Patent Application
20170258862
The present invention relates to compositions of parts of plants or extracts, their use as dietary food supplements or phytomedicine and a method of preparation of such compositions. Particularly the invention relates to compositions for treatment of age related disorders.
The use of plants for medicinal purposes, and the study of such use have a long history. Plants have been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history, and such traditional medicine is still widely practiced. Plants, parts of plants or extracts of plants are used to treat conditions and diseases. The therapeutic effect is based on the chemical compounds present in the plant. The combination of compounds present in the plant or extract defines the therapeutic effect. In phytomedicine, plant material is processed in a repeatable operation so that a discrete marker constituent is at a verified concentration. The plant material or extract is then considered standardized.
In phytomedicine often a combination of different plants, parts of plants or extracts is used.
An example of a phytomedicine containing different extracts is ADAPT-232. ADAPT-232 is a combination of natural compounds of plant origin, standardized for the content p-hydroxyphenethyl-gluco-pyranoside, and several lignans. It was used in Scandinavia since 1996 as a natural remedy. It has been shown to significantly improving attention and ability to concentrate expressed as a decrease in errors made and an increase in speed and accuracy of performance stressful cognitive tasks in various psychometric tests, both in healthy subject [Aslanyan et al., 2010], e.g. in cosmonauts [Bogatova et al., 1997; Panossian and Wagner, 2005] as well as in pneumonia patients in the course of antibiotic treatment [Narimanyan et al., 2005]. The mean duration of a standard antibiotic treatment significantly decreased in the group of patients receiving ADAPT-232 together with a standard treatment. Shorter therapy with antibiotics (5.67 days) compared with those receiving the placebo with a standard treatment (7.53 days) was required, that suggests beneficial health effect of ADAPT in the course of antibiotic treatment and recovery of patients [Narimanyan et al., 2005].
Surprisingly it has been shown that 210 unique genes are deregulated due to synergistic interaction of constituents of combination of parts of plants or plant extracts belonging to Crassulaceae, Araliaceae and Schisandraceae. These genes are involved in the development of age related disorders.
Examples of age related disorders are:
There are many aging associated diseases, which are developed because of age dependent increasing dysfunction and degeneration of vascular and immunocompetent cells. Examples of these diseases are cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, endocrine system disorders, inflammatory diseases, auditory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, immunological diseases, dermatological diseases and metabolic diseases.
Surprisingly it has been shown that combinations of part of plants or extracts of plants containing a combination of phenethyl- and phenylpropenyl glycosides, lignans, flavolignans, epigallocatechingallates, mono-, sequi- and triterpene glycosides derived from plants belonging to Crassulaceae, Araliaceae and Schisandraceae are effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of age related disorders.
This invention is based on the unexpected finding that parts of plants or plant extracts of plants belonging to the family of Crassulaceae, Araliaceae and Schisandraceae comprising a combination of phenethyl- and phenylpropenyl glycosides, lignans, flavolignans, epigallocatechingallates, and mono-sequi- and triterpene glycosides are effective for prophylaxis, treatment and recovery of age related disorders.
In a preferred embodiment pantothenic acid or salts of pantothenic acid are added to the combination of extracts.
These parts of plants or plant extracts of plants belonging to the family of Crassulaceae, Araliaceae and Schisandraceae have a synergistic action on the expression of genes involved in development of age related disorders such as atherosclerosis, carcinogenesis, hypercholesterolemia, reduced physical endurance and liver detoxifying function, impaired protein synthesis, reduced activity of the hormonal system, and spontaneous promotion of tumours.
The invention is thus directed to methods and compositions for the treatment or prevention of the prevention and treatment of age related diseases and conditions.
The surprising synergistic effect of these extracts was demonstrated in isolated neuroglia cells and the beneficial effect of ADAPT-232 in aging was demonstrated in experiments in rats. ADAPT-232 has a homeostatic and anti-aging action on the age-related deterioration of function of the innate defence, cardiovascular and carcinogenesis. Repeated administration of ADAPT-232 diminish or prevent a range of age-related disorders including development and progression of cardiac insufficiency and hypercholesterolemia, reduced physical endurance and impaired protein synthesis, reduced activity of the hormonal system and spontaneous promotion of tumours.
Examples of age related disorders are:
For preventing ageing associated disorders the understanding of specific sets of genes involved in the ageing is important. Therefore the deregulation of the expression of specific set of genes, molecular networks and cellular intracellular signalling pathways by the compositions of the invention was investigated. Surprisingly it was established that the compositions of the inventions have a synergistic effect on the genes involved in development of age related disorders such as atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis.
The compositions of the invention decrease the cholesterol level in blood. Cholesterol is a lipid substance that is found in all body cells. It is located mainly in cell membranes, lipoproteins and metabolized into steroid hormones. The determination of serum cholesterol is one of the important tools in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis. High blood cholesterol is one of the major risk factors for heart disease. By the compositions of the invention the level in blood is reduced by more than 10%, preferably more than 20% and more preferably by more than 30% and even more preferably by more than 40%.
With respect to triglyceride the compositions of the invention stabilize the level of triglyceride.
The compositions of the invention also increase the level of albumin and protein in blood. In age related disorder the content of these compounds is often reduced. In a preferred embodiment the level is increased by more than 5% and in a more preferred embodiment by more than 10%.
The level of apoptosis is significantly influenced by the compositions of the invention. In a preferred embodiment the level of apoptosis is at least 10% less compared to placebo and more preferably at least 20% less and even more preferably at least 30% less compared to placebo.
The compositions of the invention are pharmaceutical compositions or dietary food products.
The invention relates to compositions of parts of plants or extracts of plants belonging to the families of Crassulaceae, Araliaceae and Schisandraceae.
Examples of plants from the plant family of Crassulaceae are Sedum rosea, Sedum maximum, Sedum auglicum, Sedum aruum, Sedum quadrifida, Sedum integrefolia, Sedum telephium, Sedum algida, Sedum crenulata, Sedum pinnatifida, Sedum hybridum, Sedum aizoon, Sedum purpureum, Sedum heterodonta, Sedum viridula, Sedum kirilowii, Sedum linearifolia, Sedum gelida, Sempervivum soboleferum. Especially suitable are the plants Sedum rosea and Sempervivum soboleferum. Examples of plants from the plant family of Araliaceae are Aralia elata, Aralia mandshurica, Eleutherococcus divaricatus, Eleutherococcus eleutheristylus, Eleutherococcus giraldii, Eleutherococcus nodiflorus, Eleutherococcus rehderianus, Eleutherococcus rufinervis, Eleutherococcus scandens, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng. Especially suitable are the plants Eleutherococcus senticosus and Aralia mandshurica.
Examples of plants from the plant family of Schisandraceae are Schisandra arisanensis, Schisandra bicolor, Schisandra chinensis, Schisandra tuberculata, Schisandra flaccidiramos, Schisandra glabra, Schisandra glaucescens, Schisandra henryi, Schisandra incarnate, Schisandra lancifolia, Schisandra micrantha, Schisandra neglecta, Schisandra plena, Schisandra propinqua and Schisandra tomentella. Especially suitable is the plant Schisandra chinensis.
Examples of the parts of the plants used are stems, stem barks, trunks, trunk barks, twigs, tubers, roots, toot barks, young shoots, seeds, rhizomes, flowers, fruits or leaves.
The combination of the invention comprises a combination of the chemical components phenethyl- and phenylpropenyl glycosides, lignans, flavolignans, epigallocatechingallates, mono-sequi- and triterpene glycosides.
The combination contains one or more of the following compounds:
The compounds are present in the composition as salts, solvates, isomers, hydrates, polymorphs or other modifications.
In a preferred embodiment the components of the composition are standardized with respect to the total amount of the composition for
In a preferred embodiment the composition further contains pantothenic acid or a salt thereof. Examples of a pantothenic acid salt are calcium, hemi calcium, sodium, potassium, ammonium pantothenate. This compound is present in an amount of 0.5 to 500 mg preferably 1 to 250 mg and more preferably 10 to 150 mg per single dose. In relation to the total amount of the composition the pantothenic acid or salt thereof is present in an amount of 1 to 50% w/w and preferably 10 to 25% w/w.
The extracts and the mixture of extracts are prepared by methods to achieve the presence of the compounds of the composition in the extract.
In a preferred embodiment the composition is a combination of extracts.
An extract may be prepared by the following method:
a) Extracting each plant material from the Crassulaceae, Araliaceae and Schisandraceae families by a hydro-alcoholic solvent. Typically, the solvent is an ethanol/water mixture ranging from 1% ethanol to 99% ethanol. Other alcohols, such as methanol and butanol may be used. Preferably, the extraction process is a specific validated process that meets the Good Manufacturing Practice standards of U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The temperature of the extraction procedure can be in a range between 20° C. to 95° C. depending on length of extraction time and quality of the raw material.
b) Separating the extraction solvent from the plant material.
c) Evaporating alcohol to obtain spissum.
d) Homogenizing each spissum which contains the combination of extracts.
e) Determination of concentration of marker compound in each spissum.
f) Mixing spissum and optionally pharmaceutically acceptable excipients in a ratio to achieve target amounts of marker compounds.
g) Evaporating spissum to dryness.
h) Determination of marker compounds in dry extract.
g) Adjusting concentration of marker compounds in dry extract by pharmaceutically acceptable excipient to achieve a defined amount of marker compound for the respective extracts in relation to the final amount of the composition:
After evaporating alcohol the extract contains a remaining amount of the extraction solvent. This extract is known as spissum.
The homogenization of the spissum is done by stirring or any other appropriate method. In a preferred embodiment the stirring is performed at an elevated temperature. Preferably the temperature for stirring is between 40 and 80° C. and more preferably between 50 and 70° C.
Examples for the drying steps are heating, spry drying or any other suitable methods.
Standardization of the parts of plants or extract is done by testing each extract by HPLC and TLC.
The extract of Crassulaceae is standardized to the content of salidroside, rosavin and/or tyrosol.
The extract of Araliaceae is standardized to the content of eleutheroside B and/or eleutheroside E.
The extract of Schisandraceae is standardized to the content of schisandrine and/or gamma-schisandrine.
The dried extracts are further processed to manufacture pharmaceutical compositions or dietary food products. For this process pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be used.
Examples of excipients are microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose derivatives, lactose, maltodextrines, talcum, gelatin, magnesium stearate, colloidal silicium, polyethylene glycoside and derivatives. Pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants, preservatives, detergents, stabilizers may be present in the composition.
The final formulation of the compositions of the invention is any pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. Examples of formulations are a mixture of parts of plants, powder, solution, dispersion, suspension, granules, pellets, tablet, hard capsule, soft capsule, microcapsules, lozenge.
The formulation is applied once, twice, three or four times daily. A twice a day application is preferred. At each application time one, two, three, four or five, preferably two to four dosage units are applied.
ADAPT-232 extract is prepared by extracting plant material from Eleutherococcus senticosus, Schizandra chinensis and Rhodiola rosea. The extraction is performed with 70% ethanol/water mixture for 6 hours at 60° C. The liquid extract is separated from the plant material, concentrated by evaporation to spissum (water content about 40%).
The aliquot of the spissum are analyzed by HPLC and TLC and standardized for the certain content of analytical markers by blending of two soft extracts obtained from first and second extraction of the same raw material. Combined extract is homogenized and stabilized by addition of preservatives, mixed with certain amount of matodextrin, homogenized at room temperature for several hours and spray dried at elevated temperature of 75 to 200° C.
The dry extracts are analyzed by TLC and HPLC and mixed in certain proportion to obtain homogenous powder standardized in relation to the total amount of composition for:
The extract is prepared according to example 1.
About 20% calcium pantothenate with respect to the composition is added.
The amount of 380 mg of the dry extract of example 1 is mixed with 120 mg of excipients and filled in hard vegetable or gelatin capsules and packed into blisters.
In the final product the relative amount of (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol is 0.16%, the relative amount of (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[4-(3-hydroxyprop-1-enyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol and (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-2-[4-[6-[3,5-dimethoxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] oxyphenyl]-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-3-yl]-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol is 0.08% and the amount of 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1,2,3,10,11,12-hexamethoxy-6,7-dimethyldibenzo[a,c]cycloocten-6-ol, and 1,2,3,13-tetramethoxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[3′,4′]cycloocta [1′,2′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d][1,3]dioxole is 0.25%.
The amount of 440 mg of the dry extract of example 2 is mixed with 60 mg of excipients and filled in hard vegetable or gelatine capsules and packed into blisters.
In the final product the relative amount of 20% for calcium pantothenate.
The individual extracts of example 1 and the combination of extracts of example 1 were dissolved in ethanol 0.8% and tested for deregulation of gene expression in neuroglia cell line.
Human neuroglial cell line T98G (ATCC, CRL-1690) was grown in DMEM+GlutaMAX-I (Gibco, Darmstadt, Germany) with 10% foetal bovine serum (Gibco, Darmstadt) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Darmstadt). Cells were maintained in a 37° C. incubator in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. All experiments were conducted using cells in the logarithmic growth phase. T98G cells were seeded 24 hours before treatment with extracts on 6-well plates in a density of 150,000 cells per well. The next day, old medium was removed and cells were treated in a final volume of 3 ml.
Two technical replicates were performed for each sample. Cells were incubated with the test substances for 24 hours at 37° C. and then subjected to RNA isolation. Cells were harvested after 24 hours of treatment. Total RNA was isolated using InviTrap Spin Universal RNA Mini kit (Stratec Molecular, Berlin, Germany) and dissolved in RNAse free-water. The RNA of the two technical replicates was pooled (1:1) resulting in one sample for each treatment/control. The quality of total RNA was checked by gel analysis using the Total RNA Nano chip assay on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany).
Microarray hybridizations were performed at the Institute of Molecular Biology (Mainz, Germany). Whole Human Genome RNA chips (8×60K Agilent) were used for gene expression profiling. Probe labelling and hybridization procedures were carried out following the One-Color Microarray-Based Gene Expression Analysis Protocol (http://www.chem.agilent.com/Library/usermanuals/Public/G4140900 40_GeneExpression_One-color_v6.5.pdf). Briefly, total RNA was labelled and converted to cDNA. Then, fluorescent cRNA (Cyanine 3-CTP) was synthesized and purified using the QIAgen RNeasy Kit. After fragmentation of the cRNA, samples were hybridized for 17 hours at 65° C. Microarray slides were washed and scanned with the Agilent Microarray Scanning system. Images were analyzed and data was extracted. The background was subtracted and data was normalized using the standard procedures of Agilent Feature Extraction Software. Expression data was further analyzed using Chipster software (http://chipster.csc.fi/) to filter genes by varying expression and significance. These steps include filtering genes to isolate those that were up- or down-regulated by one to three times the standard deviation (depending on the total number of extremely up- or down-regulated genes). A subsequent assessment of significance using empirical Bayes t-test further narrowed the pool of genes. All genes further considered showed a significant difference from the control with p-value<0.05, or otherwise are noted. Filtered data was used in Ingenuity pathway analysis for Core analysis, in order to determine networks and pathways influenced by the drug treatments (http://www.ingenuity.com/).
A microarray-based transcriptome-wide mRNA expression analysis was performed to identify possible targets of the tested substances in T98G cells. T98G cells were treated with test substances for 24 h in two technical replicates before total RNA was isolated and pooled for microarray hybridization. Significantly deregulated genes were identified compared to untreated controls (p<0.05) by means of Chipster software analysis.
The total number of deregulated genes in response to extracts was of the same order: 1075—deregulated by Eleutherococcus, 1087—deregulated by Schisandra, 1062—deregulated by Rhodiola, and 1056—deregulated by the combination ADAPT-232. Among the 1056 genes deregulated by ADAPT-232, there were 210 unique genes deregulated due to synergistic interaction of constituents (Table 1). Among them 89 genes are up regulated and 121 genes are down regulated more than two fold.
In the tables 2 to 15 below the genes affected by synergistic effect of the combination of extracts of example 1 in relation to the specific disorder are shown.
The combination extract ADAPT-232 of example 1 and the combination extract ADAPT-232 with calcium pantothenate of example 2 were prepared in amylum suspension (1% w/v).
The randomised sets of experimental animals were divided into 4 study groups (control group C, ADAPT-232 groups Ai and A, and ADAPT-232+D-panthenol group B) such that each group comprised one set of 5 male rats and one set of 5 female rats. The placebo and study drugs were administered intragastrically over a 4 month (120 day) period at a dose of 2×76 mg/kg ADAPT-232 per day with 10 h interval or 2×86 mg/kg ADAPT-232 with calcium pantothenate. In the Ai group treatment was interrupted after 30 days for a period of 14 days.
The study population consisted of 45 white outbreed male and female aged 2.0-2.1 years with weights in the range 380-420 g. Prior to selection, animals were submitted to a 14 day acclimatization period (quarantine). Animals were selected for inclusion in the study on the basis that their weight did not deviate by more than ±5% from the population average for the gender. Animals were randomised into 9 sets of 5 animals (4 sets of male rats and 5 sets of female rats), and the members of each set were placed together in a cage, the label of which bore the identity numbers of the animals in that set.
Cages were maintained in separate rooms under a 12 h light-12 h dark regime at an air temperature within the range 19-25° C. and a relative humidity between 50 and 70%. The temperature and humidity were recorded daily whilst the levels of carbon dioxide and ammonia in the air were monitored constantly. The ventilation system employed was able to provide 15 facility volumes per hour, with carbon dioxide concentration not higher than 0.15 volume % and ammonia concentration not higher than 0.001 mg/l, at an air exchange rate controlled by an anemometer. The experimental animals were fed on standard granular fodder together with a mixed feed that included uncooked vegetables, bread, cottage cheese, vitamin food supplements and yeast. Rations were provided from a fodder trough fitted with a steel trellised cage cover appropriate for the age norm of the animals. Specially prepared filtered water was given ad libitum in standard autoclaved drinking bottles with steel tips.
At the end of the administration period animals were sacrificed.
The effect on the cells programmed death/apoptosis was tested.
Spleens were homogenised and filtered, and the erythrocytes destroyed by the addition of ammonium chloride solution. The lymphocytes were suspended in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with gentamycin and 10% embryonic serum and the cell density determined by counting in a Gorjaev chamber. The lymphocyte suspension was fixed with 8% formalin solution and an equal volume of a 5 mg/ml solution of the DNA-specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 added. Samples were incubated at room temperature for 10 min, washed, and the ratio of cells with “norm” and “apoptotic” DNA in the nucleus estimated by fluorescent microscopy. To the positive control was added tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) to a concentration of 500 U/ml, and actinomycin D to a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The level of apoptosis was determined as the percentage ratio of cells with nuclei containing condensed chromatin in comparison with cells containing diffused chromatin (100 cells in the visual field were counted).
The studied drugs reduced the level of apoptosis significantly with respect to the positive control, and the efficacy of the therapy applied was: B>A>Ai.
§Non-treated healthy 5 month old rats
†TNF-alpha stimulated splenocytes of aged rats
The effect on the spontaneous occurrence of tumours was investigated. Each animal was examined and weighed every day throughout the drug administration period, and particular emphasis was given to the detection of tumours by palpation. Three of the experimental animals in the control group died in the middle of the 4th month of the study. The causes of death were: (i) pneumonia with hypostasis and leukocyte infiltration (in a male), (ii) suppurative inflammation of the uterine horns with abscesses and peritonitis (in a female), and (iii) unidentified virus infection with conjunctivitis and hemorrhagic alteration of the lungs and intestines (in a male).
The effect on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system activity and on lipid and protein metabolism was performed. In order to determine the levels of 17-oxycorticosteroids (17-OCS) on day 120 of the study period, urine was collected over a 24 h period by placing the animals in Tecniplast Gazzada metabolic cages. The assay of 17-OCS was based on the formation of a yellow coloured product when the analyte was heated with phenylhydrazine in the presence of sulphuric acid and ethanol. Since 17-OCS is mainly present in urine in the form of glucuronate and sulphate conjugates, the assay involved hydrolysis with glucoronidase followed by extraction with chloroform and dichloromethane, and subsequent addition of a mixture of sulphuric acid and ethanol. A control assay was carried out in order to determine the level of non-specific colouration in the absence of phenylhydrazine.
At the end of the study period, the levels of 17-OCS, albumins and total proteins in the control animals had decreased from their baseline values of 11.3±1.2 μmole/day, 49.1±5.7 g/l and 75.5±4.5 g/l, respectively. In contrast, the level of cholesterol increased over the study period from its baseline value of 1.36±0.13 g/l, and this increase was particularly marked in male rats. Administration of ADAPT-232+calcium pantothenate to male rats (group B) led to increased synthesis of 17-OCS, albumins and total proteins but decreased the level of cholesterol. In males of groups Ai and A, however, the only positive effect of the studied drugs was on total protein content. Similar results were observed for females in the respective groups with the exception that continuous administration of ADAPT-232 (group A) facilitated the decrease of cholesterol level.
The treatment B prevented age-specific dysfunctions of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system and decreased age-related hypercholesterolemia and hypoproteinemia. Treatment A was less effective, but it stabilized lipid-synthesis and prevented hypercholesterolemia in female rats.
The combination of extracts ADAPT-232 with calcium pantothenate of example 2 was diluted in 0.5% starch water and given orally at a dose of 67 mg/kg daily for 4 months (group 2). The combination of extracts ADAPT-232 with calcium pantothenate was given at a dose of 91 mg/kg (group 3). At the same time, the control group of aged rats received 0.5% starch water solution as placebo (group 1).
The male Wistar rats weighed 430-480 g and were 23-26 months old at the start of the experiment. Six months old male Wistar rats, weighing 340-380 g, were used as young controls. The animals were allowed at least 14 days to acclimatize.
The experimental groups included animals with no deviations in their appearance. After the acclimatisation period, the animals were randomly divided by body weight into 8 groups (ten rats per group); 2 control groups (aged rats and young adult rats) and 6 experimental groups (aged rats). The doses administered to each animal was based on their individual body weight.
The animals were fed a complete pellet diet which was available ad libitum. In addition, drinking water was also available ad libitum. Both food and water were available through a cave in the steel wire grid cover. The rats, five animals per cage, were kept in polycarbonate cages type 3H (Charles River Laboratories Inc) with a steel wire grid cover. Each cage was illuminated to give a cycle of 12 hours light and 12 hours darkness.
The room temperature was kept at about 20-26° C., with a relative humidity of 30%-70%, and the air exchange was controlled using an anemometer. Ammonium and CO2 measurements were also taken. The ventilation system was designed to provide 15 air changes per hour to keep the CO2 level at ≦0.15% v/v and the ammonium level at ≦0.001 mg/l.
The effects of the studied drugs on the blood cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides of aged animals were evaluated. All animals were examined for blood biochemical parameters, such as total protein (TP), albumins, triglycerides (TRG), cholesterol and α-cholesterol (HDL) and.
Samples of fresh blood were collected from the inferior vena cava after overnight fasting and subsequent euthanasia (dead faint followed by cessation of breathing) of the experimental animals. Serum was isolated from the blood within 20 min of collection and the levels of lipids determined by automated colorimetric assay using a Cobas Integra (Roche, Hoffman La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland) biochemical analyser and reagents. The method involved hydrolytic cleavage by cholesterol esterase of cholesterol and other sterol esters and triglycerides, followed by the action of peroxidase to yield a rose coloured product. The intensity of the absorption of the reaction mixture at 520 nm was linearly dependent on the cholesterol concentration, and the results were reported in mmol/l.
0.54 ± 0.05▪
507.0 ± 49.3▪
0.64 ± 0.03▪
421.8 ± 21.6▪
0.53 ± 0.04▪
284.5 ± 28.5
The health status and mortality of rats during the experiment was investigated for the different treatment groups.
All animals showed normal appearance, behavioural reactions, motion and orientation activity at the start of the study and this was retained during administration of the test compounds. Indeed, there were no observed deviations in behaviour in all the groups of animals.
During the experiment cases of bronco-pulmonary diseases were observed in all groups of rats and the number of animals that fell ill and recovered from disease during administration of test compound were counted. The animals were considered ill when the following symptoms were observed: sneezing, coughing, complicated or infrequent breathing (accompanied with sound), discharges from nose and irritated mucosal membranes.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14184632.9 | Sep 2014 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2015/070835 | 9/11/2015 | WO | 00 |
