Patent Application
20220000803
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic and wild pigs, which is responsible for serious economic and production losses. ASF resembles classical swine fever (CSF) (hog cholera) so closely that laboratory tests are required to differentiate them. ASF is caused by a unique virus of the Asfarviridae family, and which only infects domestic and wild pigs and a variety of soft-bodied ticks of the genus Ornithodoros. The ticks transmit it through all stages of their life cycle and perpetuate the disease. ASF is currently present in wild and/or domestic pigs in the regions of China, Asia, Europe, and Africa.
Pigs and their close relatives, boars and hogs, are the only natural host of the ASF virus, meaning that the virus does not harm humans or other animals. Contamination generally occurs via direct contact with tissue and bodily fluids from infected or carrier pigs. It also spreads through transport and consumption of contaminated food products, and some cases have originated from failure to comply with biosecurity standards by feeding waste food to domestic pigs.
ASF can affect pigs of any age. Clinical signs and mortality rates can vary according to the virulence of the virus and the type/species of pig. Acute forms of ASF are characterized by high fever, depression, anorexia and loss of appetite, hemorrhages in the skin (redness of skin on ears, abdomen and legs), abortion in pregnant sows, cyanosis, vomiting, diarrhea and death within 6-13 days. The mortality rates of pigs acutely infected with ASF may be as high as 100%. Subacute and chronic forms of ASF produce less intense clinical signs that may be expressed for longer periods of time, but with mortality rates still ranging from 30-70%.
ASF has not yet reached or been reported in pigs in the United States. As there is currently no vaccine or treatment for the prevention and control of ASF, the prevention of ASF in countries free of the disease depends on implementation of appropriate import policies and biosecurity measures, ensuring that neither infected live pigs nor pork products are introduced into areas free of ASF. This includes ensuring proper disposal of waste food from aircraft, ships or vehicles coming from affected countries and policing illegal imports of live pigs and pork products from affected countries. However, during outbreaks of ASF in affected countries, the control of ASF can be very difficult.
There is therefore a need in the industry for an effective means of identifying, preventing, and treating ASF.
The present invention relates to the use of formaldehyde in combination with an organic acid that can strongly inhibit viricidal activity of African swine fever (ASF) when applied to animal feed or in drinking water. The inventors have determined hypothesized that the unique combination of formaldehyde in conjunction with an organic acid disrupts the viral envelope of the ASF virus (ASFV), resulting in successful killing of the virus while also keeping the feed virus-free for at least seven days, and thus potentially reducing infection in the animal via feed and water as vectors.
The invention relates to the use of formaldehyde in combination with an organic acid for treatment of animal feed to lower the incidence and/or prevent African swine fever (ASF) via feed and water as vectors. When used on animal feed and or drinking water, the unique combination of formaldehyde and organic acid results in both viral hemolysis as well as a decrease of ASF viral load. When only a combination of organic acids is used, only a decrease of ASF viral load is observed.
The present invention may be used to reduce any type or form of African swine fever (ASF) disease in swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), a large double stranded DNA virus in the Asfarviridae family, via feed and water as vectors
According to at least one embodiment of the invention, pigs or other swine are provided through their food or water source a composition containing one or more forms of formaldehyde and organic acid. As used herein, the term “formaldehyde” is intended to include any form of formaldehyde including, but not limited to, the hydrate methanediol that is formed when formaldehyde is dissolved in water, as well as derivatives thereof, such as the linear polymer paraformaldehyde and the cyclic trimer metaformaldehyde (1,3,5-trioxane), as well as urea formaldehyde
The formaldehyde is combined with at least one organic acid which acts as an antimicrobial and enables the reduction of virus by the formaldehyde and other ingredients. Any organic acid will work for this purpose so long as it is safe for ingestion and compatible with the formaldehyde and other ingredients used in the formulation. Suitable organic acids for this purpose include small to medium chain organic acids that include fatty, volatile fatty, lipophilic, weak, or carboxylic acids, as well as derivatives thereof. These include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, and benzoic acid. According to at least one embodiment of the present invention, propionic acid and or formic are preferred organic acids.
In addition to formaldehyde and at least one organic acid, one or more emulsifiers/surfactants may also be applied to the feed. Suitable emulsifiers for this purpose include, but are not limited to, soya lecithin, glycerin monostearate, potassium stearate, calcium stearoyl lactylate (CSL), DATEM, glyceryl monostearate, mono propylene glycol, SPAN 80, sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL), Tween, sodium stearate, glycerol triacetate, sugar esters, non-dairy creamer, calcium stearate, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), lecithin, mono and diglycerides, monoglyceride derivatives, polyglycerol esters (PGE), propylene glycol esters (PGMS), sucrose esters, and sorbitan esters and polysorbates. Preferred emulsifiers for this purpose include Tween 80 and propylene glycol. If included, the emulsifier(s) should be added to the feed in an amount of from about 0.001-10.0% by weight.
The feed compositions of the invention should preferably include at least about 40 kgs of formaldehyde/metric ton of feed, at least about 10 kgs of organic acid/metric ton of feed and, if included, at least about 6 kgs of emulsifier/metric ton of feed.
In one embodiment of the invention, the composition includes the commercial formulation Sal CURB® RM E Liquid which contains about 33% formaldehyde and 10% propionic acid in a solution of coloring agents, with a pH of 4.6-5.6, and having a typical application of 2.0-2.5 kg/T of feed. In another embodiment, the composition includes the commercial formulation Sal CURB® F2 Dry, which contains about 4% formaldehyde, about 53% formic, 12% propionic acid, 4% Tween 80, 3% propylene glycol, and pinene alpha (0.35%) and thymol (0.15%) as flavors. In another embodiment, the composition includes the commercial formulation Sal CURB® K2 Liquid, which contains about 55% formic, 15% anhydrous ammonia, 10% propionic acid, 10 lactic acid, 1% Tween 80, and 1% BHA.
The compositions of the invention may optionally include other ingredients, such as antioxidants, so long as the other ingredients are compatible with the formaldehyde and organic acid. Antioxidants are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, selenium, manganese, zeaxanthin, flavonoids, flavones, catechins, polyphenols, and phytoestrogens. In one embodiment, the composition includes butylated hydroxyanisole to prevent oil oxidation.
The compositions of the invention can further include other ingredients or compounds that may be beneficial for pigs including, but not limited to, carbohydrate, protein, fat and oil, vitamins, minerals, probiotics, medicines, flavors, colors, etc. The compositions may also be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that may include one or more carriers or excipients, such as fillers, diluents, binders, lubricants, and disintegrants. Such ingredients and their relative amounts to be included are well known to persons skilled in the art.
While the compositions of the invention are described in particular for administration in the animal's feed, the compositions may likewise be administered in the animal's water source.
According to at least one embodiment, the ingredients of the formulation may be combined by simply mixing at room temperature (25-30° C.) with or without agitation. The ingredients of the invention can either be mixed sequentially or can be added all at once to achieve the unique composition of the invention. In preferred embodiments the ingredients are mixed with agitation to improve miscibility. The composition can in turn be simply combined with the animal feed prior to administration to the animals. Animal feed formulations may be provided to the animals through any convention means well known to persons skilled in the art, include but not limited to top-dress, mixed in by hand, pelleted, mixed with crumbles, etc.
Once combined with the animal feed, the composition of the invention is preferably provided to the animals ad libitum, and preferably for a time period of 7 days or more and optimally through the various feeding periods (nursery, grower, finisher, gestation, lactation, farrowing) of the swine.
The following examples are offered to illustrate but not limit the invention. Thus, it is presented with the understanding that various formulation modifications as well as method of delivery modifications may be made and still are within the spirit of the invention.
I. Information of ASF Strain Used in this Study
1.1. HAD test: Positive
1.2. Real-time PCR: Positive (
1.3. Sequencing analysis (Based on genotyping primer p72 U/D—OIE protocol): Positive. Nam Dinh and Ha Nam belong to genotype II (
1.4. HAD50:
Ha Nam isolate was selected for Examination of Kemin (Sal Curb) Products inhibiting viricidal activity. This isolate is genotype II.
At the different sampling time points (i.e. DPC), process the samples for virus isolation.
No 1. positive control treated with Sal CURB RM E Liquid
No 2. positive control treated with Sal CURB F2 Dry
No3. positive control treated with Sal CURB K2 liquid
No 4. Negative control (No ASFV added, only feed)
No 5. Positive control: complete feed containing 1×105 (HAD50) of ASFV
I. Information of ASF Strain Used in this Study
Samples were collected at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 12 h and 24 h after ASFV exposure and DNA extraction were performed immediately. DNA were stored at −20 for evaluation by real-time PCR.
Real-time PCR using OIE protocol
It should be appreciated that minor dosage and formulation modifications of the composition and the ranges expressed herein may be made and still come within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
Having described the invention with reference to particular compositions, theories of effectiveness, and the like, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that it is not intended that the invention be limited by such illustrative embodiments or mechanisms, and that modifications can be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention, as defined by the appended claims. It is intended that all such obvious modifications and variations be included within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims. The claims are meant to cover the claimed components and steps in any sequence which is effective to meet the objectives there intended, unless the context specifically indicates to the contrary.
The foregoing description has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be an exhaustive list or limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. It is contemplated that other alternative processes and methods obvious to those skilled in the art are considered included in the invention. The description is merely examples of embodiments. It is understood that any other modifications, substitutions, and/or additions may be made, which are within the intended spirit and scope of the disclosure. From the foregoing, it can be seen that the exemplary aspects of the disclosure accomplishes at least all of the intended objectives.
This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/870,560, filed Jul. 3, 2019, entitled “COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING FORMALDEHYDE AND ORGANIC ACID FOR PREVENTION OF AFRICAN SWINE FEVER,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
