphosuppressive activity of corticosteroids by .beta.AED and .beta.AET and their analogues. The invention provides means of evaluating (1) the ability of .beta.AED, .beta.AET and their analogues to buffer or counteract lymphosuppressive steroids in the presence of lymphocyte-proliferative agents such as concanavalin A and (2) the ability of .beta.AED and .beta.AET to stimulate production of cytokines, especially IL-3. These two separate effects differ from each other in their function and characteristics.
Another aspect of the invention is a method of evaluating corticosteroid buffering effect of an agent by growing cultures of cells of lymphoid origin in growth medium containing a mitogen, then dividing the cultures into three subsets. To one subset is added a corticosteroid; to a second subset is added an agent believed to have corticosteroid buffering activity; and to the third subset are added both the corticosteroid added to the first subset and the compound believed to have corticosteroid buffering activity that has been added to the second subset of cultures. After incubation of all subsets for a sufficient period of time to allow cell proliferation, the proliferation in all subsets is measured and compared. If the proliferation seen in cultures of subset 3 is greater than that seen in subset 2, it can be presumed that the test agent has corticosteroid buffering effect. The proliferation may be measured in any manner known in the art. However, use of radioactive markers is a convenient means of evaluating proliferation. [.sup.3 H]-thymidine is a particularly useful marker for these purposes.
The corticosteroidal compounds used as described herein may be natural corticosteroids or analogues thereof including but not limited to hydrocortisone (cortisol), corticosterone, aldosterone, ACTH, triamcinolone and its derivatives (particularly the diacetate, hexacetonide, and acetonide), betamethasone and its derivatives (including particularly the dipropionate, benzoate, sodium phosphate, acetate, and valerate), flunisolide, prednisone and its derivatives, fluocinolone and its derivatives (particularly the acetonide), diflorasone and its derivatives (particularly the diacetate), halcinonide, dexamethasone and its derivatives (particularly the dipropionate and valerate), desoximetasone (desoxymethasone), diflucortolone and its derivatives (particularly the valerate), flucloronide (fluclorolone acetonide), fluocinonide, fluocortolone, fluprednidene and its derivatives (particularly the acetate), flurandrenolide (flurandrenolone), clobetasol and its derivatives (particularly the propionate), clobetasone and its derivatives (particularly the butyrate), alclometasone, flumethasone and its derivatives (particularly the pivalate), and fluocortolone and its derivatives (particularly the hexanoate).
Examples of Synthetic Methods: SYNTHESIS OF 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-TRIHYDROXYANDROST-5-ENE (I):
.beta.AET was synthesized using 3.beta.,17.beta.- diacetoxyandrost-5-ene as a starting material. Chromic oxide oxidation of 3.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrost-5-ene in glacial acetic acid by the method of Butenandt (op. cit.) gave 3.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrost-5-en-7-one, (III), the intermediate for preparation of (I). Aluminum isopropoxide reduction of (III) in isopropanol by the method of Butenandt gave (I).
PREPARATION OF 3.beta.,17.beta.-DIACETOXYANDROST-5-EN-7-ONE (III)
37.4 g (0.1 mol) 3.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrost-5-ene (Steraloids A7850) in 400 ml glacial acetic acid was reacted with 30.06 g (0.3 mol) chromium(VI) oxide (Aldrich 23,265-3) dissolved in 20 ml H.sub.2 O and 20 ml glacial acetic acid by the method of Butenandt (op. cit.). The CrO.sub.3 solution was added dropwise over 4 hours to the 3.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrost-5-ene solution while maintaining the temperature at 55.degree. C. At the end of that time methanol was added to the reaction mixture in order to decompose any unreacted CrO.sub.3, followed by aqueous salt solution and ether. Evaporation of the ether yielded 7.8 g (20% yield) of crude III. Crystallization from 95% EtOH yielded (III) m.p. 214.degree.-215.degree. C. [218.degree.-219.degree. C., Butenandt, op. cit.; 224.degree.-225.degree. C. (from methanol), Pearson et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., I, 267-273 (1985 )] DSC peak 191.degree.-224.degree. C., max at 220.degree. C. Normal phase tlc: EtOAC-cyclohexane-EtOH (45:45:10), Rf=0.86. IR bands: 1737, 1666 cm.sup.-1, (Pearson, op. cit. 1728, 1668).
.sup.1 H NMR (CDC13) , (d) , ppm: 0.81(s,3H), 1.25 (s,3H), 2.02(s,6H), 2.25(m,H at C-4), 2.5(m,H at C-8),4.6(t,H at C-17),4.7(m,H at C-3), 5.72(s,1H) [Pearson, op. cit. o.80(s,3H), 1.20(s,3H), 2.03(s,6H), 4.62(m, 1H), 5.71(g, 1H)] Reverse phase lc/ms (fast atom bombardment detection) detected m/z 389(M+HJ') ion in the major lc peak [Pearson, op. cit. m/z 388(M)].
PREPARATION OF 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-TRIHYDROXYANDROST-5-ENE (I)
3.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrost-5-en-7-one was reduced with aluminum isopropoxide in isopropanol by the method of Butenandt (op. cit.) to give 3.beta.,7.beta.,7.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene. Lithium tri(sec-butyl) borohydride reduction of (III) in tetrahydrofuran to produce (II) was carried out using the same reaction conditions given by Morisaki et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 35(5), 1847-52 (1987) for the preparation of 7.alpha.-hydroxycholesterol.
PREPARATION OF 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-TRIHYDROXYANDROST-5-ENE(II)
5.1 ml (5.1 mmol) lithium tri(sec-butyl)borohydride (Aldrich L-Selectride) in tetrahydrofuran was rapidly added to 499 mg (1.28 mmol) of 3.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrost-5-en-7-one in 15 ml of freshly distilled tetrahydrofuran under nitrogen while stirring for 1.5 hours at ice-bath temperature. 0.9 g KOH in 15 ml methanol was added, the reaction mixture refluxed for 0.5 hours, and then added 37.5 ml of 10% NaCl solution was added. After cooling in freezer(-20.degree.), crystals formed which were filtered to yield 123.6 mg (19%) (II), m.p. 239.degree.-45.degree. C. Crystallization from methanol yielded (II), m.p. 249.5.degree.-253.degree. C. .sup.1 H nmr (CD(OD).sub.3), (d) ,ppm: 0.75(s,3H),1.01(s,3H), 3.1(m, 1H), 3.6(t,1H),3.7(d, 1H),5.50(d, 1H). C-13 nmr, (d) ,ppm assignments (CD(OD) 3) are:
______________________________________Carbon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8ppm 37.49 32.12 72.01 42.91 146.75 124.88 65.46 39.09Carbon 9 10 11 12 13 14 15ppm 43.58 38.55 21.49 30.65 93.65 45.35 38.13Carbon 16 17 18 19ppm 42.57 82.30 11.57 19.53______________________________________
DISCUSSION
Stereochemistry was assigned to 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (I) and 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (II) by comparison of their proton nmr with cholest-5-ene-3.beta.,7.beta.-diol and cholest-5-ene-3.beta.,7.beta.-diol proton nmr [Smith et al., J. Org. Chem., 38, 119-123 (1973) ].
Preparatory method #2
A second method of preparing .beta.AET has been developed which also used 3.beta.,17.beta. diacetoxyandrost-5-ene as a starting material as before. This compound was oxidized with t-butylhydroperoxide in the presence of chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO).sub.6) to form 3.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrost-5-en-7-one as described by Pearson [Pearson, et al., J. Chem Soc. Perkin Trans. I, 267 (1985)]. The enone formed then was reduced with triisobutylaluminum (TIBA) to give the acetylated 7.beta.-hydroxy (I) product.
PREPARATION OF 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-TRIHYDROXYANDROST-5-ENE
A solution of 3.beta.,17.beta. diacetoxyandrost-5-en-7-one (0.9581 g, 2,466 mmol) and pentane (30 ml), dried over MgSO.sub.4) were mixed under a nitrogen atmosphere. TIBA (9.5 ml, 9.5 mmol, 1M in toluene) was then added dropwise by syringe. The solution was stirred at room temperature for about 1 hour. The reaction was terminated by the addition of diluted hydrochloric acid (approximately 5 ml). This solution was added to water (100 ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times with 50 ml). The organic layers were combined and then washed several times with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (50 ml), saturated sodium chloride solution (two times with 50 ml,) and water (50 ml). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation to yield 86% crude product. .sup.1 H NMR indicated that the crude product contained 3.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxy-7-.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-en-7-one (86%) and 3.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxy-7 .alpha.-hydroxyandrost-5-ene.
The final product I was recovered from another preparation by saponification of the mixed acetate by adding a solution of K.sub.2 CO.sub.3 in methanol/water to the crude product. The solution was stirred at room temperature and monitored by TLC every hour (TLC conditions -- 0.25 mm silica gel on glass, solvent system -- 60% ether, 20% hexane, 15% methanol, 5% water, developed with I.sub.2 chamber). The reaction was stopped when only one spot was detected (approximately 5 hr, depending on the K.sub.2 CO.sub.3 concentration). Dilute acid was added to the reaction mixture until it was slightly acidic. The reaction mixture was worked up by extraction with ethyl acetate (3.times.50 ml), and the combined organic extracts were washed with saturated NaCl solution (2.times.50 ml), and then water (1.times.50 ml). The organic solution was dried over Mg.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and the solvent removed by evaporation. Recrystallization from 95% ethanol/ethyl acetate mixture gave (I), m.p. 232.degree.-234.degree. C. (lit. 236.degree. C., Butenandt, op. cit.)
.beta.AED and .beta.AET may be substituted with protective groups which yield .beta.AED or .beta.AET on hydrolysis in order to prolong their activity. Hence, acylated and alkylated derivatives are useful as materials which act as precursors to .beta.AED and .beta.AET. Suitable derivatives include but are not limited to compounds of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein each R.sub.1 individually may be H, alkenyl of 2-8 carbons, alkyl of 1-8 carbons, phenylalkyl of 1-4 carbons, phenyl, or COR.sub.2 (acyl), wherein R.sub.2 is H, alkyl of 1-8 carbons, alkenyl of 2-8 carbons, phenylalkyl wherein the alkyl has 1-4 carbons (including benzyl) or phenyl. Any phenyl moiety may have up to three substituents chosen from among hydroxy, carboxy of 1-4 carbons, halo, alkoxy of 1-4 carbons, alkyl of 1-4 carbons, or alkenyl of 2-4 carbons and wherein any alkyl may be a straight chain, branched chain, or the alkyl may be wholly or partially cyclized.
The following compounds also may be evaluated for useful "AED-activity" and "AET-activity" using the process of the present invention. "AED" is 3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (IV) and "AET" is 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (I). The compounds and the methods for their preparation have been chosen to introduce substituents on the .alpha.-face or in equatorial positions of the molecule in order to avoid presenting additional axial substituents on the .beta.-face which is the face most biologically active steroid molecules have been found to present to receptor sites.
Certain generalized processes which are well-understood in the art can be used as indicated in the following descriptions of synthesis of the selected compounds to protect (block) sensitive functional groups during conversions of other functionalities and then may be easily removed using methods well-known in the art.
1. Keto groups may be protected as ketals. Conversion of keto groups to ketals may be accomplished by reaction of the ketone with ethylene glycol in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA). The ketal group may be removed subsequently by reaction with aqueous acetone in the presence of PTSA.
2. Hydroxyl groups may be blocked by acetylation. Acetylation is accomplished by reaction with acetic anhydride. Deacetylation is accomplished by hydrolysis with sodium carbonate, or if a base-sensitive functionality is present, with an acidic medium.
3. Hydroxyl groups may also be blocked by conversion to tetrahydropyranyl ethers by reaction with dihydropyran in the presence of PTSA. The ether may be hydrolyzed back to a hydroxyl group using HCl in aqueous acetone.
4. Hydroxyl groups also may be protected by conversion to trimethylsilyl ethers by reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride in DMF in the presence of an HCl acceptor such as imidazole. The trimethylsilyl groups may be removed later by reaction with tetrabutylammonium fluoride.
The products of each reaction step are recovered by standard methods well-known to the art.
1. 3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxy-5.alpha.-androstane (V)
an alcohol solution of .beta.AED (IV) is hydrogenated with molecular hydrogen in the presence of a palladium on charcoal catalyst to yield a solution of (V).
2. 1.alpha.-alkyl-substituted .beta.AED compounds may be prepared by the method for 1.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XI) which follows:
a. dehydrotestosterone acetate (VI)(Florey, U.S. Pat. No. 2,875,196) is allylically brominated by reaction with N-bromosuccinimide and then treated with zinc dust to isomerize the C.sub.4 -C.sub.5 double bond to form 17.beta.-acetoxyandrosta-1,5-dien-3-one (VII)
b. the dienone (VII) is reacted with lithiodimethyl cuprate to form 1.alpha.-methyl-17.beta.-acetoxyandrost-4-en-3-one (VIII) by 1,4-addition
c. the 3-keto group is acetylated with acetic anhydride to form enol acetate 1l.alpha.-methyl 3,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrost-3,4-diene (IX)
d. reduction of the enol acetate (IX) with sodium borohydride in pyridine forms l.alpha.-methyl-17.beta.-acetoxy-3.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-ene (X)
e. (X) is deacetylated by reaction with alcoholic sodium carbonate to obtain (XI)
1.alpha.-alkenyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-enes may be made by substituting appropriate dialkenyllithiocuprates for lithiodimethyl cuprate in step (b).
3. 2.alpha.-alkyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-enes may be prepared using the method given below for 2.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XVI) by using the appropriate alkyl iodide in step a.
a. testosterone (XII) is reacted at -30.degree. C. with diisopropylaminolithium in tetrahydrofuran to form the 2-lithio salt followed by reaction with methyl iodide to form a mixture of 2.alpha.-methyl-17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (XIII) and its 2.beta.-isomer
b. the mixed 2.alpha.,2.beta.-isomers are reacted with sodium methoxide to epimerize the 2.beta.-isomer to form (XIII)
c. (XIII) is peracetylated by reaction with an excess of acetic anhydride in the presence of PTSA to form 2.alpha.-methyl-3,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrosta-3,5-diene (XIV)
d. (XIV) is reacted with sodium borohydride in ethanol to produce 2.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrosten-5-ene-17-acetate (XV)
e. XV is then deacetylated using sodium carbonate to produce 2.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XVI)
4. 4.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XX)
a. testosterone (XII) is reacted with potassium butoxide and methyl iodide to form 4-methyl-17.beta.-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one
b. XVII is reacted with N-bromosuccinimide in carbon tetrachloride to form 6.beta.-bromo-4-methyl-17.beta.-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (XVIII)
c. the hydroxyl of (XVIII) is converted to a trimethylsilyl ether group
d. the trimethylsilyl ether of (XVIII) is reacted with lithium aluminum hydride which removes the bromine and reduces the 3-keto group causing the double bond to isomerize to C.sub.5 to form 3.beta.-hydroxy-17.beta.-trimethylsiloxy-androst-5-ene (XIX)
e. the trimethylsilyl group is removed to form (XX) Other 4.alpha.-alkyl compounds may be made by substituting the appropriate alkyl iodide for methyl iodide in step a.
5. 6-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XXIX)
a. testosterone (XII) is converted to its trimethylsilyl ether (XXI)
b. the keto group of XXI is converted to its enol acetate (a 3,5-diene) (XXII) by reaction with acetic anhydride in the presence of PTSA
c. the enol ester (XXII) is reduced with sodium borohydride to form 3.beta.-hydroxy-17.beta.-trimethylsiloxy-androst-5-ene (XXIII)
d. XXIII is reacted with p-toluene sulfonyl chloride to form its 3-tosylate (XXIV)
e. XXIV is solvolyzed in aqueous alcohol and undergoes the i-steroid rearrangement to form 17.beta.-trimethylsiloxy-6-hydroxy-3,5-cyclo-androstane (XXV)
f. the 6-hydroxyl of XXV is oxidized to a keto group with chromium oxide to form 17.beta.-trimethylsiloxy-3,5-cycloandrostan-6-one (XXVI)
g. XXVI is converted to the 6-methylene compound XXVII using the Wittig reaction (Stache and Fritsch, Liebig's Annalen 1966, 697, 204)
h. XXVII is hydrolyzed with aqueous PTSA and isomerizes to produce XXVIII
i. reaction of XXVIII with tetrabutylammonium fluoride removes the trimethylsilyl group to form 6-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XXIX)
Other 6.alpha.-alkyl compounds may be made by using the appropriate Wittig reagent in step g.
6. 16.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XXXIV)
a. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)(XXX) is reacted with dihydropyran to form the tetrahydropyranyl ether (XXXI)
b. the 17-keto group is converted to the dimethylhydrazone (XXXII)
c. XXXII is reacted first with butyl lithium and then methyl iodide to introduce the 16.alpha.-methyl group forming XXXIII
d. reaction of XXXIII with cuprous chloride causes cleavage of the hydrazone and also cleaves the ether groups to produce 16.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XXXIV) Other 16.alpha.-alkyl compounds may be made by using the appropriate alkyl iodide instead of methyl iodide in step c.
7. 17.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XXXVII)
a. DHEA (XXX) is reacted with trimethylsilyl chloride to form the trimethylsilyl ether XXXV
b. XXXV is reacted with methyl magnesium iodide to form 17.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.-trimethylsiloxy)-17.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-ene (XXXVI)
c. the trimethylsilyl group of XXXVI is removed with fluoride ion to form 17.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XXXVII)
Other 17.alpha.-alkyl compounds may be made by use of the appropriate alkyl magnesium halide in step b.
8. 7.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XLIII)
a. androsta-4,6-dien-3,17-dione 17 ketal (XXXVIII) is reacted with methyl magnesium bromide in the presence of cuprous chloride to produce 7.alpha.-methylandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione 17 ketal (XXXIX)
b. allylic bromination of XXXIX with N-bromosuccinimide produces 6.beta.-bromo-7.alpha.-methylandrosten-3,17-dione 17 ketal (XL)
c. reduction of XL with lithium aluminum hydride produces the ketal of 36-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (XLI)
d. the ketal group of XLI is removed to form XLII
e. the keto group of XLII is reduced by the Meerwein-Pondorf-Verley reaction to yield 7.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XLIII)
Other 7.alpha.-alkyl compounds may be made by using an appropriate alkyl magnesium halide in step a.
9. 3.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XLVI)
a. 3.beta.-hydroxy-17.beta.-trimethylsiloxy-androst-5-ene (XXIII) is subjected to an Oppenauer oxidation to form the corresponding androst-5-en-3-one (XLIV)
b. XLIV is reacted with methyl magnesium iodide to form 3.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.-hydroxy-17.beta.-trimethylsiloxyandrost-5-ene (XLV)
c. the trimethylsiloxy group is removed with fluoride ion to form 3.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (XLVI)
Other 3.alpha.-alkyl compounds may be prepared by using an appropriate alkyl magnesium halide in step b.
10. 6-halo-3.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-enes (LI, X=Cl, Br, I, or F)
a. testosterone acetate (XLVII) is allylically brominated to the 6-bromo derivative (XLVIII, X=Br) using N-bromosuccinimide in the presence of a free-radical initiator such as uv light, benzoyl peroxide or azobisisobutyonitrile,
or
allylically chlorinated to the 6-chloro derivative (XLVIII, X=Cl) using sulfuryl chloride with a free-radical initiator,
or
allylically iodinated to the 6-iodo derivative (XLVIII, X=I) using mercuric iodide in the presence of uv light
c. the 6-halo compound (XLVIII) is acetylated with acetic anhydride in pyridine to form a 6-halo-3,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrosta-3,5-diene (XLIX)
d. XLIX is reduced with sodium borohydride to form a 6-halo-17.beta.-acetoxy-3-hydroxyandrost-5-ene (L)
e. L is saponified to form the 6-halo-3.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (LI)
The 6-bromo compound (LI, X=Br) may be converted to the 6-fluoro (LI, X=F) functionality by reaction with silver fluoride.
11. 16.alpha.-halo-3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-enes (LV, X=Cl, Br or F)
a. DHEA acetate (LII) is reacted with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide to form a 16.alpha.-halo compound (LIII, X=Cl or Br) (Glazier; J.Org. Chem., 1962, 27, 4397)
b. the keto group of LIII is reduced with sodium borohydride to form 16.alpha.-halo-3.beta.-acetoxy-17.beta.-hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one (LIV, X=Cl or Br)
c. the acetate groups of LIV are hydrolyzed in acid medium to yield (LV, X=Cl or Br)
d. the bromo analog (LV, X=Br) is readily converted to the 16.alpha.-fluoro compound (LV, X=F) by reaction with silver acetate.
When preparing substituted .alpha.AET compounds, in addition to using the generalized processes set out above for making .beta.AED-type compounds, in all cases below where the 7.beta.-hydroxyl group is introduced it is accomplished by oxidizing a .increment..sup.5 -androstene compound with chromium hexacarbonyl/tert-butylhydroperoxide reagent to the 7-keto compound and then reducing the 7-keto group to a 7.beta.-hydroxyl using triisobutylaluminum in pentane or hexane.
Products of each step are recovered by standard methods which are well-understood to those skilled in the art.
12. 3.beta.,7.beta.-dihydroxyandrosten-17-one (CIII)
a. the 17-keto group of DHEA (XXX) is protected by ketalization and the 3-hydroxyl is acetylated to form an acetoxy ketal (CI)
b. a 7.beta.-hydroxyl is introduced into CI as set out above to form the 17 ketal of 3.beta.-acetoxy-7.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one
c. CII is deacetylated and the ketal group is removed to produce 3.beta.,7.beta.-dihydroxyandrosten-17-one (CIII)
13. 7.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (CVIII)
a. the ketal group of the 17 ketal of 3.beta.-acetoxy-7.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (CII above) is removed to form 3.beta.-acetoxy-7.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (CIIa)
b. the keto group of CIIa is reduced with sodium borohydride in pyridine to form 3.beta.-acetoxy-7.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CIV)
c. the 7 and 17 hydroxyls of CIV are blocked with trimethylsilyl groups by reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride to form 3.beta.-acetoxy-7.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androst-5-ene (CV)
d. the 3-acetoxy group of CV is saponified with alcoholic sodium carbonate to form 3.beta.-hydroxy-7.beta.,17.beta.-bis-(trimethylsiloxy)androst-5-ene (CVI)
e. the 3-hydroxyl of CVI is oxidized to a keto group with chromium trioxide (the double bond will move to C.sub.4) to yield 3-keto-7.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androst-4-ene (CVII)
f. the trimethylsilyl groups are removed with tetrabutylammonium fluoride to produce 7.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (CVIII)
14. 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxy-5.alpha.-androstane (CIX)
AET (I) is reduced by hydrogenation over a palladium on charcoal catalyst to yield 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxy-5.alpha.-androstane (CIX)
15. 7.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-l,4-dien-3-one (CXI)
a. 3-keto-7.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androst-4-ene (CVII above) is oxidized with SeO.sub.2 to introduce a double bond at C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 to form 7.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androst-1,4-dien-3-one (CX)
b. the trimethylsilyl groups of CX are removed by reaction with tetrabutylammonium fluoride to produce 7.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3-one (CXI)
16. 3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrosta-5,7-diene (CXIV)
a. a 7.beta.-hydroxyl group is introduced into 3.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrost-5-ene (AED diacetate)(CXII)
b. the 7-hydroxyl is removed by heating a solution of CXIII with PTSA to form a 7,8-double bond forming CXIII
c. CXIII is saponified with alcoholic sodium carbonated to form 3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrosta-5,7-diene (CXIV)
17. 9,10-secoandrosta-5,7,10(19)-triene-3.beta.,17.beta.-diol (CXV)
a solution of 3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrosta-5,7-diene (CXIV above) is irradiated with ultra-violet light (ca 280 nanometers) to form 9,10-secoandrosta-5,7,10(19)-triene-3.beta.,17.beta.-diol (CXV) (analogous to the formation of Vitamin D.sub.3 from 7-dehydrocholesterol)
18. 1.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXIX)
a. 7.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androst-1,4-dien-3-one (CX above) is reacted with N-bromosuccinimide followed by treatment with zinc dust to isomerize the C.sub.4 -C.sub.5 double bond is to form 7.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrosta-1,5-dien-3-one (CXVI)
b. the dienone (CXVI) is reacted with lithiodimethyl cuprate to form 1.alpha.-methyl-7.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxyandrostan-5-en-3-one (CXVII) by a 1,4-addition
c. the 3-keto group of CXVII is reduced with sodium borohydride in pyridine to form 1.alpha.-methyl-7.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxy-3.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXVIII)
d. CXVIII is saponified with alcoholic sodium carbonate to obtain 1.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXIX)
Other 1.alpha.-alkenyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-enes may be made by using appropriate lithiocuprates in step (b)
19. 2.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXXII)
a. 7.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (CVIII above) is reacted at -30.degree. C. with diisopropylaminolithium in tetrahydrofuran to form the 2-lithio salt followed by reaction with methyl iodide to form a mixture of 2.alpha.-methyl-7.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (CXX) and its 2.beta.-isomer
b. a solution of the mixed isomers is heated with sodium methoxide to epimerize the 2.beta.-isomer to CXX
c. CXX is peracetylated by reaction with acetic anhydride in the presence of PTSA to form 2.alpha.-methyl-3,7.beta.,17.beta.-triacetoxyandrosta- 3,5-diene (CXXI)
d. CXXI is reacted first with sodium borohydride in ethanol and then with alcoholic sodium carbonate to produce 2.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXXII) Other 2.alpha.-alkyl compounds may be made by using an appropriate alkyl halide instead of methyl iodide in step a.
20. 4.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXXVII)
a. the hydroxyls of 7.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (CVIII) are converted to trimethylsilyl ether groups by reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride forming CXXIII
b. CXXIII is reacted with potassium butoxide and methyl iodide to form 4-methyl-7.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (CVIII)
c. CXXIV is reacted with N-bromosuccinimide in carbon tetrachloride to form 6.beta.-bromo-4-methyl-7.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androst-4-en-3-one (CXXV)
d. CXXV is reacted with lithium aluminum hydride to remove the bromine and reduce the 3-keto group, the double bond isomerizes to C.sub.5, forming 4.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.-hydroxy-7.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androst-5-ene (CXXVI)
e. the trimethylsilyl groups of CXXVI are removed by reaction with tetrabutylammonium fluoride to form 4.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXXVII) Other 4.alpha.-alkyl derivatives may be prepared by substituting an appropriate alkyl halide for methyl iodide in step b.
21. 6-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXXXIII)
a. the 7.beta.-hydroxyl of the 17 ketal of 3.beta.-acetoxy-7.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (CII above) is converted to the trimethylsilyl ether (CXXVIII) by reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride
b. the 3-hydroxyl of CXXVIII is deacetylated by reaction with sodium carbonate
c. the 3-hydroxyl is reacted with p-toluene sulfonyl chloride to form the 3-tosylate CXXIX
d. on solvolysis the CXXIX undergoes the i-steroid rearrangement to form the 7,17-substituted 6.beta.-hydroxy-3,5-cycloandrostane (CXXX)
e. the 6-hydroxyl of CXXX is oxidized to the ketone CXXXI with chromium oxide
f. the 6-ketone CXXXI is converted to the 6-methylene compound CXXXII by the Wittig reaction (Stache and Fritsch, Liebig's Annalen 1966, 697, 204)
g. the 6-methylene-3,5-cycloandrostane compound CXXXII is hydrolyzed and isomerized with aqueous PTSA to produce 6-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXXXIII)
Other 6-alkyl derivatives may be made by using the appropriate Wittig reagent in step f.
22. 16.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXXXVI)
a. 3.beta.,7.beta.-dihydroxyandrosten-17-one (CIII) is reacted with dihydropyran to form the 3,7-ditetrahydropyranyl ether CXXXIV
b. the 17-keto group of CXXXIV is converted to its dimethylhydrazone by reaction with dimethylhydrazine
c. the dimethylhydrazone CXXXV is reacted first with butyl lithium and then methyl iodide to introduce the 16.alpha.-methyl group
d. cleavage of the hydrazone with cuprous chloride also cleaves the dihydropyranyl ether groups to produce 16.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXXXVI)
Other 16.alpha.-alkyl compounds may be made by using an appropriate alkyl halide in step c.
23. 17.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXXXIX)
a. 3.beta.,7.beta.-dihydroxyandrosten-17-one (CIII above) is acetylated with acetic anhydride to form the 3.beta.,7.beta.-diacetate (CXXXVII, R=acetyl)or is reacted with trimethylsilyl chloride to form the bis-trimethylsilyl ether (CXXXVII, R=trimethylsilyl)
b. the diacetate (or disilyl ether) CXXXVII is reacted with methyl magnesium iodide to form 17.beta.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.-diacetoxy (CXXXVIII, R=acetyl) or bis-trimethylsiloxy)-17.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXXXVIII, R=trimethylsilyl)
c. the diacetate is saponified (or the trimethylsilyl groups are removed with fluoride ion) to form 17.alpha.-methyl- 3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXXXIX)
Other 17.alpha.-alkyl derivatives may be prepared by using an appropriate alkyl magnesium halide in step b.
24. 7.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXLII)
a. 3.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-7-one (III) is reacted with trimethylsilyl chloride to form the bis-trimethylsilyl ether CXL
b. CXL is reacted with methyl magnesium iodide to form 7.alpha.-methyl-7.beta.-hydroxy-3.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androst-5-ene (CXLI)
c. the trimethylsilyl groups are removed by reaction of CXLI with tetrabutylammonium fluoride to form 7.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXLII)
Other 7.alpha.-alkyl derivatives may be prepared by using an appropriate alkyl magnesium halide in step b.
25. 3.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXLV)
a. 3.beta.-hydroxy-7.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androst-5-ene (CVI above) is subjected to an Oppenauer oxidation to form 7.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androst-5-en-3-one (CXLIII)
b. the androstenone CXLIII is reacted with methyl magnesium iodide to form 3.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.-hydroxy-7.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androst-5-ene (CXLIV)
c. the trimethylsiloxy groups are removed from CXLIV by reaction with tetrabutylammonium fluoride to form 3.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXLV)
Other 3.alpha.-alkyl derivatives may be made by using an appropriate alkyl magnesium halide in step b.
26. 6-halo-3.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-enes (CLI, X=Cl, Br, I or F)
a. 7.beta.,17.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (CVIII) is converted to the 7.beta.,17.beta.-diacetate (CXLVI) by reaction with acetic anhydride
b. the enone CXLVI is allylically brominated to the 6-bromo derivative (CXLVII, X=Br) using N-bromosuccinimide in the presence of a free-radical initiator such as uv light, benzoyl peroxide or azobisisobutyronitrile,
or
allylically chlorinated to 6-chloro derivative (CXLVII, X=Cl) using sulfuryl chloride with a free-radical initiator,
or
allylically iodinated to the 6-iodo compound (CXLVII X=I) using mercuric iodide in the presence of uv light
c. the 6-halo compound is acetylated with acetic anhydride to the 6-halo-3-acetoxy-7.beta.,17.beta.-bis(trimethylsiloxy)androsta-3,5-diene (CXLIX, R=Cl, Br or I)
d. reduction of the diene CXLIX with sodium borohydride forms the 6-halo-7.beta.,17.beta.-diacetoxy-3-hydroxyandrost-5-ene (CXL, R=Cl, Br or I)
e. CL is saponified by reaction with alcoholic sodium carbonate to form 6-halo-3.alpha.-methyl-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CLI, X=Cl, Br, I or F)
The 6-bromo compound (CLI, X=Br) may be converted to the 6-fluoro functionality by reaction with silver fluoride.
27. 16.alpha.-halo-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-enes (CLV, X=Cl, Br or F)
a. 3.beta.,7.beta.-dihydroxyandrosten-17-one (CIII) is reacted with acetic anhydride to form the diacetate (CLII)
b. CLII is reacted with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide to form a 16.alpha.-halo compound (CLIII, X=Cl or Br) (Glazier; J.Org. Chem., 1962, 27, 4397)
c. the keto group of CLIII is reduced with sodium borohydride to form 16.alpha.-halo-3.beta.,7.beta.-diacetoxy-17.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-ene (CLIV, X=Cl or Br)
d. the acetate groups of CLIV are hydrolyzed in acid medium to yield the 16.alpha.-halo-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CLV, X=Cl or Br)
e. the bromo analog of CLV is readily converted to the 16.alpha.-fluoro compound (CLV, R=F) by reaction with silver acetate.
28. 1.alpha.,3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-tetrahydroxyandrost-5-ene (CLX)
a. DHEA (XXX) is fermented with penicillium aspergillus by the method of Dodson et al., JACS, 1957, 79, 3921 and 1960,82, 4026 to form 1.alpha.,3.beta.-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (CLVI)
b. the keto group of CLVI is reduced to hydroxyl with sodium borohydride to form 1.alpha.,3.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CLVII)
c. the hydroxyl groups of CLVII are acetylated with acetic anhydride to form 1.alpha.,3.beta.,17.beta.-triacetoxyandrost-5-ene (CLVIII)
d. the 7.beta.-hydroxyl group is introduced by the standard method to form 1.alpha.,3.beta.,17.beta.-triacetoxy-7.beta.-hydroxyandrost-5-ene (CLIX)
e. the acetate groups of CLIX are saponified with sodium carbonate to yield 1.alpha.,3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-tetrahydroxyandrost-5-ene (CLX)
29. 3.beta.,7.beta.,16.alpha.,17.beta.-tetrahydroxyandrost-5-ene (CLXI)
16.alpha.-bromo-3.beta.,7.beta.,17.beta.-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene (CLIII, X=Br) is reacted with sodium hydroxide in dimethylformamide to form 3.beta.,7.beta.,16.alpha.,17.beta.-tetrahydroxyandrost-5-ene (CLXI)
Esters and ethers of the above compounds may also be evaluated by the methods of the present invention as substitutes for .beta.AED or .beta.AET. Doubly (or more) substituted .beta.AED and .beta.AET derivatives for such applications may be made by performing appropriate combinations of the above syntheses.
EXPERIMENTAL
Cultures of spleen cells used for testing properties of the products of the invention were prepared according to the following procedure:
Lymphocytes were harvested from spleens of BALB/c mice. The lymphocytes were set at a concentration of 5.0.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml in RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 200 .mu.M L-glutamine, 20 mM Hepes, 2.5 U/ml penicillin, 2.5 .mu.g/ml streptomycin, and 5.0.times.10.sup.-5 M 2-mercaptoethanol. The active agents in amounts designated in the table were added to cultures of the cells in standard 96-well plates in the RPMI 1640 media in 100 .mu.l samples in triplicate. The steroids were dissolved in a 50:50 mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol before addition to the cultures. Because the 50:50 DMSO-ethanol mixture used to dissolve the steroids has a suppressive effect on cell proliferation, all results were compared to standard cultures containing 0.2% of the solvent mixture.

Example 1: Effects of Added .beta.AED, .beta.AET and Hydrocortisone on Proliferation in the Absence of a Mitogen
A series of tests was run in triplicate using BALB/c spleen cells to demonstrate the effect of the products of the invention and hydrocortisone ("Hycort") on cellular proliferation in the absence of a mitogen. Cultures of spleen cells were prepared by the procedure outlined above and steroids were added as shown in Table 1. Twenty four hours after setup, 50 .mu.Ci [.sup.3 H]-thymidine was added to each cell. Four to six hours later, the cells were harvested and counted on a scintillation counter. The results are set forth in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________MITOGEN INDUCED BALB/CSPLEEN CELL PROLIFERATION: EFFECTSOF BAET, BAED, AND HYDROCORTISONE Average St.Steroid count Dev.______________________________________none, no solvent 2800 200none, 0.2% DMSO:EtOH 2500 200AET 5.0 .mu.M 2900 1000AET 0.5 .mu.M 6000 500AED 5.0 .mu.M 4900 1300AED 0.5 .mu.M 4100 600 Hycort 5.0 .mu.M 3000 2300 Hycort 0.5 .mu.M 4900 1200AET 5.0 .mu.M Hycort 5.0 .mu.M 3400 1500AET 0.5 .mu.M Hycort 5.0 .mu.M 2800 1300AED 5.0 .mu.M Hycort 5.0 .mu.M 1800 500AED 0.5 .mu.M Hycort 5.0 .mu.M 2000 700AET 5.0 .mu.M Hycort 0.5 .mu.M 1500 500AET 0.5 .mu.M Hycort 0.5 .mu.M 2200 300AED 5.0 .mu.M Hycort 0.5 .mu.M 2200 1500AED 0.5 .mu.M Hycort 0.5 .mu.M 4300 2300______________________________________
The solvent-containing control averaged about 2800.+-.200 counts while the cultures to which steroids had been added ranged from a low of about 1500.+-.500 to about 6000.+-.500 counts. These results do not allow making a determination that there was a significant effect on proliferation from the addition of the steroids to the cultures. Therefore it was concluded that .beta.AED, .beta.AET and corticosteroids have little effect on cellular proliferation in the absence of the stimulus created by mitogens and/or mitogens.
Experiment 2: Effects of Added .beta.AED and Hydrocortisone on Proliferation in the Presence of a Mitogen
Another series of cultures was run adding .beta.AED and/or hydrocortisone to cultures to which concanavalin A had been added in a manner similar to those of Example 1. Preliminary tests on cultures to which concanavalin A had been added at concentrations of 10.0, 5.0, 2.5 and 1.0 .mu.g/ml showed that proliferation of cultures was most sensitive to the effect of added hydrocortisone when the concanavalin A concentration was 2.5 .mu.g/ml, so all tests on the effects of .beta.AED on cultures stimulated with concanavalin A were performed with concanavalin A at 2.5 .mu.g/ml. The results are set forth in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________Influence of BAED and Hydrocortisoneon Spleen Cell Cultures from BALB/c MiceStimulated with 2.5 .mu.g/ml Concanavalin A Hycort Average %AED Concen- count Standard ReductionConcentration tration (3 samples) Deviation of Control______________________________________0.2% 424,000 14,000 --DMSO:EtOH5.0 .mu.M -- 373,000 18,000 121.0 .mu.M -- 430,000 31,000 incr. 20.5 .mu.M -- 426,000 21,000 incr. 10.1 .mu.M -- 469,000 29,000 incr. 110.05 .mu.M -- 448,000 23,000 incr. 6-- 5.0 .mu.M 216,000 26,000 49-- 1.0 .mu.M 250,000 13,000 41-- 0.5 .mu.M 251,000 15,000 41-- 0.1 .mu.M 262,000 22,000 38-- 0.05 .mu.M 361,000 11,000 155.0 .mu.M 1.0 .mu.M 191,000 21,000 551.0 .mu.M 1.0 .mu.M 230,000 16,000 460.5 .mu.M 1.0 .mu.M 201,000 15,000 530.1 .mu.M 1.0 .mu.M 228,000 6,000 540.05 .mu.M 1.0 .mu.M 238,000 18,000 445.0 .mu.M 0.1 .mu.M 354,000 26,000 161.0 .mu.M 0.1 .mu.M 319,000 10,000 250.5 .mu.M 0.1 .mu.M 328,000 27,000 230.1 .mu.M 0.1 .mu.M 347,000 38,000 180.05 .mu.M 0.1 .mu.M 365,000 44,000 14______________________________________
A comparison of these results with those of Table 1 shows that addition of a mitogen such as ConA increases proliferation by nearly two orders of magnitude. It can be seen that .beta.AED slightly enhanced the proliferative response of spleen cells to ConA, but it did not significantly counteract the depressive effect of 1.0 .mu.M hydrocortisone on proliferation. Although .beta.AED counteracted the effect of 0.1 .mu.M hydrocortisone, the effect was limited in magnitude, since proliferation did not attain the control level.
Example 3: Effects of Added .beta.AET and Hydrocortisone on Proliferation in the Presence of a Mitogen
Another series of cultures was run in which .beta.AET and/or hydrocortisone was added to cultures similar to those of Example but to which 2.5 .mu.g/ml concanavalin A had been added. The results are set forth in Table 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________Influence of BAED and Hydrocortisoneon Spleen Cell Cultures from BALB/c MiceStimulated with 2.5 .mu.g/ml Concanavalin A Hycort Average %AET Concen- count Standard ReductionConcentration tration (3 samples) Deviation of Control______________________________________5.0 .mu.M -- 502,000 22,000 incr. 501.0 .mu.M -- 572,000 23,000 incr. 710.5 .mu.M -- 523,000 29,000 incr. 560.1 .mu.M -- 486,000 23,000 incr. 450.05 .mu.M -- 541,000 29,000 incr. 620.01 .mu.M -- 553,000 35,000 incr. 65-- 5.0 .mu.M 230,000 9,000 31-- 1.0 .mu.M 222,000 21,000 34-- 0.5 .mu.M 221,000 22,000 34-- 0.1 .mu.M 228,000 19,000 32-- 0.05 .mu.M 411,000 24,000 incr. 235.0 .mu.M 1.0 .mu.M 547,000 51,000 incr. 631.0 .mu.M 1.0 .mu.M 219,000 24,000 350.5 .mu.M 1.0 .mu.M 242,000 10,000 280.1 .mu.M 1.0 .mu.M 223,000 17,000 340.05 .mu.M 1.0 .mu.M 226,000 19,000 330.01 .mu. M 1.0 .mu.M 224,000 8,000 331.0 .mu.M 0.1 .mu.M 405,000 42,000 incr. 210.5 .mu.M 0.1 .mu.M 439,000 23,000 incr. 310.1 .mu.M 0.1 .mu.M 408,000 22,000 incr. 220.05 .mu.M 0.1 .mu.M 419,000 31,000 incr. 250.2% 335,000 22,000 --DMSO:EtOH______________________________________
It can be seen that .beta.AET markedly enhanced the proliferative response of spleen cells to ConA. In the presence of 1.0 .mu.M hydrocortisone a relatively high dose (5.0 .mu.M) of .beta.AET was required to counteract the depressive effect of the hydrocortisone, while lower doses of .beta.AED showed no significant effect. When 0.1 .mu.M hydrocortisone was present .beta.AET completely counteracted the depressive effect of the hydrocortisone, and mediated an increase to above the control level.
Example 4: Effect of .beta.AED and .beta.AET on IL-3 production
A series of experiments was done to determine whether .beta.AED and .beta.AET would cause a change in the level of the cytokine IL-3. The cultures were prepared in accordance with the general method set out above. After 30 hours the level of IL-3 in the supernatants of the cultures was measured using the IL-3 ELISA kit manufactured by EndoGen Inc., Boston, Mass. The findings are shown in Tables 4 and 5 below.
TABLE 4______________________________________EFFECT OF BAED AND BAET ONTHE PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN-3IN THE PRESENCE OF 5.0 .mu.g/ml ConA IL-3AED/AET Hydrocortisone pg/ml______________________________________0.2% 168DMSO:EtOHAED 5.0 .mu.M 184AED 0.5 .mu.M 180AET 5.0 .mu.M 207AET 0.5 .mu.M 279 0.5 .mu.M 51AED 5.0 .mu.M 0.5 .mu.M 210AED 0.5 .mu.M 0.5 .mu.M 42AET 5.0 .mu.M 0.5 .mu.M 118AET 0.5 .mu.M 0.5 .mu.M 102______________________________________
TABLE 5______________________________________EFFECT OF BAED ANDBAET ON INTERLEUKIN-3PRODUCTION IN THE ABSENCE OF ConA IL-3AED/AET Hydrocortisone pg/ml______________________________________0.2% 30DMSO:EtOHAED 5.0 .mu.M 19AET 5.0 .mu.M 62AET 0.5 .mu.M 100 0.5 .mu.M 1.2AED 5.0 .mu.M 0.5 .mu.M 36AET 5.0 .mu.M 0.5 .mu.M 59AET 0.5 .mu.M 0.5 .mu.M 76______________________________________
The results clearly show that .beta.AET caused increased secretion of IL-3 both in the presence and in the absence of concanavalin-A. Further, they show that hydrocortisone suppressed the production of IL-3 and that .beta.AET counteracted the immunosuppressive effect of hydrocortisone to an extent that brought the level of IL-3 production to nearly the same level as that found in cultures to which no hydrocortisone had been added. Equally interesting was the increase in the level of IL-3 production to higher than normal levels in the cultures to which hydrocortisone had not been added. Hence, it can be said that .beta.AET not only is useful for counteracting the effect of lowering IL-3 levels brought on by corticosteroid therapy, but also that increased production of IL-3 by cells can be induced in cultures by the addition of .beta.AET.
The IL-3 expressed by a culture may be recovered from the media containing IL-3 by known methods such as single or sequential reverse-phase HPLC steps on a preparative HPLC column. (See Urdal, et al., J. Chromatog. 296:171 (1984) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,450).
Example 5:
Capsules of a formulation of .beta.AED and dexamethasone for oral administration are prepared containing 15 mg .beta.AED, 5 mg dexamethasone, 150 mg starch, and 5 mg magnesium stearate. The capsules are administered daily or twice a day to achieve a daily dosage of 15 mg and 5 mg dexamethasone per day.
Example 6:
A preparation for application to the skin or mucosa may he prepared in the following manner:
______________________________________Ingredient % w/w______________________________________AED 0.5%triamcinolone 0.5%glyceryl monostearate 3.0%propylene glycol 13.0%Petrolatum 83.0%______________________________________
When .beta.AED or .beta.AET or their analogues are administered orally, the active agents may be utilized more efficiently if the active agents are protected from destruction and absorption in the upper gastro-intestinal tract. The active agents are most effective when the period of exposure to the mucosa of the intestinal tract is increased. Hence use of capsules containing the active agents in formulations that effect slow release in the intestine are appropriate for treatment of intestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease and colitis. Use of retention enemas for treatment of inflammation of the large bowel is also appropriate.
Example 7:
A formulation for administration as a retention enema may be formulated in the following manner:
______________________________________Ingredient w/w %______________________________________.beta.AET 0.05%desoximetasone 0.05%Propylene glycol 99%______________________________________
When the active agent is administered to the mucosa of the oral cavity, it may be administered as a spray for use in the oral-pharyngeal cavity and the nasal cavities.
Example 8:
C57BL/6J mice infected with a single dose of CB4 (9.times.10.sup.6) and treated with .beta.AED plus hydrocortisone or .beta.AED alone. The dosage of .beta.AED was 1 mg .beta.AED in DMSO:ETOH 1:1. The dosage of hydrocortisone was 2 mg administered as a 1% saline solution. Groups of six mice were given the following:
(A) .beta.AED and hydrocortisone (AED/HC) given concurrently with the virus at the same site.
(B) .beta.AED/HC given concurrently with the virus, but at a different site.
(C) .beta.AED/HC given four hours after administration of virus.
(D) .beta.AED only given concurrently with virus at the same site.
The results were as follows:
______________________________________Method Mortality Results______________________________________A 1/6B 6/6C 6/6D 6/6______________________________________
It can be seen that treatment of the mice concurrently with the infection with a mixture of .beta.AED and hydrocortisone afforded greater protection than did the use of .beta.AED alone.

Compositions containing corticosteroids or analogues thereof and corticosteroid buffering effective amounts of 5-androstene 3B, 17B or 5-androstene 3B, 7B, 17B triol or analogues thereof

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