Compounds having a plurality of nitrogenous substituents

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to nitrogenous compounds and combinations thereof, that have a central aromatic, alicyclic, or heterocyclic ring system that is substituted with at least two linear groups, and which contain a plurality of nitrogenous moieties. The nitrogenous moieties are functionalized to bear chemical functional groups, which introduce points of diversity into the compounds. The constituent compounds have diverse chemical functional groups, giving each compound of the mixtures at least one property that renders it diverse as compared to the other compounds. The combinatorial libraries are deconvoluted to compounds having unique desirable properties.

Such libraries are useful inter alia for antibacterial pharmaceutical use. They are also useful for identifying metal chelating species for “heavy metal” therapy and the like, as well as for industrial application. Imaging agents can also be provided through the present invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Traditional processes of drug discovery involve the screening of biological mixtures such as complex fermentation broths and plant extracts for a desired biological activity, or the chemical synthesis of large numbers of new compounds for evaluation as potential drugs. The advantage of screening mixtures from biological sources is that a large number of compounds are screened simultaneously, in some cases leading to the discovery of novel and complex natural products with activities that could not have been predicted otherwise. The disadvantages of this technique are that many different samples must be screened, and numerous purifications must be carried out to identify the active component, which is often present only in trace amounts. An advantage of laboratory synthesis of potential drug candidates is that unambiguous products are produced, but the preparation of each new structure requires significant expenditure of resources. Additionally, the de novo design of active compounds based on the high resolution structures of enzymes has generally not been successful.

It is now widely appreciated that combinatorial libraries are useful per se and that such libraries, and compounds of which they are comprised, have great commercial importance. Indeed, a new industry has arisen to exploit the many commercial aspects of combinatorial libraries.

In order to maximize the advantages of each classical approach, new strategies for combinatorial deconvolution have been developed independently by several groups. Selection techniques have been used with libraries of peptides (Geysen, H. M., Rodda, S. J., Mason, T. J., Tribbick, G. and Schoofs, P. G.,

J. Immun. Meth.

1987, 102, 259-274; Houghten, R. A., Pinilla, C., Blondelle, S. E., Appel, J. R., Dooley, C. T. and Cuervo, J. H.,

Nature,

1991, 354, 84-86; Owens, R. A., Gesellchen, P. D., Houchins, B. J. and DiMarchi, R. D.,

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.,

1991, 181, 402-408; Doyle, M. V., PCT WO 94/28424; Brennan, T. M., PCT WO 94/27719); nucleic acids (Wyatt, J. R., et al.,

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,

1994, 91, 1356-1360; Ecker, D. J., Vickers, T. A., Hanecak, R., Driver, V. and Anderson, K.,

Nucleic Acids Res.,

1993, 21, 1853-1856); nonpeptides and small molecules (Simon, R. J., et al.,

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,

1992, 89, 9367-9371; Zuckermann, R. N., et al.,

J. Amer. Chem. Soc.,

1992, 114, 10646-10647; Bartlett, Santi, Simon, PCT WO91/19735; Ohlmeyer, M. H., et al.,

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,

1993, 90, 10922-10926; DeWitt, S. H., Kiely, J. S., Stankovic, C. J., Schroeder, M. C. Reynolds Cody, D. M. and Pavia, M. R.,

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,

1993, 90, 6909-6913; Cody et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,483; Houghten et al., PCT WO 94/26775; Ellman, U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,514; Still et al., PCT WO 94/08051; Kauffman et al., PCT WO 94/24314; Carell, T., Wintner, D. A., Bashir-Hashemi, A. and Rebek, J.,

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engel.,

1994, 33, 2059-2061; Carell, T., Wintner, D. A. and Rebek, J.,

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engel.,

1994, 33, 2061-2064; Lebl, et al., PCT WO 94/28028). We have developed certain nitrogen coupled chemistries that we have utilized to prepare a class of compounds we refer to as “oligonucleosides.” These compounds have been described in previous patent applications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference, including published PCT applications WO 92/20822 (PCT US92/04294) and WO 94/22454 (PCT US94/03313). These chemistries include compounds having amine linkages, hydroxylamine linkages, hydrazino linkages and other nitrogen based linkages.

A review of the above references reveals that the most advanced of these techniques are those for selection of peptides and nucleic acids. Several groups have reported the selection of heterocycles such as benzodiazepines. However, with the exception of Rebek et al., scant attention has been given to combinatorial discovery of other types of molecules.

The majority of the techniques reported to date involve iterative synthesis and screening of increasingly simplified subsets of oligomers. Monomers or sub-monomers that have been utilized include amino acids, amino acid-like molecules, i.e. carbamate precursors, and nucleotides, both of which are bifunctional. Utilizing these techniques, libraries have been assayed for activity in either cell-based assays, or for binding and/or inhibition of purified protein targets.

A téchnique, called SURF™ (Synthetic Unrandomization of Randomized Fragments), involves the synthesis of subsets of oligomers containing a known residue at one fixed position and equimolar mixtures of residues at all other positions. For a library of oligomers four residues long containing three monomers (A, B, C), three subsets would be synthesized (NNAN, NNBN, NNCN, where N represents substantially equal incorporation of each of the three monomers). Each subset is then screened in a functional assay and the best subset is identified (e.g. NNAN). A second set of libraries is synthesized and screened, each containing the fixed residue from the previous round, and a second fixed residue (e.g. ANAN, BNAN, CNAN). Through successive rounds of screening and synthesis, a unique sequence with activity in the functional assay can be identified. The SURF™ technique is described in Ecker, D. J., Vickers, T. A., Hanecak, R., Driver, V. & Anderson, K.,

Nucleic Acids Res.,

1993, 21, 1853-1856. The SURF™ method is further described in PCT patent application WO 93/04204, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.

The combinatorial chemical approach that has been most utilized to date, utilizes an oligomerization from a solid support using monomeric units and a defined connecting chemistry, i.e. a solid support monomer approach. This approach has been utilized in the synthesis of libraries of peptides, peptoids, carbamates and vinylogous peptides connected by amide or carbamate linkages or nucleic acids connected by phosphate linkages as exemplified by the citations listed above. A mixture of oligomers (pool or library) is obtained from the addition of a mixture of activated monomers during the coupling step or from the coupling of individual monomers with a portion of the support (bead splitting) followed by remixing of the support and subsequent splitting for the next coupling. In this monomeric approach, each monomeric unit would carry a tethered letter, i.e., a functional group for interaction with the target. Further coupling chemistry that allows for the insertion of a tethered letter at a chemically activated intermediate stage is referred to as the sub-monomer approach.

The diversity of the oligomeric pool is represented by the inherent physical properties of each monomer, the number of different monomers mixed at each coupling, the physical properties of the chemical bonds arising from the coupling chemistry (the backbone), the number of couplings (length of oligomer), and the interactions of the backbone and monomer chemistries. Taken together, these interactions provide a unique conformation for each individual molecule.

There remains a need in the art for molecules which have fixed preorganized geometry that matches those of targets such as proteins and enzymes, nucleic acids, lipids and other targets. The backbones of such molecules should be rigid with some flexibility, and such molecules should be easy to construct in solution or via automated synthesis on a solid support.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide compounds for diagnostic, research, and therapeutic use.

It is a further object of the invention to provide compounds that have a plurality of nitrogenous sites for introducing chemical functional groups which provide “diversity” to the compounds of the invention.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide methods for preparing libraries of diversified compounds.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide libraries of combinatorialized compounds.

These and other objects will become apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art from a review of the present specification and the appended claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel compounds having a central ring or ring system to which is covalently attached at least 2 substituent groups containing nitrogenous sites which bear chemical functional groups.

In certain embodiments, compounds of the invention have the formula:

wherein:

g

1

is 1 to about 4;

g

2

is 2 to about 4;

A is an aromatic, heterocyclic, or alicyclic ring system;

each x is, independently, 1 to about 8;

J is N, O, S, or a heterocyclic ring system having at least one nitrogen;

t is 0 or 1;

each T is, independently, a single bond, a methylene group or a group having the formula:

—{[CR

1

R

2

]

m

—(R

5

)—[CR

1

R

2

]

n

—[C(R

6

)]

p

—(E)—}

q

—

R

6

is ═O, ═S, ═NR

3

;

R

5

and E, independently, are a single bond, CH═CH, C≡C, O, S, NR

3

, SO

2

, or C

6

-C

14

aryl;

each R

1

, R

2

and R

3

is, independently, H, alkyl or haloalkyl having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkynyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, or aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms;

m and n, independently, are zero to 5;

p is zero or 1;

q is 1 to about 10; and

each L is, independently, H, C

2

-C

10

alkyl or substituted alkyl, C

2

-C

10

alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, C

2

-C

10

alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, C

4

-C

7

carbocyclic alkyl or substituted carbocyclic alkyl, alkenyl carbocyclic or substituted alkenyl carbocyclic, alkynyl carbocyclic or substituted alkynyl carbocyclic, or C

6

-C

14

aryl or substituted aryl where the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl (OH), alkoxy, alcohol, benzyl, phenyl, nitro (NO

2

), thiol (SH), thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups; or L is phthalimido, an ether having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 oxygen or sulfur atoms, a nitrogen containing heterocycle, a sulfur containing heterocycle, an oxygen containing heterocycle, a metal coordination group, a conjugate group, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto (C═O), carboxyl (COOH), amide (CONR

1

), amidine (C(═NH)NR

2

R

3

), guanidine (NHC(═NH)NR

2

R

3

), glutamyl (R

1

OOCCHNR

2

R

3

)(CH

2

)

2

C(═O), nitrate (ONO

2

), nitro, nitrile (CN), trifluoromethyl (CF

3

), trifluoromethoxy (OCF

3

), O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino (NH

2

), azido (N

3

), hydrazino (NHNH

2

), hydroxylamino (ONH

2

), sulfoxide (SO), sulfone (SO

2

), sulfide (S—), disulfide (S—S), silyl, a nucleosidic base, an amino acid side chain, a carbohydrate, a drug, or a group capable of hydrogen bonding;

with the proviso that when A is 2,6-disubstituted pyridine with g

1

equal to 2 and g

2

equal to 2, and having 6 of said L groups, then not more than 3 of said L groups are H or para-toluenesulfonyl.

In some embodiments of the invention compounds are provided wherein g

1

is not equal to g

2

. In other embodiment compounds are provided wherein g

1

is 1 and g

2

is 2. In further embodiments compounds are provided wherein g

1

is 1 and g

2

is 3.

In other embodiments of the invention compounds are provided wherein at least 3 of the L groups are different from each other. In further embodiments at least 4 of said L groups are different from each other. In yet further embodiments compounds are provided wherein at least one of said L groups is phthalimido.

In some embodiments of the invention compounds are provided wherein t is 1 and J is a heterocyclic ring system. In a preferred embodiment the heterocyclic ring system is piperazine.

In some preferred embodiments of the invention compounds are provided wherein A is benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, cyclohexane, cyclopentane or adamantane. In other preferred embodiments compounds are provided wherein A comprises a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur containing heterocycle, preferably furan, pyran thiophene, aziridine, azetine, pyridine, 1,3,5-triazine, a-triazine, as-triazine, cyanuric acid, pyrrole, pyrazole, 1,2,3-triazole, imidazole, pyrimidine, purine, piperidine, pyrazole, pyrrolidine, piperazine, pyrazine, pyridazine, morpholine, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, or isothiazole.

In further embodiments of the invention compounds are provided wherein the sum of g

1

and g

2

is from 3 to 8, or the sum of g

1

and g

2

is from 3 to 6, or sum of g

1

and g

2

is from 3 to 4. In still further embodiments compounds are provided wherein the sum of g

1

added to g

2

is an odd number from 3 to 7.

The present invention provides novel libraries comprising aromatic compounds having at least 2 substituent groups containing nitrogenous sites bearing chemical functional groups. In certain embodiments libraries are provided comprising a plurality of chemically diverse compounds having the formula:

wherein:

g

1

is from 1 to about 4;

g

2

is from 2 to about 4;

A is an aromatic, heterocyclic, or alicyclic ring system;

each x is, independently, from 1 to about 8;

J is N, O, S, or a heterocyclic ring system having at least one nitrogen;

t is 0 or 1;

T is a single bond, a methylene group or a group having the structure:

—{[CR

1

R

2

]

m

—(R

5

)—[CR

1

R

2

]

n

—[C(R

6

)]

p

—(E)—}

q

—

R

6

is ═O, ═S, or ═NR

3

;

R

5

and E, independently, are a single bond, CH═CH, C≡C, O, S, NR

3

, SO

2

, or C

6

-C

14

aryl;

each R

1

, R

2

and R

3

is, independently, H, alkyl or haloalkyl having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkynyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, or aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms;

m and n, independently, are zero to 5;

p is zero or 1;

q is 1 to about 10; and

each L is, independently, H, C

2

-C

10

alkyl or substituted alkyl, C

2

-C

10

alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, C

2

-C

10

alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, C

4

-C

7

carbocyclic alkyl or substituted carbocyclic alkyl, alkenyl carbocyclic or substituted alkenyl carbocyclic, alkynyl carbocyclic or substituted alkynyl carbocyclic, or C

6

-C

14

aryl or substituted aryl where the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl (OH), alkoxy, alcohol, benzyl, phenyl, nitro (NO

2

), thiol (SH), thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups; or L is phthalimido, an ether having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 oxygen or sulfur atoms, a nitrogen containing heterocycle, a sulfur containing heterocycle, an oxygen containing heterocycle, a metal coordination group, a conjugate group, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto (C═O), carboxyl (COOH), amide (CONR

1

), amidine (C(═NH)NR

2

R

3

), guanidine (NHC(═NH)NR

2

R

3

), glutamyl (R

1

OOCCH(NR

2

R

3

)(CH

2

)

2

C(═O), nitrate (ONO

2

), nitro, nitrile (CN), trifluoromethyl (CF

3

), trifluoromethoxy (OCF

3

), O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino (NH

2

), azido (N

3

), hydrazino (NHNH

2

), hydroxylamino (ONH

2

), sulfoxide (SO), sulfone (SO

2

), sulfide (S—), disulfide (S—S), silyl, a nucleosidic base, an amino acid side chain, a carbohydrate, a drug, or a group capable of hydrogen bonding.

In one embodiment of the invention libraries are provided having a plurality of chemically diverse compounds which differ from each other by having different T—L groups or by having T—L— groups in different locations on the compound.

In other embodiments of the invention libraries are provided wherein g

1

is not equal to g

2

. In further embodiments libraries are provided wherein g

1

is 1 and g

2

is 2. In still further embodiments libraries are provided wherein g

1

is 1 and g

2

is 3.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention libraries are provided wherein at least 3 of said —T—L groups are different. In another preferred embodiment libraries are provided wherein at least 4 of said —T—L groups are different.

In even further embodiments of the invention libraries are provided wherein t is 1 and J is a heterocyclic ring system. In a preferred embodiment the heterocyclic ring system is piperazine.

In further embodiments of the invention methods are provided for generating a library of compounds having diverse properties, which have the formula:

wherein:

g

3

is from 1 to about 4;

g

4

is from 2 to about 4;

A is an aromatic, heterocyclic, or alicyclic ring system;

each x is, independently, from 1 to about 8;

ZZ is H, a nitrogen protecting group, a heterocyclic ring system having at least one nitrogen that is protected, or a group having the formula —(J)

t

—T—L;

each Z is, independently, H or a nitrogen protecting group with the proviso that at least one Z is H;

selecting a plurality of chemical functional group reactants of the formula:

XX—T—L

wherein:

XX is a reactive moiety capable of reacting to form a covalent bond between the T of T—L and a nitrogen;

J is N, O, S, or a heterocyclic ring system having at least one nitrogen;

t is 0 or 1;

T is a single bond, a methylene group or a group having the formula:

—{[CR

1

R

2

]

m

—(R

5

)—[CR

1

R

2

]

n

—[C(R

6

)]

p

—(E)—}

q

—

R

6

is ═O, ═S, or ═NR

3

;

R

5

and E, independently, are a single bond, CH═CH, C≡C, O, S, NR

3

, SO

2

, or C

6

-C

14

aryl;

each R

1

, R

2

and R

3

is, independently, H, alkyl or haloalkyl having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkynyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, or aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms;

m and n, independently,.are zero to 5;

p is zero or 1;

q is 1 to about 10; and

each L is, independently, H, C

2

-C

10

alkyl or substituted alkyl, C

2

-C

10

alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, C

2

-C

10

alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, C

4

-C

7

carbocyclic alkyl or substituted carbocyclic alkyl, alkenyl carbocyclic or substituted alkenyl carbocyclic, alkynyl carbocyclic or substituted alkynyl carbocyclic, or C

6

-C

14

aryl or substituted aryl where the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl (OH), alkoxy, alcohol, benzyl, phenyl, nitro (NO

2

), thiol (SH), thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups; or L is phthalimido, an ether having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 oxygen or sulfur atoms, a nitrogen containing heterocycle, a sulfur containing heterocycle, an oxygen containing heterocycle, a metal coordination group, a conjugate group, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto (C═O), carboxyl (COOH), amide (CONR

1

), amidine (C(═NH)NR

2

R

3

), guanidine (NHC(═NH)NR

2

R

3

), glutamyl (R

1

OOCCH(NR

2

R

3

)(CH

2

)

2

C(═O), nitrate (ONO

2

), nitro, nitrile (CN), trifluoromethyl (CF

3

), trifluoromethoxy (OCF

3

), O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino (NH

2

), azido (N

3

), hydrazino (NHNH

2

), hydroxylamino (ONH

2

), sulfoxide (SO), sulfone (SO

2

), sulfide (S—), disulfide (S—S), silyl, a nucleosidic base, an amino acid side chain, a carbohydrate, a drug, or a group capable of hydrogen bonding; and

reacting said chemical functional group reactants with said substituted cyclic compound to form covalent bonds between said T groups of said chemical functional group reactants and unprotected nitrogen groups on said substituted cyclic compounds.

In one embodiment of the invention the method for generating a library of compounds having diverse properties further comprises selectively deprotecting at least one of the nitrogen protecting groups to give at least one deprotected nitrogen. In further embodiments the method further comprises reacting at least one deprotected nitrogen with a further chemical functional group reactant of the formula:

XX—T—L

thereby forming a covalent bond between said —T—L group and said nitrogen.

In preferred embodiments of the invention each nitrogen is an amine, hydroxylamine, amides, hydrazide, carbamate, urea, hydrazine, sulfonamide, sulfanamide or sulfinamide.

In another embodiment of the invention the ring system is heteroaromatic, preferably aziridine, azetine, pyridine, 1,3,5-triazine, a-triazine, as-triazine, cyanuric acid, pyrrole, pyrazole, 1,2,3-triazole, imidazole, pyrimidine, purine, piperidine, pyrazole, pyrrolidine, piperazine, pyrazine, pyridazine, morpholine, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, furan, pyran, thiophene, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, cyclohexane, cyclopentane or adamantane.

In a further embodiment of the invention each chemical functional group reactant is an aldehyde, ketone, acid, acid halide, halide, acid anhydride, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, chloroformate or activated ester.

In some embodiments of the invention the method for generating a library of compounds having diverse properties is effected by iterative reaction of nitrogens with the chemical functional group reactants. In other embodiments the chemical functional group reactants are reacted with the nitrogens iteratively, and in each of the iterative reactions, each of the chemical functional group reactants are reacted with the nitrogen essentially simultaneously. In further embodiments of the invention the chemical functional group reactants are reacted with the nitrogens in a single reaction step.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The numerous objects and advantages of the present invention may be better understood by those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying figures, in which:

FIG. 1

is a representative list of some of the “letters” amenable to the present invention;

FIGS. 2 and 3

show the synthesis of a di-substituted pyridine compound wherein the substituents are attached by the reaction of 2,6-bis-formalpyridine with a single aminooxy containing compound.

FIG. 4

shows libraries of compounds synthesized according to the procedures shown in

FIGS. 2 and 3

;

FIG. 5

shows processes for the synthesis of libraries of compounds according to the invention;

FIGS. 6 and 7

show the combinatorialization of a macromolecule having three nitrogenous sites coupled with four chemical functional groups to achieve an overall complexity of 625 (5

4

) compounds, using a “fix last” deconvolution strategy;

FIGS. 8 and 9

show the synthesis of a di-substituted benzene compound wherein the substituents are attached to the benzene one at a time in separate reactions;

FIG. 10

shows representative libraries according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention relates to compounds having a central ring system, and two covalently attached substituent groups that contain a plurality of functionalized nitrogenous moieties, and to combinatorial libraries consisting of the compounds. The central ring system can be aromatic, alicyclic, or heterocyclic single or multiple-ring structure. The nitrogenous moieties are sites which are functionalized to bear functional groups (pendant groups), which impart diversity characteristics to the compound. The nitrogenous moieties (also referred to as “sites”) can also be located in the central ring system of compounds of the invention, either as ring nitrogen atoms, or appended to the ring system. Each nitrogenous moiety can be derivatized with one or two chemical functional groups, which can selected from a variety of chemical functional groups. Libraries of such compounds having various permutations and combinations of chemical functional groups and nitrogenous sites can be prepared and used in standard biological assays, such as standard antibiotic assays.

Preferred compounds of the invention include a central heterocyclic aromatic compound substituted with two linear groups having at least 3 nitrogenous sites substituted with chemical functional groups, and a third substituent having 1 nitrogenous site substituted with a chemical functional group. More preferred compounds of the invention include a central heterocyclic aromatic compound substituted with two linear groups having at least 3 nitrogenous sites substituted with chemical functional groups.

The pendent chemical functional groups on the compounds of the invention provide for binding of the compounds to proteins, including enzymes, nucleic acids, lipids and other biological targets.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, chemical functional groups are bound to nitrogenous moieties by reacting the nitrogenous moieties with chemical functional group reactants (referred to herein as “activated compounds”), which are activated forms of the chemical functional groups. As used herein, a “chemical functional group” is a chemical group that, when attached to a parent molecule, imparts to that molecule a particular and unique characteristic, thus contributing diversity to the parent molecule by rendering the parent molecule different in some way from what it was before attachment of the group. Several chemical functional groups can be attached to a particular molecule, and, when considered together, the sum total of their properties will impart global diversity characteristics to the parent molecule. Each set of combinations of chemical functional groups on a particular molecule will modify the parent such that the parent molecule having each particular combination of groups will be different from the parent molecule having any of the other combinations of groups. A combinatorial library according to the invention is the set of compounds which includes all of the combinations of the chemical functional groups on the parent molecule.

Compounds of the invention can be synthesized with both the position and the choice of the chemical functional groups predetermined, or the position and the choice of the chemical functional groups can be selected by combinatorial selection. In the context of this invention, “combinatorial” does not mean arbitrary, haphazard or indiscriminate. In the context of this invention, “combinatorial” is construed to mean that within the totality of the population of molecules that can be formed using a particular set of chemical functional groups and a particular nitrogenous moiety, there will be sub-populations of each of the possible species. Thus, each of the different combinations of a) choice of chemical functional group and b) positioning of the chemical functional groups will be represented.

“Combinatorial” is distinct from “random.” To illustrate the distinction, if all or nearly all possible combinations are present in the total molecular population, then it is a combinatorial population of molecules. If, however, only one or a small number of molecules from that total population is selected, then the selected molecule or molecules might be randomly selected if it is picked at whim or will from the total population. When the totality of the population is considered, all species are present and it is not a random population. If a systematic selection was made until the totality of the population was exhausted, then all of the species would eventually be selected, however, the order of selection might be random. Thus, in certain preferred embodiments, a pre-ordered selection and/or location of chemical functional groups will be present. In further preferred embodiments, a combinatorialized population of all possible combinations and ordering of the chemical functional groups is present. In even further preferred embodiments, the sequence is modulated between fixed and combinatorial. This is especially useful, as for example, in certain deconvolution strategies.

“Deconvolution” is construed to mean taking the totality of a population and systematically working through that population to establish the identity of a particular member, selected members, or all members of the population. In deconvoluting a combinatorial library of compounds, systematic selection is practiced until an individual compound or a group of individual compounds having a particular characteristic, as for instance being an active species in a specific functional assay, is identified.

The compounds of the invention are prepared by modification of nitrogenous moieties by reaction with chemical functional group reactants. Chemical functional group reactants (or “reactant compounds”) are compounds that contain both a site that is capable of reaction with a nitrogen atom of a nitrogenous moiety, and a further chemical functional group that serves to impart diversity to both the reactant compound, and to any molecule to which it might be covalently bonded. Reaction between a reactant compound and a nitrogenous moiety produces a covalent bond between the chemical functional group and the nitrogen atom of the nitrogenous site. This covalent bonding of the chemical functional group to the nitrogen atom of the nitrogenous moiety introduces a point of functionality or point of diversity at that particular nitrogen atom. Alternatively, a particular nitrogenous moiety might include a “null” in place of the functional group, i.e. it might lack a functional group. This is accomplished by having a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to the nitrogen atom or by having a double bond between the nitrogen atom and an adjacent atom, e.g. as an oxime or imine.

The reactant compounds may also include a tether giving a further element of diversity to the functional groups. Hence, the incoming reactant compound bearing a chemical functional moiety imparts diversity to the compounds of the invention and, upon bonding to a nitrogenous site, its residue can be referred to as a pendant chemical functional group.

The covalent bonding of chemical functional groups to the nitrogenous sites of the compounds of the invention yields compounds having unique sets of properties. These properties include the overall global shape, the conformational space, electron density, dipole moment and ability of the compound to interact with enzyme pockets and other binding sites and other similar properties.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention include a ring system and two linear substituents. The ring system can be an aromatic ring system, a heterocyclic ring system, an alicyclic ring system, or a mixed ring system such as an araalicyclic ring system (i.e., mixed aromatic-alicyclic, such as tetralin or fluorene) ring system. The linear substituent groups contain nitrogenous sites that are substituted with chemical functional groups. Nitrogenous sites are separated from the ring system and other nitrogenous sites by at least one methylene group. Preferably, one of the linear substituents contains at least 2 nitrogenous sites, and the other contains at least 1 nitrogenous site.

Further nitrogenous moieties can reside in the central ring system or can be appended to the central ring system through, for example, a tether. In some embodiments, a nitrogenous moiety is present in a heterocyclic ring system that is covalently bound to the central ring system. In other embodiments a nitrogenous moiety is appended by a tether group to a central ring system through a N, O, or S heteroatom that is appended directly to the ring system.

Nitrogenous moieties residing in the ring system include constituent nitrogen atoms of heterocyclic rings. In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, the central ring system is an aromatic nitrogen heterocycle having one or more nitrogens such as, for example, pyridine, acridine or pyrimidine, or an aliphatic nitrogen heterocycle or a non-aromatic nitrogen heterocycle, such as piperidine, that is derivatized with chemical functional groups. In other preferred embodiments, no chemical functional groups are included on the ring nitrogens of the heterocycle.

In some preferred embodiments the compounds of the invention will have from 3 to 9 nitrogenous moieties. In other preferred compounds of the invention, there will be from 3 to 6 nitrogenous moieties. A preferably, there will be from 3 to 4 nitrogenous moieties.

In the context of this invention, a heterocyclic ring system includes single ring compounds as well as multi-ring compounds. Heterocyclic ring systems may be saturated, partially saturated, or unsaturated and will contain at least one hetero atom such as N, O, or S.

Illustrative non-heterocyclic ring systems useful in compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, benzene, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclononane, cyclodecane, transcyclooctane, cyclooctyne, cyclohepta-1,3-diene, [10]annulene (cyclodecapentaene), and [9]annulene (cyclonona-1,3,5,7-tetraene).

Illustrative monocyclic nitrogen heterocycles useful in compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, cyanuric acid, aziridine, azetine 1,3-diazetidine, cyclopentaazane, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, cyanuric acid, pyridine, pyridazine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, piperazine, pyridazine, s-triazine, azepine, 1,2,4-triazepine, and azocine.

Illustrative oxygen heterocycles useful in compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, furan, 1,4-pyran, 1,2-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, oxepin, 1,3,5,7-tetraoxocane and 1,4,8,11-tetraoxacyclotetradecane. Illustrative sulfur heterocycles include, but are not limited to thiophene, thiepine, 1,4-thiazepine. Illustrative mixed heterocycles include, but are not limited to, 1,2,3-oxathiole, isoxazole, oxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3,4-oxatriazole, 1,2,3,5-oxatriazole, 1,2,4-oxazine, 1,3,2-oxazine, 1,3,6-oxazine, 1,2,6-oxazine, 1,4-oxazine o-isoxazine, p-isoxazine, 1,2,5-oxathiazine, 1,2,6-oxthiazine, 1,4,2-oxadiazine, 1,3,5,2-oxadiazine, 1,4-thiazepine and morpholine.

For the purposes of this invention a ring system is defined to include one ring, or two or more rings, that are joined together to form an extended or condensed ring. Such ring systems include extended aromatic systems, alicyclic systems, araalicyclic systems, bicyclic systems and even spiro systems. Examples include aromatic, alicyclic and mixed aromatic-alicyclic (araalicyclic) multiple ring systems, spiro systems, bicyclic systems, non-aromatic multiple ring systems such as adamantane, decalin, steroids and terpenes, including sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes and tetraterpenes, and multiple ring heterocyclic systems. Illustrative carbon ring systems include, but are not limited to, naphthalene, tetrahydro-naphthalene (tetralin), anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, coronene, azulene, cluorene, benzonaphthene, benzo[8]annulene, pentalene, heptalane, octalene, indene, isoindene biphenyl, biphenylene and triphenylene condensed rings; spiropentane, spiro[2.4]heptane, spiro[4.5]decane, spiro[3.4]octane, dispiro[5.1.7.2]heptadecane spiro systems, bornane, norbornane, camphor, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 7-methylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and trans and cis-bicyclo[4.4.0]decane (trans and cis-decalin) bicyclic systems; carotenes, delta-3-carene, alpha-pinene, camphor, ascaridole, azulene, cadinene, beta-selinene, ambrein, beta-amyrin and lupeol terpenes; cholesterol, lanosterol, coprostanol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, calciferol, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, estrone, estradiol, estratriol, progesterone, stilbestrol, testosterone, androsterone, deoxycorticosterone, cortisone and 17-hydroxycorticosterone steroids.

Illustrative multiple ring heterocyclic systems include, but are not limited to, carbazole, acridine, xanthene, purine, 1,4-benzisoxazine, 1,2-benzisoxazine, 3,1,4-benzoxazine, 2,3,1-benzoxazine, 1,4,2-benzoxazine, 1,3,2-benzoxazine, pyrido[4,3-b]pyridine, pyrido[3,2-b]pyridine, pyrido[3,4-b]pyridine, naphthyridine, quinazoline, cinnoline, isoquinoline, quinoline, 1,2-benzoyran, anthranil, benzoxazole, indoxazine, indolazine, pyrano[3,4-b]pyrrole, 1,5-pyridine, 2-isobenzole, indolenine, indole, isothionaphthene, thionaphthene, isobenzofuran, benzofuran, and 2,2′-bipyridine.

Preferred rings and ring systems include aziridine, azetine, pyridine, 1,3,5-triazine, a-triazine (or as-triazine,) cyanuric acid, pyrrole, pyrazole, 1,2,3-triazole, imidazole, pyrimidine, purine, piperidine, pyrazole, pyrrolidine, piperazine, pyrazine, pyridazine, morpholine, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, furan, pyran, thiophene, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, cyclohexane, cyclopentane and adamantane.

The chemical functional groups appended to the nitrogenous moieties of the compounds of the invention can be of various structures that impart particular interactive properties to the compounds of the invention. These chemical functional groups can effect interactions of at least the following types: hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, ionic, polar, hydrophobic, aromatic, electron donors and acceptors, pi bond stacking or metal binding. As a result of such interactions, the compounds of the invention have unique properties effecting the overall global shape, the conformational space, electron density, dipole moment and ability of the compound to interact with enzyme pockets and other binding sites and other similar properties. While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that placement of the chemical functional groups on the compounds of the invention “geometrically constrains” the molecules for better binding characteristics with target molecules.

The chemical functional groups can also be referred to as functional groups or as “letters,” reflecting the fact that the different functional groups on the compounds of the invention are positioned in sequences (either predetermined or by combinatorial methods) much like letters of the alphabet. Letters can be “reactive” or “non-reactive.” “Reactive” letters will interact with a target molecule in some manner (which need not, but can be predefined). “Non-reactive” letters are those which are not intended react with a target molecule, but, rather, serve to impart other properties to the molecule such as, for example, effecting or facilitating up-take, distribution, metabolism or identification. Although non-reactive letters are not primarily intended to interact with a target molecule, they may nevertheless may do so.

A first preferred group of chemical functional groups according to the invention includes H, C

2

-C

10

alkyl or substituted alkyl, C

2

-C

10

alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, C

2

-C

10

alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, C

4

-C

7

carbocyclic alkyl or substituted carbocyclic alkyl, alkenyl carbocyclic or substituted alkenyl carbocyclic, alkynyl carbocyclic or substituted alkynyl carbocyclic, or C

6

-C

14

aryl or substituted aryl where the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl (OH), alkoxy, alcohol, benzyl, phenyl, nitro (NO

2

), thiol (SH), thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups; or L is phthalimido, an ether having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 oxygen or sulfur atoms, a nitrogen containing heterocycle, a sulfur containing heterocycle, an oxygen containing heterocycle, a metal coordination group, a conjugate group, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto (C═O), carboxyl (COOH), amide (CONR

1

), amidine (C(═NH)NR

2

R

3

), guanidine (NHC(═NH)NR

2

R

3

), glutamyl (R

1

OOCCH(NR

2

R

3

)(CH

2

)

2

C(═O), nitrate (ONO

2

), nitro, nitrile (CN), trifluoromethyl (CF

3

), trifluoromethoxy (OCF

3

), O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino (NH

2

), azido (N

3

), hydrazino (NHNH

2

), hydroxylamino (ONH

2

), sulfoxide (SO), sulfone (SO

2

), sulfide (S—), disulfide (S—S), silyl, a nucleosidic base, an amino acid side chain, a carbohydrate, a drug, or a group capable of hydrogen bonding, where each R

1

, R

2

and R

3

is, independently, H, alkyl or haloalkyl having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkynyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, or aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms.

Heterocycles, including nitrogen heterocycles, suitable for use as functional groups include, but are not limited to, imidazole, pyrrole, pyrazole, indole, 1H-indazole, α-carboline, carbazole, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, tetrazole, triazole, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine and morpholine groups. A more preferred group of nitrogen heterocycles includes imidazole, pyridine, pyrrole, and carbazole groups. Imidazole and pyridine groups are especially preferred.

Purines and pyrimidines suitable for use as functional groups include adenine, guanine, cytosine, uridine, and thymine, as well as other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 5-halo uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudo uracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, amino, thiol, thioalkyl, hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine. Further purines and pyrimidines include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in the

Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering

, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. I., ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, and those disclosed by Englisch et al.,

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition

1991, 30, 613. The disclosures of each of the preceding publications are hereby incorporated by reference.

In the context of this specification, alkyl (generally C

1

-C

20

), alkenyl (generally C

2

-C

20

), and alkynyl (generally C

2

-C

20

) groups include but are not limited to substituted and unsubstituted straight chain, branch chain, and alicyclic hydrocarbons, including methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl and other higher carbon alkyl groups. Further examples include 2-methylpropyl, 2-methyl-4-ethylbutyl, 2,4-diethylbutyl, 3-propylbutyl, 2,8-dibutyldecyl, 6,6-dimethyloctyl, 6-propyl-6-butyloctyl, 2-methylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl and other branched chain groups, allyl, crotyl, propargyl, 2-pentenyl and other unsaturated groups containing a pi bond, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, adamantane as well as other alicyclic groups, 3-penten-2-one, 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-cyanooctyl, 3-methoxy-4-heptanal, 3-nitrobutyl, 4-isopropoxydodecyl, 4-azido-2-nitrodecyl, 5-mercaptononyl, 4-amino-1-pentenyl as well as other substituted groups.

In the context of the invention, a straight chain compound means an open chain compound, such as an aliphatic compound, including alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl compounds; lower alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl as used herein include but are not limited to hydrocarbyl compounds having from about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. The term branched compound, as used herein, denotes a straight chain compound, such as an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl compound, which has further straight or branched chains attached to one or more the carbon atoms of the straight chain. A cyclic compound, as used herein, refers to closed chain compounds, i.e. a ring of atoms, such as an alicyclic or aromatic compound. The straight, branched, or cyclic compounds may be internally interrupted, as in alkoxy or heterocyclic compounds.

Aryl groups preferably have 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and include but are not limited to substituted and unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbyl groups. Aralkyl groups preferably have 7 to 20 carbon atoms, and include but are not limited to groups having both aryl and alkyl functionalities, such as benzyl and xylyl groups, which are attached through their alkyl portions. Preferred aryl and aralkyl groups include, but are not, limited to, phenyl, benzyl, xylyl, naphthyl, tolyl, pyrenyl, anthracyl, azulyl, phenethyl, cinnamyl, benzhydryl, and mesityl. These can be substituted or unsubstituted. It is preferred that if an aryl or alkyl group is substituted, the substitution be at a position on the aryl or aralkyl group such that the electronic effects of the substituent are isolated from the reactive functionality used to attach the aromatic moiety to the nitrogenous moiety or the tether. Accordingly, it is preferred that such substitutions be meta to the point of attachment of the aromatic moiety to the nitrogenous moiety or the tether.

The aliphatic and aromatic groups as noted above may be substituted or unsubstituted. In the context of this invention, substituted or unsubstituted, means that the compounds may optionally have any one of a variety of substituents, in replacement, for example, of one or more hydrogen atoms in the compound. Typical substituents for substitution of the aliphatic and aromatic groups of the invention include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alcohol, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, or alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups. Metal coordination groups according to the invention include, but are not limited to, carbonyl moieties, hyroxyl moieties, amine moieties, acid moieties and other more complex moieties such as hydroxamic acids, catecholamide, acetyl-acetone, 2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, diacetic acid, pyridine-2-carboxamide, isoalkyldiamine, thiocarbamate, oxalate, glycyl, histidyl and terpyridyl. Other metal coordination groups are also known (Mellor, D. P.,

Chemistry of Chelation and Chelating Agents in International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics

, Section 70, The Chelation of Heavy Metals, Levine, W. G. Ed., Pergamon Press, Elmford, N.Y., 1979). The disclosures of each of the preceding references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Non-reactive functionalities used as chemical functional groups, such as groups that enhance pharmacodynamic properties, include groups that improve uptake and enhance resistance to enzymatic or chemical degradation. Non-reactive functionalities may also enhance pharmacokinetic properties. In the context of this invention, such groups improve uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion. Non-reactive functionalities include, but are not limited to, alkyl chains, polyamines, ethylene glycols, steroids, polyamides, aminoalkyl chains, amphipathic moieties, and conjugate groups attached to any of the nitrogenous sites for attachment, as described above.

Conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, poly ethers including polyethylene glycols (PEGs), and other moieties known in the art for enhancing the pharmacodynamic properties or the pharmacokinetic properties. Typical conjugate groups include PEG groups, cholesterols, phospholipids, biotin, phenanthroline, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes.

A number of chemical functional groups can be introduced into compounds of the invention in a blocked form and subsequently deblocked to form a final, desired compound. In general, a blocking group renders a chemical functionality of a molecule inert to specific reaction conditions and can later be removed from such functionality in a molecule without substantially damaging the remainder of the molecule (see, for example, Green and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991). For example, amino groups can be blocked as phthalimido groups, as 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) groups, and with triphenylmethylsulfenyl, t-BOC or benzyl groups. Carboxyl groups can be protected as acetyl groups. Representative hydroxyl protecting groups are described by Beaucage et al.,

Tetrahedron

1992, 48, 2223. Preferred hydroxyl protecting groups are acid-labile, such as the trityl, monomethoxytrityl, dimethoxytrityl, trimethoxytrityl, 9-phenylxanthine-9-yl (Pixyl) and 9-(p-methoxyphenyl)xanthine-9-yl (MOX). Chemical functional groups can also be “blocked” by including them in a precursor form. Thus, an azido group can be used considered as a “blocked” form of an amine since the azido group is easily converted to the amine.

Nitrogenous moieties can be incorporated into compounds of the invention in a blocked form to facilitate manipulation of chemical functional groups to particular sites within a given compound (see, for example, FIGS.

2

-

7

). Blocking certain sites followed by reacting unblocked sites with a chemical functional group reactant and then selectively deblocking to give further unblocked sites is a useful method for deconvoluting a library. Preferred groups used for the blocking which can be selectively deblocked include t-BOC and o-nitrophenylsulfenyl. Another preferred blocking group that also includes the nitrogen is the phthalimido group which is deblocked to give a primary amine. These three protecting groups are especially useful in that each can be selectively removable without removing the others.

The compounds of the invention can be synthesized by a variety of chemistries. One preferred method of synthesizing the compounds of the invention is by solution phase synthesis. Another preferred method of synthesizing the compounds of the invention is by solid phase synthesis, using known methods and techniques.

Representative solid supports useful in the present invention include controlled pore glass (CPG), oxalyl-controlled pore glass (Alul et al.,

Nucleic Acids Research

1991, 19, 1527), TentaGel Support, which is an aminopolyethyleneglycol derivatized support (Wright et al.,

Tetrahedron Letters

1993, 34, 3373) or Poros which is a copolymer of polystyrene/divinylbenzene.

The chemical functional groups, i.e. groups that give individual characteristics to individual molecules, are attached to their respective monomeric units via the nitrogen atoms of the nitrogenous moieties. These chemical functional groups provide diverse properties or diversity to the resulting compounds. Such diversity properties include hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, ionic moieties, polar moieties, hydrophobic moieties, aromatic centers, electron-donors and acceptors, pi bond stacking and metal binding. Together, the properties of the individual repeating units contribute to the uniqueness of the compounds in which they are found. Thus, a library of such compounds would have a myriad of properties, i.e. diversity. Collectively, the properties of the chemical functional groups on any individual compound contribute to the uniqueness of that compound and impart certain characteristics thereto for interaction with proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids, or for cellular or enzymatic interactions with a target molecule. The compounds of the invention may also possess herbicidal or insecticidal properties.

As noted above, the compounds of the invention can be prepared having each nitrogenous moiety functionalized with one or more chemical functional group in a predetermined configuration, or the nitrogenous moieties can be substituted with chemical functional groups via combinatorialization strategies. One useful combinatorial strategy is a “fix last” strategy noted in certain of the examples below. A further useful combinatorial strategy is the above-noted SURF™ strategy, which is disclosed and claimed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 749,000, filed Aug. 23, 1991, and PCT Application US92/07121, filed Aug. 21, 1992, both of which are commonly assigned with this application. The entire disclosure of these applications are herein incorporated by reference.

Illustrative of the SURF™ strategy is a 2′-O-methyl oligonucleotide library (Ecker et. al., supra) shown in Table I below. Table I describes the selection of a 2′-O-methyl oligonucleotide for binding to an RNA hairpin. The K

D

S, i.e. the binding constants, were determined by gel shift. “X” is used to indicate the position being varied and underlining is used to indicate positions that become fixed during successive iterations of the SURF™ strategy.

TABLE I

K

D

(mM)

Subsets

X = A

X = C

X = G

X = T

Round 1

NNNNXNNNN

22

10

>100

>100

Round 2

NNNN

C

NXNN

>10

4

>10

>10

Round 3

NNXN

C

N

C

NN

>10

0.5

>10

>10

Round 4

NN

C

X

C

N

C

NN

>10

0.15

>10

>10

Round 5

NN

CCC

X

C

NN

0.08

>1

0.4

>1

Round 6

NN

CCCAC

XN

0.05

>0.5

0.08

>0.5

Round 7

NX

CCCACA

N

>0.1

>0.1

0.03

>0.1

Round 8

N

GCCCACA

X

0.05

0.02

0.05

0.04

Round 9

X

GCCCACAC

0.03

0.05

0.02

0.01

This SURF™ strategy has not been previously used for libraries, except those that employ naturally-occurring nucleotide monomer units, in phosphodiesters or phosphorothioates. Other combinatorial strategies have been previously used only for libraries that employ amino acids as monomeric units.

One advantage of the present invention is that the simple design of compounds of the invention, having multiple sites for diversity, enables the combining of rational drug design with methodologies used for the screening of thousands of compounds. This is achieved by using the compounds of the invention in combinatorial techniques such as the SURF™ strategy or the “fix last” strategy described herein.

The compounds of the invention can be used in diagnostics, therapeutics and as research reagents and kits. They can be used in pharmaceutical compositions by including a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In preferred embodiments, the compounds of the invention act as inhibitors of enzymes such as phospholipase A

2

; as inhibitors of pathogens such as viruses, mycobacterium, bacteria (gram negative and gram positive), protozoa and parasites; as inhibitors of ligand-receptor interactions such as PDGF (platelet derived growth factor), LTB

4

(leukotriene B

4

), IL-6 and complement C5

A

; as inhibitors of protein/protein interactions including transcription factors such as p50 (NFKB protein) and fos/jun; for the inhibition of cell-based interactions including ICAM induction (using inducers such as IL1-β, TNF and LPS) and as herbicides and insecticides. In other preferred embodiments, the compounds of the invention are used as diagnostic reagents for each of the above noted biological entities, and as reagents in assays and as probes. In other preferred embodiments, the compounds of the invention are used to chelate heavy metals and as imaging agents.

The compounds of the invention generally are prepared by coupling preselected bifunctional synthons under conditions effective to form the compounds. In certain embodiments, compounds of the invention are prepared by intermolecular reductive coupling. In other embodiments, compounds of the invention can be prepared by intermolecular radical addition reactions. In further embodiments, compounds can be prepared by nucleophilic displacement. In each of these embodiments, nitrogen atoms in the resulting substituents can be further functionalized. For example, the nitrogen atoms of the nitrogenous moieties can be reacted with a group having structure R

L

—T—L, thereby displacing the R

L

leaving group and forming a covalent —N—T—L linkage where T—L represents a chemical functional group (wherein T is a single bond or part of the functional group) or a tethered chemical functional group.

Desired amino compounds, if not directly available, can be synthesized by treating the corresponding hydroxyl-terminated compound with Ph

3

P, CBr

4

and LiN

3

according to the procedure of Hata et al. (

J. Chem. Soc. Perkin

1 1980, 306) to furnish a terminal azide. Reduction of the azido group with tributyltin hydride provides the desired amino functionality.

Hydroxylamino nitrogenous groups can be prepared by treating the corresponding hydroxyl compound with N-hydroxyphthalimide, triphenylphosphine and diethylazodicarboxylate under Mitsunobu conditions to provide an O-phthalimido derivative. The free hydroxylamino compound can be generated in quantitative yield by hydrazinolysis of the O-phthalimido derivative.

Hydrazino compounds can be prepared by treating hydroxyl-terminated compounds with tosyl chloride in pyridine to give an O-tosylate derivative. Treatment of benzylcabazide with O-tosylate will furnish a benzylcarbazide derivative, which on hydrogenation provides the free hydrazino moiety for reductive coupling.

The hydrazino compound (hydrazine) synthesized as described above can be further converted to a hydrazide by reacting it with a carboxylic ester, or an acid halide in the presence of a base such as pyridine or DIEA.

Amino compounds (amines) may be further functionalized to form amides, hydrazides, carbamates, ureas, sulfonamides, sulfinamides and sulfanamides. An amide compound can be prepared by treating the amine with an acid halide, such as an acid chloride, in the presence of a base such as pyridine. Alternatively, amides can also be prepared by the action of an amine on a carboxylic ester.

Carbamates can also be synthesized from amines. The procedure involves reaction of the amine with an alkyl halide and potassium carbonate in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst such as Bu

4

NH

+

HSO

4

−

. Carbamates can also be obtained by the treatment of an amine with an appropriate alkyl or aryl chloroformate, or by reacting an amine with carbon monoxide, oxygen and an alcohol, in the presence of a catalyst such as pyridine.

Further, amines can be converted to ureas by reacting the amine with carbon monoxide in the presence of selenium or sulfur, or Pd(OAc)

2

—I

2

—K

2

CO

3

(only for secondary amines). Also, amines can be added to isocyanates to form ureas. Symmetrically substituted ureas can be obtained by the reaction of an amine with phosgene or ethyl carbonate.

Sulfonamides can be prepared from amines by the reaction of an amine with a sulfonyl chloride in the presence of a base. Sulfinamides can be prepared by the reaction of an amine with a sulfinyl chloride in the presence of a base. The sulfonamide or sulfinamide thus formed can further be reduced to a sulfanamide by LiAlH

4

, zinc and acetic acid or triphenylphosphine and iodine.

The nitrogen atoms of nitrogenous compounds such as amines, hydroxylamines, hydrazines, amides, carbamates, ureas, sulfonamides, sulfinamides and sulfanamides can be alkylated by treating the nitrogenous compound with a base such as sodium hydroxide or sodium hydride, and then reacting the resulting sodium salt with a halide such as the illustrative halides (benzyl bromide, 3-methylbenzyl bromide, 3-methoxybenzyl bromide or 3-nitrobenzyl bromide) used in the examples below. A wide spectrum of halides can be used for this purpose.

The above-mentioned nitrogenous compounds can also be acylated at the nitrogen atom by treating them with a base such as sodium hydroxide or sodium hydride, and then reacting the resultant sodium salt of the nitrogenous compound with an acid halide. Illustrative acid halides include, but are not limited to, benzoyl chloride, 3-methylbenzoyl chloride, 3-methoxybenzoyl chloride or 3-nitrobenzoyl chloride.

Additionally, the nitrogenous compounds can be functionalized at the nitrogen atom by reaction of the nitrogenous compound with an aldehyde or ketone forming a Schiff base. The Schiff base is then reduced in the presence of a reducing agent such as NaCNBH

3

, sodium metal in ethanol, or organometallic compounds such. as allylic boranes and allylic stannanes.

In one aspect of the invention, compounds and libraries are synthesized as shown in

FIGS. 2 and 3

, using letters shown in FIG.

1

.

FIGS. 3 and 4

show the synthesis of a di-substituted pyridine compound wherein the substituents are attached by the reaction of 2,6-bis-formalpyridine with a single aminooxy containing compound. The aminooxy bond is cleaved to form the di-substituted pyridine having 3 nitrogenous moieties, 2 of which are secondary and one which is primary. These nitrogenous moieties contain 4 nitrogenous sites that can be substituted with chemical functional groups. As illustrated in

FIG. 3

, three of the nitrogenous sites are substituted in a single reaction, leaving a fourth site protected. The blocked nitrogenous site can be deblocked and treated with a further chemical functional group to give the final library.

In another aspect of the invention, compounds and libraries are synthesized according to

FIGS. 8 and 9

, which show the synthesis of a di-substituted benzene compound wherein the substituents are attached to the benzene one at a time in separate reactions. One advantage to this synthetic procedure is the inclusion of protecting groups on the substituent groups. The use of protecting groups enables the complete deconvolution of each compound of the invention. As illustrated in FIG.

8

and Examples 79-86, the phthalimido, t-butyloxycarbony, and o-nitrophenylsulfonyl protecting groups are used to synthesize an intermediate compound (49,

FIG. 8

) that is used to prepare either a library or a single compound.

The overall extent of diversification will be a factor of both the number of sites and the number of reactant species presented to each site for covalent bonding to the site. To achieve a library having limited diversification, only a few sites or chemical functional groups need be used as illustrated in Examples 23-26. To achieve a high degree of diversification, the number of sites, the number of chemical functional groups, or both is expanded. The complexity of the library is represented by the number of chemical functional groups taken to the power represented by the number of sites at which these chemical functional groups can be located. Thus for example, 5 chemical functional groups at three unique sites will give a library of 125 (5

3

) compounds, 20 chemical functional groups at 4 sites will give a library of 160,000 (20

4

) compounds, and 8 chemical functional groups at 6 sites will give a library of 262,144 (8

6

) compounds. Normally, to obtain a large library of linear oligomeric compounds such as peptides, the length of the peptide, as for instance a 10-mer, is the determinant. A peptide of this length synthesized combinatorially using all 20 or so naturally occurring amino acids offers a large number of sites. Thus, the resulting library will be very complex, having about 10

13

different compounds.

In constructing and assaying compounds of the invention, if an enzyme binder or other like biological property is desired, normally a compound having a smaller number of nitrogenous sites would be selected such that the spatial size (the three dimensional global footprint) of the macromolecule does not exceed a pre-selected size in order to fit into the enzyme pocket or other biological target. If uptake of a molecule is a consideration and it is determined that the molecular weight of the molecule should not exceed a pre-selected molecular weight range, as for instance a molecular weight of 500, 1000 or 1500, then a small number of sites might also be selected. In these instances, the number of sites that can be combinatorialized is maintained relatively small (typically less than 10, preferably less than 6 and more preferred from 3 to 4). In order to construct very complex (large) libraries, a greater number of chemical functional groups are used to expand the libraries such that they contain a large number of individual species. As opposed to peptides, where normally only 20 amino acids are available for selection as the chemical functional groups, in diversifying the compounds of the invention one is not constrained as far as chemical functional groups are concerned, and any number of chemical functional groups can be selected.

For targets where size of the macromolecule is not: an overriding consideration, such as in a metal ion scavenger to be used in an industrial waste stream, macromolecules having a large number of sites can be selected and the number of chemical functional groups decreased. Thus, only those chemical functional groups that are known to be metal coordinating groups might be selected. In these instances, the number of nitrogenous sites included in the molecule would be selected in the high range, such as, for example, from 4 to 9, preferably 6 to 9.

The chemical functional groups can be selected on the basis of chain length (i.e. short versus long), the use of a ring versus a linear group, the use of an aromatic versus aliphatic group, the use of a functionalized group versus a non-functionalized group, or any of the wide variety of chemical functional groups available. Indeed, simply varying functional moieties, e.g. acid, alcohol, aldehyde, amide, amine, amidine, azo, azoxy, double bond, ether, ethylene oxide, guanidine, halide, haloalkyl, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, ketone, mercaptan, nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso, quaternary nitrogen, sulfide, sulfone, sulfoxide, triple bond, urea, etc. on a single backbone, e.g. a simple alkyl group, yields a vast array of diversity functions. When this is expanded to include placement of such varied functional moieties on a broad platform of backbones, e.g. a series of alkyl compounds, a series of aryl compounds, a series of alicyclic compounds, etc., the potential for a vast array of chemical functional groups is apparent. Other chemical functional groups include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alicyclic and substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alicyclic; aryl and substituted aryl; aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, heterocycles, moieties as found in the α-position of amino acids, nucleobases such as pyrimidines and purines; and metal chelating groups.

Chemical functional groups of the invention can be represented by the formula:

—T—L

wherein:

each T is, independently, a single bond, a methylene group or a group having the formula:

—{[CR

1

R

2

]

m

—(R

5

)—[CR

1

R

2

]

n

—[C(R

6

)]

p

—(E)—}

q

—

R

6

is ═O, ═S, ═NR

3

;

R

5

and E, independently, are a single bond, CH═CH, C≡C, O, S, NR

3

, SO

2

, or C

6

-C

14

aryl;

each R

1

, R

2

and R

3

is, independently, H, alkyl or haloalkyl having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, alkynyl having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, or aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms;

m and n, independently, are zero to 5;

p is zero or 1;

q is 1 to about 10; and

each L is, independently, H, C

2

-C

10

alkyl or substituted alkyl, C

2

-C

10

alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, C

2

-C

10

alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, C

4

-C

7

carbocyclic alkyl or substituted carbocyclic alkyl, alkenyl carbocyclic or substituted alkenyl carbocyclic, alkynyl carbocyclic or substituted alkynyl carbocyclic, or C

6

-C

14

aryl or substituted aryl where the substituent groups are selected from hydroxyl (OH), alkoxy, alcohol, benzyl, phenyl, nitro (NO

2

), thiol (SH), thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups; or L is phthalimido, an ether having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 oxygen or sulfur atoms, a nitrogen containing heterocycle, a sulfur containing heterocycle, an oxygen containing heterocycle, a metal coordination group, a conjugate group, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto (C═O), carboxyl (COOH), amide (CONR

1

), amidine (C(═NH)NR

2

R

3

), guanidine (NHC(═NH)NR

2

R

3

), glutamyl (R

1

OOCCH(NR

2

R

3

)(CH

2

)

2

C(═O), nitrate (ONO

2

), nitro, nitrile (CN), trifluoromethyl (CF

3

), trifluoromethoxy (OCF

3

), O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino (NH

2

), azido (N

3

), hydrazino (NHNH

2

), hydroxylamino (ONH

2

), sulfoxide (SO), sulfone (SO

2

), sulfide (S—), disulfide (S—S), silyl, a nucleosidic base, an amino acid side chain, a carbohydrate, a drug, or a group capable of hydrogen bonding;

with the proviso that when A is 2,6-disubstituted pyridine with g

1

equal to 2 and g

2

equal to 2, and having 6 of said L groups, then not more than 3 of said L groups are H or para-toluenesulfonyl.

To covalently bind chemical functional groups to nitrogen atoms of nitrogenous moieties, various chemical functional group reactant compounds are used. These are the reactive forms of the chemical functional groups; i.e., they have a further functional group thereon which is capable of effecting or facilitating the covalent bond to the nitrogen atom of the nitrogenous moiety. Examples of these further functional groups include the variety of functionalities known to interact with amine nitrogens, such as, for example, OHC— (aldehydes), R

1

C(O)— (ketones), halogens, HO

2

C— (carboxyl groups), and halogen-CO— (acid halides).

The “diversity end” of chemical functional group reactant compounds have other functionalities, as described above.

FIGS. 6 and 7

show the combinatorialization of a macromolecule having three nitrogenous sites coupled with four chemical functional groups to achieve an overall complexity of 625 (5

4

) compounds. A “fix last” deconvolution strategy is utilized.

In addition to the preceding process for the deconvolution of combinatorial libraries, which includes the iterative processes of splitting and fixing one position, there are many other strategies used by those skilled in the art. One such strategy utilizes a subtractive technique where selected letters are removed from selected pools and the active pools are pursued to elicit the most active compound (see e.g., Carell, T., supra). Other methods known in the art include labeling (including chemically or radioisotopically), enzyme binding assays, and selection assays. Another method, mentioned previously, is fixing one letter at a time. A further method discussed above involves the use of protecting groups to make selected sites unavailable for functionalization until other sites are functionalized. Many of these methods can be combined to customize conditions to meet synthetic needs.

In some preferred embodiments, libraries containing compounds of the invention are generated by selecting a substituted cyclic compound and a plurality of chemical functional group reactants as discussed above, and reacting the chemical functional group reactants with the substituted cyclic compounds to form covalent bonds between said T groups of said chemical functional group reactants, and unprotected nitrogen groups on the substituted cyclic compound. Preferably, a further nitrogen is selectively deprotected, and with a further chemical functional group reactant, resulting in the covalent binding of —T—L to the nitrogen. The chemical functional group reactants are preferably reacted with each nitrogen essentially iteratively. More preferably, each of nitrogens are reacted with the chemical functional group reactants iteratively, and in each of the iterative reactions, the chemical functional group reactants are reacted with the nitrogen essentially simultaneously.

Combinatorial libraries in accordance with the present invention have been tested for antibacterial and antifungal activity utilizing assays that determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antibacterial assays utilize staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, and

Escherichia coli

imp- and the antifungal assay utilizes

Candida albicans

. Activity has been detected in a number of libraries of the present invention. A number of libraires have been further deconvoluted to subset libraries. Many of these subset libraries also have antibacterial and/or antifungal activity.

The following data are for first round libraries or parent libraries that were assayed for activity in accordance with the methods illustrated in Procedures 1-4.

MIC ASSAYS

Library

S. aureus

S. pyrogenes

E. coli

C. albicans

20 (Ex. 29)

1-5

1-5

1-5

5-25

21 (Ex. 31)

1-5

1-5

1-5

5-25

28 (Ex. 36)

5-12

5-25

25-50

29 (Ex. 37)

12-25

5-25

30 (Ex. 38)

5-12

5-25

25-50

9 (Ex. 59)

5-25

5-25

1-5

Libraries 20, 21, 28, 29, and 30 (see

FIG. 7

) have been deconvoluted to give numerous Libraries having activity in the MIC assays for

E. coli

imp- and

S. pyrogenes.

Selected libraries have been assayed for activity against PLA

2

. Procedure 8 illustrates the materials and methods utilized in this assay. Two of the selected libraries showed activity in the assay.

PLA

2

ASSAY

Library

inhibition at 100 μM

18 (Ex. 27)

23%

20 (Ex. 29)

68%

Selected Libraries have also been assayed for their ability to inhibit tat/TAR RNA/protein interactions. Assays were performed in accordance with Procedure 5. Libraries are examined at a concentration of 100 μM.

tat/TAR Assay

Compound

Inhibition

20 (Ex. 29)

31%

23 (Ex. 32)

10%

24 (Ex. 33)

12%

In the illustrative examples below, the basic chemistry employs various types of nitrogenous moieties, e.g. primary amine, secondary oxyamine, secondary amine, each of which is protected with a suitable protecting group when necessary. For illustrative purposes, the protective groups selected for protecting these nitrogen atoms are azido (a precursor-type protecting group which gives an amino group), tert-butoxycarbonyl, sulfenyltriphenyl, o-nitrophenylsulfenyl, and phthaloyl. The tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-Boc) and the sulfenyltriphenyl [S(Ph)

3

] moieties can be removed under differential acid conditions, and the phthaloyl moiety can typically be removed with hydrazine (basic conditions), or under certain acid conditions.

EXAMPLE 1

N-Benzyl-3-amino-1-propanol

To a solution of benzaldehyde (10 g, 94.23 mmol) and trimethylorthoformate (15.5 mL, 141 mmol) in MeOH (300 mL) was added dropwise 3-amino-1-propanol (7.21 mL, 94.23 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 5 hours followed by cooling to 0° C. in an ice bath. Sodium borohydride (3.56 g, 94.23 mmol) was added in two portions and when the bubbling stopped the solvent was evaporated. The resulting residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (75 mL) and water (75 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate (75 mL). The ethyl acetate extracts were collected and washed twice with Brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO

4

, filtered, and concentrated. Drying afforded 14.42 g (93%) of the compound which was used in the next step of synthesis without further purification.

EXAMPLE 2

N-Phthalimidoethyl(benzyl)-3-amino-1-propanol

N-Benzyl-3-amino-1-propanol (6 g, 36.76 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (300 mL). To this solution was added K

2

CO

3

(1.52 g, 11.03 mmol) and KI (915 mg, 0.551 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated to 65° C. for 10 hours. The reaction had gone to completion as indicated by TLC using ethyl acetate:dichloromethane (2:3, v/v). The solvent volume was reduced by evaporation under vacuo and the resulting residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The water layer was extracted 3× with 50 mL of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layers were combined and washed twice with brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO

4

, filtered and concentrated. The title compound was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using ethyl acetate:Hexanes (2:5, v/v) as the eluent. The appropriate fractions were collected and concentrated to afford 7.0 g (56%) of the title compound as a clear oil.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.64-1.78 (m, 2H), 2.66-2.80 (m, 4H), 3.58-3.68 (m, 4H), 3.80 (t, 2H), 7.09-7.20 (m, 5H), 7.69-7.88 (m, 4H). HRMS (FAB) m/z 339.169 (M+C

s

)+([C

20

H

22

N

2

O

3

+C

s

] requires 339.170).

EXAMPLE 3

N-Phthalimidoethyl-3-amino-1-propanol (Acetate Salt)

N-Phthalimidoethyl(benzyl)-3-amino-1-propanol (4.62 g, 11.95 mmol), Pd/C 10% (1 g) and MeOH:acetic acid (95:5, v/v) (100 mL) was transferred to a 250 mL par hydrogenation flask. The flask was purged and filled with H

2

three times and then left under H

2

at 55 psi with shaking. The mixture absorbed 20 psi of H

2

in 30 minutes. The shaking was stopped and the pressure was raised to 55 psi again. After 3 hrs the pressure was 45 psi so the pressure was increased to 55 psi once more. The reaction was complete as indicated by TLC dichloromethane:MeOH (9:1, v/v) in 4 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered though a bed of celite and the solvent evaporated under vacuo to leave a yellowish oil. The oil was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using dichloromethane:MeOH (9:1, v/v) as the eluent. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuo to afford 2.51 g (68%) of the title compound as a white solid (m.p. 94-95° C.).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.49-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.83 (s, 3H), 2.66 (t, 2H, J=7.0 Hz), 2.84 (t, 2H, J=6.3 Hz), 3.44 (t, 2H, J=6.3 Hz), 6.20 (bs, 2H, disappeared in D

2

O), 7.80-7.92 (m, 4H.

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 21.87, 31.87, 36.77, 45.76, 46.56, 59.6, 1.96, 131.84, 134.28, 168.02, 172.84,. HRMS (FAB) m/z 249.124 (m)

+

(C

13

H

17

N

2

O

3

, requires 249.123).

EXAMPLE 4

N-[Phthalimidoethyl-(t-Boc)]-3-amino-1-propanol

N-Phthalimidoethyl-3-amino-1-propanol (2.51 g, 8.14 mmol) and triethylamine were added to dichloromethane (40 mL). Di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (3.55 g, 16.28 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction went to completion in 4 hours as indicated by TLC using ethyl acetate:hexanes (1:1, v/v). The reaction mixture was washed 3× with water and once with brine, dried over MgSO

4

, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using hexanes:ethyl acetate (8:2 to 1:1, v/v). The appropriate fractions were combined and evaporated to afford 2.31 g (81%) of the title compound as a colorless oil.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.29 (s, 9H), 1.58-1.80 (M, 2 h), 3.27-3.61 (M, 6 h), 3.65 (BS, 1 h, disappears in D

2

O), 3.84 (t, 2H, J=6.3 Hz), 7.65-7.79 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.91 (m, 2H).

13

C NMR (CKCl

3

) δ 27.88, 30.4, 35.61, 4.4, 58.1, 80.40, 13.17, 131.89, 133.98, 156.50, 167.92. HRMS (FAB) m/z 371.157 (m+Na)

+

([C

18

H

24

N

2

O

5

+Na] requires 371.158).

EXAMPLE 5

N-[Phthalimidoethyl(t-Boc)]-3-amino-1-(O-phthalimido)propanol

N-[(Phthalimidoethyl(t-Boc)]-3-amino-1-propanol (1.16 g, 3.33 mmol), triphenylphosphine (959 mg, 3.66 mmol) and N-hydroxyphthalimide (597 mg, 3.66 mmol) were dissolved in distilled THF (30 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath and diethylazodicarboxylate (DEAD, 0.629 mL, 4.00 mmol) was added dropwise. Five drops of DEAD were added and the next five were added after the orange color had dissipated, this procedure was repeated until all the DEAD was added over a period of about 2 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight. The end point of the reaction was detected by TLC using ethyl acetate: hexanes (1:1, v/v). The solvent was removed under vacuo and dry diethyl ether (100 mL) was added. The title compound precipitated out of the solution to afford 1.23 g (75%) as a white solid after drying (m.p. 171-173° C.).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.20 (s, 9H), 1.90-2.10 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.55-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.89 (t, 2H), 4.22 (t, 2H), 7.63-7.89 (m, 4H). HRMS (FAB) m/z 626.089 (M+Cs)

+

([C

26

H

27

N

3

O

7

+Cs] requires 626.090).

EXAMPLE 6

N1[(t-Boc)-3-(O-amino)propanol-1-yl]diaminoethane 1 (FIG.

2

)

N-[Phthalimidoethyl(t-Boc)]-3-amino-1-(O-phthalimido)-propanol (10.35 g, 20.97 mmol) was suspended in Ethanol (absolute, 300 mL). To this solution was added hydrazine (5 eq. 105 mmol, 3.3 mL) in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at which time the resulting white precipitate was filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuo to a white solid with a yellowish green oil. To the residue was added ethyl ether (150 ml), the white solid was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to a white solid with a yellowish green oil. The target compound was purified from this mixture by silica gel flash column chromatography using dichloromethane:MeOH (9:1, v/v) followed by dichloromethane:NH

4

OH:MeOH (85:10:5, v/v) as the eluents. The desired fractions were combined, concentrated, and dried to afford 3.1 g (63%) of the title compound as a colorless oil.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.64-1.75 (m, 2H), 2.76 (t, 2H, J=6.4 Hz), 3.10-3.32 (m, 4H), 3.61 (t, 2H, J=6.3 Hz), 4.39 (bs, 4H, disappears in D

2

O).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 28.48, 40.72, 45.54, 49.86, 73.79, 79.70, 156.38. HRMS (FAB) m/z 234.182 (m+H)

+

([C

10

H

23

N

3

O

3

+H] requires 234.182).

EXAMPLE 7

2-Aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 5 (FIG.

2

)

A solution of N1[(t-Boc)-3-(O-amino)propanol-1-yl]diaminoethane (1,

FIG. 2

, 2.50 g, 10.7 mmol) in ethanol (15 ml) was added to a stirred solution of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate (2.55 g, 10.7 mmol) in ethanol-water (1:1, 60 ml). Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxaldehyde (4,

FIG. 2

, Aldrich, 1.45 g, 10.7 mmol) was added to the above blue solution followed by glacial acetic acid (1.0 mL). The resulting deep blue solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then at 80° C. for 6 hours. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and then sodium borohydride (2.0 g, 52 mmol) was added in portions. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and at 80° C. for 2 hours. The cooled reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove ethanol. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and sodium cyanide (4.9 g, 100 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 hour. The cooled reaction mixture was made basic (e.g. pH 13-14) with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and then extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (20 cm×3 cm). Elution with methanol and then methanol/30% aqueous ammonium hydroxide (100:1) gave 0.94 g (26%) of the title compound as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf: 0.40; methanol:30% aqueous ammonium hydroxide; 30:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.38 (s, 9H), 1.63 (m, 2H), 2.77 (t, 2H, J=6.5 Hz), 3.28 (m, 4H), 3.48 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 7.08 (d, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.54 (t, 1H, J=7.5 Hz).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 28.39, 31.04, 43.84, 47.66, 48.01, 54.88, 58.68, 79.87, 119.42, 120.20, 136.93, 156.48, 158.99, 161.43. Mass spectrum (EI), m/z 338 (M)

+

. Mass spectrum (CI

+

and FAB

+

), m/z 339 (M+1)

+

; mass spectrum (CI

−

), m/z 337 (M−1)

−

; mass spectrum (HREI), m/z 338.231 (M)

+

(C

17

H

30

N

4

O

3

requires 338.231).

EXAMPLE 8

2-Aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(methyl-1-yl)-N2-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 7 (FIG.

2

)

Trifluoroacetic acid (5.0 mL) was added to a stirred solution of 2-aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine (5,

FIG. 2

, 190 mg, 0.56 mmol) in dichloromethane (2.0 mL) at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (2×10 cm) using methanol and then methanol:30% ammonium hydroxide, 10:1, v/v, as the eluent. The product fractions were combined, concentrated and dried to give 75 mg (56%) of the title compound as a colorless oil.

TLC: Rf 0.40; 5:1 methanol:30% ammonium hydroxide, silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.57-1.72 (m, 2H), 2.57 (bs, 5H), 2.65-2.88 (m, 6H), 3.69 (t, 2H, J=5.6 Hz), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 7.07 (dd, 2H, J=7.6, 2.8 Hz), 7.53 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 31.27, 47.68, 48.78, 49.02, 49.36, 54.99, 63.19, 119.39, 120.25, 136.93, 159.22, 161.38. Mass spectrum (HRFAB), m/z 239.187 (m+1)

+

(C

12

H

23

N

4

O requires 239.187).

EXAMPLE 9

2-(N-benzoyl-aminomethylene)-6-{N1-[(benzoyl)methyl-1-yl]-N2-[(t-Boc)-O-benzoyl-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 8 (FIG.

2

)

Benzoyl chloride (0.5 mL, 0.71 g, 4.2 mmol) was added dropwise at room temperature to a stirred solution of 2-aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(methyl-1-yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine (5,

FIG. 2

, 40 mg, 0.11 mmol) in chloroform (5 mL) containing triethylamine (0.5 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was diluted with chloroform. The solution was washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine. The chloroform solution was dried (Na

2

SO

4

), filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (10 cm×2 cm). Elution with hexanes-ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) and 100% ethyl acetate afforded 60 mg (78%) of the tribenzoylated title compound as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf 0.30; hexanes:ethyl acetate; 1:2, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.34 (s, 9H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.70 (m, 6H), 4.25-4.38 (m, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 7.00-8.10 (m, 18H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m,/z 651 (M+1)

+

; 673 (M +Na)

+

.

EXAMPLE 10

2-[Bis-N,N-(methyl-3-methylbenzoate-3-yl)aminomethyl]-6-{[N1-methyl-N1-(methyl-3-methylbenzoate-3-yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 10 (FIG.

3

); 2-[N-(methyl-3-methylbenzoate-3-yl)aminomethyl]-6-{[N1-methyl-N1-(methyl-3-methylbenzoate-3-yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 11; and 2-[bis-N,N-(methyl-3-methylbenzoate-3-yl)aminomethyl]-6-{[N1-methyl-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 11 (FIG.

4

)

A solution of methyl 3-bromomethyl benzoate (135 mg, 0.59 mmol, 1.98 eq) in acetonitrile (5 mL) was added to a stirred mixture of 2-aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 5 (

FIG. 1

) (100 mg, 0.297 mmol) and potassium carbonate (170 mg, 1.23 mmol) in acetonitrile (12 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in water and chloroform. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with chloroform. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried (Na

2

SO

4

), and filtered. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (12 cm×2 cm). Elution with hexanes:ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) followed by ethyl acetate afforded 90 mg (39%) of the trisubstituted product 10 as a colorless oil.

TLC: Rf: 0.52; ethyl acetate; silica gel. The column was further eluted with ethyl acetate:methanol (10:1 and 5:1, v/v) giving 80 mg (42%) of the mixture of di-substituted products 11 as a pale yellow oil. TLC: Rf: 0.42; ethyl acetate:methanol; 5:1, v/v; silica gel.

Product 10:

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.24 (s, 9H), 1.40-1.60 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.68 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.35 (m, 4H), 3.38-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.78 (m, 10H), 3.88, 3.89 (ds, 9H), 7.30-7.48 (m, 4H), 7.50-7.70 (m, 4H), 7.83-8.07 (m, 6H).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 28.21, 30.51, 43.05, 44.98, 52.08, 57.92, 58.22, 58.68, 59.68, 60.43, 80.02, 120.99, 128.42, 129.75, 129.95, 130.21, 133.33, 137.06, 139.49, 139.68, 156.70, 158.71, 158.85, 167.08. Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 783 (M+1)

+

.

Products 11:

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.28 (s, 9H), 1.45-1.60 (m, 2H), 2.64 (t, 2H, J=6.5 Hz), 2.88 (bs, 1H, NH), 3.15-3.32 (m, 4H), 3.38-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 3.80-3.95 (m, 10H), 7.08-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.27-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.46-7.68 (m, 3H), 7.83-8.05 (m, 4H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 635 (M+1)

+

.

EXAMPLE 11

N-t-Boc-2-amino-1-bromoethane

2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (14.3 g, 70 mmol) was dissolved in CH

3

CN (250 mL) and triethyl amine (11 mL, 77 mmol) and di-t-butyl dicarbonate (15.2 mL, 66.5 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours under an atmosphere of argon. Saturated NaHCO

3

(200 mL, aq) was added and stirring was continued for 15 minutes. The mixture was poured into a separatory funnel and extracted several times with ether. The combined ether extracts were dried over Na

2

SO

4

. The dried ether layer was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 15.28 g (97.4%) of the title compound.

TLC: Rf 0.7; 10% MeOH:CH

2

Cl

2

.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.5 (s, 9H, t-butyl CH

3

), 3.5 (m, 4H, CH

2

), 5.1 (s, 1H, NH).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 28.3 (CH

3

), 32.7 (CH

2

), 42.3 (CH

2

), 79.7 (C(CH

3

)

3

), 155.5 (CO).

EXAMPLE 12

N-t-Boc-(2-azido)-1-aminoethane

N-t-Boc-2-amino-1-bromoethane (15.28 g, 68.2 mmol) was suspended in DMF (200 mL) and sodium azide (5.0 g, 75 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at about 80° C. for 12 hours under an atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with ether (400 mL). The reaction mixture was washed five times with saturated NaCl and dried over Na

2

SO

4

. The dried ether layer was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 9.8 g (77.1%) of the title compound.

TLC (Rf: 0.4; 20% EtOAc/Hexane).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.4 (s, 9H, t-butyl CH

3

), 3.2 (t, 2H, CH

2

), 3.3 (m, 2H, CH

2

), 4.9 (s, 1H, NH).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 28.2 (CH

3

), 40 (CH

2

), 51.1 (CH

2

), 79.7 (C(CH

3

)

3

), 155.7 (CO).

EXAMPLE 13

N-t-Boc-diaminoethane

To N-t-Boc-(2-azido)-1-aminoethane (9.8 g, 52.6 mmol), in THF (200 mL), was added H

2

O (0.8 mL) and triphenyl phosphine (15 g, 58 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at about 80° C. for 12 hours under an atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture was evaporated to a white solid residue. NaH

2

PO

4

(200 mL, 0.5 M, aq) was added and the mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes. The mixture was washed with EtOAc. The aqueous layer was separated and made basic with 3 N NaOH. The resulting mixture was extracted with ether and the combined ether extracts dried over Na

2

SO

4

. The dried ether layer was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 8.1 g (96.5%) of the title compound.

TLC: Rf 0.2; 20% MeOH/CH

2

Cl

2

.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.3 (s, 2H, NH

2

), 1.4 (s, 9H, t-butyl CH

3

), 2.8 (t, 2H, CH

2

), 3.2 (m, 2H, CH

2

), 4.8 (s, 1H, NH).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 28.4 (CH

3

), 41.9 (CH

2

), 43.5 (CH

2

), 79.2 (C(CH

3

)

3

), 156.2 (CO).

The title compound was also prepared according to the procedure of Saari, et.al.,

J. Med. Chem.,

1990, 33 97-101.

EXAMPLE 14

N1-(t-Boc)-N2-tosyl-diaminoethane

To a solution of N-(t-Boc)-diaminoethane (153 g, 0.95 mol) and triethylamine (202 mL) in CH

2

Cl

2

(1400 mL) at: room temperature, was added p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (190 g, 1.0 mol). The reaction was stirred for 16 hours, partitioned with water and separated. The organic phase was dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was triturated with hexane to give 36 g, (84%) of the title compound as a white solid.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.41 (s, 9H, (CH

3

)

3

); 2.40 (s, 3H, CH

3

); 3.03 (m, 2H, CH

2

); 3.21 (m, 2H, CH

2

); 5.2 (brs, 1H, NH); 7.29 (d, 2H, Ar); 7.34 (d, 2H, Ar).

EXAMPLE 15

N1-(t-Boc)-N2-[(3-chloropropyl)tosyl]diaminoethane

A solution of N1-(t-Boc)-N2-tosyl-diaminoethane (297 g, 0.94 mol), 1-(methanesulfonyl)-3-chloropropanol (188 g, 1.09 mol) and Cs

2

CO

3

(344 g, 1.06 mol) in acetone(9 L) was heated at reflux for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated, partitioned between CH

2

Cl

2

and H

2

O, separated, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. Trituration of the resulting white solid with ether:hexane (1/1, v/v), gave 327 g (89%), of the title compound.

mp 95-96° C.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.42 (s, 9H, t-Butyl); 2.0 (m, 2H, CH

2

); 2.41 (s, 3H, CH

3

), 3.22 (m, 6H, CH

2

); 3.55 (m, 2H, CH

2

); 4.91 (bs, 1H, NH); 7.30 (d, 2H, ArH); 7.66 (d, 2H, ArH).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 21.51, 28.37, 37.34, 40.31, 41.45, 47.37, 48.79, 79.59, 127.27, 129.88, 135.70, 143.71. MS (FAB) m/z 523 (m+Cs)

+

. Anal. Calcd for C

17

H

27

N

2

O

4

SCl: C, 52.23; H, 6.96; N, 7.17. Found: C, 52.13; H, 6.93; N, 7.17.

EXAMPLE 16

N1-(t-Boc)-N2-[(3-phthalimidooxypropyl)tosyl]diaminoethane

A suspension of N1-(t-Boc)-N2-[(3-chloropropyl)tosyl]diaminoethane (27 g, 0.69 mol), sodium iodide (13.5 g, 0.09 mol), sodium carbonate (10.8 g, 0.10 mol) and N-hydroxyphthalimide (97%, 16.5 g, 0.1 mol) in DMF (1000 mL) was stirred vigorously at 80° C. for 24 hours. The reaction was concentrated, partitioned between CH

2

Cl

2

and H

2

O and washed thoroughly with H

2

O (3×200 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. The resulting solid was recrystallized from methanol to give 20.0 g (56%) of the title compound as a white solid.

mp 111-112° C.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.41 (s, 9 h, t-butyl); 2.0 (m, 2H, CH

2

); 2.41 (s, 3H, Ar—CH

3

); 3.20 (m, 6H, CH

2

); 4.25 (t, 2H, CH

2

); 5.07 (bs, 1H, NH); 7.29 (d, 2 h, ArH); 7.67 (m, 6H, ArH).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 21.51, 28.39, 40.00, 46.73, 49.06, 75,74, 79.00, 123.58, 127.32, 127.34, 128.95, 129.85, 134.56, 135.82, 143.56, 156.28, 163.61. MS (FAB) m/z 518(m+H)

+

. Anal. Calcd for C

25

H

31

N

3

O

7

S: C, 58.01; H, 6.04; N, 8.12 Found: C, 58.02; H, 5.84; N, 8.12.

EXAMPLE 17

N1-(t-Boc)-N2-[(3-O-aminopropanol-1-yl)tosyl]diaminoethane

A solution of N1-(t-Boc)-N2-[(3-phthalimidooxypropyl)tosyl]diaminoethane (49 g, 95 mmol) and hydrazine (30 mL, 0.94 mol) in methanol (1500 mL) was stirred at 35° C. for 3 hours. The solid was then filtered off, toluene was added to the mother liquor, and the mother liquor was concentrated. The resultant oil was chromatographed on silica gel (EtOAC) to afford 27 g. (73%) of the title compound as a colorless oil.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.39 (s, 9H, (CH

3

)

3

); 1.78 (m, 2H, CH

2

); 2.32 (s, 3H, CH

3

); 3.06-3.23 (m, 6H, CH

2

); 3.59 (m, 2H, CH

2

); 5.21 (bs, 1H, NH); 5.34 (s, 2H, NH

2

); 7.20 (d, 2H, Ar); 7.66 (d, 2H, Ar).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 21.38, 28.33, 39.89, 46.73, 48.38, 72.50, 79.17, 127.44, 129.74, 136.00, 143.35, 156.00. MS (FAB) m/z 338 (m+H)

+

. Anal. Calcd for C

17

H

29

N

3

O

5

S: C, 52.69; H, 7.54; N, 10.84. Found: C, 52.46; H, 7.61; N, 11.02.

EXAMPLE 18

N2-[(3-O-aminopropanol-1-yl)tosyl]diaminoethane.HCl

A solution of N1-(t-Boc)-N2-[(3-O-aminopropanol-1-yl)tosyl]diaminoethane (11.5 g, 30 mmol) in ethyl acetate (50 mL) was added to a solution of HCl (gas) (88 g) dissolved in ethyl acetate (1000 mL). After 1 hour the product was filtered off and washed with ether. After drying 9.8 g (92%) of the title compound was isolated as a colorless oil (m.p. 205-206° C.).

1

H NMR (DMSO) δ 1.84 (m, 2H, CH

2

); 2.42 (s, 3H, CH

3

); 2.95 (m, 2H, CH

2

); 3.17 (m, 2H, CH

2

), 3.29 (m, 2H, CH

2

); 4.07 (m, 2H, CH

2

); 7.47 (d, 2H, Ar); 7.73 (d, 2H, Ar); 8.24 (bs, 2H, NH

2

); 11.1 (bs, 2H, ONH

2

).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 21.03, 26.60, 38.09, 45.02, 46.09, 71.65, 127.13, 130.06, 135.00, 143.73. MS (FAB) m/z 208 (m+H)

+

. Anal. Calcd for C

12

H

21

N

3

O

3

S.2HCl: C, 40.00; H, 6.43; N, 11.66. Found: C, 39.94; H, 6.49; N, 11.35.

EXAMPLE 19

Preparation of N1-[(tosyl)-O-aminopropanol-3-yl]diaminoethane 2 (FIG.

2

)

N1-[(tosyl)-O-aminopropanol-3-yl]diaminoethane.2HCl (9.0 g, 22.7 mmol) was treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide (5 g, 0.125 mol) in water (150 mL) for 1 hour. The solution was diluted with brine (100 mL) and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was dried (Na

2

SO

4

) and filtered. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dried under high vacuum. The title compound 6.5 g (99%) was obtained as a colorless oil.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.75-1.92 (m, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.85 (t, 2H, J=6.2 Hz),3.09-3.24 (m, 4H), 3.65 (t, 2H, J=6.0 Hz), 7.29 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.68 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz). HRMS (FAB) m/z 288.137 (M+H)

+

([C

12

H

21

N

3

O

3

S+H] requires 288.138).

EXAMPLE 20

2-(Aminomethyl)-6-[N1-methyl-N2-[(tosyl)-1-propanol]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine 6 (FIG.

2

)

A solution of N1-[(tosyl)-O-aminopropanol-3-yl]di-aminoethane (2, 1.1 g, 3.8 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was added to a stirred solution of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate (0.88 g, 3.7 mmol) in ethanol:water (1:1, v/v)(30 mL). Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxaldehyde (4, Aldrich, 0.5 g, 3.7 mmol) was added to the above solution followed by glacial acetic acid (0.4 mL). The resulting deep blue solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and then at 80° C. for 6 hours. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and then sodium borohydride (1.2 g, 31 mmol) was added in portions. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and at 80° C. for 2 hours. The cooled reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove ethanol. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and sodium cyanide (1.81 g, 37 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 hour. The cooled reaction mixture was made basic (e.g. pH 13-14) with aqueous sodium hydroxide and then extracted three times with chloroform. The chloroform extract was washed with brine, dried (Na

2

SO

4

), and filtered. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (20 cm×3 cm). Elution with methanol and then methanol:30% aqueous ammonium hydroxide (100:1, v/v) gave 0.30 g (21%) of the title compound as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf 0.42; methanol:30% aqueous ammonium hydroxide; 20:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.65-1.80 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.77 (t, 2H, J=6.0 Hz), 3.05-3.20 (m, 4H), 3.55 (t, 2H, J=5.7 Hz), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 7.05 (d, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.21 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.51 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.61 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz). Mass spectrum (FAB), m/z 393 (M+1)

+

, 525 (M+Cs)

+

. Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 393 (M+1)

+

.

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 21.46, 31.93, 46.67, 47.40, 48.13, 49.46, 54.54, 58.50, 119.67, 120.50, 127.5, 129.69, 135.74, 137.08, 143.35, 158.61, 161.04. HRMS (FAB) m/z 393.197 (m+H)

+

([C

19

H

28

N

4

O

3

S+H] requires 393.196).

EXAMPLE 21

2-[Bis-N,N-(methyl-3-methylbenzoate-3-yl)aminomethyl]-6-{[N1-methyl-N1-(methyl-3-methylbenzoate-3-yl)-N2-(tosyl)1-propanol]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 12 (FIG.

3

)

A solution of methyl m-bromomethylbenzoate (137 mg, 0.6 mmol, 1.8 eq) in acetonitrile (5 mL) was added to a stirred mixture of 2-(aminomethyl)-6-[N1-methyl-N2-[(tosyl)1-propanol]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine 6 (

FIG. 1

) (130 mg, 0.33 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.20 g, 1.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was monitored by TLC and stirred at room temperature for 7 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in water:chloroform. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract was dried (Na

2

SO

4

), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (15 cm×2 cm). Elution with hexanes:ethyl acetate (5:1, v/v) and then ethyl acetate afforded 110 mg (49%) of the title compound as a colorless oil.

TLC: Rf: 0.37; hexanes:ethyl acetate; 1:2, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.48-1.60 (m, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.66 (t, 2H, J=6.5 Hz), 3.07-3.25 (m, 4H), 3.48-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.64 (s, 4H), 3.67 (s, 2H), 3.71 (s, 2H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 3.89, 3.90 (ds, 9H), 7.14-7.70 (m, 13H), 7.84-8.08 (m, 6H).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 21.45, 31.25, 45.64, 46.77, 52.12, 52.80, 57.95, 58.68, 59.67, 60.28, 121.12, 121.36, 127.03, 128.44, 129.68, 129.97, 130.22, 133.38. 133.51, 136.80 137.06, 139.51, 143.20, 158.33, 158.94, 167.13. Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 837 (M+1)

+

. Mass spectrum (HRFAB), m/z 837.356 (M+1)

+

(C

46

H

52

N

4

SO

9

requires 837.353).

When Hünig's base was used as a base and chloroform was used as solvent, the reaction was completed in 48 hours. The title compound was isolated with the same chromatographic, and spectroscopic properties.

EXAMPLE 22

2-[Bis-N,N-(methyl-3-methylbenzoate-3-yl)aminomethyl]-6-{[N1-methyl-N1-(methyl-3-methylbenzoate-3-yl)-N2-(tosyl)1-(O-acetyl)propanol]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 13 (FIG.

3

)

Acetyl chloride (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 2-[bis-N,N-(methyl-3-methylbenzoate-3-yl)aminomethyl]-6-{[N1-methyl-N1-(methyl-3-methylbenzoate-3-yl)-N2-(tosyl)1-propanol]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 12 (40 mg, 0.047 mmol) and triethylamine (0.5 mL) in chloroform (5 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and diluted with chloroform (50 mL). The chloroform solution was washed 3 times with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate and once with brine. The dried (Na

2

SO

4

) chloroform phase was filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (12 cm×2 cm). Elution with hexanes:ethyl acetate (2:1, v/v) and then ethyl acetate afforded 40 mg (95%) of the title compound as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf: 0.42; hexanes:ethyl acetate; 1:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.55-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.94 (s, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.60-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.99-3.10 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.64 (s, 4H), 3.67(s, 2H), 3.71 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 3.88, 3.91 (ds, 9H), 7.20 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz), 7.30-7.70 (m, 9H), 7.85-8.10 (m, 6H). Mass spectrum (FAB), m/z 879 (M+1)

+

. Mass spectrum (HRFAB); m/z 1011.258 (M+Cs)

+

, (C

48

H

54

N

4

SO

10

Cs requires 1011.261).

EXAMPLE 23

Preparation of Library 14 (FIG.

5

)

A solution of α-bromo-m-xylene (0.494 g, 2.66 mmol, 2 eq) and methyl 3-bromomethylbenzoate (0.61 g, 2.66 mmol, 2 eq) in acetonitrile (25 mL) was added dropwise at room temperature to a stirred mixture of 2-aminomethyl-6-{[N1-methyl-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 5 (0.45 g, 1.33 mmol) and potassium carbonate (2.67 g, 19.3 mmol) in acetonitrile (40 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was dissolved in water and chloroform. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract was washed with brine, dried (Na

2

SO

4

), and filtered. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (12 cm×3 cm). Elution with hexanes:ethyl acetate (10:1, v/v) and then ethyl acetate afforded 0.88 g (93%) of Library 35 as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf 0.31, 0.42, 0.54 and 0.62; hexanes:ethyl acetate; 1:2, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.26 (s, 9H), 1.40-1.60 (m, 2H), 2.32, 2.34 (ds, 4.5H), 2.57-2.68 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.35 (m, 4H), 3.40-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.55-3.78 (m, 10H), 3.91, 3.92 (ds, 4.5H), 6.98-7.08 (m, 2H), 7.10-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.30-7.72 (m, 6H), 7.85-8.10 (m, 3H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 651, 695, 739, 783 (M+1)

+

; 673, 717, 761, 805 (M+Na)

+

.

EXAMPLE 24

Deprotection of Library 14, Preparation of Library 15 (FIG.

5

)

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (8 mL) was added to a flask containing Library 14 (0.75 g, 1.04 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The TFA was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in chloroform (200 mL). The resulting solution was washed 3 times with saturated solution of aqueous potassium carbonate, dried (Na

2

SO

4

), and filtered. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (12 cm×3 cm). Elution with methanol and then methanol:30% aqueous ammonium hydroxide (100:1, v/v) afforded 0.50 g (78%) of Library 15 as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf 0.43; methanol:30% aqueous ammonium hydroxide; 100:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.52-1.67 (m, 2H), 2.32, 2.34 (ds, 4.5H), 2.56-2.68 (m, 6H), 3.54-3.78 (m, 12H), 3.90, 3.92 (ds, 4.5H), 6.98-7.23 (m, 6H), 7.27-7.70 (m, 6H), 7.86-8.09 (m, 3H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 551, 595, 639, 683 (M+1)

+

.

EXAMPLE 25

Preparation of Library 16 (FIG.

5

)

A solution of α-bromo-m-xylene (85 μL, 116 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1.5 eq) in acetonitrile (5 mL) was added at room temperature to a stirred mixture of Library 15 (0.26 g, 0.42 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.8 g, 5.7 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 23 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in water:chloroform. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract was dried (Na

2

SO

4

), filtered, and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) using ethyl acetate:methanol (20:1, v/v) as the developing agent giving 160 mg (53%) of the Library 16 as a colorless oil.

TLC Rf 0.36-0.54; ethyl acetate:methanol; 20:1, v/v, silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.55-1.70 (m, 2H), 2.25, 2.30, 2.34, (ts, 7.5H), 2.47-2.68 (m, 6H), 3.38-3.74 (m, 14H), 3.89, 3.92 (ds, 4.5H), 6.91-7.25 (m, 1OH), 7.28-7.68 (m, 6H), 7.84-8.10 (m, 3H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 655, 699, 743, 787 (M+1)

+

; 677, 721, 765, 809 (M+Na)

+

.

EXAMPLE 26

Preparation of Library 17 (FIG.

5

)

Library 17 was prepared using the procedure above for Library 16 using Library 15 (0.23 g, 0.37 mmol), methyl 3-bromomethylbenzoate (0.13 g, 0.56 mmol, 1.5 eq), and potassium carbonate (0.8 g, 5.7 mmol) in acetonitrile (15 mL). Library 17, 0.25 g (88%) was obtained as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf 0.40-0.58; ethyl acetate:methanol; 20:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.55-1.70 (m, 2H), 2.29, 2.33 (ds, 4.5H), 2.47-2.68 (m, 6H), 3.44-3.72 (m, 14H), 3.88, 3.89, 3.91 (ts, 7.5H), 6.97-7.22 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.68 (m, 7H), 7.78-8.08 (m, 5H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 699, 743, 787, 831 (M+1)

+

; 721, 765, 809, 853 (M+Na)

+

.

EXAMPLE 27

Preparation of Library 18 (FIG.

6

)

A solution of benzyl bromide (123 μL, 171 mg, 1.0 mmol), 3-fluorobenzylbromide (124 μL, 189 mg, 1.0 mmol), α-bromo-m-xylene (141 μL, 185 mg, 1.0 mmol), methyl-3-bromomethylbenzoate (229 mg, 1.0 mmol), 3-nitrobenzyl bromide (216 mg, 1.0 mmol) and α′-bromo-α,α,α-trifluoro-m-xylene (155 μL, 239 mg, 1.0 mmol) in acetonitrile (30 mL) was added to a stirred mixture of 2-aminomethyl-6-{[N1-methyl-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 5 (560 mg, 1.65 mmol) and potassium carbonate (3.5 g, 25.0 mmol) in acetonitrile (60 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The work-up and purification were the same as those for Library 14. Library 18, 0.89 g (76%) was obtained as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf 0.30-0.70; hexanes:ethyl acetate; 1:2,v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.27 (s, 9H), 1.40-1.70 (m, 2H), 2.32, 2.34 (ds, 1.5H), 2.47-2.72 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.35 (m, 4H), 3.38-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.54-3.80 (m, 12H), 3.91, 3.92 (ds, 1.5H), 6.90-8.32 (m, 15⅙H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 609-813 (M+1)

+

.

EXAMPLE 28

Preparation of Library 19 (FIG.

6

)

A solution of benzyl bromide (25 μL, 35 mg, 0.2 mmol), 3-fluorobenzyl bromide (25 μL, 38 mg, 0.2 mmol), a-bromo-m-xylene (28.5 μL, 37 mg, 0.2 mmol), methyl 3-bromomethylbenzoate (47.2 mg, 0.2 mmol), 3-nitrobenzyl bromide (44 mg, 0.2 mmol) and α′-bromo-α,α,α-trifluoro-m-xylene (31 μL, 48 mg, 0.2 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was added to a stirred mixture of 2-(Aminomethyl)-6-[N1-methyl-N2-[(tosyl)-1-propanol]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine 6 (

FIG. 2

) (130 mg, 0.33 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.8 g, 5.7 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The work-up and purification were the same as those for library 18 to give 180 mg (71%) of library 19 as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf: 0.30-0.70; hexanes-ethyl acetate, 1:4, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.27 (s, 9H), 1.41-1.62 (m, 2H), 2.32, 2.34 (ds, 1.5H), 2.38 (s. 3H), 2.58-2.80 (m, 2H), 3.04-3.28 (m, 4H), 3.50-3.85 (m, 12H), 3.91, 3.92 (ds, 1.5H), 6.85-8.30 (m, 19⅙H); mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 663-867 (M+1)

+

.

EXAMPLE 29

Deprotection of Library 18, Preparation of Library 20 (FIG.

6

)

Library 20 was synthesized as above for Library 15 from 0.77 g (1.08 mmol) of Library 18, and TFA (8 mL). Library 20, 0.63 g (95%) was obtained as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf 0.36-0.50; methanol:30% aqueous ammonium hydroxide; 100:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.49-1.68 (m, 2H), 2.32, 2.34 (ds, 1.5H), 2.53-2.76 (m, 6H), 3.50-3.80 (m, 14H), 3.90, 3.92 (ds, 1.5H), 6.85-8.30 (m, 15⅙H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 509-713 (M+1)

+

.

EXAMPLE 30

Preparation of Library 25 (FIG.

6

)

A solution of methyl 3-bromomethylbenzoate (56 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.5 eq) in acetonitrile (2 mL) was added to a stirred mixture of Library 20 (100 mg, 0.163 mmol) and K

2

CO

3

(0.4 g, 2.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (6 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in water:chloroform. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract was washed with brine, dried (Na

2

SO

4

), and filtered. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by preparative thin lager chromatography (TLC) using ethyl acetate:methanol (40:1, v/v) as the developing agent. Library 25, 60 mg (49%) was obtained as a colorless oil.

TLC: Rf 0.37-0.57; ethyl acetate:methanol; 40:1, v/v; silica gel. 1H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.57-1.75 (m, 2H), 2.31, 2.33 (ds, 1.5H), 2.48-2.73 (m, 4H), 3.42-3.80 (m, 14H), 3.89, 3.91 (ds, 4.5H), 6.85-8.30 (m, 19⅙H). Mass spectrum (eletrospray), m/z 656-860 (M)

+

.

EXAMPLE 31

Preparation of Library 21 (FIG.

6

)

Library 21 was synthesized as above for Library 25 using Library 20 (90 mg, 0.147 mmol), benzylbromide (27 μL 38 mg, 0.22 mmol, 1.5 eq) and K

2

CO

3

(0.4 g, 2.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 mL). After purification Library 21, 71 mg (70%) was obtained as a colorless oil.

TLC: Rf 0.30-0.45; ethyl acetate:methanol; 20:1, v/v, silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.60-1.75 (m, 2H), 2.31, 2.33 (ds, 1.5H), 2.50-2.75 (m, 4H), 3.42-3.80 (m, 14H), 3.89, 3.91(ds, 1.5H), 6.80-8.30 (m, 20⅙H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 599-803 (M)

+

.

EXAMPLE 32

Preparation of Library 23 (FIG.

6

)

Library 23 was synthesized as above for Library 25 using Library 20 (90 mg, 0.147 mmol), 3-fluorobenzylbromide (30 μL, 46 mg, 0.244 mmol) and K

2

CO

3

(0.45 g, 3.2 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 mL). After purification 45 mg (45%) of Library 23 was obtained as a colorless oil.

TLC: Rf 0.43-0.60; ethyl acetate:methanol; 40:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.55-1.75 (m, 2H), 2.32, 2.34 (ds, 1.5H), 2.47-2.75 (m, 6H), 3.40-3.80 (m, 14H), 3.90, 3.92 (ds, 1.5H), 6.80-8.30 (m, 19⅙H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 616-820 (M)

+

.

EXAMPLE 33

Preparation of Library 24 (FIG.

6

)

Library 24 was synthesized as above for Library 25 using Library 20 (90 mg, 0.147 mmol), 3-nitrobenzylbromide (48 mg, 0.22 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and K

2

CO

3

(0.40 g, 2.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 mL). After purification Library 24, 45 mg (41%) was obtained as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf 0.47-0.68; ethyl acetate:methanol; 50:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.55-1.74 (m, 2H), 2.31, 2.33 (ds, 1.5H), 2.48-2.72 (m, 6H), 3.45-3.80 (m, 14H), 3.90, 3.92 (ds, 1.5H), 6.80-8.30 (m, 19⅙H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 643-847 (M)

+

.

EXAMPLE 34

Preparation of Library 26 (FIG.

6

)

Library 26 was synthesized as above for Library 25 using Library 20 (85 mg, 0.139 mmol), α′-bromo-α,α,α-trifluoro-m-xylene (32 μL, 50 mg, 0.209 mmol, 1.5 eq) and K

2

CO

3

(0.40 g, 2.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 mL). After purification Library 26, 75 mg (71%) was obtained as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf 0.55-0.73; ethyl acetate:methanol; 50:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.47-1.78 (m, 2H), 2.32, 2.34 (ds, 1.5H), 2.48-2.85 (m, 6H), 3.45-3.80 (m, 14H), 3.90, 3.92 (ds, 1.5H), 6.80-8.30 (m, 19⅙H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 666-870 (M)

+

.

EXAMPLE 35

Preparation of Library 22 (FIG.

6

)

Library 22 was synthesized as above for Library 25 using Library 20, α-bromo-m-xylene (17 μL, 23.3 mg, 0.12 mmol, 1.2 eq) and K

2

CO

3

(0.2 g, 1.4 mmol) in 6 mL acetonitrile. After purification Library 22 55 mg (78%) was obtained as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf: 0.25-0.50; ethyl acetate-methanol, 20:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.55-1.72 (m, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.30, 2.34 (ds, 1.5H), 2.49-2.70 (m, 6H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 3.49-3.78 (m, 14H), 3.89, 3.92(ds, 1.5H), 6.85-8.30 (m, 19⅙H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 613-817 (M+1)

+

.

EXAMPLE 36

Preparation of Library 28 (FIG.

6

)

Library 28 was synthesized as above for Library 25 using Library 20, α-bromoacetonitrile (10 μL, 16.6 mg, 0.138 mmol, 1.38 eq) and K

2

CO

3

(0.20 g, 1.4 mmol) in 5 mL of acetonitrile. After purification Library 28 37 mg (58%) was obtained as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf: 0.48-0.69; ethyl acetate-methanol, 40:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) d 1.57-1.74 (m, 2H), 2.30, 2.34 (ds, 1.5H), 2.56-2.80 (m, 6H), 3.38-3.82 (m, 16H), 3.91, 3.93 (ds, 1.5H), 6.85-8.30 (m, 15⅙H); mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 548-752 (M+1)

+

.

EXAMPLE 37

Preparation of Library 29 (FIG.

6

)

Library 29 was synthesized as above for Library 25 using Library 20, α-bromoacetamide (18.0 mg, 0.129 mmol, 1.29 eq) and K

2

CO

3

(0.20 g, 1.4 mmol) in 5 mL of acetonitrile. The preparative TLC was developed by 3:1 ethyl acetate-methanol. After purification Library 29 35 mg (53%) was obtained as a pale yellow sticky oil.

TLC: Rf: 0.35-0.60; ethyl acetate-methanol, 3:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.50-1.70 (m, 2H), 2.30, 2.34 (ds, 1.5H), 2.42-2.70 (m, 6H), 3.04 (s, 2H), 3.52-3.85 (m, 14H), 3.90, 3.92 (ds, 1.5H), 5.38-5.68 (bs, 2H), 6.85-8.32 (m, 15⅙H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 566-770 (M+1)

+

.

EXAMPLE 38

Preparation of Library 30 (FIG.

6

)

Library 30 was synthesized as above for Library 25 using Library 20 (61 mg, 0.1 mmol), α-bromoacetamide (18.0 mg, 0.129 mmol, 1.29 eq) and K

2

CO

3

(0.20 g, 1.4 mmol) in 5 mL of acetonitrile. The mixture was stirred at 50-60° C. for 24 hours. The work-up procedure was the same as above for Library 25. The preparative TLC was developed by 2:1 ethyl acetate-methanol. 42 mg (59%) of Library 30 was obtained as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf: 0.15-0.46; ethyl acetate-methanol, 2:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.50-1.76 (m, 2H), 2.30, 2.34 (ds, 1.5H), 2.55-2.82 (m, 6H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 3.37 (s, 2H), 3.48-3.80 (m, 17H), 3.90, 3.92 (ds, 1.5H), 6.85-8.32 (m, 15⅙H). Mass spectrum (electrospray), m/z 610-814 (M+1)

+

.

EXAMPLE 39

Preparation of Library 27 (FIG.

6

)

Methyl α-bromoacetate (12 μL, 18.8 mg, 0.122 mmol, 1.22 eq) was added to a stirred mixture of Library 20 (61 mg, 0.1 mmol) and K

2

CO

3

(0.2 g, 1.4 mmol) in 85 mL of acetonitrile. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in water-chloroform. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform. The combined chloroform extracts were washed with brine and dried (Na

2

SO

4

). The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by preparative thin lager chromatography (TLC) on silica gel using 20:1 ethyl acetate-methanol as the developing agent. 45 mg (65%) of Library 27 was obtained as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf: 0.39-0.56; ethyl acetate-methanol, 20:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) d 1.50-1.68 (m, 2H), 2.31, 2.34 (ds, 1.5H), 2.56-2.80 (m, 6H), 3.25 (s, 2H), 3.52-3.80 (m, 17H), 3.90, 3.92 (ds, 1.5H), 6.85-8.30 (m, 15⅙H). Mass spectrum (eletrospray), m/z 581-785 (M+1)

+

.

EXAMPLE 40

N-Trifluoroacetyl-3-amino-1-O-dimethoxytritylpropanol

3-Amino-1-propanol (Aldrich, 1 g, 13.31 mmol) was dissolved in CH

2

Cl

2

(40 ml) and 1 equivalent of ethyltrifluoroacetate (1.58 mL, 13.31 mmol) was added at room temperature. The reaction was complete in 2 hours as indicated by TLC. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue was coevaporated with pyridine (3×25 ml). The clear oil was re-dissolved in pyridine (50 ml) and one equivalent of triethylamine (1.87 ml, 13.31 mmol) was added. Dimethoxytritylchloride (4.51 g, 13.31 mmol) was added in four equal portions. The reaction was complete in 20 hours as indicated by TLC. The reaction mixture was partitioned between CH

2

Cl

2

and water. The CH

2

Cl

2

layer was separated, dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using a gradient of 5% to 10% EtOAc in hexanes with 1% triethyl amine as the eluent. The appropriate fractions were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give 5.29 g (84%) of the title compound.

1

H NMR (DMSO) δ 1.79 (m, 2H, CH

2

), 3.01 (t, 2H, CH

2

), 3.32 (t, 2H, CH

2

), 3.75 (s, 6H, 2× OCH

3

), 6.88 (d, 4H, DMT), 7.23-7.40 (m, 9H, DMT), 9.36 (bs, 1H, NH).

19

F NMR (DMSO) δ −75.72 (s, CF

3

), (

19

F peaks referenced to trifluoroacetic acid).

EXAMPLE 41

N-Acetylmethyl-N-trifluoroacetyl-3-amino-1-O-dimethoxytritylpropanol

N-(Trifluoroacetyl)-3-amino-1-O-dimethoxytrityl-propanol (40 g, 84.50 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (600 ml) and cooled in an ice bath to 0° C. NaH (60% dispersion, 4 g, 1.2 eq., 101.40 mmol) was added in 4 equal portions and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 2 hours at 0° C. before methylbromoacetate (10.31 mL, 92.95 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction was slowly warmed up to room temperature overnight. The reaction was complete in 20 hours as indicated by TLC. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to approximately 100 ml. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between H

2

O and CH

2

Cl

2

(100 ml 1:1). The CH

2

Cl

2

layer was dried (MgSO

4

) and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column flash chromatography using a gradient of 5% to 10% EtOAc in hexanes with 1% triethyl amine as the eluent. The appropriate fractions were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound 35.90 g (83%).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.89 (m, 2H, CH

2

), 3.12 (dd, 2H, CH

2

), 3.61 (dd, 2H, CH

2

), 3.70 (x, 6H, 2× OCH

3

), 3.76 (d, 3H, CH

3

), 4.08 (s, 2H, CH

2

), 6.82-7.43 (m, 13H, DMT).

19

F NMR (CDCl

3

) δ −75.57 s, (CF

3

), −75.15 (s, CF

3

), (peaks referenced to trifluoroacetic acid).

13

C NMR (CDCl

3

) spectra is consistent with structure.

EXAMPLE 42

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-amino-1-O-dimethoxytritylpropanol

N-Acetylmethyl-3-amino-1-O-dimethoxytritylpropanol (4.40 g, 8.62 mmol) was dissolved in a minimal amount of CH

2

Cl

2

(75 ml) and MeOH (200 ml) was added. NaBH

4

(1.30 g, 34.48 mmol) was added in four equal portions. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. After 18 hours the reaction had gone to completion as indicated by TLC. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to leave a white waxy solid which was partitioned between H

2

O and EtOAc (100 mL, 1:1). The H

2

O layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 ml). The EtOAc extracts were collected and dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using a gradient of 5% to 10% MeOH in CH

2

Cl

2

with 1% triethyl amine. The appropriate fractions were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound 1.42 g (42%)

EXAMPLE 43

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-amino-1-propanol

N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-amino-1-O-dimethyoxytritylpropanol (5 g, 11.86 mmol) is dissolved in 80% AcOH (100 mL). The reaction is stirred until complete, as indicated by TLC. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using MeOH/CH

2

Cl

2

as the eluent. The appropriate fractions are pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 44

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-tritylsulfenyl-3-amino-1-propanol

N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-amino-1-propanol (5.0 g, 41.9 mmol) is coevaporated several times with pyridine (20 mL) and then dissolved in pyridine (100 mL). The reaction flask is flushed with Argon and trimethylsilylchloride (2.47 g, 209.5 mmol) is added dropwise. The reaction mixture is stirred for 1 hour. Triphenyl methanesulfenyl chloride (14.32 g, 46.09 mmol) is dissolved in CH

2

Cl

2

and added via dropping funnel to the cooled reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is warmed to room temperature and stirred for 18 hours. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the resultant residue is partitioned between H

2

O and EtOAc (100 ml, 1:1). The H

2

O layer is separated and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 ml). The EtOAc extracts are pooled, dried (MgSO

4

) and filtered. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and the residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography with EtOAc/hexanes as the eluent. The appropriate fractions are pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 45

N-(2-p-Toluenesulfonylethyl)-N-tritylsulfenyl-3-amino-1-O-p-toluenesulfonylpropanol

N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-tritylsulfenyl-3-amino-1-propanol (5.0 g, 12.64 mmol) is dissolved in pyridine (100 mL) and cooled to 0° C. p-Toluensufonylchloride (2.65 g, 13.9 mmol) is dissolve in CH

2

Cl

2

(50 mL) and added to the reaction mixture at 0° C. via dropping funnel. The reaction is monitored by TLC to completion. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the resultant residue is dissolved in EtOAc and washed with H

2

O (3×50 mL) and brine (2×50 mL) The EtOAc is dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by silica gel column chromatography using EtOAc/hexanes as eluent. The appropriate fractions are pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 46

N-(2-O-p-Toluenesulfonylethyl)-N-tritylsulfenyl-3-amino-1-O-phthalimidopropanol, N-(2-O-phthalimidoethyl)-N-tritylsulfenyl-3-amino-1-p-toluenesulfonylpropanol

N-(2-O-p-toluenesulfonylethyl)-N-tritylsulfenyl-3-amino-1-p-toluenesulfonylpropanol (5.0 g, 7.12 mmol), triphenylphosphine (2.05 g, 7.83 mmol) and N-hydroxyphthalimide (1.74 g, 10.68 mmol) are dissolved in dry THF under an atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture is cooled to 0° C. and diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (1.89 g, 8.54 mmol) is added dropwise (slowly so the orange color created by the diisopropyl azodicarboxylate dissipates before the next addition). The reaction mixture is warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 18 hours. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between EtOAc and H

2

O (100 mL, 1:1). The H

2

O layer is separated and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The EtOAc extracts are dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using EtOAc/hexanes as the eluent. The appropriate fractions are pooled and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is treated as per the procedure of Example 45 with p-toluene sulfonyl chloride to give both of the title compounds.

EXAMPLE 47

N-(2-O-Phthalimidoethyl)-N-tritylsulfenyl-3-amino-1-azidopropane

N-(2-O-phthalimidoethyl)-N-tritylsulfenyl-3-amino-1-p-toluenesulfonylpropanol (5.0 g, 9.51 mmol) is dissolved in dry DMF (100 mL). NaN

3

(0.74 g, 11.41 mmol) is added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is warmed up to 40° C. The reaction progress is monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between EtOAc and H

2

O (100 mL, 1:1). The H

2

O layer is separated and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The EtOAc extracts are dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using EtOAc/hexanes as the eluent. The appropriate fractions are pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 48

N-(2-O-aminoethyl)-N-tritylsulfenyl-1,3-diaminopropane

N-(2-O-phthalimidoethyl)-N-tritylsulfenyl-3-amino-1-azidopropane (5.0 g, 9.03 mmol) is dissolved in THF (100 mL) and a catalytic amount of H

2

O is added to the reaction mixture. Triphenylphosphine (2.61 g, 9.93 mmol) is added at room temperature and the reaction mixture is allowed to stir. Reaction progress is monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between EtOAc and H

2

O (100 ml, 1:1). The H

2

O layer is separated and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The EtOAc extracts are dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is dissolved in CH

2

Cl

2

(100 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Methylhydrazine (0.46 g, 9.93 mmol) is added to the reaction mixture drop wise. The reaction mixture is stirred until complete by TLC. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between EtOAc and H

2

O (100 mL, 1:1). The H

2

O layer is separated and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The EtOAc extracts are dried (MgSO

4

), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant residue is purified by silica gel column chromatography using MeOH/CH

2

Cl

2

as the eluent. The appropriate fractions are pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 49

Diethyl-4-bromo-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate

To chelidamic acid (2.29 g, 11.38 mmol) was added phosphorus pentabromide (14.7 g, 34.14 mmol), and the mixture was stirred. The reaction mixture was heated to 90° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and CHCl

3

(350 mL) was added and the mixture was filtered. To the filtrate was added absolute ethanol (350 mL), and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours. The volume of the reaction mixture was reduced to approximately 35 mL. The title compound was purified by crystallization upon sitting overnight to give, after a second crop of crystals and purification by silica gel flash column chromatography a yield of 72% (m. p. 95-96° C.).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.49 (t, 6H, 2× CH

3

), 4.44 (q, 4H, 2× CH

2

), 8.39 (s, 2H, 2× Ar).

13

C NMR (CDCL

3

) δ 14.19 (CH

3

), 62.68 (CH

2

), 131.02 (Ar), 134.87 (quaternary-Ar), 149.54 (quaternary-Ar), 163.51 (CO).

EXAMPLE 50

Diethyl-4-(3-azidopropoxy)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate

3-Azido-1-propanol (0.266 mL, 3.64 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL) and cooled to 0° C. NaH (146 mg, 3.64 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. Diethyl-4-bromo-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate was dissolved in DMF (5 mL) an added to the reaction mixture dropwise. The reaction was complete as indicated by TLC in 1 hour. The reaction mixture was partitioned between CH

2

Cl

2

and water. The water was separated and extracted with CH

2

Cl

2

. The CH

2

Cl

2

layers were combined, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated to an oil. The oil was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give a yield of 40%.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.44 (t, 6H, 2× CH

2

), 2.11 (m, 2H, CH

2

), 3.54 (t, 2H, CH

2

), 4.23 (t, 2H, CH

2

), 4.45 (q, 4H, 2× CH

2

), 7.78 (2, 2H, 2× Ar).

EXAMPLE 51

4-(3-Azidopropoxy)-2,6-dihydroxymethylpyridine

To a stirred solution of Diethyl-4-(3-azidopropoxy)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate (4.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) and absolute ethanol (15 mL), was added in portions, NaBH

4

(4.2 mmol) at 25° C. Powdered CaCl

2

(4.2 mmol) was added cautiously in small portions and the evolution of hydrogen was allowed to cease before each further addition. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours. Water (100 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layers were combined, dried (MgSO

4

) and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give the title compound.

1

H NMR (DMSO) δ 2.00 (m, 2H, CH

2

), 3.52 (t, 2H, CH

2

), 4.13 (t, 2H, CH

2

), 4.45 (d, 4H, 2× CH

2

), 5.36 (t, 2H, 2× OH), 6.87 (s, 2H, 2× AR).

EXAMPLE 52

4-(Azidopropoxy)-2,6-diformyl-pyridine

DMSO (1.21 mL, 17.1 mmol) was diluted with CH

2

Cl

2

(approximately 25 mL) and cooled to −78° C. Oxalyl chloride (0.745 mL, 8.45 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. 4-(3-azidopropoxy)-2,6-dihydroxymethylpyridine (1 g, 4.27 mmol) dissolved in CH

2

Cl

2

(10 mL) was added slowly to the cooled reaction mixture. After 0.5 hour triethylamine (2.77 mL, 19.70 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The dry ice/acetone bath was removed and the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature for approximately 40 minutes. The reaction mixture was partitioned between CH

2

Cl

2

and water and extracted several times with CH

2

Cl

2

. The CH

2

Cl

2

layers were combined, dried (MgSO

4

) and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give the title compound.

1

H NMR (DMSO) δ 2.02 (m, 2H, CH

2

), 3.52 (t, 2H, CH

2

), 4.31 (t, 2H, CH

2

), 7.64 (s, 2H, 2× Ar), 10.01 (s, 2H, CHO).

13

C NMR (DMSO) δ 27.61 (CH

2

), 47.40 (CH

2

), 66.22 (CH

2

), 111.58 (Ar), 154.40 (quaternary, Ar), 166,50 (quaternary, Ar), 192.44 (CHO).

EXAMPLE 53

2-(Aminomethyl)-4-azidopropoxy-6-[(N1-methyl-1-yl)-N2-[(tritylsulfenyl)-1-ethanol-2-yl]-1,2-diaminopropane]pyridine

The title compound is prepared following the procedure of Example 20 using 4-(azidopropoxy)-2,6-diformyl-pyridine (Example 52) and N-(2-O-aminoethyl)-N-tritylsulfenyl-1,3-diaminopropane (Example 48).

EXAMPLE 54

2,4,6-Triethoxycarbonyl-1,3,5-triazine

Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled through neat ethylcyanoformate (0.997 ml, 10.1 mmol) until the solution became a white solid, approximately 2 hours. The solid was partitioned between CH

2

Cl

2

and water. The CH

2

Cl

2

layer was collected dried (MgSO

4

) and concentrated to a white solid. The product was recrystallized from hot absolute ethanol to give the title compound (m. p. 169-170° C.).

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.42 (t, 9H, 3× CH

3

), 4.50 (q, 6H, 3× CH

2

).

13

C NMR (DMSO) δ 14.06 (CH

3

), 64.02 (CH

2

), 161.27 (CO), 166.86 (Triazine Ar).

EXAMPLE 55

2,4,6-Trihydroxymethyl-s-triazine

2,4,6-Triethoxycarbonyl-s-triazine (1 g, 3.36 mmol) is dissolved in dichloromethane (15 mL) and absolute ethanol (25 mL) then cooled to 0° C. before sodium borohydride (127 mg, 3.36 mmol) is added. After 15 minutes calcium chloride (373 mg, 2.97 mmol) is added and the reaction mixture is warmed to room temperature. The reaction mixture is dried to a yellow solid and subjected to soxhlet extraction with ethanol. The ethanol is evaporated to a white solid. The product is crystallized from Methanol and water or purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 56

4-(p-Toluenesulfonylmethyl)-2,6-dihydroxymethyl-s-triazine

2,4,6-Trihydroxymethyl-s-triazine (1 eq.) is dissolved in an excess of pyridine. p-Toluenesulfonylchloride (0.9 eq.) in CH

2

Cl

2

is added and the reaction mixture is stirred overnight. The solvent volume is reduced to a slurry to which water and dichloromethane are added and the resulting mixture is extracted with CH

2

Cl

2

. The combined CH

2

Cl

2

layers are dried (MgSO

4

) and concentrated to an oil. The oil is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 57

4-(Azidomethyl)-2,6-dialdehyde-s-triazine (via 4-(azidomethyl)-2,6-dihydroxymethyl-s-triazine)

4-(p-Toluenesulfonylmethyl)-2,6-dihydroxymethyl-s-triazine is dissolved in DMF and sodium azide (1.1 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is heated to 50° C. for 4 hours. The DMF is removed under reduced pressure and the residue is partitioned between CH

2

Cl

2

and water. The CH

2

Cl

2

layer is separated and the water layer is extracted several times with CH

2

Cl

2

. The CH

2

Cl

2

layers are combined, dried (MgSO

4

), and concentrated. The resultant residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give 4-(azidomethyl)-2,6-dihydroxymethyl-s-triazine.

DMSO is diluted with CH

2

Cl

2

and cooled to −78° C. Oxalyl chloride is added slowly and allowed to stir for 0.5 hours. The 4-(azidomethyl)-2,6-dihydroxymethyl-s-triazine dissolved in CH

2

Cl

2

is added slowly to the reaction mixture. After 1 hour, triethylamine is added dropwise and the reaction is allowed to warm up to room temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and CH

2

Cl

2

. The CH

2

Cl

2

layer is separated and the water layer is extracted several times with CH

2

Cl

2

. The CH

2

Cl

2

layers are combined, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated. The resultant oil is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 58

2-(Aminomethyl)-4-(azidomethyl)-6-[N1-methylene-N2-[(tosyl)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]-s-triazine

The title compound is prepared following the procedure of Example 20 using N1-[(tosyl)-O-aminopropanol-3-yl]diaminoethane (Example 19) and 4-(azidomethyl)-2,6-dialdehyde-s-triazine (Example 57).

EXAMPLE 59

2-(N,N-dibenzylaminomethylene)-6-{[N1-[benzyl(methyl-1-yl)]-N2-(benzyl)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 9 (FIG.

4

)

A mixture of 2-aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(methyl-1-yl)-N2-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 7 (

FIG. 2

) (37 mg, 0.155 mmol), K

2

CO

3

(0.20 g, 1.4 mmol) and benzyl bromide (78 μL, 112 mg, 0.66 mmol, 4.25 eq) in 5 mL of acetonitrile and 2 mL of DMF was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in water and chloroform. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform. The combined chloroform extracts were washed with brine and dried (Na

2

SO

4

). The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (preparative-TLC) on a silica gel plate using ethyl acetate-methanol (15:1, v/v) as the developing agent. 46 mg (51%) of the title compound was obtained as a pale yellow oil.

TLC: Rf: 0.43; ethyl acetate-methanol, 20:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.56-1.75 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.75 (m, 6H), 3.45-3.85 (m, 14H), 7.12-7.70 (m, 23H). Mass spectrum (HRFAB), m/z 599.377 (M+1)

+

(C

40

H

47

N

4

O requires 599.375).

EXAMPLE 60

2-(N-t-Butyldiphenylsilyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

2-Aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine 5 (

FIG. 2

) is dissolved in dichloromethane and treated with t-butylchlorodiphenylsilane (Aldrich) to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 61

2-(N-t-Butyldiphenylsilyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

2-(N-t-Butyldiphenylsilyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine is treated with benzylbromide as per the procedures of Examples 27-39 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 62

2-Aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

2-(N-t-Butyldiphenylsilyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine is treated with an aqueous solution of acetic acid (80%, v/v) at 25° C. for 30 minutes to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 63

2-(N-o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

A solution of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (Aldrich, 5.32 g, 24 mmol, 2.4 eq) in dichloromethane (30 mL) is added dropwise to a stirred solution of 2-aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)(benzyl)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine (20 mmol) and triethylamine (16 mL) in dichloromethane (60 mL) at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture is allowed to ware to room temperature and further stirred for 1 hour. The mixture is diluted with chloroform and washed with water and brine. The organic phase is dried (Na

2

SO

4

) and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (20 cm×3 cm) to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 64

2-[N-(m-methoxycarbonylbenzyl)(o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)aminomethylene]-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

2-(N-o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine is treated with methyl-m-bromomethylbenzoale as per the procedures of Examples 27-39 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 65

2-N(m-methoxycarbonylbenzyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

2-[N(m-methoxycarbonylbenzyl)(N-o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)aminomethylene]-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine is dissolved in DMF and treated with thiophenol in the presence of K

2

CO

3

to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 66

2-N(m-methoxycarbonylbenzyl)(m-xylyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

2-N(m-methoxycarbonylbenzyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)(benzyl)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine is treated with α-bromomethylxylyl as per the procedures of Examples 27-39 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 67

2-N(m-methoxycarbonylbenzyl)(m-xylyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

2-N-(m-methoxycarbonylbenzyl)(m-xylyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine (0.56 mmol) in dichloromethane (2.0 mL) at 0° C. is treated as per the procedure of Example 8 to give the title compound.

2-N-(m-methoxycarbonylbenzyl)(m-xylyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2(2-fluorobenzyl)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

2-N-(m-methoxycarbonylbenzyl)(m-xylyl)aminomethylene-6-{[N1-(benzyl)(methyl-1yl)-N2-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine is treated with 3-fluorobenzylbromide as per the procedures of Examples 27-39 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 69

Diethyl-4-piperazinyl-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate

A mixture of diethyl 4-bromopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate (Example 49) (3.02 g, 10.0 mmol) and piperazine (Aldrich, 4.3 g, 50 mmol) in dioxane (200 mL) was refluxed for 24 hours. The precipitate was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed four times with brine. The organic solution was dried (Na

2

SO

4

) and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (22 cm×3 cm). Elution with methanol and then methanol:30% ammonium hydroxide (100:1, 50:1, and 20:1, v/v) gave 3.05 g (99%) of the title compound as a pale yellow foam.

TLC: Rf 0.35; methanol:30% ammonium hydroxide; 100:1, v/v; silica gel.

1

H NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 1.45 (t, 6H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.73 (bs, 1H), 2.95-3.06 (m, 4H), 3.38-3.50 (m, 4H), 4.44 (q, 4H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.63 (s, 2H). 13C NMR (CDCl

3

) δ 14.18, 45.53, 46.96, 62.16, 111.34, 149.25, 156.37, 165.62. Mass spectrum (HRFAB), m/z 308.162, (m+1)

+

(C

15

H

22

O

4

N

3

requires 308.161).

EXAMPLE 70

4-Piperazinyl-2,6-bis-hydroxymethyl pyridine

Diethyl-4-piperazinyl-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate is dissolved in THF and treated with NaBH

4

and CaCl

2

as per the procedure of Example 51 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 71

4-piperazinyl-2,6-bis-aldehyde pyridine

4-piperazinyl-2,6-bis-hydroxymethyl pyridine and triethylamine are dissolved in THF and the resulting solution is treated with CrO

3

. The reaction mixture purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 72

4-(N4-CBZ-piperazine-1-yl)-2,6-bis-aldehyde pyridine

4-Piperazinyl-2,6-bis-aldehyde pyridine and triethyl amine are dissolved in chloroform and treated with an excess of benzyl chloroformate. The reaction mixture is washed with water and brine. The organic phase is dried (Na

2

SO

4

) and the solvent is evaporated. The residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 73

2-Aminomethylene-4-(N4-CBZ-piperazine-1-yl)-6-{[N1-(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

4-(N4-CBZ-piperazine-1-yl)-2,6-bis-aldehyde pyridine and N1[(t-Boc)-3-(O-amino)propanol-1-yl]diaminoethane 1 (

FIG. 2

) are treated as per the procedures of Example 7 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 74

2-Aminomethylene-4-(N4-CBZ-piperazine-1-yl)-6-{[N1-(methyl-1yl)-N2-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

2-Aminomethylene-4-(N4-CBZ-piperazine-1-yl)-6-{[N1-(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine is deprotected (t-Boc) as per the procedure of Example 8 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 75

Preparation of Library 31

2-N-Bis-(L

8

-L

12

)-Aminomethylene-4-(N4-CBZ-piperazine-1-yl)-6-{[N1-(L

8

-L

12

)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(L

8

-L

12

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

2-Aminomethylene-4-(N4-CBZ-piperazine-1-yl)-6-{[N1-(methyl-1yl)-N2-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine is treated with an equimolar mixture of m-nitrobenzylbromide (L

8

-Br), m-trifluoromethylbenzylbromide (L

9

-Br), methyl-α-bromo-methylacetate (L

10

-Br), α-bromoacetonitrile (L

11

-Br), α-bromo-acetamide (L

12

-Br). The crude material is purified as per the procedure of Example 23 to give the title library.

EXAMPLE 76

Deprotection of Library 31, Preparation of Library 32

2-N-Bis-(L

8

-L

12

)-Aminomethylene-4-(piperazine-1-yl)-6-{[N1-(L

8

-L

12

)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(L

8

-L

12

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

Hydrogen bromide in acetic acid (40%) is added to a flask containing (2.1 mmol) of Library 31 at 0° C. The resulting solution is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and neutralized with aqueous sodium carbonate and then extracted with chloroform. The organic extract is dried (Na

2

SO

4

), the solvent is evaporated and the resulting residue is purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column. Elution with 100% methanol and then 100:1 methanol-30% aqueous ammonium hydroxide will afford the deprotected library 32.

EXAMPLE 77

Preparation of Library 33

2-N-Bis-(L

8

-L

12

)-Aminomethylene-4-(N4-(L

8

-L

12

)-piperazine-1-yl)-6-{[N1-(L

8

-L

12

)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(L

8

-L

12

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

2-N-Bis-(L

8

-L

12

)-Aminomethylene-4-(piperazine-1-yl)-6-{[N1-(L

8

-L

12

)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(L

8

-L

12

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine is treated as per the procedure of Example 75 to give Library 33.

EXAMPLE 78

2-N-(L

8

)(L

9

)-Aminomethylene-4-(N4-(L

10

)-piperazine-1-yl)-6-{[N1-(L

11

)(methyl-1yl)-N2-(L

12

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine

Starting with 2-aminomethylene-4-(N4-CBZ-piperazine-1-yl)-6-{[N1-(methyl-1yl)-N2-(t-Boc)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane}pyridine, m-nitrobenzylbromide (L

8

-Br), m-trifluoromethylbenzylbromide (L

9

-Br), methyl-α-bromomethylacetate (L

10

-Br), α-bromoacetonitrile (L

11

,-Br), α-bromoacetamide (L

12

-Br), and following the procedures of examples 60-68 and 76-77, the deconvoluted title compound is prepared.

EXAMPLE 79

N-m-Nitrobenzyl-3-amino-1-propanol

To a solution of m-nitrobenzaldehyde (94.23 mmol) and trimethylorthoformate (15.5 mL, 141 mmol) in MeOH (300 mL) is added dropwise 3-amino-1-propanol (7.21 mL, 94.23 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction is allowed to stir at room temperature for 5 hours followed by cooling to 0° C. in an ice bath. Sodium borohydride (3.56 g, 94.23 mmol) is added in two portions and when the bubbling stops the solvent is evaporated. The resulting residue is partitioned between ethyl acetate (75 mL) and water (75 mL). The aqueous layer is extracted twice with ethyl acetate (75 mL) The ethyl acetate extracts are collected and washed twice with Brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO

41

filtered, and concentrated. Drying will give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 80

Diethyl-4-(N-m-nitrobenzyl)3-aminopropoxy-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate

Diethyl-4-bromo-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate is treated with N-benzyl-3-amino-1-propanol as per the procedure of Example 50 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 81

Diethyl-4-(N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate

Following the procedures of Examples 79 and 80 and using one of m-methyl benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, m-cyanobenzaldehyde, m-bromobenzaldehyde, or m-chlorobenzaldehyde the other 5 analogs of diethyl-4-(N-m-nitrobenzyl)3-aminopropoxy-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate are prepared. Each of the 6 compounds diethyl-4-(N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate have a different letter (L

n

) attached to the amino group e.g. m-nitrobenzyl (Example 80), m-methylbenzyl, cinnamyl, m-cyanobenzyl, m-bromobenzyl, or m-chlorobenzyl.

EXAMPLE 82

4-(N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-2,6-bis-hydroxymethylene pyridine

The 6 compounds diethyl-4-(N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate (L

n

=m-nitrobenzyl (Example 80), m-methylbenzyl, cinnamyl, m-cyanobenzyl, m-bromobenzyl, or m-chlorobenzyl) prepared in Examples 80 and 81 are converted into the 2,6-bis-dihydroxymethyl compounds by treatment with sodiumborohydride and calcium chloride after dissolution in dichloromethane to give the title compounds.

EXAMPLE 83

4-(N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-2,6-bis-formal pyridine

The 6 compounds of Example 82 are treated as per the procedure of Example 52 to give the title compounds (L

n

=m-nitrobenzyl (Example 80), m-methylbenzyl, cinnamyl, m-cyanobenzyl, m-bromobenzyl, or m-chlorobenzyl).

EXAMPLE 84

4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-2,6-bis-formal pyridine

4-(N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-2,6-bis-formal pyridine was treated with tritylsulfenylchloride as per the procedure of Example 44 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 85

Preparation of Library 34

2

-(Aminomethylene)-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

An equimolar mixture of 4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-2,6-bis-formal pyridine and N1[(t-Boc)-3-(O-amino)propanol-1-yl]diaminoethane is treated as per the procedure of Example 7 to give the title Library.

EXAMPLE 86

Protection of Library 34, Preparation of Library 35

2-(N-t-Butyldiphenylsilyl)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

Library 34 is treated as per the procedure of Example 60 to give the title Library.

EXAMPLE 87

Preparation of Library 36

2-(N-t-Butyldiphenylsilyl)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

2-(N-t-Butyldiphenylsilyl)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine is treated with an equimolar mixture of m-xylyl bromide (L

6

-Br), m-nitrobenzyl bromide (L

8

-Br), cinnamyl bromide (L

15

-Br) m-cyanobenzyl bromide (L

16

-Br), m-bromobenzyl bromide (L

17

-Br), m-chlorobenzyl bromide (L

18

-Br) as per the procedures of Examples 27-39 to give the title Library.

EXAMPLE 88

Deblocking of Library 36, Preparation of Library 37

2-aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

2-(N-t-Butyldiphenylsilyl)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine is treated as per the procedure of Example 62 to give the title Library.

EXAMPLE 89

Preparation of Library 38

2-(N-o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

2-aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine is treated with o-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride as per the procedure of Example 63 to give the title Library.

EXAMPLE 90

Preparation of Library 39

2-(N-o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)(N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N

1

-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

2-(N-o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine is treated with an equimolar mixture of m-xylyl bromide (L

6

-Br), m-nitrobenzyl bromide (L

8

-Br), cinnamyl bromide (L

15

-Br), m-cyanobenzyl bromide (L

16

-Br), m-bromobenzyl bromide (L

17

-Br), m-chlorobenzyl bromide (L

18

-Br) as per the procedures of Examples 27-39 to give the title Library.

EXAMPLE 91

Deprotection of Library 39, Preparation of Library 40

2-(N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

2-(N-o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)(N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine is treated as per the procedure of Example 65 to give the title library.

EXAMPLE 92

Preparation of Library 41

2-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

2-(N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine is treated with an equimolar mixture of m-xylyl bromide (L

6

-Br), m-nitrobenzyl bromide (L

8

-Br), cinnamyl bromide (L

15

-Br), m-cyanobenzyl bromide (L

16

-Br), m-bromobenzyl bromide (L

17

-Br), m-chlorobenzyl bromide (L

18

-Br) as per the procedures of Examples 27-39 to give the title Library.

EXAMPLE 93

Deprotection of Library 40, Preparation of Library 41

2-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

2-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)(N-tritylsulfenyl)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine (200 mmol) is dissolved in ethyl acetate and treated with 0.1 N HCl for 5 to 12 hours, adjusted to neutrality, and evaporated to dryness to provide a residue containing Library 41. Library 41 can be further purified by column chromatography.

EXAMPLE 94

Preparation of Library 42

2-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

2-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine is treated with an equimolar mixture of m-xylyl bromide (L

6

-Br), m-nitrobenzyl bromide (L

8

-Br), cinnamyl bromide (L

15

-Br), m-cyanobenzyl bromide (L

16

-Br), m-bromobenzyl bromide (L

17

-Br), m-chlorobenzyl bromide (L

18

-Br) as per the procedures of Examples 27-39 to give the title Library.

EXAMPLE 95

Deprotection of Library 42, Preparation of Library 43

2-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

2-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(t-Boc)-1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine is treated with TFA as per the procedure of Example 8 to give the title Library.

EXAMPLE 96

Preparation of Library 44

2-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(L

n

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

2-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)aminomethylene-4-(Bis-N,N-L

n

)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N1-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine is treated with an equimolar mixture of m-xylyl bromide (L

6

-Br), m-nitrobenzyl bromide (L

8

-Br), cinnamyl bromide (L

15

-Br), m-cyanobenzyl bromide (L

16

-Br), m-bromobenzyl bromide (L

17

-Br), m-chlorobenzyl bromide (L

18

-Br) as per the procedures of Examples 27-39 to give the title Library.

EXAMPLE 97

2-(N-L

a

)(N-L

b

)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

c

)(N-L

d

)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N-L

e

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

f

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine

The title compound is prepared following the procedures of Examples 79-96. In each step resulting in the addition of a letter only one reactive form of a letter is used. The reactive forms of the letters are selected from m-xylyl bromide (L

6

-Br), m-nitrobenzyl bromide (L

8

-Br), cinnamyl bromide (L

15

-Br), m-cyanobenzyl bromide (L

16

-Br), m-bromobenzyl bromide (L

17

-Br), m-chlorobenzyl bromide (L

18

-Br) 2-(Bis-N,N-L

n

). The final compound is substituted with 6 letters at 6 sites.

EXAMPLE 98

Synthesis of Libraries Having the Structure

2-(N-L

a

)(N-L

b

)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

c

)(N-L

d

)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N-L

e

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

f

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine Using Various Selected Halides

Using the procedure of Examples 79-97, libraries are prepared that are derivatized with one, two, three, four or more of the following halides available from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wis. The Aldrich catalog number is given in the left hand column and the compound name is given in the right hand column:

13925-4 Alpha,2,4-trichlorotoluene

19349-6 2-Iodobenzyl chloride

25917-9 Alpha-3,4-trichlorotoluene

10733-6 2-Nitrobenzyl chloride

10030-7 Alpha-bromo-2,6-dichlorotoluene

T5630-8 Alpha-2,6-trichlorotoluene

14011-2 4-Nitrobenzyl chloride

19164-7 3,5-Dinitrobenzyl chloride

13672-7 3-Chlorobenzyl bromide

19166-7 3-Nitrobenzyl chloride

30726-2 2,4-Dinitrobenzyl chloride

25225-5 2-Chlorobenzyl bromide

C5490-2 2-Chloromethyl-4-nitrophenol

42369-6 3,5-Dinitrobenzyl chloride

F760-1 2-Fluorobenzyl chloride

11196-1 4-Chlorobenzyl chloride

21811-1 2-Chloro-6-fluorobenzyl chloride

F780-6 3-Fluorobenzyl chloride

11522-3 3-Chlorobenzyl chloride

19625-8 4-Chloro-2-nitrobenzyl chloride

F800-4 4-Fluorobenzyl chloride

11588-6 3-Chlorobenzyl chloride

27250-7 2-Chloro-2′,4′-difluoroacetophenone

19425-5 2-Chlorobenzyl chloride

24118-0 2-Chlorobenzyl chloride

15907-7 Alpha-4-dichloroanisole

13359-0 Benzyl chloride

S62774-7 2-(Chloromethyl)benzonitrile

S77343-3 N-(2-Chloroethylidene)-2,4-dinitroaniline

16770-3 Alpha′-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-xylene

25070-8 Alpha′-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-o-xylene

36581-5 Alpha′-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-xylene

19875-7 4-Bromophenyl 2-chloroethyl ether

30511-1 2-Chlorophenyl 2-bromoethyl ether

S67805-8 2-(2-Bromoethoxy)-5-chloro-1-nitrobenzene

S60515-8 2-Bromoethyl-4-chlorophenyl ether

S45235-1 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-fluorobenzene

19177-9 5-Methyl-2-nitrobenzyl chloride

19232-5 5-Methyl-3-nitrobenzyl chloride

19536-7 2-Methyl-3-nitrobenzyl chloride

C7330-3 Alpha-chloro-o-xylene

S43061-7 Beta-chlorophenetole

S92214-5 3-Methyl-4-nitrobenzyl chloride

C7335-4 Alpha-chloro-m-xylene

C7340-0 Alpha-chloro-p-xylene

20938-4 3-Methoxybenzyl chloride

41760-2 2-Chloroethylphenyl sulfide

27024-5 4-Methoxybenzyl chloride

26340-0 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl chloride

S61404-1 2-Chloroethyl-4-chlorophenyl sulfide

C4040-5 (2-chloroethyl)benzene

S44579-7 4′-Bromo-3-chloropropiophenone

S65169-9 2-Chloroethyl-4-nitrobenzoate

13515-1 3-Chloro-4′-fluoropropiophenone

33561-4 3-Chloropropiophenone

S88196-1 Benzyl-2-chloroacetate

S83340-1 3-Chloropropyl-2,4-dichlorophenyl ether

S53571-0 3-Chloropropyl-4-fluorophenyl ether

12640-3 2,5-Dimethylbenzyl chloride

C6810-5 1-Chloro-3-phenylpropane

S80872-5 2,5-Dimethoxybenzyl chloride

D15060-6 3,4-Dimethylbenzyl chloride

S56939-9 3-Chloropropyl-4-nitrophenyl ether

S79921-1 3-Chloropropyl-phenyl sulfide

S79298-5 3-Chloropropyl-phenyl ether

S83280-4 2-Chloroethyl-p-tolyl sulfide

S63793-9 4-Chlorobenzyl-2-chloroethyl sulfide

33026-4 3,5-Dimethoxybenzyl chloride

S37787-2 N-(2-Chloroethyl)benzylamine HCl

36344-8 4-Chlorobutyrophinone

S55923-7 7-Chloro-p-cymene

S66335-2 2,4,5-Trimethylbenzyl chloride

S56937-2 1-(2-(2-Chloroethoxy)-ethoxy)-4-nitrobenzene

P1530-7 4-Phenoxybutyl chloride

S40755-0 4,6-Bis(chloromethyl)-m-xylene

13698-0 Alpha-2-chloroisodurene

24650-6 1-Chloro-2-methyl-2-phenylpropane

S34433-8 4-Chloro-4′-methylbutyrophenone

S95372-5 4-Bromophenyl-3-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropionate

39086-0 4-Chlorobutylbenzoate

S79927-0 3-Chloro-1-methylpropylphenyl sulfide

S34430-3 4-Chloro-4′-methoxybutyrophenone

S79928-9 3-Chloropropyl-m-toluyl sulfide

S42717-9 N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-methylbenzylamine hydrochloride

S52026-8 4-tert-Butyl-1-chloromethyl-2-nitrobenzene

D6560-7 2,4-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

19153-1 4-(tert-Butyl)benzyl chloride

S62686-4 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylbenzyl chloride

S87624-0 (+)-1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-phenylbutane

S35320-5 4-(2-Methylphenoxy)butyl chloride

S37684-1 N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethylbenzylamine HCl

336329-4 3-Methoxy-3-(4-tolyl)-propyl chloride

S42735-7 N-(3-Chloropropyl)-N-methylbenzylamine HCl

S34414-1 4-Chloro-3′,4′-dimethylbutyrophenone

S36370-7 4-(3-Methylphenoxy)butyl chloride

S66008-6 N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-m-toluidine

S34420-6 4-Chloro-4′-ethylbutyrophenone

S36371-5 4-(4-methylphenoxy)butyl chloride

S34409-5 4-Chloro-2′,4′-dimethoxybutyrophenone

S79934-3 5-Chloropentylphenyl sulfide

S52555-3 5-Chloro-2-(o-tolyl)-valeronitrile

S52133-7 Alpha-chloro-4-(tert-pentyl)-toluene

S87628-3 (+)-1-Chloro-3,3-dimethyl-2-phenylbutane

S35168-7 3-Isopropoxy-3-phenylpropyl chloride

10086-2 3,6-Bis(chloromethyl)durene

S37754-6 1-Chloro-3-mesityloxy-2-propanol

S66289-5 Alpha,alpha-3-dichlorohexamethylbenzene

S86989-9 1,2-Bis(chloromethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetramethylbenzene

S86009-3 1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)-2,5-diethoxybenzene

S52500-6 2-Chloromethyl-4-nitrophenylheptyl ether

S54873-1 2-(2-Chloroethyl)-2-phenylpentanenitrile

S36287-5 3-Isopropoxy-3-(p-toluyl)propyl chloride

B9140-4 4′-tert-Butyl-4-chlorobutyrophenone

C8,121-7 cinnamyl bromide

18,706-2 3-bromobenzylbromide

15,791-0 methyl bromoacetate

24,248-9 bromoacetonitrile

30,127-2 bromoacetamide

36,242-5 2-chloro-N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide

17568 3-bromomethylbenzonitrile (Fluka)

EXAMPLE 99

Synthesis of Libraries Having the Structure

2-(N-L

a

)(N-L

b

)aminomethylene-4-(N-L

c

)(N-L

d

)3-aminopropoxy-6-[(N-L

e

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

f

)1-propanol-3-yl -1,2-diaminoethane]pyridine Using Various Selected Aldehydes

Using the procedure of Examples 79-97, libraries are prepared that are derivatized with one, two, three, four or more of the following aldehydes available from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, Wis. The Aldrich catalog number is given in the left hand column and the compound name is given in the right hand column: Synthesis of libraries from cyclophanes and aldehydes using various selected aldehydes

10793-5 Phenylacetaldehyde

D20425 Diphenylacetaldehyde

24582-8 Hydrocinnamaldehyde

24136-9 Phenylpropionaldehyde

28902-7 (+/−)-3-Phenylbutyraldehyde

28899-3 Alpha-amylcinnamaldehyde

16116-0 Alpha-bromocinnamaldehyde

26813-5 4-Stilbenecarboxaldehyde

B133-4 Benzaldehyde

11755-2 o-Tolualdehyde

25069-4 Alpha.alpha.alpha-trifluoro-o-tolualdehyde

F480-7 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde

12497-4 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde

B5700-1 2-Bromobenzaldehyde

10962-2 o-Anisaldehyde

15372-9 2-Ethoxybenzaldehyde

N1080-2 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde

T3550-5 m-Tolualdehyde

19687-8 Alpha.alpha.alpha-trifluoro-m-tolualdehyde

F500-5 3-Fluorobenzaldehyde

C2340-3 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde

B5720-6 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde

12965-8 m-Anisaldehyde

34648-9 3-(Trifluoromethoxy)-benzaldehyde

34199-1 3-(1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethoxy)benzaldehyde

H1980-8 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

N1084-5 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde

11528-2 Isophthaldehyde

T3560-2 p-Tolualdehyde

23363-3 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde

13517-8 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde

22494-4 Alpha.alpha.alpha-trifluoro-p-tolualdehyde

12837-6 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde

11221-6 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde

B5740-0 4-Bromobenzaldehyde

A8810-7 p-Anisaldehyde

17360-6 4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde

33363-8 4-Propoxybenzaldehyde

23808-2 4-Butoxybenzaldehyde

37060-6 4-(Trifluoromethoxy)-benzaldehyde

27486-0 Terephthaldehyde mono-(diethyl acetal)

14408-8 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

22277-1 4-(Methylthio)benzaldehyde

10976-2 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde

D8625-6 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde

33851-6 4-(Dibutylamino)benzaldehyde

29355-5 4-(3-Dimethylaminopropoxy)benzaldehyde

13017-6 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde

T220-7 Terephthaldicarboxaldehyde

34252-1 3-Fluoro-2-methylbenzaldehyde

34649-7 2-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde

26514-4 2,3-Difluorobenzaldehyde

26515-2 2,6-Difluorobenzaldehyde

14124-0 2-Chloro-6-fluorobenzaldehyde

D5650-0 2,6-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

25483-5 2,3-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

D13020-6 2,3-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

29250-8 2,6-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

31980-5 3-Fluorosalicylaldehyde

12080-4 o-Vanillin

18983-9 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

10604-6 2-Chloro-6-nitrobenzaldehyde

16382-1 3-methoxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde

11750-1 2,6-Dinitrobenzaldehyde

15104-1 2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

15106-8 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

37682-5 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde

26516-0 3,4-Difluorobenzaldehyde

26517-9 2,4-Difluorobenzaldehyde

26518-7 2,5-Difluorobenzaldehyde

30600-2 3-Chloro-4-fluorobenzaldehyde

34807-4 2-Chloro-4-fluorobenzaldehyde

33954-7 3-Bromo-3-fluorobenzaldehyde

D5660-8 3,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

14675-7 2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

15212-9 3-Methyl-p-anisaldehyde

15558-6 3-Fluoro-p-anisaldehyde

15429-6 5-Bromo-o-anisaldehyde

D13040-0 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

D13060-5 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

14375-8 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

25275-1 3-Ethoxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

P4910-4 Piperonal

26459-8 1,4-Benzodioxan-6-carboxaldehyde

31691-1 4-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde

34606-3 2-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

25975-6 5-Chlorosalicylaldehyde

13728-6 5-Bromosalicylaldehyde

14686-2 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

16069-5 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

14368-5 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

V110-4 Vanillin

12809-0 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

34215-7 5-(Trifluoromethoxy)salicylaldehyde

D10840-5 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

D10820-0 2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

16863-7 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

22568-1 4-(Diethylamino)salicylaldehyde

C5880-0 5-Chloro-2-nitrobenzaldehyde

13903-3 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde

5870-3 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde

14432-0 4-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde

15616-7 3-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzaldehyde

27535-2 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde

H4810-7 5-Hydroxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde

D19360-7 2,4-Nitrobenzaldehyde

29013-0 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde

29017-3 3,5-Difluorobenzaldehyde

13940-8 3,5-Dichlorobenzaldehyde

36811-3 3,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

12269-2 3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

36810-5 3,5-Dibenzyloxybenzaldehyde

M680-8 Mesitaldehyde

29233-8 2,3,5-Trichlorobenzaldehyde

13061-3 5-Bromoveratraldehyde

13871-1 2,4,6-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

T6840-3 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

14039-2 3,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

35768-5 2,6-Dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

14040-6 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde hemihydrate

26181-5 3,5-Dichlorosalicylaldehyde

12213-0 3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde

28344-4 3,5-Diiodosalicylaldehyde

13060-5 5-Bromovanillin

12948-8 5-Iodovanillin

13879-7 4,6-Dimethoxysalicylaldehyde

25871-7 5-Nitrovanillin

S760-2 3,5-Dinitrosalicylaldehyde

25959-4 2,5-Dimethyl-p-anisaldehyde

T6540-4 5-Bromo-2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde

N2800-0 4-Nitrovanillin

27680-4 3,5-Dinitrosalicylaldehyde

15205-6 2,5-Dimethyl-p-anisaldehyde

29251-6 5-Bromo-2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde

15557-8 6-Bromoveratraldehyde

13215-2 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

27960-9 6-Nitroveratraldehyde

13765-0 6-Nitropiperonal

27679-0 2,5-Dichloroterephthaldehyde

33066-3 2,3,4-Trifluorobenzaldehyde

29231-1 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzaldehyde

15201-3 2,3-Dimethyl-p-anisaldehyde

29627-9 2,4-Dimethoxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde

15209-9 2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

26084-3 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde

32893-6 Tetrafluorobenzaldehyde

10374-8 Pentafluorobenzaldehyde

B3468-0 4-Biphenylcarboxaldehyde

19175-2 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde

B2700-5 3-Benzloxybenzaldehyde

19540-5 3-(4-Methylphenoxy)benzaldehyde

19592-8 3-(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)benzaldehyde

19539-1 3-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]benzaldehyde

19530-8 3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)benzaldehyde

19590-1 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenoxy)benzaldehyde

19774-2 3-(3,5-Dichlorophenoxy)benzaldehyde

19589-8 3-(4-Methoxyphonoxy)benzaldehyde

21126-5 4-Phenoxybenzaldehyde

12371-4 4-Benzyloxybenzaldehyde

16361-9 4-Benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

16395-3 3-Benzyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

34603-9 3-Methoxy-4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)benzaldehyde

D3600-3 3,4-Dibenzyloxybenzaldehyde

N10-9 1-Naphthaldehyde

N20-6 2-Naphthaldehyde

15134-3 2-Methoxy-1-naphthaldehyde

10324-1 4-Methoxy-1-naphthaldehyde

H4535-3 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde

27208-6 4-Dimethylamino-1-naphthaldehyde

38201-9 2,3-Naphthalendicarboxaldehyde

15014-2 2-Fluorenecarboxaldehyde

27868-8 9-Anthraldehyde

M2965-7 10-Methylanthracene-9-carboxaldehyde

15211-0 10-Chloro-9-anthraldehyde

P1160-3 Phenanthrene-9-carboxaldehyde

14403-7 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde

Aliphatic Aldehydes

25254-9 Fromaldehylde

11007-8 Acetaldehyde

P5145-1 Propionaldehyde

24078-8 Isobutyraldehyde

T7150-1 Trimethylacetaldehyde

B10328-4 Butyraldehyde

M3347-6 2-Methylbutyraldehyde

11009-4 2-Ethylbutyraldehyde

14645-5 Isovaleraldehyde

35990-4 3,3-Dimethylbutyraldehyde

11013-2 Valeraldehyde

25856-3 2-Methylvaleraldehyde

D19050-0 2,4-Dimethylvaleraldehyde

11560-6 Hexanal

E2910-9 2-Ethylhexanal

30355-0 3,5,5-Trimethylhexanal

H212-0 Heptaldehyde

0560-8 Octyl aldehyde

N3080-3 Nonyl aldehyde

12577-6 Decyl aldehyde

U220-2 Undecylic aldehyde

M8675-8 2-Methylundecanal

D22200-3 Dodecyl aldehyde

26923-9 Tridecanal

T1000-6 Tetradecy aldehyde

11022-1 Acrolein

13303-5 Methacrolein

25614-5 2-Ethylacrolein

25613-7 2-Butylacrolein

13298-5 Crotonaldehyde

19261-9 trans-2-Methyl-2-butenal

29468-3 2-Ethyl-trans-2-butenal

30407-7 3-Methyl-2-butenal

26925-5 trans-2-pentenal

29466-7 2-Methyl-2-pentenal

29097-1 2,2-Dimethyl-4-pentenal

13265-9 trans-2-Hexenal

25176-3 trans-2-Heptenal

30796-3 2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal

26995-6 trans-2-Octenal

34364-1 (R)-(+)-Citronellal

37375-3 (S)-(−)-Citronellal

25565-3 trans-2-Nonenal

37562-4 cis-4-Decenal

36733-8 trans-4-Decenal

13227-6 Undecylenic aldehyde

24911-4 dis-9-hexadecenal

27221-3 Cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde

10846-4 Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde

10933-9 Cyclooctanecarboxaldehyde

30441-7 3-Cyclohexylpropionaldehyde

T1220-3 Tetrahydrobenzaldehyde

21829-4 (S)-(−)-Perillaldehyde

26467-9 2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-acetaldehyde

10937-1 5-Norbornen-2-carboxaldehyde

21824-3 (1R)-(−)-Myrtenal

37531-4 Glyoxal-1,1-dimethyl acetal

21877-4 7-Methoxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal

23254-8 3-Ethoxymethacrolein

27525-5 2,5-Dimethoxy-3-tetrahydrofurancarboxaldehyde

26918-2 2,2-Dimethyl-3-hydroxypropionaldehyde

G480-2 DL-Glyceraldehyde

G478-0 D-Glyceraldehyde

21665-8 L-Glyceraldehyde

34140-1 3-(Methylthio)propionaldehyde

30583-9 3-(Dimethylamino)acrolein

36549-9 3-(Dimethylamino)-2-methyl-2-propenal

17733-4 Pyrubic aldehyde

27706-1 (S)-(−)-2-(Methoxymethyl)-1-pyrrolidinecarboxaldehyde

29211-7 2-Methoxy-1-pyrrolidinecarboxaldehyde

29210-9 2-Methoxy-1-piperidinecarboxaldehyde

EXAMPLE 100

N-Hydroxypropyl-N2-(o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-diaminoethane

A solution of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (Aldrich, 5.32 g, 24 mmol, 2.4 eq) in dichloromethane (30 mL) is added dropwise to a stirred solution of N-hydroxypropyl diaminoethane (TCI) (10 mmol) and triethylamine (8 mL) in dichloromethane (30 mL) at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and further stirred for 1 hour. The mixture is diluted with chloroform and washed with water and brine. The organic phase is dried (Na

2

SO

4

) and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (20 cm×3 cm) to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 101

N1-Hydroxypropyl(T-boc)-N2-(o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-diaminoethane

N1-Hydroxypropyl-N2-(o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-diaminoethane (8.14 mmol) and triethylamine were added to dichloromethane (40 mL). Di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (16.28 mmol) is added in one portion. The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 4 hours and is monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture is washed 3× with water and once with brine, dried over MgSO

4

, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 102

m-phthalimidomethyl-α-Bromo-xylene

α,α′-Dibromo-m-xylene is refluxed with potassium phthalimide (1.0 equivalent) in acetonitrile to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 103

3-Phthalimidomethyl-1-[N1-(o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)(methylene-1-yl)-N2-(3-hydroxypropyl)(t-boc)diaminoethane]benzene

N1-Hydroxypropyl(T-boc)-N2-(o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-diaminoethane and m-phthalimidomethyl-α-Bromo-xylene are dissolved in DMF and K

2

CO

3

is added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and concentrated. The residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 104

3-(aminomethylene-1yl)-1-[N1-(o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)(methylene-1-yl)-N2-(3-hydroxypropyl)(t-boc)diaminoethane]benzene

3-Phthalimidomethyl-1-[N1-(o-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-(methylene-1-yl)-N2-(3-hydroxypropyl)(t-boc)diaminoethane]benzene is treated with hydrazine as per the procedure of Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 105

Preparation of Library 51

3-(N-L

n

)(N-L

n

)aminomethylene-1-[(N-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

n

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]benzene (FIGS.

8

-

10

)

Following the procedures of Examples 60-68 the above library is prepared wherein L

n

is a combinatorial distribution of from 2 to about 6 letters.

EXAMPLE 106

3-(N-L

a

)(N-L

b

)aminomethylene-1-[(N-L

c

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

d

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]benzene

Following the procedures of Examples 60-68 the above compound is prepared wherein L

a

, L

b

, L

c

, and L

d

are each a single letter.

EXAMPLE 107

α,α′-Dichloro-2,6-dimethylpyrazine

A stirred mixture of 2,6-dimethylpyrazine (55 mmol), N-chlorosuccinimide (110 mmol) and benzoylperoxide (1.0 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (150 mL) is heated to reflux under nitrogen for 30 hours. Additional N-chlorosuccinimide (140 mmol) and benzoylperoxide (2.3 mmol) are added at 6 hours. The cooled reaction mixture is filtered and the filtrate washed with sodium carbonate (saturated aqueous solution) and dried. Evaporation of the solvent gives the title compound.

EXAMPLE 108

Preparation of Library 52

3-(N-L

n

)(N-L

n

)aminomethylene-1-[(N-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

n

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyrazine (FIG.

10

)

Starting with α,α′-dichloro-2,6-dimethylpyrazine and following the procedures of Examples 102-106 the title library wherein L

n

is a combinatorial mixture of from 2 to about 6 letters is prepared.

EXAMPLE 109

3-(N-L

a

)(N-L

b

)aminomethylene-1-[(N-L

c

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-(N-L

d

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]pyrazine

Starting with α,α′-dichloro-2,6-dimethylpyrazine and following the procedures of Examples 102-106 the title compound is prepared wherein L

a

, L

b

, L

c

, and L

d

are each a single letter.

EXAMPLE 110

Preparation of Library 53

2-(N-L

n

)(N-L

n

)aminomethylene-3-[(N-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

n

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]quinoxaline (FIG.

10

)

Starting with 2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline and following the procedures of Examples 102-106 the title library wherein L

n

is a combinatorial mixture of from 2 to about 6 letters is prepared.

EXAMPLE 111

2-(N-L

a

)(N-L

b

)aminomethylene-3-[(N-L

c

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

d

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]quinoxaline

Starting with 2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline and following the procedures of Examples 102-106 the title compound is prepared wherein L

a

, L

b

, L

c

, and L

d

are each a single letter.

EXAMPLE 112

Preparation of Libraries 54 and 55

1-Tetrahydropyranyl-3-(N-L

n

)(N-L

n

)aminomethylene-5-[(N-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

n

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]1,2,4-triazole Library 48, 1-Tetrahydropyranyl-5-(N-L

n

)(N-L

n

)aminomethylene-3-[(N-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

n

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]1,2,4-triazole Library 49 (FIG.

10

)

Starting with 1-tetrahydropyranyl-3,5-bis-chloromethyl-1,2,4-triazole(prepared as per the procedure of J. S. Bradshaw, et al.,

J. Heterocycl. Chem.,

1986, 23, 361-368) and following the procedures of Examples 102-106 the title libraries wherein L

n

is a combinatorial mixture of from 2 to about 6 letters is prepared. In the first step of synthesis, the 1-tetrahydropyranyl-3,5-bis-chloromethyl-1,2,4-triazole is reacted with N-hydroxyphthalimide as per Example 102. This step will yield 2 compounds after purification due to the asymmetry of the reacting heterocycle. The tetrahydropyranyl group is removed by treatment with HCl.

EXAMPLE 113

1-Tetrahydropyranyl-3-(N-L

a

)(N-L

b

)aminomethylene-5-[(N-L

c

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

d

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]1,2,4-triazole, 1-Tetrahydropyranyl-5-(N-L

a

)(N-L

b

)aminomethylene-3-[(N-L

c

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

d

)1-propanol-3-yl3-1,2-diaminoethane]1,2,4-triazole

Starting with 1-tetrahydropyranyl-bis-3,5-chloromethyl-1,2,4-triazole (prepared as per the procedure of J. S. Bradshaw, et al.,

J. Heterocycl. Chem.,

1986, 23, 361-368) and following the procedures of Examples 102-106 the title compound is prepared wherein L

a

, L

b

, L

c

, and L

d

are each a single letter. In the first step of synthesis, the 1-tetrahydropyranyl-3,5-bis-chloromethyl-1,2,4-triazole is reacted with N-hydroxyphthalimide as per Example 102. This step will yield 2 compounds after purification due to the asymmetry of the reacting heterocycle. The tetrahydropyranyl group is removed by treatment with HCl.

EXAMPLE 114

Preparation of Library 56

2-(N-L

n

)(N-L

n

)aminomethylene-5-[(N-L

n

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-[(N-L

n

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]furan

Starting with 2,5-furandimethanol and following the procedures of Examples 102-106 the title library is prepared wherein L

a

, L

b

, L

c

, and L

d

are each a single letter.

EXAMPLE 115

2-(N-L

a

)(N-L

b

)aminomethylene-5-[(N-L

c

)(N1-methylene-1-yl)-N2-(N-L

d

)1-propanol-3-yl]-1,2-diaminoethane]furan

Starting with 2,5-furandimethanol and following the procedures of Examples 102-106 the title compound is prepared wherein L

a

, L

b

, L

c

, and L

d

are each a single letter.

EVALUATION

Procedure 1

Antimicrobial Assay

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus

is known to cause localized skin infections as a result of poor hygiene, minor trauma, psoriasis or eczema. It also causes respiratory infections, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome and septicemia. It is a common cause of acute food poisoning. It exhibits rapid emergence of drug resistance to penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin and nafcillin.

In this assay, the strain

S. aureus

ATCC 25923 (American Type Culture Collection) is used in the bioassay. To initiate the exponential phase of bacterial growth prior to the assay, a sample of bacteria grown overnight at 37° C. in typtocase soy broth (BBL). This bacteria is then used to reinoculate sample wells of 96-well microtiter plates. The assays are carried out in the 96-well microtiter plates in 150 μL volume with approximately 1×10

6

cells per well.

Bacteria in typtocase soy broth (75 μL) is added to the compound mixtures in solution in 75 μL water/4% DMSO in the individual well of the microtiter plate. Final concentrations of the compound mixtures are 25 μM, 10 μM and 1 μM. Each concentration of the compound mixtures are assayed in triplicate. The plates are incubated at 37° C. and growth monitored over a 24 hour period by measuring the optical density at 595 nm using a BioRad model 3550 UV microplate reader. The percentage of growth relative to a well containing no compound is determined. Ampicillin and tetracycline antibiotic positive controls are concurrently tested in each screening assay.

Procedure 2

Antimicrobial Assay

Streptococcus Pyrogenes

The strain

S. aureus

ATCC 14289 (American Type Culture Collection) is used in the bioassay. To initiate the exponential phase of bacterial growth prior to the assay, a sample of bacteria is grown overnight at 37° C. in 1× Todd-Hewitt broth. This bacteria is then used to reinoculate sample wells of 96-well microtiter plates. The assays are carried out in the 96-well microtiter plates in 150 μL volume with approximately 1×10

6

cells per well.

Bacteria in 1× Todd-Hewitt broth (75 μL) is added to the compound mixtures in solution in 75 μL water in the individual well of the microtiter plate. Final concentrations of the compound mixtures are 25 μM, 10 μM and 1 μM. Each concentration of the compound mixtures are assayed in triplicate. The plates are incubated at 37° C. and growth monitored over a 24 hour period by measuring the optical density at 595 nm using a BioRad model 3550 UV microplate reader. The percentage of growth relative to a well containing no compound is determined. Ampicillin and tetracycline antibiotic positive controls are concurrently tested in each screening assay.

Procedure 3

Antimicrobial Assay

E. coli

imp-

In this assay, the strain

E. coli

imp- obtained from Spenser Bensen (Sampson, B. A., Misra, R. & Benson, S. A. (1989),

Genetics,

122, 491-501, Identification and characterization of a new gene of

Escherichia coli

K-12 involved in outer membrane permeability) is used. To initiate the exponential phase of bacterial growth prior to the assay, a sample of bacteria is grown overnight at 37° C. in Luria broth. This bacteria is then used to reinoculate sample wells of 96-well microtiter plates. The assays are carried out in the 96-well microtiter plates in 150 μL volume with approximately 1×10

6

cells per well.

Bacteria in Luria broth (75 μL) is added to the compound mixtures in solution in 75 μL water in the individual well of the microtiter plate. Final concentrations of the compound mixtures are 25 μM, 10 μM and 1 μM. Each concentration of the compound mixtures are assayed in triplicate. The plates are incubated at 37° C. and growth monitored over a 24 hour period by measuring the optical density at 595 nm using a BioRad model 3550 UV microplate reader. The percentage of growth relative to a well containing no compound is determined. Ampicillin and tetracycline antibiotic positive controls are concurrently tested in each screening assay.

Procedure 4

Antfungal Assay

C. albicans

In this assay, the strain

C. albicans

ATCC 10231 (American Type Culture Collection) is used in the bioassay. To initiate the exponential phase of yeast growth prior to the assay, a sample of yeast is grown overnight at 37° C. in YM media. This yeast is then used to reinoculate sample wells of 96-well microtiter plates. The assays are carried out in the 96-well microtiter plates in 150 μL volume with approximately 1×10

6

cells per well.

Yeast in YM media (75 μL) is added to the compound mixtures in solution in 75 μL water in the individual well of the microtiter plate. Final concentrations of the compound mixtures are 25 μM, 10 μM and 1 μM. Each concentration of the compound mixtures are assayed in triplicate. The plates are incubated at 37° C. and growth monitored over a 24 hour period by measuring the optical density at 595 nm using a BioRad model 3550 UV microplate reader. The percentage of growth relative to a well containing no compound is determined. Amphotericin B positive control is concurrently tested in each screening assay.

Procedure 5

RNA Binding Assay

The Effect of Libraries on tat/TAR Interactions

The effects of combinatorial libraries on tat/TAR, RNA/protein interactions are examined using a rapid and reproducable binding assay. The assay consists of a biotinylated truncated version of the HIV-1 TAR stem-loop, which is anchored to the wells of a 96 well ELISA plate which has been coated with streptavidin. The TAR RNA is recognized by the HIV-1 protein tat and the amount of tat bound is quantitated using an antibody raised against tat and a secondary antibody conjugated to an alkaline phosphatase or HRP enzyme to produce a calorimetric reaction.

Materials:

A 39 residue tat peptide (aa 49-135 of HIV tat protein). This is the C terminal basic binding domain of the tat protein. This peptide was synthesized by a contract lab.

A 30 base RNA oligonucleotide consisting of the bulge and stem/loop structure of HIV TAR which has also been Biotin conjugated. This RNA oligonucleotide was synthesized in house.

A biotintylated HIV RRE RNA oligonucleotide synthesized in house.

Binding buffer: 40 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 0.01% NP-40, 20% glycerol, 1.5 mM MgCl, 0.01% NaN3, 50 mM KCl.

Streptavidin coated 96 well microtitre plates (Elkay Labsystems).

Protein A/G alkaline phosphatase (Pierce).

Anti tat antiserum (BioDesign).

PNPP substrate (Pierce).

Methods: To each well of a Streptavidin coated 96 well ELISA plate is added 200 μl of a solution of the 30 base TAR sequence (20 nM) in binding buffer. The plate is incubated at 4° C. for 1 hour. The biotintylated HIV RRE RNA oligonucleotide is bound to selected wells as a negative control RNA. The plate is washed with binding buffer three times and 100 μl of a 100 nM solution of the 39 residue tat peptide in binding buffer is added to each well. Combinatorial libraries or deconvoluted combinatorial libraries are added to selected wells of the plate at initial concentrations of 100 μM. The plate is incubated for 1 hour at room temperature.

The plate is washed with binding buffer three times and blocked with binding buffer+5% FCS. 100 μl of tat antiserum diluted 1:700 in binding buffer is added to the wells of the plate and the plate is incubated for 1.5 hours at 4° C. The plate is washed three times with binding buffer and 150 μL of a solution of protein A/G alkaline phosphatase diluted 1:5000 in binding buffer is added to each well. The plate is incubated for 1.5 hours at 4° C. followed by washing three times with binding buffer. 150 μL of PNPP sustrate is added to each well and the plate is incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. The absorbance of each well is read in a multiwell plate reader.

Procedure 6

Antimicrobial Mechanistic Assay

Bacterial DNA Gyrase

DNA gyrase is a bacterial enzyme which can introduce negative supercoils into DNA utilizing the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. This activity is critical during DNA replication and is a well characterized target for antibiotic inhibition of bacterial growth. In this assay, libraries of compounds are screened for inhibition of DNA gyrase. The assay measures the supercoiling of a relaxed plasmid by DNA gyrase as an electrophoretic shift on an agarose gel. Initially all library pools are screened for inhibitory activity at 30 μM and then a dose response analysis is effected with active subsets. Novobiocin, an antibiotic that binds to the β subunit of DNA gyrase is used as a positive control in the assay. The sensitivity of the DNA gyrase assay was determined by titrating the concentration of the know DNA gyrase inhibitor, Novobiocin, in the supercoiling assay. The IC

50

was determined to be 8 nM, sufficient to identify the activity of a single active species of comparable activity in a library having 30 μM concentration.

Procedure 7

Use of a Combinatorial Library for Identifying Metal Chelators and Imaging Agents

This procedure is used to identify compounds of the invention from libraries of compounds constructed to include a ring that contains an ultraviolet chromophore. Further the chemical functional groups attached to the compounds of the invention are selected from metal binders, coordinating groups such as amine, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, and other groups having lone pairs of electrons, such that the compounds of the invention can form coordination complexes with heavy metals and imaging agents. The procedure is used to identify compounds of the invention useful for chelating and removing heavy metals from industrial broths, waste stream eluents, heavy metal poisoning of farm animals and other sources of contaminating heavy metals, and for use in identifying imaging agent carriers, such as carriers for technetium 99.

An aliquot of a test solution having the desired ion or imaging agent at a known concentration is added to an aliquot of standard solution of the pool under assay. The UV spectrum of this aliquot is measured and is compared to the UV spectrum of a further aliquot of the same solution lacking the test ion or imaging agent. A shift in the extinction coefficient is indicative of binding of the metal ion or imaging ion to a compound in the library pool being assayed.

Procedure 8

Assay of Combinatorial Library for PLA

2

Inhibitors

A preferred target for assay of combinatorially generated pools of compounds is the phospholipase A

2

family. Phospholipases A

2

(PLA

2

) are a family of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 ester linkage of membrane phospholipids resulting in release of a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid (Dennis, E. A., The Enzymes, Vol. 16, pp. 307-353, Boyer, P. D., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983). Elevated levels of type II PLA2 are correlated with a number of human inflammatory diseases. The PLA

2

-catalyzed reaction is the rate-limiting step in the release of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators. Arachidonic acid, a fatty acid commonly linked at the sn-2 position, serves as a precursor to leukotrienes, prostaglandins, lipoxins and thromboxanes. The lysophospholipid can be a precursor to platelet-activating factor. PLA

2

is regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and, thus, occupies a central position in the inflammatory cascade (Dennis, ibid.; Glaser et al.,

TiPs Reviews

1992, 14, 92; and Pruzanski et al.,

Inflammation

1992, 16, 451). All mammalian tissues evaluated thus far have exhibited PLA

2

activity. At least three different types of PLA

2

are found in humans: pancreatic (type I), synovial fluid (type II) and cytosolic. Studies suggest that additional isoenzymes exist. Type I and type II, the secreted forms of PLA

2

, share strong similarity with phospholipases isolated from the venom of snakes. The PLA

2

enzymes are important for normal functions including digestion, cellular membrane remodeling and repair, and in mediation of the inflammatory response. Both cytosolic and type II enzymes are of interest as therapeutic targets. Increased levels of the type II PLA

2

are correlated with a variety of inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and septic shock, suggesting that inhibitors of this enzyme would have therapeutic utility. Additional support for a role of PLA

2

in promoting the pathophysiology observed in certain chronic inflammatory disorders was the observation that injection of type II PLA

2

into the footpad of rats (Vishwanath et al.,

Inflammation

1988, 12, 549) or into the articular space of rabbits (Bomalaski et al.,

J. Immunol.

1991, 146, 3904) produced an inflammatory response. When the protein was denatured before injection, no inflammatory response was produced.

The type II PLA

2

enzyme from synovial fluid is a relatively small molecule (about 14 kD) and can be distinguished from type I enzymes (e.g. pancreatic) by the sequence and pattern of its disulfide bonds. Both types of enzymes require calcium for activity. The crystal structures of secreted PLA

2

enzymes from venom and pancreatic PLA

2

, with and without inhibitors, have been reported (Scott et al.,

Science

1990, 250, 1541). Recently, the crystal structure of PLA

2

from human synovial fluid has been determined (Wery et al.,

Nature

1991, 352, 79). The structure clarifies the role of calcium and amino acid residues in catalysis. Calcium acts as a Lewis acid to activate the scissile ester carbonyl bond of 1,2-diacylglycerophospholipids and binds to the lipid, and a His-Asp side chain diad acts as a general base catalyst to activate a water molecule nucleophile. This is consistent with the absence of any acyl enzyme intermediates, and is also comparable to the catalytic mechanism of serine proteases. The catalytic residues and the calcium ion are at the end of a deep cleft (ca. 14 Å) in the enzyme. The walls of this cleft contact the hydrocarbon portion of the phospholipid and are composed of hydrophobic and aromatic residues. The positively-charged amino-terminal helix is situated above the opening of the hydrophobic cleft. Several lines of evidence suggest that the N-terminal portion is the interfacial binding site (Achari et al.,

Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.

1987, 52, 441; Cho et al.,

J. Biol. Chem.

1988, 263, 11237; Yang et al.,

Biochem. J.

1989, 262, 855; and Noel et al.,

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

1990, 112, 3704).

Much work has been reported in recent years on the study of the mechanism and properties of PLA

2

-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids. In in vitro assays, PLA

2

displays a lag phase during which the enzyme adsorbs to the substrate bilayer and a process called interfacial activation occurs. This activation may involve desolvation of the enzyme/lipid interface or a change in the physical state of the lipid around the cleft opening. Evidence favoring this hypothesis comes from studies revealing that rapid changes in PLA

2

activity occur concurrently with changes in the fluorescence of a membrane probe (Burack et al.,

Biochemistry

1993, 32, 583). This suggests that lipid rearrangement is occurring during the interfacial activation process. PLA

2

activity is maximal around the melting temperature of the lipid, where regions of gel and liquid-crystalline lipid coexist. This is also consistent with the sensitivity of PLA

2

activity to temperature and to the composition of the substrate, both of which can lead to structurally distinct lipid arrangements separated by a boundary region. Fluorescence microscopy was used to simultaneously identify the physical state of the lipid and the position of the enzyme during catalysis (Grainger et al.,

FEBS Lett.

1989, 252, 73). These studies clearly show that PLA

2

binds exclusively at the boundary region between liquid and solid phase lipid. While the hydrolysis of the secondary ester bond of 1,2-diacylglycerophospholipids catalyzed by the enzyme is relatively simple, the mechanistic and kinetic picture is clouded by the complexity of the enzyme-substrate interaction. A remarkable characteristic of PLA

2

is that maximal catalytic activity is observed on substrate that is aggregated (i.e. phospholipid above its critical micelle concentration), while low levels of activity are observed on monomeric substrate. As a result, competitive inhibitors of PLA

2

either have a high affinity for the active site of the enzyme before it binds to the substrate bilayer or partition into the membrane and compete for the active site with the phospholipid substrate. Although a number of inhibitors appear to show promising inhibition of PLA

2

in biochemical assays (Yuan et al.,

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

1987, 109, 8071; Lombardo et al.,

J. Biol. Chem.

1985, 260, 7234; Washburn et al.,

J. Biol. Chem.

1991, 266, 5042; Campbell et al.,

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.

1988, 1560; and Davidson et al.,

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

1986, 137, 587), reports describing in vivo activity are limited (Miyake et al.,

J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.

1992, 263, 1302).

In one preferred embodiment, compounds of the invention are selected for their potential to interact with, and preferably inhibit, the enzyme PLA

2

. Thus, compounds of the invention can be used for topical and/or systemic treatment of inflammatory diseases including atopic dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease. In selecting the functional groups, advantage can be taken of PLA

2

's preference for anionic vesicles over zwitterionic vesicles. Preferred compounds of the invention for assay for PLA

2

include those having aromatic diversity groups to facilitate binding to the cleft of the PLA

2

enzyme (Oinuma et al.,

J. Med. Chem.

1991, 34, 2260; Marki et al.,

Agents Actions

1993, 38, 202; and Tanaka et al.,

J. Antibiotics

1992, 45, 1071). Benzyl and 4-hexylbenzyl groups are preferred aromatic diversity groups. PLA

2

-directed compounds of the invention can further include hydrophobic functional groups such as tetraethylene glycol groups. Since the PLA

2

enzyme has a hydrophobic channel, hydrophobicity is believed to be an important property of inhibitors of the enzyme.

After each round of synthesis as described in the above examples, the resulting libraries or pools of compounds are screened for inhibition of human type II PLA

2

enzymatic activity. The assay is effected at the conclusion of each round of synthesis to identify the wining pool from that round of synthesis. Concurrently, the libraries additionally can be screened in other in vitro assays to determine further mechanisms of inhibition.

The pools of the libraries are screened for inhibition of PLA

2

in the assay using

E. coli

labeled with

3

H-oleic acid (Franson et al.,

J. Lipid Res.

1974, 15, 380; and Davidson et al.,

J. Biol. Chem.

1987, 262, 1698) as the substrate. Type II PLA

2

(originally isolated from synovial fluid), expressed in a baculovirus system and partially purified, serves as a source of the enzyme. A series of dilutions of each of the library pools is done in water: 10 μl of each pool is incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature with a mixture of 10 μl PLA

2

, 20 μl 5× PLA

2

Buffer (500 mM Tris 7.0-7.5, 5 mM CaCl

2

), and 50 μl water. Samples of each pool are run in duplicate. At this point, 10 μl of

3

H

E. coli

cells is added. This mixture is incubated at 37° C. for 15 minutes. The enzymatic reaction is stopped with the addition of 50 μL 2M HCl and 50 μL fatty-acid-free BSA (20 mg/mL PBS), vortexed for 5 seconds, and centrifuged at high speed for 5 minutes. 165 μL of each supernate is then put into a scintillation vial containing 6 ml of scintillant (ScintiVerse) and cpms are measured in a Beckman Liquid Scintillation Counter. As a control, a reaction without the combinatorial pool is run alongside the other reactions as well as a baseline reaction containing no compounds of the invention as well as no PLA

2

enzyme. CPMs are corrected for by subtracting the baseline from each reaction data point.

Confirmation of the “winners” is made to confirm that a compound of the invention binds to enzyme rather than substrate and that the inhibition by a compound of the invention that is selected is specific for type II PLA

2

. An assay using

14

C-phosphatidyl ethanolamine (

14

C-PE) as substrate, rather than

E. coli

membrane, is used to insure enzyme rather than substrate specificity. Micelles of

14

C-PE and deoxycholate are incubated with the enzyme and a compound of the invention.

14

C-labeled arachidonic acid released as a result of PLA

2

-catalyzed hydrolysis is separated from substrate by thin layer chromatography and the radioactive product is quantitated. The “winner” is compared to phosphatidyl ethanolamine, the preferred substrate of human type II PLA

2

, to confirm its activity. PLA

2

from other sources (snake venom, pancreatic, bee venom) and phospholipase C, phospholipase D and lysophospholipase can be used to further confirm that the inhibition is specific for human type II PLA

2

.

Procedure 9

Probes for the Detection of Specific Proteins and mRNA in Biological Samples

For the reliable, rapid, simultaneous quantification of multiple varieties of proteins or mRNA in a biological sample without the need to purify the protein or mRNA from other cellular components, a protein or mRNA of interest from a suitable biological sample, i.e., a blood borne virus, a bacterial pathogen product in stool, urine and other like biological samples, is identified using standard microbiological techniques. A probe comprising a compound of a combinatorial library of the invention is identified by a combinatorial search as noted in the above examples. Preferred for the protein probe are compounds synthesized to include chemical functional groups that act as hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, sulfhydryl groups, hydrophobic lipophilic moieties capable of hydrophobic interactions groups and groups capable of ionic interactions. The probe is immobilized on insoluble CPG solid support utilizing the procedure of Pon, R. T., Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs, Agrawal, S., Ed., Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., 1993, p 465-496. A known aliquot of the biological sample under investigation is incubated with the insoluble CPG support having the probe thereon for a time sufficient to hybridize the protein or mRNA to the probe and thus form a linkage via the probe to the solid support. This immobilizes the protein or mRNA present in the sample to the CPG support. Other non-immobilized materials and components are then washed off the CPG with a wash media suitable for use with the biological sample. The mRNA on the support is labelled with ethidium bromide, biotin or a commercial radionucleotide and the amount of label immobilized on the CPG support is measured to indicate the amount of mRNA present in the biological sample. In a similar assay a protein is also labeled and quantified.

Procedure 10

Leukotriene B

4

Assay

Leukotriene B

4

(LTB

4

) has been implicated in a variety of human inflammatory diseases, and its pharmacological effects are mediated via its interaction with specific surface cell receptors. Library subsets are screened for competitive inhibition of radiolabeled LTB

4

binding to a receptor preparation.

A Nenquet™ Drug Discovery System Kit (NEN Research Products, Boston, Mass.) is used to select an inhibitor of the interaction of Leukotriene B

4

(LTB

4

) with receptors on a preparation of guinea pig spleen membrane. [

3

H] Leukotriene B

4

reagent is prepared by adding 5 mL of ligand diluent (phosphate buffer containing NaCl, MgCl

2

, EDTA and Bacitracin, pH 7.2) to 0.25 mL of the radioligand. The receptor preparation is made by thawing the concentrate, adding 35 mL of ligand diluent and swirling gently in order to resuspend the receptor homogeneously. Reagents are kept on ice during the course of the experiment, and the remaining portions are stored at −20° C.

Library subsets prepared as per general procedure of examples above are diluted to 5 μM, 50 μM and 500 μM in phosphate buffer (1× PBS, 0.1% azide and 0.1% BSA, pH 7.2), yielding final test concentrations of 0.5 μM, 5 μM and 50 μM, respectively. Samples are assayed in duplicate. [

3

H] LTB

4

(25 μL) is added to 25 μL of either appropriately diluted standard (unlabeled LTB

4

) or library subset. The receptor suspension (0.2 mL) is added to each tube. Samples are incubated at 4° C. for 2 hours. Controls include [

3

H] LTB

4

without receptor suspension (total count vials), and sample of ligand and receptor without library molecules (standard).

After the incubation period, the samples are filtered through GF/B paper that had been previously rinsed with cold saline. The contents of each tube are aspirated onto the filter paper to remove unbound ligand from the membrane preparation, and the tubes washed (2×4 mL) with cold saline. The filter paper is removed from the filtration unit and the filter disks are placed in appropriate vials for scintillation counting. Fluor is added, and the vials shaken and allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 to 3 hours prior to counting. The counts/minute (cpm) obtained for each sample are subtracted from those obtained from the total counts to determine the net cpm for each sample. The degree of inhibition of binding for each library subset is determined relative to the standard (sample of ligand and receptor without library molecules).

Number	Name	Date
3687808	Merigan, Jr. et al.	Aug 1972
5288514	Ellman	Feb 1994
5324483	Cody et al.	Jun 1994
5380899	Noda et al.	Jan 1995
5567411	Keana et al.	Oct 1996

Number	Date	Country
3-52861	Mar 1991	JP
WO 9119735	Dec 1991	WO
WO 9220822	Nov 1992	WO
WO 9304204	Mar 1993	WO
WO 9408051	Apr 1994	WO
WO 9424314	Oct 1994	WO
WO 9422454	Oct 1994	WO
WO 9426775	Nov 1994	WO
WO 9428028	Dec 1994	WO
WO 9428424	Dec 1994	WO
WO 9427719	Dec 1994	WO

Compounds having a plurality of nitrogenous substituents

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US Referenced Citations (5)

Foreign Referenced Citations (11)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (48)

Entry
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