Patent Grant
11327785
In a sysplex computing system, a coupling facility works like a common specialized system shared between operating systems. The coupling facility is a computer, and can fail. Accordingly, the sysplex includes a second (redundant) coupling facility. The first coupling facility (CF1) and the second coupling facility (CF2) can operate in duplex mode during which a command sent from an application to the CF1 is also sent to the CF2.
Conventional sysplex architectures require that the CF1 and the CF2 communicate with each other to ensure that both completed the command before the CF1 responds to the process that sent the command to the CF1. That is, the coupling works in a synchronous manner where the application has to wait for the backup CF2 to complete before receiving a response. This delay causes inefficiencies and overall system latency issues. In addition, a failure of a coupling facility that contains various structures requires significant recovery actions to be taken by the owning applications. For example, for database caches and queues, this may require using backup log data sets and/or tapes. Other structures, such as lock tables stored in the structure of a failed coupling facility, may require reconstruction of partial lock tables from in-storage copies along with failures of in-flight transactions.
According to a non-limiting embodiment, a computing system includes an application configured to request execution of at least one translation including at least one command. A first coupling facility is configured to perform a first modification process to modify a first structure based on a received command associated with an ongoing transaction. A second coupling facility includes a secondary circular queue loaded with first data blocks indicating the first modification process, and is configured to output a message response block (MRB). The application determines a most recent modification process performed by the secondary coupling facility based on the MRB.
According to another non-limiting embodiment, a method is provided to enhance application performance executed in a computing system. The method comprises requesting execution of at least one translation including at least one command. The method further comprises performing a first modification process to modify a first structure based on a received command associated with an ongoing transaction. The method further comprises loading a secondary circular queue of a secondary coupling facility with first data blocks indicating the first modification process. The method further comprises outputting a message response block (MRB). The application determines a most recent modification process performed by the secondary coupling facility based on the MRB.
According to yet another non-limiting embodiment, a computer program product comprises a computer readable storage medium having program instructions for maintaining equivalency of independent queues in different coupling facilities. The program instructions are executable by a processor to perform operations of requesting execution of at least one translation including at least one command, and performing a first modification process to modify a first structure based on a received command associated with an ongoing transaction. The operations further include loading a secondary circular queue of a secondary coupling facility with first data blocks indicating the first modification process. The operations further include outputting a message response block (MRB). The application determines a most recent modification process performed by the secondary coupling facility based on the MRB.
Various non-limiting embodiments provide an asynchronous duplexing scheme that ensures operations or queue slots are not over-written in a primary (originating) circular queue until information is received from a secondary (receiving) circular queue indicating that the operation corresponding to a queue entry has been completed at the given structure. The circular queues are loaded with data blocks indicating the data loaded to a coupling facility structure, along with corresponding metadata that indicates whether an operation has been processed by a respective coupling facility. The data blocks also include sequence values indicating the order at which the data corresponding to a given data block is loaded in the primary structure (originating structure), while also indicating the order at which the data should also be loaded in the secondary structure (receiving structure). In this manner, functional equivalency is maintained between the primary coupling facility and the secondary coupling facility.
Systems and/or computing devices, such as identification sysplex, may employ any of a number of computer operating systems, including, but by no means limited to, versions and/or varieties of the AIX UNIX and z/OS operating system distributed by International Business Machines Corporation of Armonk, N.Y., the Microsoft Windows operating system, the Unix operating system (e.g., the Solaris operating system distributed by Oracle Corporation of Redwood Shores, Calif.), the Linux operating system, the Mac OS X and iOS operating systems distributed by Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., the BlackBerry OS distributed by Research In Motion of Waterloo, Canada, and the Android operating system developed by the Open Handset Alliance. Examples of computing devices include, without limitation, a computer workstation, a server, a desktop, a notebook, a laptop, a network device, or handheld computer, or some other computing system and/or device (e.g., personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone 54A, desktop computer 54B, laptop computer 54C, and automobile computer system 54N of
In general, computing devices further may include a processor (e.g., processor 114 of
Computer readable program instructions may be compiled or interpreted from computer programs created using assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the computing device (e.g., a user's computer), partly on the computing device, as a stand-alone software package, partly on a local computing device and partly on a remote computer device or entirely on the remote computer device. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the local computer through any type of network (as further described below), including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. Computer readable program instructions described herein may also be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network (e.g., any combination of computing devices and connections that support communication). For example, a network may be the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, a network of interconnected nodes, and/or a wireless network and comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers, and utilize a plurality of communication technologies, such as radio technologies, cellular technologies, etc.
Computer readable storage mediums may be a tangible device that retains and stores instructions for use by an instruction execution device (e.g., a computing device as described above). A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.
Thus, identification sysplex and method and/or elements thereof may be implemented as computer readable program instructions on one or more computing devices (e.g., computer workstation, server, desktop, etc.), stored on computer readable storage medium associated therewith. A computer program product may comprise such computer readable program instructions stored on computer readable storage medium for carrying and/or causing a processor to carry out the of identification sysplex and method.
The identification sysplex and method and/or elements thereof may also be implemented in a cloud computing architecture; however, it is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed.
Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources, such as networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics (e.g., on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service), at least three service models (e.g., Software as a Service, Platform as a Service, and Infrastructure as a Service), and at least four deployment models (e.g., private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, and hybrid cloud).
Characteristics are as follows:
On-demand self-service is an example of a cloud model characteristic where a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service's provider. Broad network access is an example of a cloud model characteristic where capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., computing systems as described above). Resource pooling is an example of a cloud model characteristic where the provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. Further, resource pooling provides a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Rapid elasticity is an example of a cloud model characteristic where capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the rapid elasticity capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. Measured service is an example of a cloud model characteristic where cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
Software as a Service (SaaS) is an example of a service model where the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) is an example of a service model where the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is an example of a service model where the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).
Private cloud is a cloud infrastructure that is operated solely for an organization. Private cloud may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. A community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). A community cloud may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. Public cloud is a cloud infrastructure that is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. Hybrid cloud is a cloud infrastructure that is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).
A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes.
Referring now to
Node 100 includes a computer system/server 112, which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server 112 include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
Computer system/server 112 may be described in the general context of computer system executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server 112 may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices.
As shown in
Bus 118 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus.
Computer system/server 112 typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server 112, and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.
The memory 116 can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random-access memory (RAM) 120 and/or cache memory 122. Computer system/server 112 may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, the storage system 124 can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus 118 by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory 116 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the operations of embodiments of the invention.
A program/utility 126, having a set (at least one) of program modules 128, may be stored in memory 116 by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules 128 generally carry out the operations and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein.
Computer system/server 112 may also communicate via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces 130 and network adapters 132, such as with one or more external devices 140 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display 142, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server 112; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 112 to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur. Still yet, computer system/server 112 can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter 132. As depicted, network adapter 132 communicates with the other components of computer system/server 112 via bus 118. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server 112. Examples include, but are not limited to microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.
Referring now to
Turning now to
Hardware and software layer 60 includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 61; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers 62; servers 63; blade servers 64; storage devices 65; and networks and networking components 66. In some embodiments, software components include network application server software 67 and database software 68.
Virtualization layer 70 provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers 71; virtual storage 72; virtual networks 73, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems 74; and virtual clients 75.
In one example, management layer 80 may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning 81 provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing 82 provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal 83 provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management 84 provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment 85 provides pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA.
Workloads layer 90 provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation 91; software development and lifecycle management 92; virtual classroom education delivery 93; data analytics processing 94; transaction processing 95; and software analysis 96.
The computing environment 400 described herein can run an instance of the z/OS operating system 408 offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. Further, in one example, the system 408 is running an application 410 that is coupled to a coupling facility structure 411 (e.g., storage device, cache, list type, lock structures, etc.), whose location is unknown to the application 410. The application 410 also communicates with a data base management system (DBMS) cluster 422, hereinafter referred to as DB2422. The DB2422 is a database organization structure (e.g., schema and metadata) in which files can be stored, retrieved, and updated. In this manner, the application 410 can utilized DB2422 as a readable/writable data base.
In at least one embodiment, the files can include update locks stored in response to inflight transaction. The database itself is managed by a DBMS controller (now shown) that has mechanisms to assure the timeliness and validity of the data. An important requirement of the DB2422 is that the data be correct and be current in order to achieve concurrency control. Concurrency control assures that several users trying to access and update the same data do so in a controlled manner so that the results of the updates are correct, and also assures that readers of the data see current and committed data, not stale or uncommitted data.
The DB2 is also configured to store logs corresponding to the primary coupling facility 402 and the secondary coupling facility 404. The logs indicate the various modifications of a given structure 411.
The actual physical connection between the coupling facility structures 411 is managed by a Locking Facility Support Services (LFSS) component 414 of the z/OS operating system 408 and commands initiated by the user application 410 flow through the LFSS component 414. Although one operating system 408 is illustrated, it should be appreciated that several different operating systems can be in signal communication with the primary coupling facility 402 and/or the secondary facility 404.
Two instances of a coupling facility structure 411 are maintained in the separate coupling facilities 402, 404. The primary coupling facility 402 includes a primary structure 411 and a primary queue 412. The secondary coupling facility 404 includes a secondary structure 411 and a secondary queue 412. As commands are processed by a respective coupling facility 402, 404, the respective structure 411 is updated. In turn, a respective queue 412 is updated once data corresponding to the command is loaded into the structure 411.
According to a non-limiting embodiment, the queues 412 can be configured as a circular queue 412 (see
The storage backing both the PLSO circular queue 412 and the PLSO circular queue entry controls are included in the computation of the structure size.
The PLSO circular queue entries are assigned to push operations in the primary structure sequentially, starting at entry 0 and continuing to entry MXPCQX, at which point the assignment wraps back to entry 0. The push operations can be represented as a push operation value or number. Reassignment of entries cannot occur until the previous operation assigned to the entry has been completed in the secondary structure 411 and recognized as complete in the primary structure 411, or until an activate-duplexing command has returned the entry to the unassigned state.
Turning to
The first and second circular queues 412 can operate according to circular queue entries in the first and second coupling facilities 402, 404, respectively. A state diagram of the circular queue entries in the primary coupling facility 402 is illustrated in
The various PLSO Circular Queue Controls are described below.
The PLSO Circular Queue Entry State (PCQEST) is a one-byte value that indicates the state of a PLSO circular queue entry. There is a PCQEST object for each PLSO circular queue entry. The following PLSO circular queue entry states are defined as:
(i) X′00′—Unassigned which is the initial state after duplexing is activated;
(ii) X′01′—Assigned in the primary coupling facility 402;
(iii) X′02′—Processed in the primary coupling facility 402;
(iv) X′03′-assigned in the secondary coupling facility 404;
(v) X′04′—Processed in the secondary coupling facility 404;
(vi) X′05′-Finished in the secondary coupling facility 404; and
(vii) X′06′—Finished in the primary coupling facility 402.
The Primary Assigned State Timestamp T1 (PAST1) is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the current TOD of the PLSO circular queue entry assignment event in the primary coupling facility 402. The PAST1 is set when a push operation sequence value is assigned to a push operation. The PCQX portion of the sequence value identifies the PLSO circular queue entry and the associated control entry. The primary assigned state timestamp is zero when the PLSO circular queue entry state is X′00′. The value of the PAST1 is valid in both primary and secondary CF controls by being transferred from the primary coupling facility 402 to the secondary coupling facility 404 within the POB of the PLSO command.
The Primary Processed State Timestamp T2 (PPST2) is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the current TOD of the PLSO circular queue entry processed event in the primary coupling facility 402. The PPST2 is set when the push operation contained in the PLSO circular queue entry is selected for transmission to the secondary coupling facility 404. The primary processed state timestamp is zero when the PLSO circular queue entry state is X′00′ or X′01′. The value of the PPST2 is zero not defined in the secondary circular queue controls.
The Secondary Assigned State Timestamp T3|(SAST3) is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the current TOD of the PLSO circular queue entry assignment event in the secondary coupling facility 404. The SAST3 is set when the PLSO command is executed and the push operation block is placed in the PLSO circular queue entry. The secondary assigned state timestamp is zero when the PLSO circular queue entry state is X′00′. The value of the SAST3 is zero not defined in the primary circular queue controls.
The Secondary Processed State Timestamp T4 (SPST4) is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the current TOD of the PLSO circular queue entry processed event in the secondary coupling facility 404. The SPST4 is set when the push operation is executed in the secondary structure 411 and has completed execution. The secondary processed state timestamp is zero when the PLSO circular queue entry state is X′00′, or X′03′. The value of the SPST4 is zero not defined in the primary circular queue controls.
The Secondary Finished State Timestamp T5 (SFST5) is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the current TOD of the PLSO circular queue entry finished event in the secondary coupling facility 404. The SFST5 is set when the completion of the push operation has been reported in a PLSO response data block. The secondary finished state timestamp is zero when the PLSO circular queue entry state is X′00′, X′03′, or X′04′. The value of the SFST5 is zero not defined in the primary circular queue controls.
The Primary Finished State Timestamp T6 (PFST6) is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the current TOD of the PLSO circular queue entry finished event in the primary coupling facility 402. The PFST6 set is when the primary coupling facility 402 receives confirmation of completion of the push operation in the secondary structure 411. The primary finished state timestamp is zero when the PLSO circular queue entry state is X′00′, X′01, or X′02′. The value of the PFST6 is zero not defined in the secondary circular queue controls.
The various states described are cycled according to the transition commands shown in TABLE 2 below.
Referring back to
The peer ISC link 416 can transmit both primary message commands and secondary message commands in either direction. This may be physically represented by either two unidirectional links, one with a sender channel on the primary coupling facility 402 and a receiver channel on the secondary coupling facility 404, and the second link oppositely configured. This may also be represented by a single physical link where the channel interface in each coupling facility 402, 404 supports both sender and receiver functionality. This latter capability exists in ISC3 links and their variants: ICB3 and IC3.
The peer ISC link 416 between the coupling facilities 402, 404 is used, for instance, to exchange message path commands on the primary message command interface to configure and couple the primary and secondary coupling facilities 402, 404. Once configured and coupled, the peer ISC link 416 is also used to send secondary commands of the list-notification type to exchange signals as part of a signaling protocol for duplexed command execution. The sending and receiving of these secondary commands are managed by a coupling facility component referred to as a signaling protocol engine 418. Requests by the structure component 411 of the respective coupling facility 402, 404 for sending and receiving duplexing signals flow through the signaling protocol engine 418.
Still referring to
At Operation 1, for example, a user application 410 generates a command and communicates this command to the LFSS 414 through a system macro interface.
Turning to Operation 2, the LFSS 414 creates two copies of the command, sending one to the primary coupling facility 402 and the second to the secondary coupling facility 404. The LFSS 414 uses an asynchronous SEND MESSAGE interface without notification to allow the two commands to be initiated in parallel. The LFSS 414 also sets a synchronous completion on initial status (SCIS) bit of the SEND MESSAGE to minimize the effects of any busy conditions encountered on the channel interface. A link-subsystem (LSS) component 420 of the coupling facility control code (CFCC) in the primary coupling facility 402 receives the command and transfers control to the primary structure 411 as appropriate. Likewise, the link-subsystem (LSS) component 420 in the secondary coupling facility 404 receives the command and transfers control to the secondary structure 411, as appropriate.
At Operation 3, the primary coupling facility 402 executes the command to the point where a message response block (MRB) would be returned to the application 410. However, before sending the MRB and while the internal latches are held for the objects referenced by the command, a request is made to the signaling protocol engine 418 in the primary coupling facility 402 to send a completion signal on the peer ISC link 416 to the secondary coupling facility 404. Likewise, the secondary coupling facility 404 executes the command to the point where the MRB would be returned to the application 410. However, before sending the MRB and while the internal latches are held for the objects referenced by the command, a request is made to the signaling protocol engine 418 in the secondary coupling facility 404 to send a completion signal on the peer ISC link 416 to the primary coupling facility 402.
With reference to Operation 4, the signaling protocol engine 418 in the primary coupling facility 402 sends the completion signal to the secondary coupling facility 404 and then waits for the reception of the completion signal from the secondary coupling facility 404. Likewise, the signaling protocol engine 418 in the secondary coupling facility 404 sends the completion signal to the primary coupling facility 402 and then waits for the reception of the completion signal from the primary coupling facility 402.
Turning to Operation 5, when the primary coupling facility 402 recognizes the reception of the completion signal from the secondary coupling facility 404, the primary coupling facility 402 sends the MRB and releases the latches. Likewise, when the secondary coupling facility 404 recognizes the reception of the completion signal from the primary coupling facility 402, it also sends the MRB and releases the latches. If a failure occurs during this period of time and either the primary coupling facility 402 or the secondary coupling facility 404 fails to recognize the reception of a completion signal, then the coupling facility breaks or interrupts the duplexing by, for instance, resetting a duplexing state indicator (e.g., duplexing active state indicator) for the structure.
At Operation 6, it is assumed that no errors have occurred. Accordingly, the LFSS 414 receives both MRBs from the primary and secondary coupling facilities 402, 404 and constructs a single MRB by reconciling the results of the two MRBs which is then passed to the application 410. If on the other hand, duplexing has been broken by one of the two coupling facilities 402, 404, then the operating system 408 invokes failover recovery and one of the two structures is selected as the surviving instance. Once the error is corrected, duplexing can be reestablished.
With the above processing, user transparency is provided because the duplexing functions are performed by the LFSS 414 without awareness by the user application 410. Failure isolation is also provided by creating two copies of the structure in separate coupling facilities 402, 404, each of which can continue as the surviving structure in a situation involving the failure of the other. Further, command atomicity is provided by maintaining latches on both structures until both commands complete.
In at least one embodiment, the computing system 400 can operate in an asynchronous mode which reduces latency resulting from the communication between the primary coupling facility 402 and the secondary coupling facility 404. When operating in the asynchronous mode, the command initiated by the application 410 is sent to the primary coupling facility 402, and in turn, the primary coupling facility 402 will initiate operations to send the information, via a command, needed for the secondary coupling facility 404 to create a second structure 411 similar to the first structure 411 existing in the primary coupling facility 402. However, the primary coupling facility 402 does not need to wait for the completion of the command and changes to the second structure 411 in the secondary coupling facility 404 before responding to the command from the primary coupling facility 402. This asynchronous mode can be referred to as “asynchronous CF duplexing”.
When operating in the asynchronous mode (i.e., according to asynchronous CF duplexing), the primary coupling facility 402 and the secondary coupling facility 404 create and maintain several internal facilities and values which are available to the operating system 408. The operating system 408 can use this information to be knowledgeable of the commands that have been applied to both the primary coupling facility 402 and the secondary coupling facility 404 and which may be outstanding between the primary coupling facility 402 and the secondary coupling facility 404 (i.e., the asynchronous aspect). The operating system 408, along with the applications 410 making use of the CF functions, together can use this information to overlap as many operations as they determine appropriate between them. In this manner, the coupling facilities 402, 404 need only wait for information to be reflected in both the primary structure 411 and secondary structures 411 where needed.
At least one embodiment described herein provides a system 400 configured to utilize sequence values associated with each respective structure 411 to maintain equivalency between the primary coupling facility 402 and the secondary coupling facility 404. As discussed above, the primary coupling facility 402 and the secondary primary facility 404 each include a circular queue 412 configured to store updates associated with a primary structure 411 and a secondary structure 411, respectively. A command initiated by the application 410 is first processed at the primary coupling facility 402. In response to processing the command, data is applied to storage inside the primary structure 411. Several commands may be received by the primary coupling facility 402 over a period of time, and thus the data is stored in the structure 411 according to a unique order. This unique order must be maintained when storing the data in the secondary structure 411, e.g., when updating the secondary structure 411. Thus, updates to the secondary structure 411 are applied in a consistent order with respect to the primary structure 411 so that final state of the secondary structure 411 matches the final state of the primary structure 411 at any given time.
The queues 412 are configured to store the data relative to the changes of the respective structure 411, along with metadata associated with the data. The metadata includes information indicating when data was applied to a particular structure 411, (i.e., a position of application among a sequence of data applications or updates), the order at which the data is stored in a particular queue 412, and the position or sequence at which it should be applied to the secondary structure 411. The metadata can also include data indicating the state of a data in a respective structure 411, e.g., whether the data has in fact been applied in the secondary structure 411, or whether the data is still waiting to be applied to the secondary structure 411.
For instance, a sequence value associated with data used to update the primary structure 411 indicates the order at which that particular data was applied to the primary structure 411, i.e., a given data block was the second data block applied to the primary structure 411 among a plurality of different data blocks applied at different periods of time. This order can then be queued up in the secondary queue 412 according to a respective sequence value, and in turn, the secondary structure 411 is then updated according to the sequence values included in the data blocks stored the secondary queue 412. That is, the changes in the secondary structure 411 occur in a particular order indicated by the sequence values stored in the secondary queue 412. In this manner, the final state of the secondary structure 411 matches the final state of the primary structure 411 while allowing to free up the primary coupling facility 402 since the data is sent and stored in the circular queue 412.
The sequence value is defined by a set number of bits/bytes including low-order bits/bytes and high-order bits/bytes. The low-order bits/bytes, for example, are utilized to index the data into a queue slot (not shown in
For instance, the primary circular queue 412 queues up or buffers the events or updates in a particular sequence according to the time at which the event or update was applied to the primary structure 411. That is, at the time data (e.g., DATAM) is applied to the primary structure 411, the primary coupling facility 402 assigns a sequence value to the applied data (DATAM), and then stores a data block including the applied data (DATAM) and the sequence value into a queue slot in the primary circular queue 412. Similarly, the secondary queue 412 queues up or buffers the same events or updates from the primary queue 412. The secondary queue 412, however, indicates the sequence or order at which each queued event or update should be applied to the secondary structure 411 in order to synchronize the updates between the primary structure 411 and the secondary structure 411. Thus, should the secondary queue 412 be queued with other data prior to receiving DATAM (i.e., the position of the data within the secondary queue 412 does not match the sequence value assigned by the primary coupling facility 402) the second coupling facility 404 can still apply DATAM in the correct order with respect to the primary structure 411 based on the sequence value assigned to DATAM.
In at least one embodiment, the circular queues 412 contain information of Push Operation Block (POB) and corresponding metadata, such as whether an operation has been processed or “pushed out” at a particular coupling facility 402, 404. If a circular queue 412 at a receiving end is full, the circular queue 412 at the originating end will also be full and the originating coupling facility halts.
For example, the operating system 408 may receive a response from the primary coupling facility 402 indicating that its respective circular queue 412 is full. Alternatively or in addition, the operating system 408 may check the status of the primary circular queue 412. Based on this information, the level of required serialization at both the primary coupling facility 402 and the secondary coupling facility 404 can be maintained.
The primary and secondary coupling facilities 402, 404 can also monitor their respective queues 412, determine the status of the data stored therein, and then inform one another the status of their respective queues 412. For instance, the secondary coupling facility 404 may that determine data (e.g., DATAM) stored in a particular queue slot (e.g., SLOTM) in the secondary queue 412 has been applied to the structure 411 and is therefore completed. The secondary queue 412 then communicates this status of DATAM to the first primary coupling facility 402. Based on this information, the primary coupling facility 402 can purge DATAM from its primary queue 412 and thus free up the queue slot which previously stored DATAM.
Turning now to
As new commands (indicated as arrows extending left-to-right) in the form a message command data block (MCB) are sent from the primary coupling facility 402 to the secondary coupling facility 404, the secondary coupling facility 404 replies with responses (indicated by arrows extending right-to-left) in the form a message response data block (MRB). These responses indicate a current view as to the status of the secondary structure 411, i.e., which events or updates sent to the secondary queue 412 have actually been applied to the secondary structure 411. Accordingly, the primary coupling facility 402 is made aware of the current operation status of the secondary coupling facility 404, along with the current status of the secondary structure 411 with respect to the primary structure 411.
Still referring to
The current value of some operational sequence values are passed from one coupling facility to another coupling facility via the MCB/MRB of the Push List Structure Object (PLSO) command. In at least one embodiment, a single MCB/MRB can be exchanged or a plurality of MCB/MRBs can be exchanged at one time. All structures 411 maintain the full set of operation sequence values regardless of the duplexing type (asynchronous primary or secondary). Based on the duplexing type allocated to the structure 411, however, these values will take on one of the following general characteristics: (I) Functional and Accurate; (II) Functional and Lagging; (III) Informational and Lagging; (IV) Not Defined; and (V) Failed Operation Sequence value (FOSN).
The Functional and Accurate characteristic indicates the OSN value is generated within a given coupling facility and is used to maintain the asynchronous duplexing operations. The Functional and Lagging characteristics indicates that the value is not generated within the given coupling facility but is acquired from the attached coupling facility and is important to the maintenance of the asynchronous duplexing operations.
The Informational and Lagging characteristic indicates that the value is not generated within the given coupling facility but is passed from the attached coupling facility and is not used for the maintenance of the asynchronous duplexing operations. It is available for informational purposes as to the progress of the attached coupling facility as last acquired by the given coupling facility.
The Not Defined characteristic indicates that the value is not altered by a given coupling facility during the execution of asynchronous duplex operations and remains at the value that was either initialized at allocation time or set at the time that asynchronous duplexing was successfully activated. If the structure 411 is not capable of synchronous duplexing, all OSN values have the characteristic of not defined. The operation sequence value objects are defined in the sections that follow.
The Failed Operation Sequence Number (FOSN) characteristic is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the value of the push operation sequence value that was being processed when an error was encountered that resulted in a duplexing failure. This value is initialized to 0 at the time the structure 411 is allocated, and is set to 0 when an activate duplexing command is successfully completed. It is set to a value when a duplexing failure occurs. If the value of the Duplexing Failure Reason Code (DFRC) is not meaningful, the FOSN is set to zero. If the value DFRC is meaningful, the FOSN is set to a value which indicates the operation sequence value which was being processed when an error was encountered that resulted in a break duplexing failure. This value is for informational purposes to help in problem determination. The Last Completed Operational Sequence value (LCOSN) is used to determine the final state of the structure 411 for any recovery operations.
Highest Executable Operation Sequence Number (HEOSN) is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the value of the upper bound of the continuous sequence of assigned sequence values that have been received by the secondary facility 404 but have not yet completed in the secondary structure 411. It represents the last duplexed operation that can be completed in the secondary structure 411 without further execution of PLSO commands. The value in the primary is greater than or equal to the last completed operation sequence value primary and less than or equal to the last assigned operation sequence value. The value in the secondary is greater than or equal to the last completed operation sequence value and less than or equal to the last assigned operation sequence value secondary. The value is only meaningful if duplexing is, or was at one time, activated and the duplexing type is B′01′ or B′10′. The value has the characteristic of “functional and accurate” if duplexing is or was active and the duplexing type is B′10′. The value has the characteristic of “informational and lagging” if duplexing is active and the duplexing type is B′01′. The value is initially set when asynchronous duplexing is activated to the value of the LAOSN operand with Bits (52−PCQCH) to 63 set to 1 and is updated as operations progress.
Last Assigned Operation Sequence Number (LAOSN) is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the value of the highest numbered sequence value assigned to an asynchronous duplexing operation. The value is only meaningful if duplexing is, or was at one time, activated and the duplexing type is B′01′ or B′10′. The value has the characteristic of “not defined” if the duplexing type is B′10′. The value has the characteristic of “functional and accurate” if duplexing is active and the duplexing type is B′01′. The value is set when asynchronous duplexing is activated to the value of the LAOSN operand with Bits (52−PCQCH) to 63 set to 1.
Last Assigned Operation Sequence Number Secondary (LAOSNS) is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the value of the highest numbered sequence value assigned to an asynchronous duplexing operation as indicated by the primary coupling facility 402 and received by the secondary coupling facility. The value is only meaningful if duplexing is, or was at one time, activated and the duplexing type is B′01′ or B′10′. The value has the characteristic of “informational and lagging” if duplexing is active and the duplexing type is B′10′. The value has the characteristic of “informational and lagging” if duplexing is active and the duplexing type is B′01′. The value is set when asynchronous duplexing is activated by the activate-duplexing command to the value of the LAOSN operand with Bits (52−PCQCH) to 63 set to 1.
Last Completed Operation Sequence Number (LCOSN) is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the value of the highest numbered sequence value that has been executed in the secondary list structure. It represents the last operation that has been mirrored in both the primary and secondary structures 411. The last completed operation sequence value is less than or equal to the highest executable operation sequence value. The value is only meaningful if duplexing is, or was at one time, activated and the duplexing type is B′10′. The value has the characteristic of “functional and accurate” if duplexing is active and the duplexing type is B′10′. The value has the characteristic of “not defined” if duplexing is active and the duplexing type is B′01′. The value is set when asynchronous duplexing is activated by the activate-duplexing command to the value of the LAOSN operand with Bits (52−PCQCH) to 63 set to 1.
Last Completed Operation Sequence Number Primary (LCOSNP) is a 64-bit unsigned binary integer that contains the value of the highest numbered sequence value that has been executed in the secondary structure 411. It represents the last operation that has been completed in both the primary and secondary structures 411 which has been recognized by the primary coupling facility. The last completed operation sequence value is less than or equal to the highest executable operation sequence value. The value is only meaningful if duplexing is, or was at one time, activated and the duplexing type is B′01′ or B′10′. The value has the characteristic of “informational and lagging” if duplexing is active and the duplexing type is B′10′. The value has the characteristic of “functional and lagging” if duplexing is active and the duplexing type is B′01′. The value is set when asynchronous duplexing is activated by the activate-duplexing command to the value of the LAOSN operand with Bits (52−PCQCH) to 63 set to 1.
In at least one embodiment, an asynchronously duplexed structure 411 can be associated with the following states: (I) Duplexing States; and (II) PLSO Circular Queue Entry States. The Duplexing States include three different types: (a) Duplexing Active; (b) Duplexing Inactive; and (c) Deactivation Pending. The effects of activate duplexing and deactivate duplexing on the duplexing state of the structures 411 for each of the three duplexing types (a)-(c) is illustrated in
The Duplexing-Active state includes a structure 411 which is placed in the duplexing active state by an activate duplexing command. The structure 411 must be initially in the duplexing inactive state.
The Duplexing-Inactive state includes a structure 411 that is in the duplexing-inactive state when the structure 411 is initially allocated. A structure 411 that is duplexing active is placed in the duplexing inactive state by a deactivate-duplexing command, or by an internal error.
The Deactivation-Pending state only applies to structures 411 with a duplexing type of primary or secondary asynchronous duplexing. The Deactivation-Pending State includes a structure 411 that is placed in the deactivation-pending state by the deactivate-duplexing command when it is initially processed for a structure 411 which is an active asynchronously duplexed structure. It remains in the deactivation pending state until the respective coupling facility 402, 404 can guarantee a consistent state for operation sequence values for the structure 411. Whether or not this state is made aware of the system issuing the deactivate duplexing command is implementation and/or timing dependent.
As described above, in a DBMS cluster (DB2) 422 with R/W shared data, a key provision for maintaining data integrity is that, if a DBMS (e.g., DB2422) fails then update locks that were held by in-flight transactions at the time of the failure must be retained to protect the resources with uncommitted updates. When the lock structure included in the structure 411 of a failed coupling facility (e.g., CF1402) is simplexed, then the update locks held at the time of the failure can be converted to retained, which sufficiently protects the uncommitted updated resources until the failed DBMS node restarts and applies redo/undo log records to bring the data back to a point of transactional consistency.
However, when the lock structure included in the structure 411 of a failed coupling facility (e.g., CF1402) is asynchronously duplexed, then some of the update locks that had been previously granted to transactions may not have been propagated to the lock structure included in the 411 of the secondary coupling facility 404 (CF2) by the time of the failure. For instance, data received from the first primary circular queue 412 may be loaded in the second primary circular queue 412, but if one of the coupling facilities 402, 404 fails the primary structure 411 of the primary coupling facility 402 and the secondary structure 411 of the secondary structure become out of sync. Therefore, the secondary structure 411 may be missing some retained locks which could result in some data elements with uncommitted updates to have no protection from being updated by other surviving nodes. For example, if a server or site failure took out both a DBMS node (e.g., DB2422) and a primary lock structure included in the primary structure 411 of the primary coupling facility 402, then the surviving secondary lock structure included in the secondary structure 411 of the secondary coupling facility 404 may not have sufficient retained lock protection.
To avoid this situation from happening, at least one embodiment provides that the DB2422 forces the completion of the asynch lock propagation before the associated database update is written externally to the log (for write-ahead logging systems like DB2 where the log record is always written before the associated database page update). To accomplish this, the DB2422 records (e.g., stores in memory) the highest sequence number associated with granted update locks. When the DB2422 (e.g., DBMS Log Manager) writes out a batch of log records, it will first force this “high granted sequence number” to ensure all the update locks for this latest batch of log records are safely reflected in the lock structure contained in the secondary structure 411 of the secondary coupling facility 404. In this manner, the secondary coupling facility 404 is guaranteed to have highest sequence number before executing its writing operation log.
In at least one embodiment, this “highest sequence number” associated with the granted update locks is indicated by the LCOSN. As described above, the LCOSN contains the value of the highest numbered sequence value that has been executed in the secondary list structure. Accordingly, the LCOSN represents the last operation that has been mirrored in both the primary and secondary structures 411. This LCOSN is loaded into the MRB, which is returned to the application 410. In this manner, even though the MRB may include some new loading operations that were to be applied to a respective structure 411, or were scheduled to be performed at a respective structure 411, the LCOSN included in the MRB indicates the actual current state of the structure 411, i.e., an amount of the loading operations that have actually been completed up to a given point in time.
In at least one embodiment, the primary coupling facility 402 obtains the MRB (including the LCOSN loaded therein) each time the secondary coupling facility 404 loads data from the secondary circular queue 412 to the secondary structure 411. This MRB is also then delivered to the application 410 and/or the DB2422. The application 410 can utilize the LCOSN to determine when to halt and/or proceed with delivery of commands to the secondary coupling facility 404.
The DB2422 is also configured to improve the efficiency of the logs associated with the primary and secondary coupling facilities. For instance, unlike conventional systems which must fully wait until a transaction is completed before modifying the logs, the DB2422 according to at least one embodiment of the invention is aware of the current progress of the secondary coupling facility 404 based on the highest completion sequence value loaded in the MRB. Therefore, the DB2422 can actively modify the logs of a given transaction based on the structure modification progress indicated by the highest completed sequence value in the MRB.
DB2422 can also manage the exchange of commands associated with a queued or upcoming transaction based on whether a most recent ongoing transaction has completed or hardened in the secondary structure 411 as indicated by the highest completed sequence number loaded in the MRB. Therefore, instead of analyzing the entire log (which may include thousands of command entries) to determine if a transaction has fully completed, the application 410 and the DB2422 are immediately aware of any commands that have not yet been loaded or hardened in the secondary structure 411.
The technical benefits described herein ensure that in a write-ahead logging system, such as a DB2 the log operation a guarantees that the secondary coupling facility has highest sequence number before executing its writing operation log.
The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.
The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.
Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.
Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting-data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.
These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
As used herein, the term “module” refers to an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, an electronic computer processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that executes one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality. When implemented in software, a module can be embodied in memory as a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method.
The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/282,667 filed Sep. 30, 2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
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