Patent Grant
10479738
Flares are pyrotechnic devices designed and configured to emit intense electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths in the visible region (i.e., visible light), the infrared (IR) region (i.e., heat), or both, of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum without exploding or producing an explosion. Conventionally, flares have been used for signaling, illumination, and defensive countermeasure in civilian and military applications. Decoy flares are one type of flare used in military applications for defensive countermeasures. When an aircraft detects that a heat-seeking missile is in pursuit, the decoy flare is used as protection against the heat-seeking missile. The heat-seeking missile is designed to track and follow the target aircraft by detecting the IR emissions of engines of the target aircraft. The decoy flare is launched from the target aircraft and ignited to produce IR radiation that mimics the IR emissions of the engines of the target aircraft. The IR emissions of the decoy flare are produced by combustion of a flare composition that is conventionally referred to as the “grain” of the decoy flare. The IR emissions of the combusting flare composition are intended to confuse the heat-seeking missile, causing the heat-seeking missile to turn away from the target aircraft and toward the decoy flare.
Conventional flare compositions in a decoy flare include magnesium, TEFLON®, and VITON® (MTV) composition. MTV compositions are conventionally prepared by processes that use flammable solvents to dissolve and precipitate the VITON®. The MTV compositions are also prepared with high shear mix equipment, such as a Muller mixer. The solvents must subsequently be removed, such as by a drying (e.g., solvent evaporation) process, before forming the MTV compositions into grains. The dried MTV compositions are then pressed or extruded at high pressures and cut to length or machined to form the grains. Conventional MTV compositions are highly reactive to energy inputs, such as electrostatic discharge (ESD), impact, and friction. Thus, the processes (use of flammable solvents and ESD sensitivity of flashing remnants from pressing, extrusion, and machining operations) for forming the MTV compositions have safety issues and are time intensive.
Disclosed is an embodiment of a composition comprising a fuel, a perfluoropolyether (PFPE), and a curative. The PFPE has a chemical structure of HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CF2O(CF2CF2O)p(CF2O)qCF2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH and a fluorine content of about 57%, where n is an integer between 0 and 10, p is an integer between 0 and 50, and q is an integer between 0 and 5.
Also disclosed is another embodiment of a composition comprising an alloy of magnesium and aluminum and a PFPE. The PFPE has a chemical structure of HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CF2O(CF2CF2O)p(CF2O)qCF2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH and a fluorine content of about 57%, where n is an integer between 0 and 10, p is an integer between 0 and 50, and q is an integer between 0 and 5.
A countermeasure device is also disclosed. The countermeasure device comprises a casing and a flare composition contained in the casing. The flare composition comprises a fuel and a PFPE.
A method of forming grains of a countermeasure device is also disclosed. The method comprises forming a flare composition comprising magnesium and a fluoropolymer, and casting the flare composition into grains.
A composition for use as a flare composition is disclosed. The composition includes a fuel, a perfluoropolyether (PFPE), and a curative. The composition may be used in a flare, such as in a decoy flare. As used herein, the term “decoy flare” means and includes a countermeasure decoy having an infrared (IR) output designed to confuse, decoy, or otherwise defeat a heat-seeking missile. The compositions of embodiments of the disclosure, when ignited, may exhibit comparable or improved effectiveness at defeating heat-seeking missiles compared to conventional MTV (magnesium, TEFLON® (polytetrafluoroethylene), and VITON® (a copolymer of vinylidenefluoride and hexafluoropropylene)) compositions. Flares including the composition are also disclosed. In use and operation, the flare containing the composition according to embodiments of the disclosure may exhibit comparable or improved energetic performance, such as a desired IR intensity, burn time, and rise time, compared to a conventional MTV composition. Methods of forming the composition into grains to be used in the flare are also disclosed. The composition may be cast into grains having complex geometries. Casting of the composition enables the grains to be formed with improved safety, processing, and aging properties compared to the formation of grains from conventional MTV compositions.
As used herein, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” “characterized by,” and grammatical equivalents thereof are inclusive or open-ended terms that do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method acts, but also include the more restrictive terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” and grammatical equivalents thereof. As used herein, the term “may” with respect to a material, structure, feature or method act indicates that such is contemplated for use in implementation of an embodiment of the disclosure and such term is used in preference to the more restrictive term “is” so as to avoid any implication that other, compatible materials, structures, features and methods usable in combination therewith should or must be excluded.
The fuel in the composition may be a metal, such as aluminum, bismuth, copper, iron, hafnium, magnesium, nickel, palladium, tantalum, tin, titanium, zinc, zirconium, or an alloy thereof. Boron, phosphorous, or silicon may also be used as the fuel, alone or in combination with the metal or alloy thereof. The fuel in the composition may be an alloy of aluminum and magnesium, aluminum and silicon, aluminum and zirconium, boron and zirconium, magnesium and boron, titanium and aluminum, or titanium and boron. In one embodiment, the fuel is an alloy of magnesium and aluminum. The relative amounts of magnesium and aluminum in such an alloy may be selected depending on the desired IR output of the composition. In another embodiment, the fuel is an alloy of magnesium and aluminum and includes 50% by weight of magnesium and 50% by weight of aluminum. However, other relative amounts of magnesium and aluminum may be used. Alloys of magnesium and aluminum are commercially available from numerous sources, such as from Reade Advanced Materials (Reno, Nev.). The fuel may be a powder having a particle size of from about 5 μm to about 100 μm.
The fuel may be present in the composition at from about 50% by weight (wt %) to about 70 wt %, such as from about 55 wt % to about 65 wt %, from about 56 wt % to about 60 wt %, from about 57 wt % to about 60 wt %, from about 58 wt % to about 60 wt %, or from about 59 wt % to about 60 wt %. In one embodiment, the fuel is present in the composition at about 60 wt %.
The PFPE in the composition may be a fluorinated ethoxylated diol having a high fluorine content, such as a dihydroxy functionalized monomeric, oligomeric, or polymeric PFPE. The PFPE is a liquid at room temperature (from about 22° C. to about 25° C.) and at a processing temperature of the composition. The PFPE may function as an oxidizer and a binder in the composition. The PFPE may be curable and cross-linkable, such as with a curative, as described in more detail below. The PFPE may have the chemical structure of HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CF2O(CF2CF2O)p(CF2O)qCF2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH, where n is an integer between 0 and 10, p is an integer between 0 and 50, and q is an integer between 0 and 50. By way of example only, the PFPE may be FLUOROLINK® PFPE E10-H, which has a fluorine content of about 57% by weight of the PFPE and is commercially available from Solvay Solexis SpA (Milan, Italy). In one embodiment, the PFPE is FLUOROLINK® PFPE E10-H and has a chemical structure of HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CF2O(CF2CF2O)p(CF2O)qCF2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH, where n is an integer between 0 and 10, p is an integer between 0 and 50, and q is an integer between 0 and 50.
The PFPE may account for from about 15 wt % to about 35 wt % of the composition, such as from about 20 wt % to about 30 wt % of the composition or from about 23 wt % to about 26 wt % of the composition. In one embodiment, the PFPE is present in the composition at about 25 wt %. As discussed in more detail below, the amount of PFPE in the composition is sufficient to produce a composition that is castable.
A fluoropolymer in addition to the PFPE may also be present in the composition, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which is commercially available from DuPont under the tradename TEFLON®, a thermoplastic terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride (THV), a thermoplastic copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluorovinylether (PFA), a thermoplastic copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene (ETFE), or a thermoplastic copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene (FEP). The additional fluoropolymer may be a solid or a liquid. By way of example only, micronized PTFE, such as that commercially available under the Fluo tradename from Micro Powders, Inc. (Tarrytown, N.Y.), may be used in the composition. In one embodiment, the micronized PTFE is Fluo HT-G available from Micro Powders, Inc. (Tarrytown, N.Y.). The Fluo HT-G micronized PTFE has a mean particle size of between about 2 μm and about 4 μm, with a maximum particle size of 12 μm. However, other grades of micronized PTFE commercially available under the Fluo tradename may also be used. In one embodiment, the micronized PTFE is present in the composition at about 6.66 wt %. In another embodiment, the micronized PTFE is present in the composition at about 5.66 wt %. In yet another embodiment, the micronized PTFE is present in the composition at about 4.00 wt %. The micronized PTFE may provide an additional source of fluorine and oxygen to the composition, in addition to maintaining the composition as a homogeneous material and controlling a burn rate of the composition.
The composition may also include a curative that includes, but is not limited to, an isocyanate compound, such as a diisocyanate, a polyisocyanate, or combinations thereof. By way of example only, the isocyanate may be hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimeryl diisocyanate (DDI), tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate (TMXDI), or combinations thereof, as well as water condensation reaction products thereof. During cure, isocyanate functional groups of the curative react with hydroxyl groups on the PFPE to form urethane linkages. In one embodiment, the curative is a mixture of IPDI and a polyisocyanate based on HMDI, such as DESMODUR® N100, where relative amounts of IPDI and DESMODUR® N100 may be varied depending on desired mechanical properties of the grains. DESMODUR® N100 is commercially available from Bayer MaterialScience (Pittsburgh, Pa.). Trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (TMPE) may also be used in combination with HMDI, IPDI, DDI, TMXDI, or combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the curative is a mixture of IPDI and TMPE, where the TMPE has an average molecular weight of about 170 amu. However, higher or lower molecular weights of TMPE may be used. The amount of curative in the composition may be selected based on the amount of PFPE used. By way of example only, the curative may be present in the composition at from about 1 wt % to about 40 wt %, from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %, from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %, or from about 3 wt % to about 8 wt %. In embodiments where TMPE is used in combination with the isocyanate compound, the TMPE may be present in the composition at from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %, such as from about 0.1 wt % to about 4 wt %.
Optional additives may be used in the composition to provide at least one of improved processing, improved sensitivity to ignition (thermal, electrostatic, friction, impact), and improved energetic performance to the composition. The optional additive may be a plasticizer, an electrostatic discharge (ESD) agent, a cure catalyst, a carbon generator, a surfactant, or combinations thereof. The additives, if present, may account for less than about 12% of the composition, such as less than or equal to about 10% of the composition or less than or equal to about 5% of the composition. The plasticizer may include, but is not limited to, octadecyl isocyanate (ODI) and, if present, may account for from about 0.1 wt % to about 1 wt % of the composition. The electrostatic discharge agent may be a carbon black, such as BLACK PEARL® carbon black, which is commercially available from Cabot Corporation (Pampa, Tex.). If present, the electrostatic discharge agent may account for from about 0.05 wt % to about 0.5 wt % of the composition. The cure catalyst may be triphenyl tin chloride (TPTC), triphenyl bismuth (TPB), dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), or iron acetylacetonate. The cure catalyst may be selected based on other ingredients of the composition, such as the curative or the PFPE. The carbon generator may be phenolphthalein (phth), anthracene, naphthalene, decacyclene, an anthraquinone, or a polyolefin and, if present, may account for from about 1 wt % to about 5 wt % of the composition. The surfactant may be a fluorosurfactant, such as a nonionic polymeric fluorosurfactant. The fluorosurfactant may be NOVEC® FC-4432 fluorosurfactant, which is commercially available from 3M Co. (St. Paul, Minn.). The surfactant, if present, may account for from about 0.01 wt % to about 0.5 wt % of the composition, such as from about 0.1 wt % to about 0.3 wt % of the composition.
In some embodiments, the composition includes an alloy of 50 wt % magnesium and 50 wt % aluminum, FLUOROLINK® PFPE E10-H, a curative, and micronized PTFE. In some embodiments, the curative is IPDI and DESMODUR® N100. In other embodiments, the curative is IPDI and TMPE. Embodiments of the composition optionally include at least one of ODI, carbon black, TPTC or TPB, phth, and NOVEC® FC-4432 fluorosurfactant.
The composition may be prepared by combining the fuel, the PFPE, the curative, and any optional additives. The ingredients may be mixed in a low shear environment and at a temperature of from room temperature to about 150° F. (about 65.6° C.), such as at about 135° F. (about 57.2° C.). Since the PFPE is a liquid at the processing temperature, the ingredients of the composition may be combined with mixing and without the addition of solvents. Also, since no solvents are present, vacuum mixing may be used to prepare the composition. A mixer that provides the low shear environment, such as a Baker Perkins mixer, may be used to prepare the composition. In contrast, a Muller mixer, which provides a high shear environment, is needed to prepare conventional MTV compositions. By tailoring the amount of the PFPE in the composition, the composition may exhibit a viscosity sufficient for the composition to be cast into grains of a desired geometry. By way of example only, the resulting composition may have a viscosity of less than about 25 kP at 135° F. (about 57.2° C.), such as less than or equal to about 15 kP at 135° F., such as less than or equal to about 10 kP at 135° F., such as less than or equal to about 8 kP at 135° F., less than or equal to about 7 kP at 135° F., less than or equal to about 6 kP at 135° F., or less than or equal to about 5 kP at 135° F.
Thus, the composition is prepared by a solvent-less process. Since no solvents are used, a solvent removal process, such as drying or solvent evaporation, is not needed before forming the composition into the grains. Once prepared, the composition may be cast into a casing or mold and cured into grains having the desired geometry. Since the composition may be cast into the grains, high pressure pressing or extrusion are not needed to form the grains, in contrast to forming grains from conventional MTV compositions. By way of example only, low pressure casting techniques may be used, such as vacuum casting or displacement casting, to form the composition into the desired geometry. Complex grain geometries may be achieved by casting the composition according to embodiments of the disclosure. Therefore, no post-machining of the grains formed from the compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure is needed. The ability to cast the composition enables the desired grain geometries to be produced by processing techniques that are less time intensive and safer than methods of producing conventional MTV compositions. Once cured, the grain can be removed from the casing or mold and loaded into a flare by conventional techniques.
The compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure may also exhibit comparable or improved aging compared to that of conventional MTV compositions. By including the PFPE in the composition and casting the composition into grains, the grains may exhibit decreased off-gassing, which decreases their degradation during storage. In contrast, off-gassing of conventional MTV compositions produces hydrogen gas and water, which may react with reactive components in the MTV composition. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the comparable or improved aging of the compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure is achieved by encapsulating reactive components of the composition, such as the fuel, with the PFPE.
Casting the composition according to embodiments of the disclosure into the grains may also improve the energetic performance of the composition. The grains formed by casting may have a high surface area and exhibit improved ignition compared to grains formed of conventional MTV compositions that are pressed or extruded. Thus, although the composition according to embodiments of the disclosure includes a relatively large amount of PFPE as the binder, the grains formed from the composition were, unexpectedly, more easily ignited than the grains formed from conventional MTV compositions by pressing or extrusion. The compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure may also exhibit comparable or increased sensitivity to ignition, such as increased sensitivity to thermal, electrostatic, friction, or impact stimuli, compared to that of conventional MTV compositions. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the improved sensitivity is achieved by encapsulating reactive materials of the composition, such as the fuel, with the PFPE.
The compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure may also exhibit comparable or improved intensity, burn time, and rise time compared to conventional MTV compositions. The intensity of the compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure may be greater than or about equivalent to (i.e., at least about 95% of) the intensity of a conventional MTV composition. The burn time of the compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure may be from about 1.5 times to about 2 times greater than that of a conventional MTV composition. The rise rate is the amount of time elapsed from deployment of the decoy flare from an aircraft to when the combusting flare composition exhibits full spectral intensity. The rise time of the compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure may be greater than or about equivalent to (i.e., at least about 95% of) that of a conventional MTV composition.
The compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure unexpectedly exhibited comparable or improved energetic performance compared to conventional MTV compositions that are pressed or extruded into grains. The amount of the PFPE in the compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure was expected to decrease the burn rates of the compositions to a point that the desired IR intensity could not be achieved. However, the IR intensity of the compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure was found, unexpectedly, to be equivalent to that of the conventional MTV compositions. The compositions according to embodiments of the disclosure also unexpectedly exhibited reduced sensitivity to electrostatic discharge and reduced off-gassing compared to conventional MTV compositions.
Embodiments of the compositions of the disclosure may be used as a drop-in replacement for the grain (i.e., flare composition, payload) of a conventional decoy flare, such as a decoy flare having a form factor of 1×1×8 inches, 1×2×8 inches, 2×2.5 inches, 36 mm round, or kinematic in the same form factors as previously listed. Examples of such decoy flares are known in the art and may be referred to as M206, M212, MJU-8A/B, MJU-10, MJU-23B, MJU-32, MJF-47, MJU-53, MJU-62B, MJU-61, MJU-71, MJU-32, MJU-47, or MJU-59 decoy flares. Thus, the decoy flares may be characterized as a “modified” M212, MJU-62B, MJU-10, MJU-59, or MJU-67 flare in that the grain of a conventional decoy flare is replaced with a composition according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
The composition may be used in a flare.
The following examples serve to explain embodiments of the disclosure in more detail. These examples are not to be construed as being exhaustive or exclusive as to the scope of this disclosure.
Embodiments of compositions according to the disclosure were produced and included the ingredients shown in Table 1. Each of the ingredients was commercially available, and was purchased from a commercial source including, but not limited to, Reade Advanced Materials, Cabot Corporation, Solvay Solexis SpA, Micro Powders, Inc., Bayer MaterialScience, Sigma-Aldrich Corp., BASF Corp., etc. The ingredients of each composition were added to a Baker Perkins mixer and combined in a low shear environment to produce each composition. The end of mix (EOM) viscosity of many of the compositions was measured by conventional techniques and is included in Table 2. Following cure, a plot of viscosity as a function of cure time for Compositions A-E is shown in
aalloy of 50% magnesium and 50% aluminum
bFLUOROLINK ® E10-H polyfluoropolyether
cisophorone diisocyanate and DESMODUR ® N100
dFluo HT-G
eBLACK PEARL ® carbon black
fTMPE having an average Mn~170
gNOVEC ® FC-4432 fluorosurfactant
Compositions A-M described in Table 1 were cast into grains and the grains were tested in 1×1×8 inches form factors at T-2 wind stream under 120 knot blow-down to determine their performance. For comparison, 1×1×8 inches form factors including a conventional MTV composition were also tested. The conventional MTV composition was extruded or pressed into grains that were loaded into the form factors. The performance testing was conducted by conventional techniques, which are not described in detail herein. The form factors having compositions A-M had comparable or greater burn times compared to the form factors with the conventional MTV composition, while maintaining comparable or equivalent intensities and rise times as the conventional MTV composition.
Each of compositions O-Q described in Table 1 is cast into grains, and the grains are tested in 1×1×8 inches form factors at T-2 wind stream under 120 knot blow-down to determine their performance. For comparison, 1×1×8 inches form factors including a conventional MTV composition are also tested. The conventional MTV composition is extruded or pressed into grains that are loaded into the form factors. The performance testing is conducted by conventional techniques, which are not described in detail herein. The form factors having compositions O-Q have comparable or greater burn times compared to the form factors with the conventional MTV composition, while maintaining comparable or equivalent intensities and rise times as the conventional MTV composition.
A photograph of a form factor including Composition A tested in the wind stream testing is shown in
While the disclosure may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and have been described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the following appended claims and their legal equivalents.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/553,785, filed Nov. 25, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,173,944, issued Jan. 8, 2019, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/064,910, filed Oct. 16, 2014, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20190100473 A1 | Apr 2019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 62064910 | Oct 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 14553785 | Nov 2014 | US |
| Child | 16208840 | US |
