Compositions for improving lipid content in the blood

Abstract

The present invention relates to compositions for lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood and methods of using the compositions. The compositions are a mixture of pravastatin and one or more vitamins selected from riboflavins, d-α-tocopherols, ascorbic acids and inositol hexanicotinate.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to compositions for lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood, said compositions comprising pravastatin and one or more vitamins selected from the group consisting of riboflavins, d-α-tocopherols, ascorbic acids and inositol hexanicotinate.

[0003] Pravastatin exhibits activity in lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood due to HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in vivo. In addition, it is known that each of riboflavins, d-α-tocopherols, ascorbic acids and inositol hexanicotinate themselves have activity in lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood. Furthermore, it is also known that the total amount of cholesterol in the blood can be kept at a low level and the amount of d-α-tocopherols and ascorbic acid in the body is decreased by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and this can be supplemented by the combination of an HMG-COA reductase inhibitor and a d-α-tocopherol or an ascorbic acid (Japanese Patent Application Publication (Kohyo) No. Hei 8-505853).

[0004] However it has not previously been disclosed that the total amount of cholesterol in the blood is synergistically lowered by a combination of pravastatin and a riboflavin, d-α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid or inositol hexanicotinate. Pravastatin is a safe pharmaceutical agent, but it is administered for a long period. Therefore it has been required that lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood could be accomplished with a lower administered amount of pravastatin.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The inventors of this invention have made a great effort to study compositions for lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood and found that lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood can be accomplished by a combination of pravastatin and a certain vitamin(s), even though a lower amount of pravastatin than that usually used before is administered.

[0006] The present invention is a composition for lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood, said composition comprising pravastatin and one or more vitamins selected from the group consisting of riboflavins, d-α-tocopherols, ascorbic acids and inositol hexanicotinate. Preferably, said composition comprises a combination of pravastatin and one or more vitamins selected from the group consisting of riboflavin tetrabutyrate, d-α-tocopherol butyrate, ascorbic acid and inositol hexanicotinate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Pravastatin (compound name: (+)-(3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-[(1S,2S,6S, 8S,8aR)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-[(S)-2-methylbutyryloxy]-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1-naphthyl]heptane) includes the compound of the following formula and a salt (particularly sodium salt) thereof; and is prepared according to the description of the specification of Japanese Patent Application Publication No. Sho 57-2240 and is commercially available. 1

[0008] Riboflavins refer to riboflavin itself and esters of riboflavin such as riboflavin tetrabutyrate.

[0009] Tocopherols refer to tocopherol itself (racemic form and optically active form) and esters of tocopherol such as tocopherol butyrate (racemic form and optically active form).

[0010] Ascorbic acids refer to ascorbic acid itself, salts of ascorbic acid such as the sodium salt of ascorbic acid and esters of ascorbic acid such as the stearate of ascorbic acid.

[0011] Inositol hexanicotinate refers to the ester of inositol wherein six hydroxyl groups are esterifed with nicotinic acid.

[0012] The total amount of cholesterol in the blood refers to the total amount of cholesterol and esters of cholesterol existing in the blood.

[0013] “Lowering” of the total amount of cholesterol in the blood means lowering to a

[0014] clinically significant degree.

[0015] The solid dosage form of the composition for improving lipid content in the blood of this invention usually contains 0.01 to 5 wt % (preferably 0.05 to 3 wt %) of pravastatin; 0.002 to 40 wt % (preferably 0.01 to 20 wt %) of riboflavins; 0.05 tc 50 wt % (preferably 0.5 to 25 wt %) of ascorbic acids; 0.002 to 40 wt % (preferably 0.02 to 20 wt %) of tocopherols and 0.05 to 50 wt % (preferably 0.5 to 25 wt %) of inositol hexanicotinate.

[0016] The liquid dosage form of the composition for lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood of this invention usually contains 0.01 to 10 mg/ml (preferably 0.05 to 5 mg/ml) of pravastatin; 0.05 to 5 mg/ml (preferably 0.1 to 3 mg/ml) of riboflavins; 1 to 10 mg/ml (preferably 3 to 7 mg/ml) of ascorbic acids; 0.5 to 5 mg/ml (preferably 1.5 to 3 mg/ml) of tocopherols; and 1 to 40 mg/ml (preferably 2 to 20 mg/ml) of inositol hexanicotinate.

[0017] An exemplary dosage form of the composition of this invention for lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood includes, for example, a tablet, a fine granule (including a powder), a capsule or a liquid dosage form. Each dosage form can be prepared by using an appropriate additive(s) and an active ingredient(s) according to a conventional procedure described in literature such as the Pharmacopeia of Japan.

[0018] In the dosage forms described above, various additives usually used can be employed depending on each dosage form.

[0019] For example, in the case of tablets, lactose, crystalline cellulose or the like can be used as an excipient; magnesium aluminometasilicate or the like can be used as a stabilizing agent; hydroxypropylcellulose or the like can be used as a binding agent; and magnesium stearate or the like can be used as a lubricating agent.

[0020] In the case of fine granules or capsules, lactose, purified sucrose or the like can be used as an excipient; magnesium aluminometasilicate or the like can be used as a stabilizing agent; corn starch or the like can be used an absorbing agent; and hydroxypropylcellulose, polysorbate or the like can be used as a binding agent.

[0021] In the case of liquid dosage forms, D-sorbitol solution, honey or the like can be used as a sweetening agent; dl-malic acid or the like can be used as a corrigent; disodium edatate or the like can be used a stabilizing agent; ethanol or the like can be used as a solubility-adjuvant agent; and polyoxyethylene stearate and hydrogenated castor oil 60 can be used as a solubilizing agent.

[0022] In each dosage form described hereinbefore, if necessary, a disintegrating agent such as crospovidone or the like; an absorbing agent such as calcium silicate or the like; a coloring agent such as iron sesquioxide, caramel or the like; a pH-adjusting agent such as sodium benzoate or the like and a flavoring agent can be added.

EXAMPLES

[0023] Throughout the Tables the following abbreviations are used with the following meanings.

[0024] ribo.: riboflavin, asco.: ascorbic acid, toco.: tocopherol

[0025] inos.: inositol hexanicotinate,

[0026] asco.+toco.: ascorbic acid and tocopherol

[0027] a.a.: appropriate amount, t.a.: trace amount

Example 1

Tablet

[0028] (1) Ingredients

	TABLE 1
		asco. in
	ribo.	four tablets	toco.
	(680 mg)	(1440 mg)	(840 mg)
pravastatin sodium	20 mg	20 mg	20 mg
riboflavin tetrabutyrate	12 mg	—	—
ascorbic acid	—	500 mg	—
tocopherol succinate	—	—	200 mg
crystalline cellulose	120 mg	12 mg	12 mg
magnesium aluminometasilicate	144 mg	—	—
fatty acid ester of sucrose	—	140 mg	108 mg
Hydroxypropylcellulose	96 mg	48 mg	48 mg
magnesium stearate	24 mg	24 mg	24 mg
crospovidone	100 mg	48 mg	48 mg
Lactose	a.a	a.a	a.a

[0029]

	TABLE 2
	inos.	asco. + toco.
	in four tablets
	(1400 mg)	(1400 mg)
	pravastatin sodium	20 mg	20 mg
	inositol hexanicotinate	500 mg	—
	Ascorbic acid	—	500 mg
	tocopherol succinate	—	200 mg
	crystalline cellulose	12 mg	12 mg
	fatty acid ester of sucrose	140 mg	140 mg
	hydroxypropylcellulose	96 mg	48 mg
	magnesium stearate	24 mg	24 mg
	crospovidone	100 mg	48 mg
	Lactose	a.a	a.a

[0030] (2) Method for Preparation

[0031] Tablets are prepared in a similar procedure to that described in the general rules for preparation in the “tablet” section of the Pharmacopeia of Japan using the ingredients shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Example 2

Fine Granules

[0032] (1) Ingredients

	TABLE 3
	ribo.	asco.	toco.
	in four unit dosages
	(4 g)	(5.2 g)	(4.8 g)
pravastatin sodium	20 mg	20 mg	20 mg
riboflavin tetrabutyrate	12 mg	—	—
ascorbic acid	—	1.0 g	—
tocopherol succinate	—	—	200 mg
purified sucrose	1.4 g	1.6 g	1.4 g
extract from stevia	—	16 mg	—
corn starch	1.2 g	1.2 g	1.2 g
polysorbate-80	80 mg	48 mg	48 mg
magnesium aluminometasilicate	144 mg	—	128 mg
magnesium stearate	24 mg	24 mg	24 mg
Lactose	a.a	a.a	a.a

[0033]

	TABLE 4
	inos.	asco. + toco.
	in four unit dosages
	(5 g)	(5 g)
	pravastatin sodium	20 mg	20 mg
	inositol hexanicotinate	1000 mg	—
	ascorbic acid	—	1000 mg
	tocopherol succinate	—	200 mg
	purified sucrose	1400 mg	1600 mg
	extract from stevia	16 mg	16 mg
	corn starch	1200 mg	1200 mg
	polysorbate-80	80 mg	48 mg
	magnesium aluminometasilicate	144 mg	144 mg
	magnesium stearate	24 mg	24 mg
	lactose	a.a	a.a

[0034] (2) Method for Preparation

[0035] Fine granules are prepared in a similar procedure to that described in the general rules for preparation of the “granule” section of the Pharmacopeia of Japan using the ingredients shown in Tables 3 and 4.

Example 3

Capsules

[0036] (1) Ingredients

	TABLE 5
	ribo.	asco.	toco.
	in 4	in 8	in 4
	capsules	capsules	capsules
pravastatin sodium	20 mg	20 mg	20 mg
riboflavin tetrabutyrate	12 mg	—	—
Ascorbic acid	—	500 mg	—
tocopherol succinate	—	—	200 mg
corn starch	960 mg	960 mg	840 mg
polysorbate-80	80 mg	48 mg	48 mg
magnesium aluminometasilicate	144 mg	—	128 mg
magnesium stearate	24 mg	24 mg	24 mg
Lactose	a.a	a.a	a.a
Subtotal	1520 mg	1940 mg	1580 mg
Capsule	320 mg	640 mg	320 mg
Total	1840 mg	2580 mg	1900 mg

[0037]

	TABLE 6
	inos.	asco. + toco.
	in 8 capsules
	pravastatin sodium	20 mg	20 mg
	inositol hexanicotinate	500 mg	—
	Ascorbic acid	—	500 mg
	tocopherol succinate	—	200 mg
	corn starch	960 mg	960 mg
	polysorbate-80	80 mg	48 mg
	magnesium aluminometasilicate	144 mg	144 mg
	magnesium stearate	24 mg	24 mg
	Lactose	a.a	a.a
	Subtotal	2000 mg	2000 mg
	Capsule	640 mg	640 mg
	Total	2640 mg	2640 mg

[0038] (2) Method for Preparation

[0039] Capsules are prepared in a similar procedure to that described in the general rules for preparation in the “granule” section of the Pharmacopeia of Japan using the ingredients shown in Tables 5 and 6, followed by filling the resulting fine granules into each capsule.

Example 4

Liquid Dosage Forms

[0040] (1) Ingredients

	TABLE 7
	ribo.	asco.	toco.
	in 100 ml
pravastatin sodium	20 mg	20 mg	20 mg
riboflavin sodium phosphate	20 mg	—	—
ascorbic acid	—	500 mg	—
d-α-tocopherol acetate	—	—	50 mg
D-sorbitol solution (70%)	4 g	6 g	4 g
Honey	7 g	8 g	7 g
dl-malic acid	200 mg	—	200 mg
sodium edatate	20 mg	20 mg	20 mg
Ethanol	2 ml	2 ml	2 ml
polyoxyethylene stearate	100 mg	100 mg	100 mg
hydrogenated castor oil 60
sodium benzoate	60 mg	60 mg	60 mg
flavoring agent	t.a.	t.a.	t.a.
purified water	a.a.	a.a.	a.a

[0041]

	TABLE 8
	inos.	asco. + toco.
	in 100 ml
	pravastatin sodium	20 mg	20 mg
	inositol hexanicotinate	500 mg	—
	ascorbic acid	—	500 mg
	d-α-tocopherol acetate	—	50 mg
	D-sorbitol solution (70%)	4 g	6 g
	honey	7 g	8 g
	dl-malic acid	200 mg	200 mg
	sodium edetate	20 mg	20 mg
	ethanol	2 ml	2 ml
	polyoxyethylene stearate	100 mg	100 mg
	hydrogenated castor oil 60
	sodium benzoate	60 mg	60 mg
	flavoring agent	t.a.	t.a.
	purified water	a.a.	a.a.

[0042] (2) Method for Preparation

[0043] Liquid dosage forms are prepared in a similar procedure to that described in the general rules for preparation in the “liquid dosage form” section of the Pharmacopeia of Japan using the ingredients shown in Tables 5 and 6.

Example 5

Evaluation of Serum Lipid Level

[0044] Test Method

[0045] (1) Test Substance

[0046] Pravastatin with a purity of 99.4%, manufactured at Sankyo Co. Ltd., was employed in the study. Riboflavin acetate, d-α-tocopherol acetate, ascorbic acid, and inositol hexanicotinate were purchased from Mitsubishi Tokyo Pharmaceutical Co., Eisai, Nippon Roche K. K., and Shiratori Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., respectively.

[0047] (2) Test Animal

[0048] Male beagle dogs were purchased at 5 months old from Covance Research Products Inc., as the test animals, and were used after quarantine and acclimatization periods of approximately 1 month.

[0049] (3) Dosage Form, Preparation and Storage of the Dosage Form

[0050] The required amounts of pravastatin or each combination drug as calculated based on the body weight of each animal were placed in a gelatin capsule (½-ounce volume) purchased from TORPAC Co. Capsules filled with pravastatin were stored in a cold room and with combination drugs at room temperature until use.

[0051] Combination drugs were put in identical geltin capsules.

[0052] (4) Route of Administration and Administration Period

[0053] Capsules filled with pravastatin or combination drugs were orally administered once daily between 9:00 and 12:30 to the test animals. All test animals were fasted 2-3 hr prior to administration. The administration period was 11 successive days.

[0054] (5) Preparation of Test Samples and Assay Methods

[0055] Approximately 10 ml of blood were collected from the cephalic vein on 14 and 7 days before administration (2 and one week before the drug administration) and 4, 8, and 12 days after administration of the capsules. The animals were fasted for approximate 18 hr prior to blood collection. Collected blood was placed into test tubes and left for 0.5-1 hr at room temperature. The test tubes were then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 min to isolate serum. Levels of total cholesterol and ALP in the serum were determined by the CEH-COD-POD and Bessey-Lowry methods, respectively.

[0056] For quantitative analyses, an automatic analyzer, Monarch (Instrumentation Laboratory), was used.

[0057] Results

[0058] Levels of serum lipids following single or combined administration of pravastatin, riboflavin acetate, d-α-tocopherol acetate, ascorbic acid, and inositol hexanicotinate relative to their average serum levels 2 and one week before administration (100) were calculated. Each value represents the mean value calculated from 5 animals.

[0059] (Effects of Co-Administered Pravastatin and Riboflavin Acetate)

	TABLE 9
	Total Cholesterol Level in Serum
	After Administration
	Test substance (mg/kg)	4 days	8 days	12 days
	Pravastatin alone (2)	93.6	90.0	93.0
	Riboflavin acetate alone (6)	103.9	101.6	100.5
	Pravastatin (2) +	91.4	82.6	85.8
	Riboflavin acetate (6)

[0060]

	TABLE 10
	ALP level (after administration)
	Test substance (mg/kg)	4 days	8 days	12 days
	Pravastatin alone (2)	97.4	96.7	92.2
	Riboflavin acetate alone (6)	98.1	98.8	93.9
	Pravastatin (2) +	90.8	89.1	89.5
	Riboflavin acetate (6)

[0061] (Effects of Co-Administered Pravastatin and d-α-tocopherol Acetate)

TABLE 11
	Total Cholesterol Level in Serum
Test substance	After Administration
(mg/kg)	4 days	8 days	12 days
Pravastatin alone (2)	93.6	90.0	93.0
d-α-tocopherol acetate alone (10)	96.3	92.8	95.9
Pravastatin (2) +	92.8	82.7	79.3
d-α-tocopherol acetate (10)

[0062] (Effects of Co-Administered Pravastatin and Ascorbic Acid)

TABLE 12
	Total Cholesterol Level in Serum
Test substance	After Administration
(mg/kg)	4 days	8 days	12 days
	Pravastatin alone (2)	93.6	90.0	93.0
	Ascorbic acid alone (50)	98.7	98.2	103.4
	Pravastatin (2) +	89.4	84.1	80.9
	Ascorbic acid (50)

[0063] (Effects of Co-Administered Pravastatin and Inositol Hexanicotinate)

TABLE 13
	Total Cholesterol Level in Serum
Test substance	After Administration
(mg/kg)	4 days	8 days	12 days
Pravastatin alone (2)	93.6	90.0	93.0
Inositol hexanicotinate (400)	99.2	99.8	100.0
Pravastatin (2) +	86.5	83.3	81.6
Inositol hexanicotinate (400)

[0064] (Effects of Co-Administered Pravastatin, d-α-tocopherol Acetate, and Ascorbic Acid)

TABLE 14
	Total Cholesterol Level in Serum
Test substance	After Administration
(mg/kg)	4 days	8 days	12 days
Pravastatin alone (2)	93.6	90.0	93.0
d-α-tocopherol acetate alone (10)	97.8	96.4	96.1
Pravastatin (2) +	89.3	87.8	82.4
d-α-tocopherol acetate (10) +
ascorbic acid (50)

[0065] The composition of the present invention comprising a combination of pravastatin and ascorbic acid and/or the like exhibits excellent activity for lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood and is useful as an agent for lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood.

[0066] Although the dose of compounds used according to the invention may widely vary depending on the extent of diseases and age of patients, (e.g. a human patient), the dose of one administration of pravastatin is normally within the range of from 0.01 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, preferably from 0.1 mg/kg, administered once or several times a day depending on the extent of diseases.

[0067] The dose of one administration of riboflavins is normally within the range of from 0.004 mg/kg to 24 mg/kg, preferably from 0.04 mg/kg to 2.4 mg/kg, administered once or several times a day depending on the extent of diseases.

[0068] The dose of one administration of tocopherols is normally within the range of from 0.02 mg/kg to 60 mg/kg, preferably from 0.2 mg/kg to 6 mg/kg, administered once or several times a day depending on the extent of diseases.

[0069] The dose of one administration of ascorbic acids is normally within the range of from 0.1 mg/kg to 400 mg/kg, preferably from 1 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg, administered once or several times a day depending on the extent of diseases.

[0070] The dose of one administration of inositol hexanicotinate is normally within the range of from 0.16 mg/kg to 36 mg/kg, preferably from 1.6 mg/kg to 3.6 mg/kg, administered once or several times a day depending on the extent of diseases.

Claims

1. A composition for lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood, said composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable additive in admixture with pravastatin and one or more vitamins selected from the group consisting of riboflavins, d-α-tocopherols, ascorbic acids and inositol hexanicotinate.

2. A composition according to claim 1 in solid dosage form containing 0.01 to 5 wt % pravastatin and one or more vitamins in the following amounts 0.002 to 40 wt % of riboflavins; 0.05 to 50 wt % of ascorbic acids; 0.002 to 40 wt % of tocopherols and 0.05 to 50 wt % of inositol hexanicotinate.

3. A composition according to claim 2, comprising said riboflavins and wherein said riboflavins are selected from the group consisting of riboflavin and esters thereof.

4. A composition according to claim 3, wherein said riboflavins are riboflavin.

5. A composition according to claim 3, wherein said riboflavins are riboflavin sodium phosphate.

6. A composition according to claim 3, wherein said riboflavins are riboflavin tetrabutyrate.

7. A composition according to claim 2, comprising said d-α-tocopherols wherein said d-α-tocopherols are selected from the group consisting of d-α-tocopherol and esters thereof.

8. A composition according to claim 7, wherein said d-α-tocopherols are d-α-tocopherol acetate.

9. A composition according to claim 7, wherein said d-α-tocopherols are d-α-tocopherol butyrate.

10. A composition according to claim 7, wherein said d-α-tocopherols are d-α-tocopherol succinate.

11. A composition according to claim 2, comprising said ascorbic acids and wherein said ascorbic acids are selected from the group consisting of ascorbic acid, esters of ascorbic acid and salts of ascorbic acid.

12. A composition according to claim 11, wherein said ascorbic acids are ascorbic acid.

13. A composition according to claim 11, wherein said ascorbic acids are stearate of ascorbic acid.

14. A composition according to claim 2, wherein said vitamins are selected from the group consisting of riboflavins, d-α-tocopherols and ascorbic acids.

15. A composition according to claim 1 in liquid dosage form containing 0.01 to 10 mg/ml pravastatin and one or more vitamins in the following amounts 0.05 to 5 mg/ml of riboflavins; 1 to 10 mg/ml of ascorbic acids; 0.05 to 5 mg/ml of tocopherols and 1 to 40 mg/ml of inositol hexanicotinate.

16. A composition according to claim 15, comprising said riboflavins and wherein said riboflavins are selected from the group consisting of riboflavin and esters thereof.

17. A composition according to claim 16, wherein said riboflavins are riboflavin.

18. A composition according to claim 16, wherein said riboflavins are riboflavin sodium phosphate.

19. A composition according to claim 16, wherein said riboflavins are riboflavin tetrabutyrate.

20. A composition according to claim 15, comprising said d-a-tocopherols wherein said d-α-tocopherols are selected from the group consisting of d-α-tocopherol and esters thereof.

21. A composition according to claim 20, wherein said d-α-tocopherols are d-α-tocopherol acetate.

22. A composition according to claim 20, wherein said d-α-tocopherols are d-α-tocopherol butyrate.

23. A composition according to claim 20, wherein said d-α-tocopherols are d-α-tocopherol succinate.

24. A composition according to claim 15, comprising said ascorbic acids and wherein said ascorbic acids are selected from the group consisting of ascorbic acid, esters of ascorbic acid and salts of ascorbic acid.

25. A composition according to claim 24, wherein said ascorbic acids are ascorbic acid.

26. A composition according to claim 24, wherein said ascorbic acids are stearate of ascorbic acid.

27. A composition according to claim 15, wherein said vitamins are selected from the group consisting of riboflavins, d-α-tocopherols and ascorbic acids.

28. A method for lowering the total amount of cholesterol in the blood of a mammal, which may be human, comprising administering to said mammal effective amounts of pravastatin and of one or more vitamins selected from the group consisting of riboflavins, d-α-tocopherols, ascorbic acids and inositol hexanicotinate.

29. A method according to claim 28, wherein said riboflavins are administered and are selected from the group consisting of riboflavin and esters thereof.

30. A method according to claim 29, wherein said riboflavins are selected from the group consisting of riboflavin, riboflavin sodium phosphate, and riboflavin tetrabutyrate

31. A method according to claim 28, wherein said d-α-tocopherols are administered and are selected from the group consisting of d-α-tocopherol and esters thereof.

32. A method according to claim 31, wherein said d-α-tocopherols are selected from the group consisting of d-α-tocopherol acetate, d-α-tocopherol butyrate and d-α-tocopherol succinate.

33. A method according to claim 28, wherein said ascorbic acids are administered and are selected from the group consisting of esters of ascorbic acid and salts of ascorbic acid.

34. A method according to claim 28, wherein said ascorbic acids are administered and are selected from the group consisting of ascorbic acid and the stearate of ascorbic acid.

35. A method according to claim 28, wherein said vitamins are selected from the group consisting of riboflavins, d-α-tocopherols and ascorbic acid.

36. A method according to claim 28, comprising administering pravastatin and riboflavin tetrabutyrate.

37. A method according to claim 28, comprising administering pravastatin and riboflavin sodium phosphate.

38. A method according to claim 28, comprising administering pravastatin and d-α-tocopherol butyrate.

39. A method according to claim 28, comprising administering pravastatin and d-α-tocopherol succinate.

40. A method according to claim 28, comprising administering pravastatin and d-α-tocopherol sodium phosphate.

41. A method according to claim 28, comprising administering pravastatin and ascorbic acid.

42. A method according to claim 28, comprising administering pravastatin and inositol hexanicotinate.