Patent Grant
7361685
This application is the U.S. national phase of PCT/GB02/00158, filed Jan. 15, 2002, which claims priority to GB Serial No. 0101146.9, filed Jan. 16, 2001, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention relates to the treatment of skin conditions, comprising those conditions requiring stimulation of melanocyte proliferation and to the inhibition of melanomas. The invention is of especial application to the treatment of vitiligo and skin cancer.
Vitiligo is a common skin pigment disorder characterised by the development of patchy de-pigmented lesions. Current treatments which include the use of photosensitisers (eg psoralens) with UVA radiation (PUVA), corticosteroids or skin grafting have low success rates and are generally accompanied by unpleasant side effects. Vitiligo has a highly detrimental impact on the emotional well-being of the sufferer, the disfiguring effects of the disease being compounded by the absence of a suitable treatment. Although vitiligo patches are not believed to contain melanocytes (pigment producing cells), a reservoir exists in hair follicles in vitiliginous skin. Thus activation of hair follicular melanocytes is a crucial process in the repigmentation of vitiliginous skin.
Certain plant remedies, usually administered as mixtures of herbs or extracts, particularly those used in traditional Chinese medicine and Indian Ayurvedic medicine, have been employed for the treatment of vitiligo for a long time and in many cases have given positive results in small scale studies. Herbs such as Psoralea corylfolia L. and Vernonia anthelmintica Willd. (=Centratherum anthelminticum Kuntze) are well known for their use in this disease. Psoralens, which are employed in the modern PUVA and khellin in KUVA therapy were originally derived from plant sources (Psoralea corylifolia L and Ammi visnaga respectively) used in traditional remedies for vitiligo. However these therapies rely on the use of UV irradiation for their efficacy, which is associated with the aetiology of skin cancer.
The fruit of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and long pepper (Piper longum L.) are both important medicinal herbs in Ayurvedic and Unani (traditional Indian) medicine systems, in which remedies generally consist of mixtures of herbs. A wide range of the medicinal uses of black pepper have been documented by Kirtikar and Basu (Indian Medicinal Plants, 2nd Edition, Vol. 3, (1935) pages 2128-2135), including its use in the treatment of leucoderma. Black pepper has also been implicated as a possible adjunct to Vernonia anthelmintica in the treatment of leucoderma (Indian Medicinal Journal, Vol. 1, 3rd Edition, (1982) 1267-1270). These two herbs are employed as a constituent in many traditional herbal preparations for a variety of uses, including gastro-internal and skin ailments. Compositions comprising black pepper, ginger and pipali have been used in the treatment of vitiligo (Ancient Science of Life, Vol. IX, No. 4 (1990) 202-206); however, the specific therapeutic action of black pepper in this orally administered composition has not been established.
It has been found (WO 001/02544) that, piperine, which is present in the frit of Piper nigrum, stimulates the replication of melanocytes. The action of piperine is to increase the number of cells which confer pigmentation. Piperine is the compound (EE)-1-[5-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2,4-pentadienyl]piperidine and should not be confused with piperidine.
Pharmaceutical compositions containing piperine have been used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy (EP 0 650 728). It has also been suggested that piperine is able to enhance the bioavailability of the other constituents of a pharmaceutical composition (WO 96/25939).
There is, therefore, a need for further compounds and compositions, which are able to stimulate the proliferation of melanocytes.
The invention provides a compound or formula (1) for use in the treatment of a skin condition requiring stimulation of melanocyte proliferation and melanomas, in which
the two R1 groups together represent a 3′,4′-methylenedioxy group
R2 is hydrogen
R3 and R4 represent hydrogen atoms or together represent a carbon to carbon double bond;
R5 and R6 represent hydrogen atoms or together represent a carbon to carbon double bond;
R7 and R8 represent hydrogen atoms or together represent a carbon to carbon double bond; and
R9 represents piperidino, morpholino, cyclohexylamino, methylamino, ethylamino and isopropylamino in any of its E, Z geometrically isomeric forms or an active analogue or derivative thereof as hereinafter defined or optionally when n is 1 R2 and R3 together represent a carbon to carbon double bond and one or more of R4 and R5 together, R5 and R6 together, R6 and R7 together or R7 and R8 together represent a carbon to carbon double bond the other of R4 to R8 representing hydrogen with the proviso that the compound is not piperine, 3,4-dihydropiperine; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine, Ilepeimide or piperettine.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I) in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment of a skin condition requiring stimulation of melanocyte proliferation and melanomas. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are also provided.
The active ingredient may be used on its own, but is more suitably used in combination with a carrier or excipient and optionally one or more further active ingredients.
Stimulation of melanocyte proliferation greatly facilitates the re-pigmentation of de-pigmented skin, e.g. post traumatised de-pigmented skin. The term “post traumatised de-pigmented skin” means the skin formed during the healing process that occurs after a skin trauma. De-pigmentation may arise, for example, from scar tissue formed as a result of a skin trauma such as burn or other skin lesion or may be due to vitiligo. The present invention can be used to treat any of these skin disorders in a patient.
Generally in this invention, the compounds of formula (I) or active derivatives or analogues thereof may be administered by oral, topical, intravenous or subcutaneous (intra-muscular) routes but are preferably applied topically (to the area of the skin where treatment is desired). Indeed, the twice-daily topical application of compounds of formula (I) has been found to induce significant pigmentation in mice. Skin coloration in the mouse population under study was first observed at approximately four weeks after the treatment was started. This coloration was enhanced further as a result of subsequent topical applications.
The active ingredient may be formulated as a solid powder, a paste, ointment or cream; a tablet or capsule or a solution.
The compounds of formula (I) may also be used to treat a person having a skin condition which would benefit from coloration, e.g. to enhance or promote the natural colouring of the skin. The treatment may be used for prophylactic, therapeutic or cosmetic purposes.
The compounds of formula (I) and their analogues or derivatives as hereinafter defined inhibit the proliferation of melanoma cells. Thus, they may also be used in the treatment of skin cancer. Another aspect of the invention therefore provides a method of treating skin cancer in a human or animal patient comprising the administration to said patient of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or an active analogue or derivative thereof as hereinafter defined.
The compounds of formula (I) or active analogues or derivatives thereof may be administered by oral or topical routes. Suitable dosage forms may be any of those discussed above.
Certain of the active analogues or derivatives of the compound of formula (1) are new. The present invention therefore includes such compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing them together with a carrier or excipient
Preferred compounds of formula (I) are those in which
Particularly preferred compounds are those in which
The compounds of formula (1) can be prepared from the appropriate acid with the appropriate connecting chain between the carboxylic acid function and the benzene ring and having the appropriate stereochemistry. Where necessary, this may be preceded or followed by reduction to reduce the double bond or bonds in the connecting chain. Methods of preparing amides and esters from these acids are illustrated by the Examples below. They may also be adapted from the references cited herein, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
The active compounds may be formulated for topical use in the form of creams, soft paraffin or lotions. Aqueous cream BP or Yellow Soft Paraffin BP may suitably contain the active at 0.03-3.0 mg % w/w or an equivalent amount of plant extract. A suitable lotion is typically prepared from 20% glycerol and 80% ethanol in purified water and contains 0.03-3.0 mg % w/w of the active material. These topical formulations may also contain penetration enhancers such as oleic acid, propylene glycol, ethanol, urea, lauric diethanolamide or azone, dimethyl sulphoxide, decylmethyl sulphoxide, or pyrrolidone derivatives. Liposomal delivery systems may also be used.
Compositions for oral formulation include tablets or capsules containing 1.5-150 mg active for daily administration.
The invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting examples, with reference to the accompanying tables and drawings.
Introduction
Cell Culture Experiments
Microplate Culture and Sulforhodamine B (SRB) Assay
Cells of mouse melan-a cell line (passage number 18-24), a first known line of non-tumorigenic pigmented mouse melanocytes were maintained in a flask (Costar, Cambridge, Mass., USA) using RPMI 1640 (ICN, Costa, Mesa, Calif., USA) as a basic medium. For microplate proliferation assays, subconfluent melan-a cultures were trypsinized (0.25% trypsin at 37° C. for 5-10 min) and inoculated with a repeater-pipettor (Finn pipette, Labsystems, Finland) into 96-well microtiter plates (Costar, Cambridge, Mass., USA) at a seeding concentration of 6×10 cells per well. A supplemental growth medium of 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) was added to the 36-well microtiter plates. The plates were incubated at 37° C. in a 10% CO2, 90% air humidified atmosphere for 4 days. At the end of the incubation, an SRB assay was performed. Briefly, cells attached to the bottom of the plate were fixed by addition of cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA, 4° C., Aldrich, Dorset, UK) on the top of the growth medium (final TCA 20% w/v). The plate was placed at 4° C. for 1 hour before being gently washed five times with tap water. It was allowed to dry in air, or aided with a hair dryer to speed up the drying process, then 50 μl of 4% w/v SRB dissolved in 1% acetic acid in water was added to each well for 30 min. At the end of the staining period, unbound SRB was removed by washing 4 times with 1% acetic acid. The plate was air dried again, and 150 μl of 10 mM aqueous Tris base (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd, Irvine, UK) was added into each well to solubilize the cell-bound dye. The plate was shaken for 15 min on a gyratory shaker followed by reading the optical density (OD) at 550 nm in a microplate spectrophotometer (Anthos Labtec HT3, version 1.06). A control assay was carried out on cells incubated without test compound. There were 2 or 3 series of experiments, each of which consisted of six replicate experiments. The results are tabulated below.
1.0 Introduction
Vitiligo is defined as a circumscribed, acquired, idiopathic, progressive hypomelanotic skin disorder which is characterised by the development of patchy depigmented macules due to progressive loss of melanocytes which is often familial with lack of established aetiology.
Various compounds of formula (1) were synthesised and tested for melanocyte (mouse melan-a) proliferant activity in-vitro. Cells were incubated with the test compound for 4 days, as described above.
1.1 Percentage Cell Growth (A)
Percentage cell growth was obtained with a given compound calculated as (optical density in the presence of the compound/control optical density)×100.
1.2 Relative Activity to Piperine
Melan-a cell proliferant activity for tested compounds was compared with that obtained with piperine. Percentage stimulant activity is (A-100) where A stands for piperine or a test compound's percentage cell growth (see 1.1). All figures are given with Standard Error of the Mean.
Relative activity to piperine was calculated as (A-100) compound/(A-100) piperine).
Interpretation of the relative active value is as follows
<0—Inhibition of cell growth
0—No effect (equal to control)
0-1—Stimulant but weaker effect than piperine
1—Equal stimulant effect to piperine
>1—Stimulant and stronger effect than piperine
1.3 Dendricity
Effect on dendricity of melan-a cells by the test compounds was by observation under microscope. Dendricity is relevant to vitiligo since normal skin melanocytes have dendrites, but in vitiligo the melanocytes seem to lose these before they disappear from the patches.
1.4 Synthesis of Compounds of Formula (1)
The compounds of formula (1) were synthesised using methods described in the literature, adapted from the literature or devised in the inventors' laboratory. Structures of compounds were verified using NMR, MS, IR spectroscopy and melting point Unless a synthetic method is given, reagents and reactants were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
1.5 Results
The activity of compounds of formula (I) at a single concentration of test compound (10 μM) is shown in Table 1. This is followed by data showing results at other concentrations. Many compounds showed a “cross-over” effect in which the test compound was less active than piperine at 10 μM but more active at 50 μM.
2. Synthesis of Amide Derivatives of Piperinic Acid
2.1 Preparation of Piperinic Acid (RV-A00)
To piperine (1) (2 g, 0.7 mmol, 1 eq), 20% of methanolic KOH (100 ml) was added and refluxed for 2 days. After completion of the hydrolysis, methanol was removed under reduced pressure and a yellow coloured oily solid was obtained. This residue was dissolved in water (50 ml) and acidified with 6N HCl to pH<1 yielding a yellowish precipitate of piperinic acid. Recrystallization from methanol gave yellow needles (0.9 g, 60% yield). m.p. 206° C.-208° C. (Lit m.p. 217° C.-218° C.)1
2.2 Synthesis of Amide Derivatives of Piperinic Acid
The following amines were reacted with piperinic acid in accordance with the following procedure: morpholine; methylamine; ethylamine; isopropylamine and cyclohexylamine. A mixture of piperinic acid (1 eq) and triethylamine (2 eq) in dichloromethane (50 ml) was stirred for 15 min at 0° C. To this mixture methanesulfonyl chloride (1.5 eq) was added and stirred for further 30 min at 0° C. The amine (1.5 eq) was added to the mire and stirred for 1 h at 0° C. and 2 h at room temperature. Dichloromethane (50 ml) was added to the mixture which was then washed with 5% HCl (3×100 ml), saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (3×100 ml) and water (3×100 ml). The organic fraction was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and rotary evaporated to yield a yellowish solid residue. Recrystallisation from ethylacetate/petroleum spirit yielded colourless needles of piperlonguminine (120 mg, 32% yield)2. The reaction is presumed to proceed through a mesylate ester intermediate.
5-E,E-piperinoyl morpholine (RV-A02)
1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 6.37 (d, 1H, J=14.6, CH═CH—CH═CH), 7.45 (d, d, 1H, J=10.2, 14.6, CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.72 (d, d, 1H, J=15.5, 10.2, CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.79 (d, 1H, J=15.5 CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.98 (d, 1H J=1.5, Ar-7-H), 6.80 (d, 1H J=8.0, Ar-10-H), 6.89 (d, d, 1H J=1.5, 8.0 Ar-11-H), 5.98 (s, 2H, O—CH2—O), 3.70 (t, 2H, J=4.0 CH2—N—CH2 (morpholine)) 3.60 (t, 2H, J=4.0 CH2—O—CH2 (morpholine)) 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 42.3 (CH2), 46.1 (CH2), 66 (CH2), 66 (CH2), 101.3 (CH2), 106.5 (CH), 108.5 (CH), 118.7 (CH), 122.7 (CH), 124.9 (CH), 130.8 (C), 139.1 (CH), 143.4 (CH), 148.2 (C), 148.3 (C), 165.6 (C) MS m/z (%): 287 (M+ 57), 201 (100), 173 (25), 171 (10) 143 (10), 115 (30) IR (KBr): νmax (carbonyl group) 1641 m.p. 161.8°-162.5° C. (Lit m.p. 167-168° C.)3, yield 44.1%
5-E,E-piperinoylmethylamine (RV-A07)
1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 5.91 (d, 1H, J=14.8, CH═CH—CH═CH), 7.36 (d, d, 1H, J=10.7, 14.8, CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.66 (d, d, 1H, J=15.4, 10.6, CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.77 (d, 1H, J=15.4 CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.97 (d, 1H, J=1.5, Ar-7H), 6.77 (d, 1H, J=8.0, Ar-10H), 6.88 (d, d, 1H J=1.6, 8.0 Ar-11H), 5.97 (s, 2H, O—CH2—O), 2.91 (t, 3H, CH3), 5.61 (br, NH) 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 26.9 (CH3), 101.7 (CH2), 106.1 (CH), 108.9 (CH), 123.0 (CH), 123.3 (CH), 125.0 (CH), 131.2 (C), 139.2 (CH), 141.4 (CH), 148.6 (C), 148.6 (C), 167.2 (C) MS m/z (%): 231 (M+89), 201 (42), 173 (67), 172 (32), 171 (17), 143 (27), 116 (21) 115 (100), 89 (12) m.p. 181.1°-182.4° C. (Lit m.p. 186° C.)5, yield 48.2%
5-E,E-piperinoylmethylamine (RV-A08)
1H-NMR (CD3OD) δ: 6.14 (d, 1H, J=15.0, CH═CH—CH═CH), 7.37 (d, d, 1H, J=10.2, 15.0, CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.93 (d, d, 1H, J=15.7, 10.6, CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.87 (d, 1H, J=15.7 CH═CH—CH), 6.97 (d, 1H, J=1.5, Ar-7H), 6.77 (d, 1H J=8.0, Ar-10H), 6.88 (d, d, 1H J=1.6, 8.0 Ar-11H), 5.97 (s, 2H, O—CH2—O), 3.39 (m, 2H, J=6.2, CH2), 1.22 (t, 3H, J=6.1, CH3), 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 14.7 (CH3), 36.9 (CH2), 103.2 (CH2), 107.2 (CH), 109.8 (CH), 121.2 (CH), 124.9 (CH), 125.9 (CH), 132.4 (C), 142.9 (CH), 145.2 (CH), 150.2 (C), 150.6 (C), 170 (C)
MS m/z (%): 245 (M+78), 218 (34), 201 (71), 200 (49), 174 (64), 173 (80), 172 (76), 171 (65), 143 (75), 116 (68), 115 (100) m.p. 158.5°-159.9° C. (Lit m.p. 162°-164° C.)4, yield 45.6%
5-E,E-piperinoylisopropylamine (RV-A09)
1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 5.87 (d, 1H, J=14.8, CH═CH—CH═CH), 7.36 (d, d, 1H, J=10.7, 14.8, CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.66 (d, d, 1H, J=15.4, 10.6, CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.76 (d, 1H, J=15.2 CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.97 (d, 1H J=1.6, Ar-7H), 6.77 (d, 1H J=8.0, Ar-10H), 6.88 (d, d, 1H J=1.6, 8.0 Ar-11H), 5.97 (s, 2H, O—CH2—O), 4.15 (m, 1H, J=6.6, CH), 5.36 (d, 1H, J=7.3 NH), 1.19 (d, 6H, J=6.6, (CH3)2) 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 23.2 (CH3)2, 41.9 (CH), 101.9 (CH2), 106.4 (CH), 108.9 (CH), 123.0 (CH), 123.8 (CH), 124.1 (CH), 131.3 (C), 140.2 (CH), 141.2 (CH), 148.8 (C), 148.6 (C) 165.6 (C) MS m/z (%): 259 (M+80), 201 (62), 174 (34), 173 (74), 172 (31), 171 (15), 143 (30), 116 (16), 115 (100) m.p. 169°-169.4° C. (Lit m.p. 171°-173° C.)4, yield 52%
5-E,E-piperinoyl cyclohexylamine (RV-A10)
1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 5.93 (d, 1H, J=14.8, CH═CH—CH═CH), 7.35 (d, d, 1H, J=10.6, 14.8, CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.66 (dd, 1H, J=15.3, 10.6, CH═CH—CH═CH, 6.76 (d, 1H, J=15.4 CH═CH—CH═CH), 6.96 (d, 1H J=1.6, Ar-7H), 6.76 (d, 1H J=8.0, Ar-10H), 6.87 (d, d, 1H J=1.6, 8.0 Ar-11H), 5.97 (s, 2H, O—CH2—O), 3.87 (m, 1H, CH (cyclohexyl)) 1.99 (m, 2H, CH2(cyclohexyl)) 1.65 (m, 4H, CH2—CH2(cyclohexyl) 1.39 (m, 2H, CH2(cyclohexyl)) 1.18 (m, 2H, CH2(cyclohexyl)) 5.48 (d,J=8.0 NH) 3C-NMR (CDCl3): 25.3 ((CH2)2), 25.9 (CH2), 33.6 ((CH2)2), 48.6 (CH), 101.3 (CH2), 101.7 (CH), 106.1 (CH), 108.9 (CH), 123.0 (CH), 124.0 (CH), 125.1 (CH), 131.3 (C), 139.0 (CH), 141.2 (CH), 148.5 (C), 148.5 (C), 165.5 (C) MS m/z (%): 299 (M+56), 259 (48) 216 (33), 201 (60), 174 (33), 173 (61), 172 (18), 171 (16), 143 (17), 115 (100) m.p. 196.4°-197.3° C. (Lit m.p. 199°-200° C.)4, yield 57.4%
To 5-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2E,4E-pentadienoic acid cyclohexyl amide (300 mg) was added 5% Pd/C (30 mg) and hydrogenated the contents at 30 psi for 1 hr. The solution was filtered and rotary evaporated to yield a white solid. Recrystallisation from ethylacetate and petroleum spirit yielded pure white crystals (255 mg, yield 84%). m.p. 145.4° C.-146.3° C.
5. Preparation of 7-(3,4-methylenedioxy phenyl)-heptanoic acid piperidineamide (RV-C05)
To 7-(3,4-methylenedioxy phenyl)-2E,4E,6E-heptatrienoic acid piperidine amide (150 mg, 0.06 mmole) was added 5% Pd/C (15 mg) and hydrogenated the contents at 30 psi for 30 min to give 7-(3,4-methylenedioxy phenyl)-heptanoic acid piperidine amide as an oil.
RV-C04
1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 6.65 (d, 1H J=1.6, Ar-7-H), 6.71 (d, 1H J=7.8, Ar-10-H), 6.60 (d, d, 1H J=1.6, 8.0 Ar-11-H), 5.90 (s, 2H, O—CH2—O), 5.43 (s, 1H, NH), 2.53 (t, 2H, J=7.7 (CH2—CH2—CH2CH2)) 2.14 (t, 2H, J=7.7 ((CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2)) 1.62-1.91 (m, 10H, CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2, CH2—CH2—CH2 (cyclohexyl amide) 1.07-1.30 (m, 4H, CH2—CH2—CH2 (cyclohexylamide)) 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 25.3 ((CH2)2), 25.7 (CH2), 25.9 (CH2), 31.3 (CH2), 31.7 (CH2), 33.6 (CH2), 35.8 (CH2), 37.3 (CH2), 48.4 (CH), 101.1 (CH2), 108.4 (CH), 109.2 (CH), 121.4 (CH), 136.4 (C), 145.8 (C), 147.8 (C), 172.2 (C), MS m/z (%): 303 (M+ 98), 204 (72), 176 (13), 168 (16), 162 (12) 161 (14), 154 (27), 148 (66), 141 (61) 135 (100) 74 (24) 60 (60)
RV-C05
1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 6.66 (d, 1H J=1.5, Ar-7-H), 6.71 (d, 1H J=7.8, Ar-10-H), 6.60 (d, d, 1H J=1.6, 8.0 Ar-11-H), 5.90 (s, 2H, O—CH2—O), 3.53 (t, 2H, J=5.4 CH2—N—CH2) 3.37 (t, 2H, J=5.7, (CH2—N—CH2) 2.51 (t, 2H, J=7.7 (CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2)) 2.33(t, 2H, J=7.7 ((CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2)) 1.52-1.65 (m, 10H, hydrocarbon CH2, CH2, CH2—CH2—CH2 (Piperidine)) 1.34 (m, 4H, CH2CH2) 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 24.9 (CH2), 25.8 (CH2), 25.9 (CH2), 26.9 (CH2), 29.3 29.7 (CH2), 31.3 (CH2), 31.9 (CH2), 33.8 (CH2), 42.9 (CH2), 47.1 (CH2), 101.8 (CH2), 108.4 (CH), 109.2 (CH), 121.4 (CH), 137.0 (C), 145.7 (C), 147.8 (C), 171.8 (C), MS m/z (%): 317 (M+ 78), 232 (11), 204 (10), 183 (30), 182 (15), 154 (21) 148 (43), 141 (41), 127 (100), 112 (43), 85 (49) Yield 51.2%
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0101146.9 | Jan 2001 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB02/00158 | 1/15/2002 | WO | 00 | 1/30/2004 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO02/057260 | 7/25/2002 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2326350 | Gertler et al. | Aug 1943 | A |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 27 57 483 | Jun 1979 | DE |
| 0 650 728 | May 1995 | EP |
| 05-262646 | Oct 1993 | JP |
| 6-336417 | Dec 1994 | JP |
| 10130203 | May 1998 | JP |
| WO9625939 | Aug 1996 | WO |
| WO 0002544 | Jan 2000 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040254165 A1 | Dec 2004 | US |
