Patent Grant
8016779
The present invention is directed generally to a compression device for applying compression therapy to a body part of a wearer, more particularly a compression sleeve.
A major concern for immobile patients and like persons are medical conditions that form clots in the blood, such as, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and peripheral edema. Such patients and persons include those undergoing surgery, anesthesia, extended periods of bed rest, etc. These blood clotting conditions generally occur in the deep veins of the lower extremities and/or pelvis. These veins, such as the iliac, femoral, popiteal and tibial return deoxygenated blood to the heart. For example, when blood circulation in these veins is retarded due to illness, injury or inactivity, there is a tendency for blood to accumulate or pool. A static pool of blood may lead to the formation of a blood clot. A major risk associated with this condition is interference with cardiovascular circulation. Most seriously, a fragment of the blood clot can break loose and migrate. A pulmonary emboli can form from the fragment potentially blocking a main pulmonary artery, which may be life threatening. The current invention can also be applied to the treatment of lymphedema.
The conditions and resulting risks associated with patient immobility may be controlled or alleviated by applying intermittent pressure to a patient's limb, such as, for example, a leg to assist in blood circulation. For example, sequential compression devices have been used, such as the device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,091,864 to Hasty. Sequential compression devices are typically constructed of two sheets of material secured together at the seams to define one or more fluid impervious bladders, which are connected to a source of pressure for applying sequential pressure around a patient's body parts for improving blood return to the heart. The inflatable sections are covered with a laminate to improve durability and protect against puncture. As part of the compression device, the two sheets are structurally designed to withstand a changing pressure over time under repeated use.
The impermeability of the sleeve makes it uncomfortable for the patient because moisture (i.e. perspiration) is trapped between the impermeable sheet and the patient's body part. This leads to the patient's unwillingness to wear the sleeve, thereby, endangering the health of the patient. Moreover, the sleeve is generally non-stretchable and bulky because the bladders must be able to retain a significant amount of fluid pressure during treatment. Thus, the prior art sleeves restrict the mobility of the patient. Also chafing of a patient's limb can occur because the prior art designs retain the inflatable bladders in a fixed position when under pressure. As the pressure changes during treatment, the bladders press and release against the patient's limb, rubbing and chafing the skin. A bladder may wrinkle or fold which can cause further irritation during a compression cycle. The final construction of a prior art sleeve is bulky, rigid and may feel heavy to a person over an extended period of use. The present invention is directed to solving the above mentioned deficiencies without compromising durability and clinical effectiveness.
As stated above, prior art devices are constructed for durability and strength. As shown in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0187503 A1 to Tordella, Tordella describes a sleeve with a top and bottom sheet. The sheets are fixed at the perimeter to form an inflatable section or bladder, as shown in
There are other prior art attempts to improve comfort through breathability and evaporation. U.S. Pat. No. 3,824,492 to Nicholas is directed to a garment that provides pulsating pressure to a lower extremity. A number of holes are placed at the toe area. Air entering the holes is pulled across the patient's skin through an air space provided by the device when worn. Nicholas has a hard outer shell. The Nicholas device suffers from a number of drawbacks not found in the present invention. The compression sleeves of at least some embodiments of the present invention are elastic, at the inner layer and outer layer, to improve patient mobility and flexure. Instead of a hard outer shell like Nicholas, the present invention has in some embodiments a breathable, soft and elastic outer covering. The elastic outer cover of the present invention helps the sleeve conform to the limb under pressure. The present invention does not have the structure for a channel at the skin to move air across the skin and into the ambient environment.
Hasty (U.S. Pat. No. 4,091,804) and Annis (U.S. Pat. No. 4,207,876) disclose a plurality of openings in communication with a ventilation channel. Air is forced through the channel and openings onto the skin by a compressor. The present invention does not use a ventilation channel within the layers of the sleeve. Furthermore in preferred embodiments of the present invention, the compression sleeve does not use its compressor to force the air through the openings onto the skin though the channel. In embodiments of the present invention, air at the openings interfaces with the wicking material to evaporate wicked moisture as described more fully below. The transport mechanism can be the wicking material in present invention. Other devices such as Jacobs (U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,259), provide for direct access to a portion of the patient's limb, but the Jacobs' device suffers in that cooling (evaporation) is limited to the localized openings. The Neal reference (U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,453), describes openings of various geometries, but the size, shape and distribution is a matter of convenience of use. The Neal device is not directed to prophylaxis treatment.
Breathability is associated with cooling through evaporation, as air must be allowed to pass over the openings to the skin. Faster evaporation can occur if a device can breathe through its outer layer which is a problem not solved in the cited references. A number of cited references mention breathing to avoid sweat build-up, but none of the references are directed to providing prophylaxis treatment using sequential compression. A device to Hall (U.S. Pat. No. 6,520,926), describes a support socking that is breathable, but Hall provides no additional detail on how it is made breathable. A device to Roth (U.S. Pat. No. 7,044,924), describes that various sized holes may be punched through both the inner and outer sheet 202/204, between adjacent seams 234 or 242 to allow for ventilation. Further, a moisture-wicking lining material may be applied to the surface of the inner sheet 204 for comfort. The lateral seams 230, 232 and 234 and the longitudinal seams 238 and 240 form a plurality of inflatable bladders 250. The Applicants adapt their inner sheet to provide wicking properties because the Applicants discovered laminating or applying the wicking material to a sheet may compromise the wicking ability of material. The fibers of the wicking material would be interrupted, made discontinuous by the lamination; therefore, interfering with the capillary action of the wicking fibers as described below.
Roth may introduce a low pressure area adjacent to bladders which has been shown to promote blood pooling. The Applicants particularly structured at least some embodiment of their device to avoid blood pooling by configuring adjacent bladders to minimize low pressure areas between the adjacent bladders. Applicant's device was demonstrated to maintain clinical efficacy as described below. Roth does not provide any information regarding the clinical efficacy of its device and does not provide any figures showing its openings or its wicking material. A sock device to Linnane (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0010574), describes a compression stocking with a wicking material near the person's skin for wicking moisture along channels to the outside of the stocking. The present invention directs moisture to a plurality of openings sized, shaped, and located along the compression device for maximizing evaporation while maintaining clinical efficacy.
Elasticity is found in the prior art and is commonly understood to be an important benefit for compression stockings such as the T.E.D®, sold by the assignee of the present invention. A drawback of the prior art sequential compression devices, like that shown in Hasty, is that the bladder material is flexible but not elastic. The prior art bladders are formed as part of a laminated construction adding further rigidity and durability. The Tordella reference discloses a sleeve with flexible, elastic sections between the inflatable sections or portions to facilitate mobility of a patient. Tordella does not disclose an elastic design circumferentially and longitudinally along the sleeves entire length, which is solved by the present invention.
The present invention helps overcome patient discomfort without decreasing clinical effectiveness, as shown in supporting lab tests disclosed in this application. An important objective is to improve patient compliance, defined as using the sleeve as prescribed by a doctor. There is a direct correlation of patient compliance with patient comfort. Compliance with mechanical compression devices has always been a concern in healthcare. A clinical staff is overworked with patient loads and duties and thus one-on-one patient care time is at a premium. Often it has been reported that patients will become uncomfortable wearing compression sleeves and request that the sleeves be taken off, even though they may be necessary to prevent a fatal occurrence of a pulmonary embolism. Clinical staff may not have time to fully educate the patient on the importance of wearing the sleeve, and may not have the time to ensure that the patient is constantly wearing the sleeve. For example, a research study performed by the CMAJ Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of Breast Cancer, discussed treating lymphedema associated with breast cancer. The study indicates patients are not compliant because the devices are generally difficult to use and not comfortable. It is this reason that compression sleeve manufacturers are trying to introduce more comfortable sleeves while maintaining the clinical efficacy already found in the prior art devices. With the need for shorter stays at the hospital and more outpatient surgery, the need for more a comfortable device that is easier to use, while maintaining clinical efficacy, is a long-felt need in the industry.
As stated above there is a long felt need, not found in prior art sleeves for improving comfort without compromising clinical effectiveness. Other prior art devices on the market, such as Aircast®, Huntleigh®, and Hill-Rom® suffer from a number of drawbacks, disclosed below, and solved in the present invention. Preferred embodiments of the present invention provide substantial cooling without compromising the clinical efficacy of the prior art devices such as Kendall's Model 9529 and 9530 compression sleeves in providing prophylaxis DVT. The present invention is directed to improving patient comfort and thus compliance in terms of physician prescribed use. The following list of features is included in the construction of at least some embodiments of the present invention: soft, cool, easy to use and apply, non-irritating, flexible, fit a patients changing needs, and improved patient compliance.
The present invention in its preferred embodiments is engineered to provide the maximum amount of evaporation, which is a function of wicking properties and opening size, location and shape, while minimizing any negative impact on blood flow augmentation or clinical efficacy. Blood flow is dependent on opening size, shape and location, that is, the opening properties must be minimized not to interfere with blood flow, while maximizing the evaporation of trapped moisture beneath the impervious layer.
As is known in the art, a compression sleeve is used to provide prophylaxis treatment to a wearer's body part. This treatment is to help prevent the formation of blood clots by increasing the velocity of blood, in a cascading manner along a limb toward the heart. The illustrated and described embodiments of the present invention wrap around the full circumference around a patient's limb. The embodiments of the present invention are not limited to full wrap devices. The structural changes that accomplish the features described below will enhance the comfort and use of the prior art devices, but not necessarily at the expense of their claimed clinical efficacy.
In one aspect of the present invention, a compression device for applying compression treatment to a part of a patient's body generally comprises a wicking layer having a first face and a second face. The first face is applied to the skin and the second face is away from the skin. The wicking layer is adapted to move moisture. At least one bladder defines a compression region constructed of bladder material generally overlying the second face of the wicking layer. The wicking layer is joined to the bladder material. A portion of the wicking layer is exposed from under the bladder material. The exposed portion of the wicking layer is within the compression region.
In another aspect, a compression device for applying compression treatment to a part of a wearer's body generally comprises a wicking layer having a first face and a second face. The first face is applied to the skin and the second face is away from the skin. The wicking layer is adapted to move moisture. A bladder defines a compression region constructed of bladder material generally overlying the second face of the wicking layer. The wicking layer is joined to a skin facing surface of the bladder material. A portion of the wicking layer is in communication with at least one opening and the at least one opening is within the area defined by the compression region.
Other features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings.
Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to
A numerical study performed by R. D. Kamm, titled “Bioengineering Studies of periodic External Compression as Prophylaxis Against Deep Vein Thrombosis—Part I: Numerical Studies” concluded, among other things, that “the entire length of the veins should be emptied as full and as rapidly as possible.” The Kamm study reviews three types of compression, the one of interest is wavelike compression. Wavelike compression is most similar to sequential compression provided by the illustrated embodiments of the present invention. The Kamm Study found wavelike compression is most effective in moving blood for an effective prophylaxis treatment.
Referring to
Referring to
For reasons discussed below, the proximal bladder 24a defines a proximal, lateral extension 25 near the upper edge margin of the sleeve 10. The bladders 24a, 24b, 24c are circumferential bladders meaning that they are sized and shaped to be wrapped around substantially the entire circumference of the wearer's limb or very nearly the entire circumference of the limb. For example, in one embodiment the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c each extend around at least 90% of a median circumference of a leg. However, prior art devices have partial bladders such as AirCast® and HillRom®, and these prior art devices do not provide for openings, elasticity and other features of the present invention. It is to be understood that the construction described herein can be adopted by the prior art sleeves with a partial bladder construction, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The intermediate layers 14, 16 may be secured together by radiofrequency welding, adhesive, or other chemical and/or mechanical process. It is understood that the intermediate layers 14, 16 may be secured together at other locations, such as around their peripheries and at bladder seam lines 22a, 22b, 22c to further define the shape of the inflatable bladders 24a, 24b, 24c. For purposes discussed below, the first intermediate layer 14 is secured to the inner layer 12 along a seam line 25 (
Referring to
Referring particularly to
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In one embodiment, the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c are constructed to expand more toward the wearer than away from the wearer, thereby applying a greater compressive force on the wearer's limb. In one example, the first intermediate layer 14 (i.e., the layer most adjacent to the inner layer 12) has a lesser thickness than that of the second intermediate layer 16. With both layers 14, 16 being of the same material (i.e., elastic PVC material) the first intermediate sheet will have a lower modulus of elasticity. Thus, when air is introduced into the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c, the bladders will expand more toward the inner layer 12 and the wearer than away from the wearer. It is understood that other ways, besides a difference in thickness between the intermediate layers 14, 16, of constructing the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c so that they expand more toward the wearer than away from the wearer is within the scope of the invention.
Referring to
A number of lab tests were performed to determine the embodiments of the present invention. The tests looked at the evaporation rate, wicking performance and elasticity to provide improved comfort without compromising blood flow velocity. The study used Kendall's 9529 knee length sleeve model and three other competitor models denoted as knee length sleeves A, B and C. Third party testing has demonstrated the superior performance of a full length, circumferential wrap such as Kendall's 9530. The American Journal of Surgery study “Effectiveness of Leg Compression in Preventing Venous Stasis”, concluded a sequential compression device, like Kendall's 9530 model, is best at moving blood. The study concluded that DVT prophylaxis using the 9530 leg sleeve device encounters fewer issues and problems than administering a drug such as Heparin, and the leg sleeve device was proven, to move contrast media injected in the blood along the patient's leg more effectively than the other methods described in the article.
As discussed above, the structural changes were directed to a sleeve that is softer; cools itself without compromising blood flow; is easy to use and apply; effectively eliminates irritation and pressure points; is flexible and elastic to improve patient mobility and is overall compliant with the existing expectations for clinical efficacy. To improve softness the wicking material, at the inner layer 12, was chosen to be a knitted sheet rather than an impervious non-woven such as polyvinyl chloride.
Cooling is achieved in at least one embodiment by a combination of wicking material and the openings 32. The openings allow for evaporation of the wicked moisture from a patient's limb. The wicking material 12 or inner layer was tested for the amount of fluid it could absorb from the patient's skin based on the assumption that the area between the skin and the inner layer 12 would be laden with sweat. This is called the wicking rate in terms of moisture absorbed. Once the wicking material absorbed moisture, the next wicking test is how far the material could move the absorbed moisture. This is called the wicking rate in terms of distance. The wicking rate in terms of distance is important because it impacts the location and number of openings 32, 34 in a bladder. Increasing the size and number of openings 32 impacts blood flow, as shown in Table 4, when the bladder pushes against the patient's limb to move blood to the heart. Findings at Table 4 suggest larger openings provide the highest blood flow, but a larger opening may cause blood pooling. The importance of the opening characteristics is described below.
The next test was the amount of open bladder space as a percentage of the sleeve area for maximum evaporation and still be considered a compliant device. This is called the % Opening to Patients Skin. The % Open to Patients Skin (through the bladder) was maximized to improve evaporation, while maintaining a clinical efficacy of blood flow—as found in the Model 9529 sleeves currently sold by Kendall. It is beneath the bladder where the moisture and heat are trapped, which provides the discomfort to the patient.
To summarize the evaporation improvement of a certain embodiment of the present invention, Table I is presented.
The sleeves tested were the Kendall model 9529, a sleeve constructed according to the principles of the present invention as an improvement to the 9529 or 9530 models, a Hill Rom® ActiveCare knee length sleeve, a Huntleigh® Flowtron sleeve and an AirCast® VenaFlow calf cuff. The competitor sleeves are represented as Sleeve A, B or C in the table. Table I demonstrates the unexpected results of the tested embodiment of the present invention. The tested embodiment of the present invention improves evaporation at least three times over the 9529 model within the first hour. At eight hours, the evaporation is about six times more than the 9529 model. The compression sleeve constructed according to the principles of the present invention gave final results comparable to Sleeves A and C, which do not have bladders that extend circumferentially around a limb or leg. The rate of evaporation is about 10% liquid evaporated per hour for the sleeve of an embodiment of the present invention as compared to the 9529 model at 1.35% rate. The % Liquid Evaporated over time is presented in Table II for the sleeves.
The testing used new sleeves. All sleeves are knee length. For the tested embodiment of the present invention, the knee length sleeve is shown in
The wicking test was devised to characterize the absorption and movement of wicked fluid at the inner layer of the SCD Express device sold by the Assignee of the present application. First the Applicant will describe the wicking test procedure. The results of the wicking test have been tabulated and are discussed hereinafter. The wicking material is the vehicle to absorb and move the otherwise trapped fluid beneath the impermeable bladder layer to the openings or external to the inside of the sleeve.
The optimal wicking rate and distance is dependent on the opening size and location which impacts blood flow or treatment. Kamm, described previously herein, reached the conclusion that the entire length of the veins should be emptied and filled as rapidly as possible. This does not mean a partial bladder can not meet the Kamm result, but too many openings in a full circumferential body wrap can introduce blood pooling. Thus, the key is to prevent blood pooling, which means the device is moving blood toward the heart, while maximizing cooling by maximizing the size and number of openings throughout the body wrap. The pattern of the openings 32 can help to maximize the number of openings by arranging the waterdrops as shown in
Next, the Applicant evaluated and determined the size, type, location and number of openings for evaporating the wicked fluid. The opening size and location impacts comfort and blood flow. Too many openings may interfere with placing the sleeve on the limb because the sleeve is too loose and will not conform to the body part. Too many openings can reduce overall blood velocity. The pressure applied is directly related to blood velocity, that is, less pressure corresponds to lower flow rates of blood and uneven pressure may cause blood to pool at the openings. The sleeve pressure may act as a tourniquet if not properly placed on the user. Too many openings can cause adjacent bladder areas to fold on one another creating a possible tourniquet effect when secured using the hook and loop straps or flaps. If the openings are too large, this will lead to low pressure areas which can possibly lead to the pooling of blood.
The wicking test is used to experimentally quantify the wicking capability (i.e. absorption and movement) needed at the inner layer 12 of the compression sleeve 10. First, a sample is cut from the inner layer of the tested embodiment of the present invention and the prior art 9529 sleeve. The sample has a length of 6 in (15.24 cm) and a width of 0.75 in (1.91 cm). Other lengths may be used. The sample is marked with a longitudinal centerline so that the length of the strip is divided into two 3 in (7.62 cm) portions. The sample is weighed, and its weight is recorded as a starting weight. The sample is attached to a lab stand or other structure. The lab stand has an arm extending horizontally from a vertical post. The vertical position of the arm on the post is adjustable. The sample is attached adjacent to the free end of the arm so that the length of the sample extends downward, substantially perpendicular to the arm.
A 400 ml beaker of wicking fluid is placed underneath the sample as it hangs from the lab stand. The wicking fluid is room temperature tap water with red food coloring added for contrast against the sample. With the beaker underneath the sample, the lab stand arm is lowered so that the sample is submerged into the wicking fluid to the centerline of the sample. The sample remains submerged for 60 seconds. After 60 seconds, the lab stand arm is raised to completely withdraw the sample from the wicking fluid. The sample remains above the beaker for 10 seconds to allow any excess absorbed fluid to drip off. After 10 seconds, the sample is cut in half at its centerline and the lower half of the sample (i.e., the portion of the sample that was submerged in the wicking fluid) is discarded. The other half of the sample (i.e., the top portion) is weighed on a digital scale with a precision of 1/100th gram. This weight is recorded, and the weight of the fluid that was wicked is calculated by subtracting the original half-weight of the sample from the weight of the top portion after wicking. The sample is laid on a plastic sheet, and the distance the wicking fluid progressed is measured from the cut end (i.e., the centerline) to the highest point to which the wicking fluid progressed. This distance is recorded.
After recording the progression of the wicking fluid, the sample remains untouched on the plastic sheet for 60 minutes at ambient room temperature conditions. After 60 minutes, the distance from the cut end of the top portion to the highest point to which the wicking fluid progresses is measured. This distance is recorded. Next, the top portion is weighed on the digital scale, and its weight is recorded.
Using the recorded data above, the average wicking rate is determined in terms of wicking distance for the material used at the inner layer, according to the following equation:
WD60s/60 s=distance/s,
where WD60s is the average wicking distance of the four samples after 60 seconds.
Moreover, the average wicking rate in terms of amount of fluid wicked at the inner layer is calculated according to the following equation:
WW60s/60 s=amount wicked(g)/s,
where WW60s is the average weight of the fluid wicked by the four samples after 60 seconds.
Using the above testing approach, the wicking capabilities of CoolDry model number CD9604 were determined. Four samples are cut from a sheet of the CoolDry model number CD9604, and the samples were weighed. A sample each has a dry weight of 0.40 grams, so that the half-weight, and therefore, the original weight of the top portion, is 0.20 grams. The mean weight of the top portion of the samples after 60 seconds in the wicking fluid totaled 0.49 grams, with the largest observed weight at 0.50 grams and the smallest weight at 0.48 grams. The mean weight of the fluid wicked is 0.29 grams for a sample. The mean wicking distance for the top portion of the samples after 60 seconds in the wicking fluid is 2.25 in (5.72 cm), with the largest distance recorded at 2.31 in (5.88 cm) and the smallest distance recorded at 2.19 in (5.56 cm). The mean weight of the top portion after 60 minutes at ambient room conditions is 0.213 grams, with the largest weight recorded at 0.22 grams and the smallest weight recorded at 0.21 grams. The mean wicking distance for the top portion after 60 minutes at ambient room conditions is 2.82 in (7.16 cm), with the largest distance recorded at 3.00 in (7.62 cm) and the smallest distance recorded at 2.63 in (6.68 cm).
Using the above data and equations, the average wicking rate in terms of distance (WD60s) is about 0.0375 in/s (0.09525 cm/s). The average wicking rate in terms of amount of fluid wicked (WW60s) is about 0.0048 g/s. The determined wicking rate and distance allows one to engineer the openings 32 about the sleeve for improving comfort while maintaining clinically acceptable blood flow. The mere inclusion of wicking material does not ensure the cooling affect to the patient. The wicking rate and distance must be correlated with the opening characteristics to ensure clinically effective blood flow augmentation, as tabulated in Table IV below.
Preferably, the inner layer 12 has an average wicking rate in terms of distance (WD60s) that is at least about 0.01 in/s (0.0254 cm/s) and an average wicking rate in terms of weight of fluid wicked (WW60s) of at least about 0.002 g/s.
The construction of wicking layer, openings, bladder and outer layer is discussed. The openings must be sized and shaped to maintain the blood flow efficacy of a compression sleeve like model 9529 and to provide improved evaporation of moisture for increasing patient compliance. Referring to
For the preferred embodiment, the opening shape is generally shaped like a waterdrop. Each opening 32 is tapered from a first round end portion toward a second, smaller round end portion. The openings 32 may be of other shapes, such as circles, ovals, and slits, without departing from the scope of the invention. The opening shapes may be inter-mixed at the bladder without departing from the scope of the invention. The waterdrop-shape provided the clinically efficacy, as found in Table IV, and this shape allowed for the largest number of openings within the available area without compromising the structural integrity of the bladder. The available bladder area varies from sleeve to sleeve because of seam line placement and other features. The more openings, at the same area per an opening, the greater area of the sleeve or body wrap that is available for evaporation. The circle and larger waterdrop-shape provide for larger low pressure, than the medium water-drop shape of the present. As stated above, low pressure areas as susceptible to the pooling of blood. Table III shows the medium waterdrop-shape as the preferred shape for the present invention. Other shapes are possible for compression devices of different shapes and sizes. The opening shape, size and distribution defining the % Open Area are proportional to the bladder size. As stated in the present invention, the Applicants determined about 6-10% Open Area per a Sleeve is preferred for maintaining clinical efficacy, while improving evaporation or cooling for patient comfort.
The water-drop shape has one of the highest number openings for the device as shown in
The opening size correlated with the wicking rate and distance determines the evaporation of the wicked moisture.
Referring to Table IV the blood flow augmentation of the medium waterdrop is substantially similar to the knee-length 9529 sleeve at 6% Open Area of a Sleeve. This means the clinical efficacy is maintained while substantially improving comfort.
The measured blood flow augmentation is the amount of additional blood moved with treatment, sequential compression, as compared to no treatment. No treatment would be the blood flow of the patient at rest. Blood flow augmentation, in its measure, includes blood velocity and blood vessel diameter of a patient. Blood flow augmentation is a more accurate measure because it removes the affect of differing blood vessel size between the patients. Another measure is peak velocity augmentation. This is a measure of the highest blood flow velocity reached during a treatment cycle. The faster the velocity the more shear imparted to the blood to help prevent the formation of blood clots.
Table IV shows the compression sleeve having a 6% open area and medium waterdrop-shaped openings each having an area of about 0.6 in2 is most similar to the current clinical efficacy of Kendall's 9529 model. The sleeve having the medium waterdrop-shaped openings produced a blood flow augmentation substantially at the 9529 SCD Express level while increasing evaporation of moisture more than 10% after one hour of use compared to the current 9529 model sleeve. The peak velocity of the sleeve having the medium waterdrop-shaped openings and the 9529 device were within percentage points of each other, while the circle was the closest. Though the sleeve having the large waterdrop-shaped openings produced the greatest blood flow augmentation, the medium waterdrop-shaped openings are preferred because the large open areas of the large waterdrop-shaped openings will likely cause blood pooling. The results of Kamm, and the findings of Nicolaides, Olson and Best suggested the more sleeve area providing compression the less likely there is the possibly of blood to pool. Blood pooling is caused by a localized area of low pressure created by openings or such features between areas of higher pressure.
As derived from the evaporation and hemodynamic testing, each waterdrop-shaped opening has an area between about 0.50 in2 (3.23 cm2) and about 0.90 in2 (5.81 cm2), and preferably about 0.61 in2 (3.94 cm2). In one example, the openings 32 comprise between about 2% and about 20% of the total surface area of the respective inflatable bladder, and more preferably between about 4% and about 15% of the total surface area of the respective inflatable bladder 24a, 24b, 24c. Each opening 32 may comprise between about 0.5% and about 1.2% of the total surface area of the respective bladder 24a, 24b, 24c. The total percent surface occupied by the openings is calculated by summing the areas of the openings and dividing the sum by the total surface area of the uninflated bladder, where the total surface area of the uninflated bladder includes the areas of the openings. The percent surface area occupied by each opening is the area of that one opening divided by the total surface area of the uninflated bladder, where the total surface area of the uninflated bladder includes the areas of the openings.
It is understood that the percentage of openings 32 may depend on the type of compression sleeve. In an embodiment for a thigh-length compression sleeve, such as the illustrated sleeve, the openings more preferably comprise between about 4% and about 6% of the total surface area of the respective bladder. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the openings 32 in the distal bladder 24c comprise about 4.36% of the total surface area of the respective inflatable bladder; the openings in the intermediate bladder 24b comprise about 5.00%; and the openings in the proximal bladder 24c comprise about 5.96%. Each opening 32 may comprise between about 0.5% and about 1.0% of the total surface area of the respective inflatable bladder. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, each opening 32 in the distal bladder 24c comprises about 0.87% of the total surface area of the respective inflatable bladder; each opening in the intermediate bladder 24b comprises about 0.72%; and each opening in the proximal bladder 24c comprises about 0.60%. In the illustrated embodiment, the total surface areas of the distal, intermediate and proximal bladders are 70.01 in2 (451.68 cm2), 81.05 in2 (522.90 cm2) and 102.42 in2 (660.77 cm2), respectively. For example, the sleeve can have at the distal bladder 24c 5 openings; at the intermediate bladder 24b 7 openings; and at the proximal bladder 24a 10 openings. Moreover, all of the openings have the same area of 0.61 in2 (3.94 cm2). An opening's area may vary from opening to opening.
In an embodiment for a knee-length sleeve, the openings more preferably comprise between about 7% and about 10% of the total surface area of the respective inflatable bladder. In one example, openings in the distal bladder of a knee-length sleeve may comprise about 9.52% of the total surface area of the respective inflatable bladder; the openings in the intermediate bladder may comprise about 8.60%; and the openings in the proximal bladder may comprise about 7.77%. Each opening may comprise between about 0.5% and about 1.5% of the total surface area of the respective inflatable bladder. For example, each opening in the distal bladder may comprise about 1.20% of the total surface area of the respective inflatable bladder; each opening in the intermediate bladder may comprise about 0.96%; and each opening in the proximal bladder may comprise about 0.77%. In the illustrated embodiment, the total surface areas of the distal, intermediate and proximal bladders are 51.25 in2 (330.64 cm2), 63.84 in2 (411.87 cm2) and 78.48 in2 (506.32 cm2), respectively. For example, the sleeve can have at the distal bladder 8 openings; at the intermediate bladder 9 openings; and at the proximal bladder 10 openings. All of the openings have the same area of 0.61 in2 (3.94 cm2).
It is contemplated that the openings 32 may comprise a greater or lesser percent of the total surface area of the inflatable bladder than given above. However, there is a limit to the percent opening in an inflatable section. Experimentally total opening area above 10% is found to be uncomfortable to the patient, this relationship of opening size, the number of openings and their location is bounded by an upper and lower percent opening. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the sleeve extends around the full circumference of the leg (or limb). However, the use of openings registered with wicking material can be included in other sleeves such as Huntleigh®, Hill-Rom® and Aircast® that have bladders that do not extend around the full circumference of the limb.
Opening location is important for comfort, use and blood flow. Recent internal studies at the Applicants demonstrated that blood flow for the current SCD Express models did not vary significantly when rotated about the wearer's leg. This further supports a symmetrical distribution of openings around and along the patient's limb for maintaining blood flow augmentation as was found in testing at Table IV above.
With respect to each bladder 24a, 24b, 24c, the openings 32 are arranged in a distal row 36 and a proximal row 38 (
Other ways of allowing fluid wicked by the inner layer 12 to evaporate, besides the openings 32 through the bladders are within the scope of the invention. For example, referring to
Referring to
With the addition of the peripheral openings 39 in the intermediate layers 14, 16 (
In
Referring to
This embodiment is similar to the sleeve 10 illustrated in
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Referring to
Referring to
It is contemplated that the outer cover 18 may be capable of wicking fluid in addition to being breathable. For example, the outer cover 18 may be constructed of the same material as the inner layer 12 (e.g., Cool dry). In this way, the moisture wicked by the inner layer 12 may be wicked by the outer cover 18 through the openings 32 in the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c. The moisture will then spread out evenly across the outer cover 18 and is able to evaporate more readily than if the outer cover was not formed of a wicking material because a greater surface area of the outer cover, as opposed to the inner layer 12, is exposed to air. Alternatively, the cover can have a wicking material laced in or on top of outer layer.
Referring to
The compression sleeve 10 as a whole is more comfortable to wear because of the synergistic relationship of the layers 12, 14, 16, 18. For example, the inner layer 12 is capable of wicking moisture from the limb and allowing the moisture to evaporate out of the sleeve 10. As stated above, wicking involves transporting moisture away from the limb and moving moisture from locations where it is abundant and transporting it to areas where it is less abundant. Material decreases its wicking rate when the moisture is equally distributed in the wicking material and the wicking material is saturated. However, the breathability of the sleeve 10 allows for the wicked moisture to evaporate. The waterdrop-shaped openings 32 in the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c and the breathable outer cover 18 allow moisture in the inner layer 12 that is adjacent to the openings to evaporate therethrough. Accordingly, as the moisture evaporates, it is transported to the drier portions of the inner layer 12, and the inner layer is able to wick more moisture. Testing described below supports the findings of breathable outer cover improves the cooling affect to the patient. If one places the openings 32 at the corner points of a generally square pattern, then the middle of the square is theoretically the farthest distance trapped moisture must be wicked in terms of distance to an opening. The closer the openings are together the more rapidly the wicked moisture is evaporated because the distance to an opening is shortened. The further apart the openings, the greater the distance the wicked moisture must travel and the less comfort the device provides to the patient, in terms of cooling. The testing described below helped determine the optimum spacing and size to provide cooling without compromising blood flow as shown in Table IV.
Summarized in Table V are the evaporation test results of an embodiment constructed according to the principles of the present invention having the waterdrop-shaped opening as compared with competitor sleeves A and C.
For purposes of this application, the following test (referred to herein as the “static evaporation test”) is used to determine the rate of evaporation of moisture wicked by the wicking layer through sleeve (e.g., through the openings, at the seam lines and/or the other portions of the bladder layers not overlying the wicking layer). The results are summarized in Table V. A polycarbonate plate is placed on a digital scale. The polycarbonate plate has a peripheral shape matching the peripheral shape of the sleeve to be tested, so that the sleeve may be superposed on the plate. The digital scale has a 2000 gram capacity with a 0.01 gram resolution. After the plate is placed on the scale, the scale is zeroed. Next, a mixture of room temperature tap water and food coloring (e.g., red food coloring) is sprayed onto the polycarbonate plate using a spray bottle. About 18 to 20 grams of the mixture is sprayed generally uniformly across the surface area of the plate. The sleeve to be tested is then placed on the plate so that the sleeve is generally flat on the plate and generally superposed thereon. The mass reading on the scale is recorded, along with the room temperature and the relative humidity. Every 30 minutes for at least 5 hours, the mass reading on the scale, the room temperature and the relative humidity are recorded. After completion of the test, with the sleeve still on the plate, a photograph of the underside of plate is taken to capture the distribution of any remaining fluid on the plate and the sleeve. Finally, using the recorded data, the evaporation rate and percentage of fluid evaporated by mass (e.g., mg/minute) for each sleeve is calculated.
Using the above-described static evaporation test, a sleeve of the type illustrated in
The overall breathability of the sleeve 10 also aids in keeping the sleeve comfortable for the wearer. Because the inner layer 12, the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c and the outer cover 18 are breathable, the limb has access to air and heat is allowed to dissipate out of sleeve. The waterdrop-shaped openings 32, through their number and location along and around the sleeve, allow a significant amount of air to reach the limb and a significant amount of heat and moisture therein to be removed from the sleeve. This has the effect of keeping the limb cool and comfortable for the wearer.
The calculation of evaporation results, as found in Table V above is determined by the following equations:
% of liquid evaporated, LEi=((Wsn−Wso)−(Wsn-1−Wso))/(Wsn−Wso),
Where LEi is the incremental % of liquid evaporated at a given data point;
Where Wsn is the weight of the sample at the desired data point;
Where Wsn-1 is the weight of the sample at the previous data point;
Where Wso is the original dry weight.
% of liquid evaporated, LEc=[((Wsn−Wso)−(Wsn-1−Wso))/(Wsn−Wso)]+ΣnLEi,
Where ERc is the cumulative % of liquid evaporated;
Where Wsn is the weight of the sample at the desired data point;
Where Wsn-1 is the weight of the sample at the previous data point;
Where Wso is the original dry weight;
Where ΣnLEi is the summation of the previous incremental % of liquid evaporated.
Evaporation Rate, ER=(Wsn-1−Ws)/Δt,
Where Wsn-1 is the weight of the sample at the previous data point;
Where Ws is the current weight of the sample;
Where Δt is the change in time between Wsn-1 and Ws.
To improve patient mobility, the sleeve was designed to have an elastic inner layer 12 and outer cover 18. An elastic sleeve improves comfort which increases patient compliance. Refer to
The Applicant devised an elasticity test for determining the amount of stretch around the limb and along the limb. A patient needs to be mobile during treatment. Prior art sleeves can be awkward, stiff and heavy so the user would remove the device, if they needed to move about. The need is to improve elasticity without distorting the openings 32 too much such as becoming elongated or causing an opening to overlie, which reduces its size for evaporation.
For example, the inner layer 12 is preferably elastically stretchable along the width W of the sleeve 10 so that the inner layer is able to conform circumferentially to the shape of the wearer's limb. Conforming circumferentially allows the inner layer 12 to remain in close, intimate and continuous contact with the wearer's limb to ensure that the inner layer is continuously wicking moisture from the limb. The inner layer 12 may also be stretchable the length L. Preferably, the inner layer 12 is elastically stretchable along both the width W and the length L of the sleeve and is more elastically stretchable along the length of the sleeve 10 than along the width. Summarizing the preferred approach, using the test described below, the inner layer 12 may have an average elasticity in the widthwise direction of the sleeve of between about 13 lbs/in (23 N/cm) and about 14 lbs/in (25 N/cm), and in one embodiment has an elasticity of about 13.3 lbs/in (23.3 N/cm). The inner layer 12 may have an average elasticity in the lengthwise direction of the sleeve of between about 0.5 lbs/in (0.9 N/cm) and about 0.7 lbs/in (1.2 N/cm), and in one embodiment has an elasticity of about 0.63 lbs/in (1.10 N/cm). The small openings 20 in the inner layer 12 also allow for the inner layer stretch more.
The outer cover 18 is also elastically stretchable along the length L of the sleeve 10 or stretchable along both lengthwise and widthwise (circumferentially). Preferably, the outer cover 18 is more elastic longitudinally than widthwise. Although elastically stretchable, the outer cover 18 acts to restrain the amount of expansion of the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c. The outer cover 18 helps to conform the bladder to the limb for helping to evenly apply pressure for moving blood. For example, using the elasticity test described below, the outer cover 18 may have an average elasticity in the widthwise direction of between about 13 lbs/in (23 N/cm) and about 15 lbs/in (26 N/cm), and in one embodiment has an elasticity of about 13.6 lbs/in (23.8 N/cm). The outer cover 18 may have an average elasticity in the longitudinally direction of between about 19 lbs/in (33 N/cm) and about 22 lbs/in (39 N/cm), and in one embodiment an elasticity of about 19.8 lbs/in (34.7 N/cm).
The compression sleeve 10 as a whole is stretchable longitudinally by way of the longitudinally stretchable inner layer 12, intermediate layers 14, 16 and outer cover 18. Further, the sleeve 10 is slightly stretchable widthwise by way of the abilities of the inner layer 12, intermediate layers 14, 16 and the cover 18 to stretch widthwise. The waterdrop-shaped openings 32 and the fact that the openings are offset widthwise also aid in the widthwise stretching.
It is common for patients that have undergone surgery to incur swelling of the limbs. The widthwise stretching of the sleeve 10 is more comfortable for patients that experience swelling because the sleeve will stretch, i.e., increase in size circumferentially, as the limb swells. Moreover, elasticity of the sleeve 10 allows the wearer to have more mobility of his or her limb and gives the practitioner a greater degree of freedom when wrapping the sleeve around a wearer's leg. For example, using the elasticity test described below, the thigh-length sleeve 10, comprising the inner layer 12, the intermediate layers 14, 16 and the outer cover 18 as described above, may have an average elasticity in the widthwise direction of between about 22 lbs/in (39 N/cm) and about 27 lbs/in (47 N/cm), and in one embodiment an elasticity of about 24.3 lbs/in (42.6 N/cm). The compression sleeve 10 may have an average elasticity in the lengthwise direction of between about 17 lbs/in (30 N/cm) and about 22 lbs/in (39 N/cm), and in one embodiment an elasticity of about 19.4 lbs/in (34.0 N/cm).
In another example, using the elasticity test described below, a knee-length sleeve, comprising an inner layer, intermediate layers and outer cover of the same material as the thigh-length sleeve described above, may have an average elasticity in the widthwise direction of between about 22 lbs/in (39 N/cm) and about 27 lbs/in (47 N/cm), and an average elasticity in the lengthwise direction of between about 33 lbs/in (58 N/cm) and about 40 lbs/in (70 N/cm).
The following test (herein referred to as the “elasticity test”) is used to measure the elasticity of the layers 12, 14, 16 and 18 and the sleeve 10, both widthwise and lengthwise. First, structure clamps are secured to the structure (e.g., one of the layers 12, 14, 16, and 18 or the sleeve 10) to be tested. When testing the lengthwise elasticity, the structure clamps are secured to top and bottom edges of the structure. When testing the widthwise elasticity, the structure clamps are secured to opposite side edges of the structure. The sleeve sample with the structure clamps secured thereto is placed in a universal tensile testing machine (such as a universal testing machine manufactured by Instron® of Grove City, Pa.) by securing the structure clamps to opposing machine clamps of the machine. The machine should include a microprocessor having a tensile force measurement program used to control the machine and record measurements of force and displacement. Once the structure is secured in the machine, the opposing machine clamps are moved apart to a position that eliminates or minimizes the slack in the structure. This position is the initial position for all subsequent tests. The tensile force measurement program is then executed. The displacement of the sleeve sample as the machine clamps are moved apart should be uniform linear elongation and should not damage the structure. This displacement is set and maintained for each test repetition. The test is repeated 7 times for each layer 12, 14, 16 and 18 and the sleeve 10. Elasticity is calculated as force (lbs) divided by the displacement (in). An average elasticity of the 8 tests is calculated by summing the elasticity calculations for the 8 tests and dividing the sum by 8.
The sleeve in some embodiments is made more comfortable for the wearer by the fact that the inner layer 12 and the outer cover 18 are secured to the respective intermediate layers 14, 16 only adjacent to the outer peripheries of the inner layer and cover whereby the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c are not secure directly to the inner layer and cover. This construction allows for the bladders 24a, 24b, and 24c to move independently of the inner layer 12, and vice versa. Co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/299,568 disclosing an embodiment directed to reducing chafing of a person's skin during use is incorporated herein by reference.
Thus, when the sleeve 10 is wrapped circumferentially around the wearer's limb, the inner layer 12 substantially conforms to the contour or shape of the limb and will remain substantially stationary against the wearer's limb as the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c inflate and deflate and/or shift positions. The movement of the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c both as they inflate and deflate and shift positions relative to the limb may cause chaffing and other discomfort for the patient if the surface of the bladders continuously rubbed against the limb. However, by being secured only at the outer peripheries of the intermediate layers 14, 16, the inner layer 12 creates a buffer between the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c and the limb that prevents chaffing and other friction against the skin of the limb. The bladders 24a, 24b, 24c may move without causing corresponding movement of the inner layer 12 against the skin.
Referring now to
In addition to the advantages given above with respect to the first embodiment 10 of the compression sleeve, the present embodiment 50 also allows for better fit to a given individual's leg because the ability of the sleeve to stretch longitudinally is dependent only on the stretchabilities of the inner layer 12 and cover 18. In one embodiment, the inner layer 12 and the outer cover 18 are more stretchable than the intermediate layers 14, 16, and in particular, more stretchable longitudinally than the inner layer and the outer cover. Thus, the sleeve 50 may stretch between the proximal and intermediate bladders 24a, 24b without shifting the locations of the bladders on the leg (i.e., the bladders remain in place). In one example, at least one of the inner layer 12 and outer cover 18 is not resilient so that the sleeve 50 retains its stretched form after stretching. In another example, at least one of the inner layer 12 and outer cover 18 is resilient so that the sleeve 50 returns to its original form after a stretching force is released. The ability of the sleeve 50 to elastically stretch allows for the practitioner to readily adjust the positions of the bladders with respect to the wearer's limb. It is also contemplated that another stretchable component or material, other than the inner layer and the outer cover, may connect adjacent bladders.
Referring to
Each S-shaped bladder S1, S2, S3 is formed by securing the two intermediate layers 14, 16 together along an S-shape seam line 64. The S-shaped bladders S1, S2, S3 each include spaced apart proximal, intermediate and distal (or “first, second, and third”) sections 66, 68, 70, respectively, along the length L of the sleeve 60. The general shapes of the bladders S1, S2, S3 are indicated by a centerline in
The present sleeve 60 allows for large openings 72, 74, 75 to be formed through the intermediate layers 14, 16, thereby making the sleeve more breathable and allowing for more moisture to dissipate through the sleeve, without forming openings through the bladders S1, S2, S3. Openings 72, 74 in the sleeve 60 are spaced at smaller intervals along the length L of the sleeve without forming holes through the bladders S1, S2, S3 than if the bladders were not S-shaped.
In another embodiment shown in
As is known in the art, the bladders 24a, 24b, 24c are pressurized to different pressures. For example, the distal bladder 24c is pressurized to a higher pressure than the intermediate bladder 24b. The wavy portion of the seam lines 22c, 22b creates a transition section defined by the wavy portion having a pressure that is between the high pressure of the distal bladder 24c and the lower pressure of the intermediate bladder 24b. The wavy transition section, in effect, avoids a region of essentially zero pressure and helps prevent pooling of blood between the adjacent bladders 24b, 24c. Industry studies performed by Nicolaides, Olson and Best all describe the importance of preventing the pooling of blood that can lead to venous stasis—a condition having a high occurrence of leading to a pulmonary embolism.
Referring now to
When introducing elements of the present invention or the preferred embodiments(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
As various changes could be made in the above constructions, products, and methods without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
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