Patent Application
20230044658
The present invention relates to a concavo-convex plate for an electrospinning method, and a process for producing a nonwoven fabric using the concavo-convex plate.
In recent years, as a means for simply performing makeup or tattooing on a body surface (skin), a foundation tape or a tattoo seal has now been commercially available.
The foundation tape has been used in the applications for hiding various scars, such as gash, burn scars, bruises, operation scars, etc., which can be hardly concealed merely by a concealer or a foundation.
On the other hand, the tattoo seal aims at temporally applying decorations, such as patterns, characters, tattoos, etc., to the skin. In this case, the skin can be returned to its original appearance by removing the tattoo seal from the skin, and therefore the tattoo seal has been often used to easily enjoy face painting or body painting upon sports invents, etc.
For example, JP 2016-190825A (Patent Literature 1) discloses a skin seal that is attached to a human skin for hiding tattoos, scars, bruises or spots (blemishes), and includes a base material, a separator, a matte layer disposed on the base material, a release agent layer disposed on the matte layer, an adhesive layer disposed on the separator, a resilient layer disposed between the release agent layer and the adhesive layer and an ink layer disposed between the release agent layer and the adhesive layer.
In addition, JP 2012-12339A (Patent Literature 2) aims at providing a sheet-like cosmetic material for makeup which has a high sense of unity with a skin in appearance when attached thereto and a high effect of diminishing fine unevenness of a skin surface, such as fine wrinkles and pores, etc., and further exhibits a high effect of concealing skin color unevenness, such as spots, etc., and discloses a sheet-like cosmetic material for makeup which includes a nanofiber sheet formed of a polymer compound containing a coloring pigment, and the like.
The present invention relates to a concavo-convex plate for an electrospinning method, in which a surface resistivity of the concavo-convex plate is not more than 1×10−2Ω/□, and the concavo-convex plate has an uneven structure on at least a part of a surface thereof.
The unevenness of a surface of a human skin is classified into 5 stages, i.e., 1st to 5th stages of a concavo-convex shape (relief) according to fineness thereof. Among them, the appearance of the skin largely depends upon the 5th relief as a condition of a texture of the skin and the 2nd relief as a condition of a horny cell structure of the skin.
The 5th relief is constituted of skin grooves (sulcus cutis) and skin hills (crista cutis) which are generally called as a texture of the skin, and it is known that the difference in the skin texture between individuals becomes more remarkable owing to change in age or skin condition. Along with increase of the age, the skin grooves and the skin hills become unclear, and the number of the skin grooves is reduced, so that the shape of the respective skin hills divided by the skin grooves is distorted, which results in a rough texture of the skin. It is known that in particular, in 25 to 35 years old persons called ages of “a turning point of skin”, etc., the rate of reduction in number of the skin grooves relative to the age is increased to a highest level among the whole ages. Thus, it is considered that the number of the skin grooves and the shape of the skin hills constituting the 5th relief have a close relation to aging feel in appearance.
In addition, although the 2nd relief is formed of horny cells discharged by metabolic turnover of a skin tissue, the shape of the 2nd relief tends to be distorted by adverse influence of the humidity or the time required for the metabolic turnover, etc. In particular, in the case where end portions of the horny cells accumulated on a horny layer (stratum corneum) are dried and suffer from roughness and warpage, scattering of light tends to be caused on the surface of the horny layer, so that the skin tends to lose a transparent feel.
Furthermore, the unevenness of the surface of the human skin also has a certain influence on gloss of the skin, such as luster or shine of the skin. The gloss of the skin tends to be changed with time owing to sebum or sweat, so that an impression of the skin in appearance tends to become undesirable according to the change in quality of the skin gloss.
On the other hand, in the skin seal described in the Patent Literature 1, the skin can be artificially reproduced by printing the ink layer and the resilient layer on a resin film having releasing properties as the base material by ordinary printing methods, such as screen printing, etc., to form predetermined images thereon. The skin seal is used by attaching the ink layer and the resilient layer to portions of the skin on which scars, etc., to be concealed are present, through the adhesive layer. However, since the Patent Literature 1 is concerned with the technology for hiding tattoos, scars, bruises or spots present on the human skin, the portion of the skin to which the skin seal is attached tends to be readily discerned from surrounding portions, and even the skin texture tends to be hidden behind the skin seal. Thus, the skin seal tends to impart unnatural impression to another person. In addition, in the technology of the Patent Literature 1, since the ink layer and the resilient layer of the skin seal are attached to the skin through the adhesive layer, it has been required to further improve properties of the skin seal from the standpoint of controlling occurrence of skin shine.
In the Patent Literature 2, when the sheet for makeup is attached to a human skin, it is possible to improve a sense of unity of the sheet with the skin in appearance and the effect of concealing the skin color unevenness, such as spots, etc. However, the Patent Literature 2 is concerned merely with the technology of enhancing the effect of making fine skin unevenness less discernible. Therefore, the sheet for makeup described in the Patent Literature 2 still has much room for improvement in providing natural impression. In addition, as to the sheet for makeup, it has also been required to improve its rub fastness that makes the sheet hardly undergo occurrence of breakage or deformation even when rubbing the skin surface with fingers, etc., by which a gloss feel close to that of a human skin can be maintained.
The present invention relates to a concavo-convex plate for an electrospinning method which is capable of providing a nonwoven fabric that is excellent in rub fastness and a sense of unity with a skin in appearance or visually when attached thereto, and can exhibit a gloss feel and a transparent feel close to those of a human skin, and further that can impart good texture to the skin and is also excellent in the effect of suppressing occurrence of skin shine, as well as a process for producing a nonwoven fabric using the concavo-convex plate.
The present inventors have noticed that in order to make a physical shape of the surface of a nonwoven fabric close to a surface configuration of an actual human skin, upon production of the nonwoven fabric, by forming a surface portion of a plate used in an electrospinning process for production thereof on which nanofibers are to be deposited, into an uneven structure to control a surface resistivity of the plate to a predetermined range, it is possible to reduce the difference between amounts of the nanofibers deposited on convex portions and convex portions of the plate, make optical characteristics of the resulting nonwoven fabric, such as a gloss feel, a transparent feel, etc., owing to the uneven structure of the plate become similar to those of a real human skin, and furthermore improve rub fastness of the nonwoven fabric. As a result, the present inventors have found that with such a knowledge, it is possible to obtain a nonwoven fabric that is excellent in rub fastness and a sense of unity with the skin in appearance when attached thereto, can exhibit a gloss feel and a transparent feel close to those of a human skin, and further that can impart good texture to the skin and is also excellent in the effect of suppressing occurrence of skin shine.
That is, the present invention relates to the following aspects [1] to [4].
[1] A concavo-convex plate for an electrospinning method, in which a surface resistivity of the concavo-convex plate is not more than 1×10−2Ω/□, and the concavo-convex plate has an uneven structure on at least a part of a surface thereof.
[2] A process for producing a nonwoven fabric containing nanofibers by an electrospinning method using the concavo-convex plate for an electrospinning method according to the above aspect [1] as a collector, the process including the step of depositing the nanofibers on a surface of the concavo-convex plate on which the uneven structure is formed.
[3] A nonwoven fabric containing nanofibers, which is formed on the concavo-convex plate for an electrospinning method according to the above aspect [1].
[4] A colored nonwoven fabric containing a colorant and nanofibers, which is formed on the concavo-convex plate for an electrospinning method according to the above aspect [1].
In accordance with the present invention, it is possible to provide a concavo-convex plate for an electrospinning method which is capable of providing a nonwoven fabric that is excellent in rub fastness and a sense of unity with a skin in appearance when attached thereto, and can exhibit a gloss feel and a transparent feel close to those of a human skin, and further that can impart a good texture to the skin and is also excellent in the effect of suppressing occurrence of skin shine, as well as a process for producing a nonwoven fabric using the concavo-convex plate, etc.
The concavo-convex plate for an electrospinning method according to the present invention takes on a surface resistivity of not more than 1×10−2Ω/□, and has an uneven structure on at least a part of a surface thereof.
The shape of a whole portion of the concavo-convex plate for an electrospinning method according to the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the concavo-convex plate has an uneven structure on at least a part of a surface thereof, and may be, for example, either a flat plate shape or a curved shape.
The ascertainment and measurement of the shape of the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate according to the present invention are implemented by 3D measurement based on a sectional profile using an industrial microscope “LEXT-OLS5000-SAT” available from Olympus Corporation as described in Examples below. In the measurement, the uneven structure was measured at 20 points selected as measuring objects per one concavo-convex plate as a sample to be measured, and an average value of the thus measured values is calculated to determine the uneven structure. By conducting the measurement at the 20 points, even though the concavo-convex plate has a curved shape, it is possible to attain information on the uneven structure in the depth direction thereof exclusive of an adverse influence by the curved shape.
The electrospinning method used in the present invention is such a method in which a high voltage is applied to a solution containing a polymer compound or a melt of the polymer compound obtained by heating the polymer compound to inject the spinning liquid and thereby form nanofibers, followed by collecting and depositing the nanofibers on a collector as a counter electrode to thereby obtain a nonwoven fabric thereon. By conducting the electrospinning method, it is possible to obtain a nonwoven fabric having voids formed by randomly overlapping the nanofibers having a fiber thickness (fiber diameter) of a nanometer-order size on each other.
The reason why the aforementioned advantageous effects can be attained by the present invention is considered as follows, though it is not clearly determined yet.
That is, in the electrospinning method, when applying a high voltage to the spinning liquid, the spinning liquid is drawn by an electric repulsion force at a tip end of a spinning capillary to which a positive charge is imparted to thereby produce a deformed conical body of the spinning liquid which is called a Taylor cone. With further increase of the voltage applied to the spinning capillary, when the electric repulsion force at a tip end of the Taylor cone exceeds a restoration force of the spinning liquid due to a surface tension thereof the spinning liquid is drawn into a fiber shape from the tip end of the spinning capillary to thereby form nanofibers.
The nanofibers possess a positive charge, and therefore tend to fly toward a place where the electric charge can be discharged, and tend to be deposited on the place having a convex shape and exhibiting electric conductivity. For this reason, in the electrospinning method using the concavo-convex plate having high surface resistivity and exhibiting no electric conductivity, it is considered that the nanofibers tend to be easily deposited on convex portions of the concavo-convex plate, but hardly deposited on concave portions of the concavo-convex plate.
On the other hand, in the present invention, by controlling the surface resistivity of the concavo-convex plate to the predetermined range and allowing the concavo-convex plate to exhibit electric conductivity on the surface thereof, when depositing the nanofibers on convex portions of the concavo-convex plate, the electric conductivity of the convex portions tends to be disturbed by the nanofibers deposited thereon. Thus, it is considered that the electric conductivity of the respective concave portions is comparatively increased relative to the electric conductivity of the respective convex portions covered by the nanofibers, so that the nanofibers are deposited on the concave portions of the concavo-convex plate. As a result, it is considered that a nonwoven fabric having an uneven shape that follows up the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate used as a collector can be obtained.
In addition, the nonwoven fabric obtained by using the aforementioned concavo-convex plate is formed with portions corresponding to skin hills derived from the concave portions of the concavo-convex plate and portions corresponding to skin grooves derived from the convex portions of the concavo-convex plate. When rubbing the surface of the nonwoven fabric, breakage of the nonwoven fabric due to application of an excessive stress thereto tends to be generally caused from the aforementioned portions corresponding to skin hills as a starting point. However, in the present invention, since the difference in density of the nanofibers between the concave portions and the convex portions is small, it is possible to form a tenacious nonwoven fabric even in the concave portions, so that the portions corresponding to skin hills are improved in durability against the breakage. Furthermore, since the portions corresponding to skin hills are surrounded by the portions corresponding to skin grooves, it is considered that the breakage caused in the portions corresponding to skin hills is prevented from propagating to the other portions corresponding to skin hills, so that the resulting nonwoven fabric can be improved in rub fastness.
In addition, according to the present invention, it is considered that by controlling the uneven structure of the surface of the concavo-convex plate on which the nanofibers are deposited, it is possible to control the uneven shape of the resulting nonwoven fabric and also control a scattering intensity of light thereon. In particular, it is considered that by controlling the size or shape of the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate, it is possible to suppress scattering of light on the surface of the resulting nonwoven fabric, enhance a sense of unity of the nonwoven fabric with a skin in appearance when attached to the skin, and further achieve a gloss feel and a transparent feel close to those of a human skin.
In addition, in the present invention, it is possible to obtain the nonwoven fabric having a homogeneous uneven shape conforming to the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate, which has a less difference in density of the nanofibers between the convex portions and the concave portions, and it is therefore possible to obtain the nonwoven fabric that imitates a clear skin surface structure formed of respective skin grooves and skin hills, so that when attaching the nonwoven fabric to the skin, the texture of the skin can be suitably improved. Moreover, it is considered that since the scattering intensity of light on the nonwoven fabric can be continuously controlled even after attaching the nonwoven fabric to the skin, it is possible to suppress the change in gloss thereof with time owing to sebum or sweat, and therefore prevent occurrence of skin shine.
The surface resistivity of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention is not more than 1×10−2Ω/□. Thus, since the surface resistivity of the concave portions of the concavo-convex plate is adjusted to not more than 1×10−2Ω/□, delivery of electrons to fibers taking on a positive electric charge which are spun from the capillary by electrospinning is rapidly conducted at the convex portions, and deposition of the nanofibers on the concavo-convex plate is stabilized. Moreover, deposition of the nanofibers on the convex portions is suppressed, so that the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate can be well transferred onto the nonwoven fabric. From this viewpoint, the surface resistivity of the concavo-convex plate is preferably not more than 0.5×10−2Ω/□, more preferably not more than 1×10−3Ω/□ and even more preferably not more than 0.5×10−3Ω/□. The lower limit of the surface resistivity of the concavo-convex plate is not particularly limited, and is preferably not less than 5×10−6Ω/□, more preferably not less than 1×10−5Ω/□ and even more preferably not less than 5×10−5Ω/□ from the viewpoint of facilitating production of the concavo-convex plate.
The uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention is preferably formed of a plurality of the convex portions, and is more preferably such an uneven structure as imitating a surface configuration of the skin, from the viewpoint of improving rub fastness of the resulting nonwoven fabric, allowing the nonwoven fabric to exhibit a good sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a good gloss feel and a good transparent feel, and further improving a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine.
The surface configuration of the skin as used herein concretely means visible unevenness of the skin due to wrinkles or pores, microscopic unevenness along respective skin grooves and skin hills, and the like. Among them, from the same viewpoint as described above, as the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention, even more preferred is an uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 5th relief or an uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 2nd relief.
When attaching the nonwoven fabric obtained by using the concavo-convex plate having the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 5th relief to the skin, it is possible to control a frequency of occurrence of the skin hills and the skin grooves which have an influence on dullness of the skin.
The average depth of the concave portions as the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 5th relief is preferably not less than 10 μm, more preferably not less than 30 μm, even more preferably not less than 50 μm and further even more preferably not less than 70 μm, and is also preferably not more than 250 μm, more preferably not more than 200 μm, even more preferably not more than 150 μm and further even more preferably not more than 130 μm.
The average opening area of the concave portions as the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 5th relief is preferably not less than 0.01 mm2, more preferably not less than 0.02 mm2 and even more preferably not less than 0.03 mm2, and is also preferably not more than 0.25 mm2, more preferably not more than 0.20 mm2, even more preferably not more than 0.15 mm2, further even more preferably not more than 0.10 mm2, still further even more preferably not more than 0.07 mm2 and furthermore preferably not more than 0.05 mm2.
The average width of the convex portions of the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 5th relief is preferably not less than 10 μm, more preferably not less than 15 μm and even more preferably not less than 20 μm, and is also preferably not more than 300 μm and more preferably not more than 250 μm.
The average center distance of the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 5th relief is preferably not less than 100 μm, more preferably not less than 150 μm and even more preferably not less than 200 μm, and is also preferably not more than 700 μm, more preferably not more than 500 μm and even more preferably not more than 300 μm.
When the nonwoven fabric obtained by using the concavo-convex plate having the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 2nd relief is attached to the skin, it is possible to reproduce a frequency of occurrence of the horny cell structure which has an influence on a transparent feel of the skin.
The average depth of the concave portions as the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 2nd relief is preferably not less than 0.5 μm, more preferably not less than 1 μm, even more preferably not less than 2 μm and further even more preferably not less than 3 μm, and is also preferably not more than 7 μm, more preferably not more than 6 μm and even more preferably not more than 5 μm.
The average opening area of the concave portions as the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 2nd relief is preferably not less than 40 μm2, more preferably not less than 100 μm2, even more preferably not less than 500 μm2 and further even more preferably not less than 700 μm2, and is also preferably not more than 3600 μm2, more preferably not more than 3000 μm2, even more preferably not more than 2000 μm2, further even more preferably not more than 1700 μm2 and still further even more preferably not more than 1300 μm2.
The average width of the convex portions of the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 2nd relief is preferably not less than 2 μm, more preferably not less than 3 μm and even more preferably not less than 4 μm, and is also preferably not more than 10 μm, more preferably not more than 8 μm and even more preferably not more than 6 μm.
The average center distance of the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 2nd relief is preferably not less than 10 μm, more preferably not less than 20 μm and even more preferably not less than 30 μm, and is also preferably not more than 80 μm, more preferably not more than 70 μm, even more preferably not more than 60 μm and further even more preferably not more than 50 μm.
The uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention preferably has such a structure in which a secondary uneven structure capable of reproducing the 2nd relief is further disposed inside of a concave portion of a primary uneven structure capable of reproducing the 5th relief. With such an uneven structure, the shape that imitates a human skin can be imparted to the resulting nonwoven fabric to reproduce a texture and a transparent feel inherent to the human skin thereon with a high accuracy, and it is possible to allow the nonwoven fabric to exhibit a good sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a good gloss feel and good a transparent feel, and further it is possible to improve a skin texture and suppress occurrence of skin shine.
The preferred ranges of the average depth and average opening area of the concave portions, the average width of the convex portions as well as the average center distance in the primary uneven structure are the same as the preferred ranges of the average depth and average opening area of the concave portions, the average width of the convex portions as well as the average center distance in the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 5th relief.
The preferred ranges of the average depth and average opening area of the concave portions, the average width of the convex portions as well as the average center distance in the secondary uneven structure are the same as the preferred ranges of the average depth and average opening area of the concave portions, the average width of the convex portions as well as the average center distance in the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 2nd relief.
Among them, from the same viewpoint as described above, it is preferred that the aforementioned uneven structure is such a structure in which the secondary uneven structure is further disposed inside of the primary uneven structure; the average depth of the concave portions of the primary uneven structure is not less than 10 μm and not more than 250 μm, and the average opening area of the concave portions of the primary uneven structure is not less than 0.01 mm2 and not more than 0.25 mm2; and the average depth of the concave portions of the secondary uneven structure is not less than 0.5 μm and not more than 7 μm, and the average opening area of the concave portions of the secondary uneven structure is not less than 40 μm2 and not more than 3600 μm2.
In the case where the concavo-convex plate of the present invention has the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 5th relief or the uneven structure capable of reproducing the 2nd relief, as the plan view shape of the respective concave portions as viewed from the Z-axis direction that is the direction of a thickness of the concavo-convex plate, there may be mentioned a circular shape, a semicircular shape, an elliptical shape, and a generally circular shape similar thereto, as well as a polygonal shape, such as a triangular shape, a quadrangular shape, a pentagonal shape, a hexagonal shape, and a generally polygonal shape similar thereto, etc. Among these shapes, from the viewpoint of improving rub fastness of the resulting nonwoven fabric, allowing the nonwoven fabric to exhibit a good sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a good gloss feel and a good transparent feel, and further improving a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine, preferred are a polygonal shape, such as an equilateral triangular shape, an isosceles right triangular shape, and a generally triangular shape similar thereto; a square shape, a rectangular shape, a rhombic shape, a parallelogram shape, a trapezoidal shape, and a generally quadrangular shape similar thereto; a pentagonal shape, a hexagonal shape, etc.; as well as a generally polygonal shape similar thereto.
These kinds of plan view shapes of the respective concave portions may be used alone or in combination of any two or more thereof.
The plan view shape of the respective concave portions in the primary uneven structure is preferably at least one shape selected from the group consisting of an equilateral triangular shape, an isosceles right triangular shape, and a generally triangular shape similar thereto; a square shape, a rectangular shape, a rhombic shape, a parallelogram shape, a trapezoidal shape, and a generally quadrangular shape similar thereto; and a regular hexagonal shape, and a generally hexagonal shape similar thereto, more preferably at least one shape selected from the group consisting of a generally triangular shape, a generally quadrangular shape and a generally hexagonal shape, and even more preferably at least one shape selected from the group consisting of an equilateral triangular shape, a square shape, a rhombic shape and a regular hexagonal shape.
The plan view shape of the respective concave portions in the secondary uneven structure is preferably a quadrangular or higher polygonal shape or a generally polygonal shape similar thereto, and more preferably a hexagonal shape or a generally hexagonal shape similar thereto.
The suitable combination of the plan view shape of the respective concave portions in the primary uneven structure and the plan view shape of the respective concave portions in the secondary uneven structure is preferably a combination of at least one shape selected from the group consisting of a generally triangular shape, a generally quadrangular shape and a generally hexagonal shape as the plan view shape of the respective concave portions in the primary uneven structure, and a quadrangular or higher polygonal shape or a generally polygonal shape similar thereto as the plan view shape of the respective concave portions in the secondary uneven structure; more preferably a combination of at least one shape selected from the group consisting of a generally triangular shape and a generally quadrangular shape as the plan view shape of the respective concave portions in the primary uneven structure, and a generally hexagonal shape as the plan view shape of the respective concave portions in the secondary uneven structure; and even more preferably a combination of a generally regular triangular shape as the plan view shape of the respective concave portions in the primary uneven structure, and a generally hexagonal shape as the plan view shape of the respective concave portions in the secondary uneven structure.
Among them, from the same viewpoint as described above, the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention is preferably such a structure that a secondary uneven structure having a quadrangular or higher generally polygonal shape as a plan view shape thereof in which an average depth of the concave portions thereof is not less than 0.5 μm and not more than 7 μm, and an average opening area of the concave portions is not less than 40 μm2 and not more than 3600 μm2 is disposed inside of a primary uneven structure having a generally triangular shape or a generally quadrangular shape as a plan view shape thereof in which an average depth of a concave portions thereof is not less than 10 μm and not more than 250 μm, and an average opening area of the concave portions is not less than 0.01 mm2 and not more than 0.25 mm2.
In the case where the concavo-convex plate of the present invention has the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 5th relief or the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 2nd relief, as the vertical cross-sectional shape of the respective concave portions as taken on a plane cut in parallel with the Z-axis direction that is the direction of a thickness of the concavo-convex plate, there may be mentioned a semicircular shape, a semielliptical shape, a triangular shape, a quadrangular shape, such as a square shape, a rectangular shape, a trapezoidal shape, etc., and the like. Among these shapes, from the viewpoint of facilitating release of the resulting nonwoven fabric from the concavo-convex plate, the side face extending from an opening to a bottom of the respective concave portions is an inclined surface having a gradient. The vertical cross-sectional shape of the respective concave portions is preferably a semicircular shape, a semielliptical shape, an inverted triangular shape or an inverted trapezoidal shape from the same viewpoint as described above, and more preferably an inverted trapezoidal shape from the viewpoint of improving rub fastness of the resulting nonwoven fabric, allowing the nonwoven fabric to exhibit a good sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a good gloss feel and a good transparent feel, and further improving a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine.
Incidentally, in the case where the vertical cross-sectional shape is an inverted triangular shape or an inverted trapezoidal shape, corner portions located at lower positions of the inverted triangular shape or inverted trapezoidal shape may be formed into a slightly rounded shape.
In the case where the concavo-convex plate of the present invention has the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 5th relief or the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 2nd relief, as the shape of the three-dimensional structure of the respective concave portions of the concavo-convex plate, there may be mentioned a cylindrical shape, a semi-cylindrical shape, an elliptic cylindrical shape, a conical shape, a semi-conical shape, an elliptic conical shape, a truncated conical shape, a semi-truncated conical shape, an elliptic truncated conical shape, a prismatic shape, a pyramid shape, a truncated pyramid shape, and shapes similar to these shapes, as well as combinations of these shapes.
The shape of the three-dimensional structure of the respective concave portions of the concavo-convex plate whose vertical cross-sectional shape is an inverted trapezoid shape is preferably an inverted frustum shape whose opening area is larger than a bottom area thereof, and a generally inverted frustum shape similar thereto. Examples of the generally inverted frustum shape include an inverted truncated pyramidal shape, such as an inverted three-sided truncated pyramidal shape, an inverted four-sided truncated pyramidal shape, an inverted five-sided truncated pyramidal shape, an inverted six-sided truncated pyramidal shape, etc., and a generally inverted truncated pyramidal shape similar to these shapes, an inverted truncated conical shape, and a generally inverted truncated conical shape similar thereto, as well as combinations of these shapes. Among these shapes, from the viewpoint of improving rub fastness of the resulting nonwoven fabric, allowing the nonwoven fabric to exhibit a good sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a good gloss feel and a good transparent feel, and further improving a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine, preferred are a generally inverted polygonal truncated pyramidal shape and a generally inverted truncated conical shape, more preferred is a generally inverted polygonal truncated pyramidal shape, even more preferred are a generally inverted three-sided truncated pyramidal shape, a generally inverted rhombic truncated pyramidal shape and a generally inverted six-sided truncated pyramidal shape, and further even more preferred are an inverted three-sided truncated pyramidal shape, an inverted rhombic truncated pyramidal shape and an inverted six-sided truncated pyramidal shape.
The shape of the three-dimensional structure of the respective concave portions of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention as the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 5th relief is preferably a generally inverted polygonal truncated pyramidal shape or a generally inverted truncated conical shape, more preferably a generally inverted polygonal truncated pyramidal shape, and even more preferably a generally inverted three-sided truncated pyramidal shape.
The shape of the three-dimensional structure of the respective concave portions of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention as the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 2nd relief is preferably a generally inverted polygonal truncated pyramidal shape, and more preferably a generally inverted six-sided truncated pyramidal shape.
In the case where the shape of the three-dimensional structure of the respective concave portions of the aforementioned uneven structure is a generally inverted frustum shape, a ratio of an average length of opening portions of the concave portions to an average length of bottom portions of the concave portions [average length of opening portions/average length of bottom portions] is preferably more than 1.0, and is also preferably not more than 3.0, more preferably not more than 2.0, even more preferably not more than 1.5, further even more preferably not more than 1.3 and still further even more preferably not more than 1.2.
The average length of the opening portions and the average length of the bottom portions as used herein in the case where the shape of the three-dimensional structure of the respective concave portions is a generally inverted truncated conical shape, mean a diameter of a circle of the opening portion and a diameter of a circle of the bottom portion, respectively, whereas the average length of the opening portions and the average length of the bottom portions as used herein in the case where the shape of the three-dimensional structure of the respective concave portions is a generally inverted elliptic truncated conical shape mean an average value of a major axis diameter and a minor axis diameter of an ellipse of the opening portion and an average value of a major axis diameter and a minor axis diameter of an ellipse of the bottom portion, respectively. Also, the average length of the opening portions and the average length of the bottom portions as used herein in the case where the shape of the three-dimensional structure of the respective concave portions is a generally inverted polygonal truncated pyramidal shape, mean an average value of lengths of sides of a polygonal shape of the opening portion and an average value of lengths of sides of a polygonal shape of the bottom portion, respectively.
For example, as shown in
In addition, as shown in
The ascertainment and measurement of the aforementioned uneven structure may be carried out by the method described in Examples below.
In the case where the concave portions of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention as the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 5th relief respectively have a generally inverted frustum shape, the average length L(I) of the opening portions of the concave portions is preferably not less than 30 μm, more preferably not less than 50 μm and even more preferably not less than 100 μm, and is also preferably not more than 1000 μm, more preferably not more than 800 μm and even more preferably not more than 500 μm.
In the case where the concave portions of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention as the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 5th relief respectively have a generally inverted frustum shape, the average length L(II) of the bottom portions of the concave portions is preferably not less than 20 μm, more preferably not less than 35 μm and even more preferably not less than 70 μm, and is also preferably not more than 900 μm, more preferably not more than 500 μm and even more preferably not more than 300 μm.
The ratio of the average length L(I) of the opening portions to the average length L(II) of the bottom portions [L(I)/L(II)] in the concave portions of the concavo-convex plate is preferably more than 1.0, and is also preferably not more than 3.0, more preferably not more than 2.0, even more preferably not more than 1.5, further even more preferably not more than 1.3 and still further even more preferably not more than 1.2.
In the case where the concave portions of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention as the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 2nd relief respectively have a inverted frustum shape, the average length L(1) of the opening portions of the concave portions is preferably not less than 1 μm, more preferably not less than 5 μm and even more preferably not less than 10 μm, and is also preferably not more than 60 μm, more preferably not more than 50 μm, even more preferably not more than 40 μm and further even more preferably not more than 30 μm.
In the case where the concave portions of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention as the uneven structure capable of reproducing the aforementioned 2nd relief respectively have a inverted frustum shape, the average length L(2) of the bottom portions of the concave portions is preferably not less than 1 μm, more preferably not less than 3 μm and even more preferably not less than 10 μm, and is also preferably not more than 50 μm, more preferably not more than 30 μm and even more preferably not more than 20 μm.
The ratio of the average length L(1) of the opening portions to the average length L(2) of the bottom portions [L(1)/L(2)] in the concave portions of the concavo-convex plate is preferably more than 1.0, and is also preferably not more than 3.0, more preferably not more than 2.0, even more preferably not more than 1.5, further even more preferably not more than 1.3 and still further even more preferably not more than 1.2.
The material of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is capable of satisfying the aforementioned surface resistivity, and may be a resin or a metal. Among the concavo-convex plates composed of these materials, from the viewpoint of improving rub fastness of the resulting nonwoven fabric, allowing the nonwoven fabric to exhibit a good sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a good gloss feel and a good transparent feel, and further improving a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine, preferred is a concavo-convex plate including a conductive layer that is capable of satisfying the aforementioned surface resistivity.
The electrical resistivity (volume resistivity) of the conductive layer as measured at 20° C. is preferably not more than 1.0×10−6 Ω/m, more preferably not more than 1.0×10−7 Ω/m, even more preferably not more than 5.0×10−8 Ω/m, further even more preferably not more than 3.0×10−8 Ω/m and still further even more preferably not more than 2.0×10−8 Ω/m, and is also preferably not less than 1.0×10−8 Ω/m, more preferably not less than 1.3×10−8 Ω/m and even more preferably not less than 1.5×10−8 Ω/m.
Examples of the material constituting the conductive layer include copper, iron, platinum, stainless steel, aluminum, gold, and the like. Among these materials, preferred are copper, iron and platinum, and more preferred is copper.
The thickness of the conductive layer may be selectively determined according to the material constituting the conductive layer and the average depth of the concave portions of the uneven structure so as to satisfy the aforementioned surface resistivity.
The uneven shape of the surface of the nonwoven fabric which is derived from the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate can exhibit such an effect due to its rub fastness that the uneven shape is hardly wounded, and the defects if produced thereon are less remarkable. The reason why the uneven shape of the surface of the nonwoven fabric is hardly wounded is considered as follows. That is, it is considered that the convex portions of the uneven shape of the nonwoven fabric undergoes point contact and therefore becomes slippery, and further the convex portions are deformable, so that the stress applied thereto can be absorbed and relieved. Moreover, it is considered that since the continuous plane of the nonwoven fabric having the uneven shape is located at a portion lower than its convex portions, the plane portion of the nonwoven fabric tends to be hardly wounded, so that the effect of rendering the defects produced less remarkable can be attained.
Examples of the concavo-convex plate of the present invention include a gravure plate produced by a laser plate making (etching) process or an engraving plate making process, a metal texturing mold, and the like. There may also be used a concavo-convex plate formed of a conductive resin since it is capable of exhibiting the effects of the present invention by satisfying the aforementioned surface resistivity.
Among these plates, there is preferably used a conductive concavo-convex plate that is so designed that a pitch and a height of its unevenness are identical to those of the information of unevenness (texture information) of a desired skin portion of the user which portion has been photographed and analyzed to determine the texture information and to which portion the texture information is to be put on as the nonwoven fabric when transferred.
The skin color is different between individuals, and even in the same person, the texture of the skin varies depending upon portions of a face or a body of the person, or change in influence of light on aging of the skin by exposure to ultraviolet radiation. For this reason, as a concrete example of the skin texture information to be attained, there may be mentioned the information concerning a texture of an inside skin portion of an upper arm which undergoes less tanning. By acquiring such a skin texture information, it is possible to attain information concerning the texture of the skin which suffers less aging as compared to a face, etc., though the texture of the skin is inherent to the individual person. In addition, in the case of the person who has maintained long hairstyles for a long period of time and therefore whose nape (backside of neck) is almost free of exposure to ultraviolet radiation, by attaining the information on the texture of the skin of the nape, it is possible to obtain information of the texture of the skin close to the information concerning the texture of a skin of a face of the person which undergoes no aging. Thus, by forming the concavo-convex plate on the basis of the thus obtained information concerning the texture of the skin and producing the nonwoven fabric using the concavo-convex plate, the resulting nonwoven fabric having an uneven shape on the surface thereof can be attached to the skin.
The method of producing the concavo-convex plate of the present invention may be appropriately selected according to the material of the concavo-convex plate, the shape of the respective concave portions of the concavo-convex plate, etc. As the method of conveniently obtaining the high-quality concavo-convex plate at low costs, there may be used the method in which after applying a photosensitive agent to a plate having a conductive layer and then exposing the photosensitive agent applied to the plate to light, such as a laser, the resulting plate is subjected to chemical corrosion (chemical etching) with an acid. As one example of such a method, there may be mentioned a method of producing a gravure plate. In the method of producing a gravure plate, a copper-plating step, a polishing step and an etching step are conducted in sequence to form the concavo-convex plate. In the following, the copper-plating step, the polishing step and the etching step are sequentially explained.
First, a virgin roll to be processed for plate-making is subjected to ultrahigh precision cylindrical processing, and successively subjected to nickel plating and then copper plating to conduct correction of an eccentric amount of the roll.
Next, the roll for plate-making is subjected to Ballard process. The Ballard process is the method of manufacturing a gravure plate cylinder which has been invented by E. S. Ballard, Germany, in 1934, in which after polishing a copper-plated gravure cylinder (referred to as a copper-plated layer 1), a thin film of silver, etc., is subjected to displacement plating on the cylinder to form a release layer thereon, followed by further plating copper on the release layer until reaching a layer thickness (referred to as a copper-plated layer 2) capable of forming a desired plate and then polishing the copper-plated layer 2 to utilize the copper-plated layer 2 for plate making. After making use of the plated layer, by forming a cut in an edge of the plate cylinder, the copper-plated layer 2 can be easily released from the cylinder. By subjecting the plate cylinder again to formation of a copper-plated layer 2 thereon, the plate cylinder can be used for the next plate making process without any damages to an eccentric amount of the roll layer, etc. In addition, the plate released after the Ballard process can be used as an almost flat plate though it has a slight curvature. Therefore, the plate can be used as the concavo-convex plate of the present invention in an electrospinning method in which after forming the nonwoven fabric on the concavo-convex plate, the plate can also be used as a release sheet as described below.
The thickness of the copper-plated layer 2 after polishing is preferably controlled to the range of from X+20 μm to X+80 μm wherein X (μm) represents an average depth of the desired concave portions, from the viewpoint of improving handling properties of the concavo-convex plate after conducting the Ballard process and releasing the plate.
In addition, the portion of the copper-plated layer 2 having a thickness of about 20 to 30 μm is scraped off in the subsequent polishing step to smoothen the surface of the copper-plated layer 2, and therefore an initial plating thickness of the copper-plated layer 2 is preferably adjusted to the range of from X+40 μm to X+110 μm.
Next, in order to enhance a dimensional accuracy of the cylinder, the roll for plate making is polished with a silicon carbide-based grind stone while measuring the diameter of the roll for plate making and thereby changing the grind stone from a coarse one to a fine one, and finally subjected to buffing to conduct mirror finish thereof.
Next, a photosensitive agent is applied onto the surface of the copper-plated layer 2 of the mirror-finished roll for plate making, and then a laser light is irradiated to the plate such that the portions of the photosensitive agent which correspond to the convex portions of the uneven structure are exposed to the laser light. Thereafter, the resulting roll is immersed in a developing liquid to dissolve the portions of the photosensitive agent which correspond to the concave portions of the uneven structure, so that a part of the surface of the copper-plated layer 2 is exposed outside. Then, when the roll is immersed in an etching liquid, although the portion of the copper-plated layer 2 which is still covered with the photosensitive agent remains unchanged, copper of the portion of the copper-plated layer 2 which is exposed outside, i.e., the portion thereof corresponding to the respective concave portions, is dissolved in the etching liquid to thereby form the concave portions. Moreover, the roll for plate making is immersed in a releasing liquid for the photosensitive agent to remove the photosensitive agent remaining on the copper-plated layer 2 therefrom to thereby form the concave portions on the roll for plate making.
Incidentally, the exposure accuracy of the laser light irradiated presently reaches a resolution of 25,400 dpi in the industrially available level, so that the shape of the respective concave portions can be designed as finely as up to the unit of 1 μm.
In addition, in general, upon production of the gravure plate used for gravure printing, after forming cells (concave portions) therein, a protective film, such as a chromium plated layer, etc., may be generally formed on the copper-plated layer on the surface of the roll in order to impart good printing durability to the resulting gravure plate in the gravure printing process.
However, upon production of the gravure plate as the concavo-convex plate used in the present invention, there is no fear that the surface of the plate is rubbed with a roll or a doctor blade, unlike in the gravure printing. In addition, when depositing the nanofibers on the gravure plate by electrospinning, the gravure plate acts as a cathode, and therefore can be prevented from suffering from corrosion by cathode protection, so that it is possible to omit the treatment for forming a protective film, such as a chromium-plated layer, etc.
In addition, in the case where the concavo-convex plate of the present invention is used in the resin solution-type electrospinning method, it is also assumed that water is used as a solvent of a resin solution to be injected.
On the other hand, an etching liquid for etching copper which is used upon formation of the concave portions is partially incorporated into the metallic structure of the plate even after washing off the etching liquid, so that corrosion of the plate is accelerated more or less by water introduced thereinto by the electrospinning. However, in the present invention, by electrospinning, the gravure plate acts as a cathode and exhibits a cathode protection effect. Therefore, even in the case of using the resin solution-type electrospinning method as the electrospinning method of the present invention, it is possible to omit the treatment for forming a protective film, such as a chromium-plated layer, etc.
Moreover, by omitting the treatment for forming a protective film, such as a chromium-plated layer, etc., the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate can be prevented from being flattened by filling the concave portions with the chromium-plated layer deposited, so that it is possible to produce a gravure plate having a more highly precise uneven structure as compared to the conventional gravure plates using in gravure printing. More specifically, for example, although a printing image area of a gravure plate subjected to chromium plating process has a width of 26.0 μm, a gravure plate subjected to no chromium plating process can be directly used as such with its printing image area having a width of 12.5 μm, so that it is possible to sufficiently utilize a potential ability of a processing accuracy of the laser light for formation of the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate.
In the present invention, by repeating the steps including the application of the photosensitive agent through the chemical etching, it is possible to form a concave portion having another shape inside the previously formed respective concave portions in an overlapped manner. The method of forming the concave portions by chemical etching may be used not only for producing the gravure plate, but also for producing a textured concavo-convex plate used for production of a texturing mold that is in turn used for production of an artificial leather. The texturing mold has a complicated uneven structure by repeatedly conducting the etching step in two or three multiple stages.
In the present invention, by applying the photosensitive agent onto the surface of the gravure plate on which the uneven structure is formed, by an ink-jet printing method, it is possible to further add an uneven structure having a fine shape to the gravure plate. The respective horny cells have a configuration of from a polygonal shape to a circular shape having a major axis diameter of about 30 to 40 μm. Therefore, for example, in the case where the size of the respective droplets applied by an ink-jet printing method is not less than 1 pL and not more than 33 pL, each dot printed has a size of not less than 15 μm and not more than 50 μm, so that it is possible to form concave portions whose size is close to the size of the horny cell. From this viewpoint, the ink-jet printing method used in the present invention is suitable for production of a concavo-convex plate having an uneven structure imitating a surface configuration of the skin.
The process for producing the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention is such a process in which the aforementioned concavo-convex plate is used for producing the nonwoven fabric by an electrospinning method. The aforementioned concavo-convex plate may be disposed on a collector and used to inject a spinning solution onto the concavo-convex plate by an electrospinning method. In addition, the aforementioned concavo-convex plate may be used as a mold for forming an uneven structure in emboss processing, etc. From the viewpoint of improving rub fastness of the resulting nonwoven fabric, allowing the nonwoven fabric to exhibit a good sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a good gloss feel and a good transparent feel, and further improving a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine, the aforementioned concavo-convex plate is preferably used as the collector. More specifically, the process for producing the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention preferably includes the step of depositing the nanofibers on the uneven structure-bearing surface of the aforementioned concavo-convex plate used as the collector. By conducting such a step, it is possible to obtain the nonwoven fabric containing the nanofibers which is formed on the aforementioned concavo-convex plate.
The electrospinning method according to the present invention preferably includes the step of injecting at least a polymer compound A to deposit the nanofibers on the surface of the concavo-convex plate as the collector.
As the method of injecting the polymer compound A by the electrospinning method, there may be mentioned a resin solution-type electrospinning method (a) in which a resin solution prepared by dissolving the polymer compound A in a solvent is injected as an injection liquid, and a resin melt-type electrospinning method (b) in which a resin melt prepared by melting the polymer compound A is injected as an injection liquid.
Referring to
The cylinder 31a is filled with an injection liquid that contains the polymer compound A as a raw material of the nanofibers, and a solvent, if required together with the colorant. The details of the injection liquid are described hereinbelow. The high voltage supply 32 is, for example, a 10 to 30 kV direct voltage source. A positive electrode 32a of the high voltage supply 32 is electrically connected to the injection liquid in the syringe 31, with a negative electrode 32b of the high voltage supply 32 being grounded. The collector 33 is disposed such that its surface on which the nanofibers are deposited is formed into an uneven structure, and is grounded. The apparatus 30 shown in
Meanwhile, although in the apparatus 30 shown in
With a voltage applied between the syringe 31 and the collector 33, the plunger 31b of the syringe 31 is slowly forced into the cylinder to inject the injection liquid from the tip of the capillary 31c. The solvent in the thus injected liquid is allowed to vaporize, and the polymer compound A as a solute is formed into nanofibers and attracted onto the collector 33 while undergoing solidification, and further stretching and deformation, by the difference in electrical potential. In the case where the injection liquid contains the below-mentioned colorant, the colorant is partially incorporated into the polymer compound A in the course of its solidification. At this time, since the surface of the collector 33 has an uneven structure, it is possible to obtain the nonwoven fabric that also has a desired uneven shape on the surface thereof. From the principle of the production process, the nanofibers in the thus formed nonwoven fabric are respectively obtained as a continuous filament of infinite length.
Referring to
With a voltage applied between the syringe 41 and the collector 43, the aforementioned solid resin is heated by the heater 44, and melted in the syringe 41. The plunger 41b of the syringe 41 is then slowly forced into the cylinder to inject the molten resin from the tip of the capillary 41c. The thus injected molten resin is cooled by release of heat therefrom, and the polymer compound A is formed into nanofibers and attracted onto the collector 43 while undergoing solidification, and further stretching and deformation by the difference in electrical potential. In the case where the solid resin contains the colorant, the solid resin containing the colorant is spun similarly to the nanofibers, and the colorant is partially incorporated into the polymer compound A. At this time, since the surface of the collector 43 has the uneven structure, it is possible to obtain the nonwoven fabric that also has a desired uneven shape on the surface thereof. From the principle of the production process, the nanofibers in the thus formed nonwoven fabric are respectively obtained as a continuous filament of infinite length.
Incidentally, as the method of incorporating the colorant into the solid resin, there may be used an ordinary method for dispersing a colorant in a thermoplastic resin by heating and kneading, and the like.
The voltage applied in the electrospinning method is preferably not less than 10 kV and more preferably not less than 15 kV, and is also preferably not more than 35 kV and more preferably not more than 30 kV.
The distance between the tip of the capillary of the syringe and the collector is preferably set to not less than 30 mm and more preferably not less than 50 mm, and is also preferably set to not more than 300 mm and more preferably not more than 200 mm.
The average amount of the injection liquid injected is preferably not less than 0.3 mL/min and more preferably not less than 0.7 mL/min, and is also preferably not more than 2 mL/min and more preferably not more than 1.5 mL/min.
The ambient environmental temperature upon injection of the injection liquid is preferably not lower than 20° C. and more preferably not lower than 25° C., and is also preferably not higher than 45° C. and more preferably not higher than 40° C.
In addition, the ambient environmental humidity upon injection of the injection liquid is preferably not less than 10% RH and more preferably not less than 15% RH, and is also preferably not more than 50% RH and more preferably not more than 45% RH.
From the viewpoint of allowing the nonwoven fabric to remain on skin after being attached to the skin without dissolution thereof and improving rub fastness of the resulting nonwoven fabric, as well as from the viewpoint of allowing the nonwoven fabric to exhibit a good sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a good gloss feel and a good transparent feel, and further improving a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine, the nanofibers preferably contain at least a water-insoluble polymer compound, and more preferably are constituted of the water-insoluble polymer compound. In the case where the nanofibers contain the water-insoluble polymer compound, the water-insoluble polymer compound functions as a material for forming a skeleton of the nanofibers. For this reason, even after attaching the nonwoven fabric to the skin, at least a part of the nanofibers can be maintained in a fiber form without being dissolved in water, such as sweat, etc.
The term “water-insoluble polymer compound” as used in the present specification means a polymer compound whose solubility in water is less than 0.2 g as measured under the environmental conditions of 1 atm and 23° C. by weighing 1 g of the polymer compound, dipping the polymer compound in 10 g of ion-exchanged water and then allowing the polymer compound to stand in the dipped state for 24 hours.
The polymer compound A is a raw material of the nanofibers constituting the nonwoven fabric.
As the polymer compound A, there may be used either a natural polymer or a synthetic polymer.
The polymer compound A may be either water-soluble or water-insoluble. However, from the viewpoint of allowing the nonwoven fabric to remain on skin after being attached to the skin without dissolution thereof and improving rub fastness of the resulting nonwoven fabric, as well as from the viewpoint of allowing the nonwoven fabric to exhibit a good sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a good gloss feel and a good transparent feel, and further improving a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine, the polymer compound A preferably contains the water-insoluble polymer compound, and more preferably contains the water-insoluble polymer compound as a main component thereof.
The “main component” as used herein means a component that has a content of not less than 50% by mass on the basis of the whole amount of the polymer compound A.
Meanwhile, the water-insoluble polymer compound used in the present invention may also include such a water-soluble polymer compound that is rendered water-insoluble by subjecting the nanofibers produced therefrom to water-insolubilizing treatment.
Specific examples of the water-insoluble polymer compound include a hydroxy group-containing polymer compound, such as completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol, partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, an alkali-soluble cellulose, etc.; a nitrogen-containing functional group-containing polymer compound, e.g., an oxazoline-modified silicone, such as a poly(N-propanoylethyleneimine)-grafted dimethylsiloxane/γ-aminopropylmethylsiloxane copolymer, etc., zein (a main component of a corn protein), etc.; a polyester resin, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, a polylactic acid (PLA) resin, etc.; an acrylic resin, such as a polyacrylonitrile resin, a polymethacrylic acid resin, etc.; a polystyrene resin; a polyurethane resin; a polyamide resin; a polyimide resin; a polyamideimide resin; and the like. These water-insoluble polymer compounds may be used alone or in combination of any two or more thereof.
Of these water-insoluble polymer compounds, from the viewpoint of allowing the nonwoven fabric to remain on skin after being attached to the skin without dissolution thereof and improving rub fastness of the resulting nonwoven fabric, as well as from the viewpoint of allowing the nonwoven fabric to exhibit a good sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a good gloss feel and a good transparent feel, and further improving a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine, preferred is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the aforementioned hydroxy group-containing polymer compound, the aforementioned nitrogen-containing functional group-containing polymer compound and the aforementioned polyester resin, and more preferred are completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol that can be rendered water-insoluble by water-insolubilizing treatment, partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol that can be rendered water-insoluble by water-insolubilizing treatment by crosslinking, an alkali-soluble cellulose, an oxazoline-modified silicone, such as a poly(N-propanoylethyleneimine)-grafted dimethylsiloxane/γ-aminopropylmethylsiloxane copolymer, etc., zein, a water-soluble polyester resin, and the like. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of being rendered water-insoluble by water-insolubilizing treatment, even more preferred is at least one hydroxy group-containing polymer compound selected from the group consisting of completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol, partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol and an alkali-soluble cellulose, and further even more preferred is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol and an alkali-soluble cellulose.
The polyvinyl alcohols, such as completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol, partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol, etc., not only have a water solubility, but also can be rendered water-insoluble by subjecting them to water-insolubilizing treatment, such as crystallization treatment by heating and drying, or crosslinking treatment using a crosslinking agent, etc. The alkali-soluble cellulose can be rendered water-insoluble by subjecting it to water-insolubilizing treatment by a method of reducing an alkali concentration thereof by dilution or neutralization, etc., a method of raising an ambient environmental temperature, and the like.
The nanofibers constituting the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention may be formed of the aforementioned water-insoluble polymer compound solely, and may also be formed of both of the water-insoluble polymer compound and the water-soluble polymer compound. When the nanofibers contain the water-soluble polymer compound, the resulting nonwoven fabric can exhibit good bonding properties and adhesion properties to the skin. Upon the use of the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention, when applying, for example, a liquid material containing water to the surface of the skin, the water-soluble polymer compound in the nanofibers is dissolved in the liquid material by bringing the nonwoven fabric into contact with water, and the thus dissolved water-soluble polymer compound exhibits bonding properties and thereby acts as a binder, so that the nonwoven fabric can be improved in adhesion properties to the skin. Furthermore, the water-insoluble polymer compound forms a skeleton of the respective nanofibers, and therefore even after the water-soluble polymer compound is dissolved in the liquid material, a part of the nanofibers can maintain their fibrous configuration.
The term “water-soluble polymer compound” as used in the present specification means a polymer compound whose solubility in water is not less than 0.2 g as measured under the environmental conditions of 1 atm and 23° C. by weighing 1 g of the polymer compound, dipping the polymer compound in 10 g of ion-exchanged water and then allowing the polymer compound to stand in the dipped state for 24 hours.
In the case where the nanofibers are formed of the water-insoluble polymer compound and the water-soluble polymer compound, as the water-soluble polymer compound constituting the nanofibers, there may be mentioned, for example, natural polymers, e.g., mucopolysaccharides, such as pullulan, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, poly-γ-glutamic acid, modified corn starch, β-glucan, gluco-oligosaccharides, heparin, keratosulfate, etc., cellulose, pectin, xylan, lignin, glucomannan, galacturonic acid, psyllium seed gum, tamarind seed gum, gum arabic, tragacanth gum, soybean water-soluble polysaccharides, alginic acid, carrageenan, laminaran, agar (agarose), fucoidan, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and the like; and synthetic polymers, such as partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol (when not used in combination with the below-mentioned crosslinking agent), low-saponified polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyethyleneoxide, sodium polyacrylate, and the like. The polymer compound A may also contain any of these water-soluble polymer compounds in addition to the water-insoluble polymer compound. These water-soluble polymer compounds may be used alone or in combination of any two or more thereof.
Of these water-soluble polymer compounds, from the viewpoint of facilitating production of the nanofibers, at least one compound selected from the group consisting of pullulan, partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol, low-saponified polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene oxide is preferably used.
In the case where the polymer compound A contains the water-soluble polymer compound in addition to the water-insoluble polymer compound, the content of the water-soluble polymer compound on the basis of a total content of the water-insoluble polymer compound and the water-soluble polymer compound is preferably not more than 30% by mass and more preferably not more than 25% by mass, and is also preferably not less than 1% by mass and more preferably not less than 10% by mass. By adjusting the content of the water-soluble polymer compound to the aforementioned range, it is possible not only to attain sufficient bonding properties and adhesion properties of the nonwoven fabric when attached to the skin, but also to suppress adhesion between the nanofibers and aggregation of the colorant particles that may be used if required.
In the present invention, the nonwoven fabric obtained by an electrospinning method using the aforementioned concavo-convex plate is preferably a colored nonwoven fabric containing the nanofibers and a colorant from the viewpoint of improving a sense of unity of the nonwoven fabric with skin in appearance. The colored nonwoven fabric preferably has such a configuration as formed on the concavo-convex plate from the viewpoint of improving handling properties of the colored nonwoven fabric and allowing the concavo-convex plate to act as a release sheet.
In addition, the term “colored” as used in the present invention means the state of exhibiting a color derived from a colorant which is a concept including a white color and may be either a chromatic color or an achromatic color.
As the aforementioned colorant, from the viewpoint of improving a sense of unity of the nonwoven fabric with the skin in appearance, there are preferably used colorants that are capable of coloring the nanofibers to a color range in the vicinity of the complementary color for compensating a skin color of the user, for example, a yellow color, a blue to green color, a violet color, a brown color, etc.
In addition, from the viewpoint of enhancing a sense of unity of the colored nonwoven fabric according to to the present invention with the skin in appearance when attached to the skin, there are preferably used those colorants that are capable of coloring the nanofibers to a color close to the skin color of the user. In particular, from the viewpoint of effectively concealing the skin color unevenness (for example, such as facial redness, freckles, bags under eyes, spots, etc.) when attaching the colored nonwoven fabric to the skin, it is preferable to use colorants that are capable of coloring the nanofibers to the skin color of the user.
Examples of white colorants include white pigments, such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and the like.
Examples of non-white colorants having a color other than white include inorganic pigments, such as yellow iron oxide, red iron oxide, black iron oxide, carbon blacks, ultramarine blue, Prussian blue, blue titanium oxide, black titanium oxide, chromium oxide, chromium hydroxide, a titanium/titanium oxide sintered product, etc.; organic pigments, such as Red No. 201, Red No. 202, Red No. 226, Yellow No. 401, Blue No. 404, etc.; lake pigments, such as Red No. 104, Red. No. 230, Yellow No. 4, Yellow No. 5, Blue No. 1, etc.; dyes, such as Acid Yellow 1, Acid Orange 7, Food Blue 2, Acid Red 52, etc.; pigments or dyes coated with a resin, such as a polymethacrylic acid ester, etc.; and the like.
In addition, as the aforementioned colorant, there may be used nacreous pigments (pearlescent pigments) including inorganic particles, such as titanium oxide-coated mica (titanated mica), red iron oxide-coated mica, bismuth oxychloride, titanium oxide-coated bismuth oxychloride, iron oxide-coated titanated mica, organic pigment-coated titanated mica, silicic acid/titanium-treated mica, titanium oxide-coated talc, silicon dioxide/red iron oxide-treated aluminum, titanium oxide-coated glass powder, etc.; aluminum flakes whose surface is coated with an organic resin, such as polyethylene terephthalate, etc.; and the like.
The aforementioned colorant may be subjected to surface treatments from the viewpoint of improving dispersibility thereof. As the surface treatments, there may be mentioned hydrophobization treatments in which ordinary cosmetic particles are treated with various kinds of hydrophobizing agents. Examples of the hydrophobization treatments include silicone treatment, fatty acid treatment, lauroyl lysine treatment, surfactant treatment, metal soap treatment, fluorine compound treatment, lecithin treatment, nylon treatment, and polymer treatment.
In the case where titanium oxide, zinc oxide, etc., for example, are used as the aforementioned colorant, from the viewpoint of improving dispersibility of the colorant as well as from the viewpoint of improving water resistance and sweat resistance of the resulting colored nonwoven fabric, the surface of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, etc., is preferably subjected to the hydrophobization treatments.
The aforementioned colorants may be used alone or in combination of any two or more thereof according to the color of the colored nonwoven fabric as aimed. From the viewpoint of enhancing a sense of unity of the colored nonwoven fabric with the skin in appearance when attached to the skin, it is preferable to use two or more colorants that are different in color from each other. For example, a red colorant, a yellow colorant and a black colorant have been generally used in combination with each other to adjust the skin color. However, a blue colorant or a white colorant may be further used in combination with these colorants.
The aforementioned colorant is preferably used in the form of polymer particles containing the colorant (hereinafter also referred to as “colorant-containing polymer particles”) from the viewpoint of achieving uniform coloration as well as from the viewpoint of improving water resistance of the resulting colored nonwoven fabric. The colorant-containing polymer particles may have any configuration as long as the particles are formed of the colorant and a dispersive polymer. Examples of the configuration of the colorant-containing polymer particles include the particle configuration in which the colorant is coated with the dispersive polymer, the particle configuration in which the colorant is enclosed in the dispersive polymer, the particle configuration in which the colorant is uniformly dispersed in the dispersive polymer, and the particle configuration in which the colorant is exposed onto the surface of the respective polymer particles, etc., as well as a mixture of these particle configurations.
The dispersive polymer constituting the colorant-containing polymer particles as used herein means a polymer with which the colorant can be dispersed in a medium. From the viewpoint of improving dispersibility of the colorant, the dispersive polymer is preferably an ionic group-containing polymer. As the ionic group-containing polymer, there may be used an anionic group-containing anionic polymer and a cationic group-containing cationic polymer.
The anionic polymer preferably includes those polymers containing a group that is capable of releasing hydrogen ions upon dissociation thereof to allow the polymer to exhibit acidity, such as a carboxy group (—COOM), a sulfonic acid group (—SO3M), a phosphoric acid group (—OPO3M2), etc., or those polymers containing an acid group including dissociated ion forms of these groups (such as —COO®, —SO3−, —OPO32− and —OPO3−M), and the like. In the aforementioned chemical formulae, M is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, ammonium or an organic ammonium.
Specific examples of the basic skeleton of the anionic polymer include an acrylic polymer, a polyester, a polyurethane, and the like. Of these polymers, preferred is the acrylic polymer.
More specifically, the anionic polymer is preferably an anionic acrylic polymer containing a constitutional unit derived from an acid group-containing monomer.
As the acid group-containing monomer, preferred is a carboxy group-containing monomer, more preferred is at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, citraconic acid and 2-methacryloyloxymethylsuccinic acid, and even more preferred is (meth)acrylic acid.
The term “(meth)acrylic acid” as used herein means at least one compound selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
The anionic polymer is preferably a polymer containing the constitutional unit derived from the acid group-containing monomer and a constitutional unit derived from a (meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester; more preferably a polymer containing the constitutional unit derived from the acid group-containing monomer, the constitutional unit derived from the (meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester and a constitutional unit derived from a (N-alkyl)(meth)acrylamide; even more preferably a (meth)acrylic acid/(meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester/(N-alkyl)(meth)acrylamide copolymer; and further even more preferably an acrylic acid/acrylic acid alkyl ester/(N-alkyl)acrylamide copolymer.
Examples of commercially available products of the anionic acrylic polymer include ((meth)acrylic acid/(meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester/(N-alkyl)alkyl acrylamide) copolymer AMP, such as “Plascize L-9909B” available from GOO Chemical Co., Ltd., and the like. Examples of the other polymers containing a constitutional unit derived from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid as an anionic group thereof which can be used in the cosmetic applications include “Aniset KB-100H” and “Aniset NF-1000” both available from Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd.; “Ultrahold 8”, “Ultrahold Strong” and “Ultrahold Power” all available from BASF; “Plascize L-9900”, “Plascize L-9540B”, “Plascize L-9600U”, “Plascize L-9715”, “Plascize L-53”, “Plascize L-6330”, “Plascize L-6466”, “Plascize L-6740B”, “Plascize L-53D for Color A” and “Plascize L-75CB” all available from GOO Chemical Co., Ltd.; and the like.
The cationic polymer is preferably a polymer containing a cationic group, such as a protonic acid salt of a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group, and a quaternary ammonium group, etc.
As the cationic polymer, there may be mentioned a natural cationic polymer and a synthetic cationic polymer.
Examples of the natural cationic polymer include a polymer obtained from a natural substance by subjecting the substance to treatments such as extraction, refining, etc., and a modified polymer obtained by chemically modifying the polymer, e.g., a polymer containing a glucose residue in a skeleton of the polymer. Specific examples of the natural cationic polymer include cationized guar gum; cationized tara gum; cationized locust bean gum; cationized cellulose; cationized hydroxyalkyl cellulose; cationic starch; and the like.
Examples of the synthetic cationic polymer include polyethyleneimine, polyallylamine or an acid-neutralized product thereof, a polyglycol-polyamine condensate, cationic polyvinyl alcohol, cationic polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a cationic silicone polymer, a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate polymer or an acid-neutralized product thereof, poly(trimethyl-2-methacryloyloxyethyl ammonium chloride), an amine/epichlorohydrin copolymer, an N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate diethyl sulfuric acid salt/vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer, an N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate diethyl sulfuric acid salt/N,N-dimethyl acrylamide/dimethacrylic acid polyethylene glycol copolymer, poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride), a diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride/acrylamide copolymer, a diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride/sulfur dioxide copolymer, a diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride/hydroxyethyl cellulose copolymer, a 1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride/vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer, an alkylamino (meth)acrylate/vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer, an alkylamino (meth)acrylate/vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl caprolactam copolymer, a (3-(meth)acrylamido propyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride/vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer, an alkylaminoalkyl acrylamide/alkyl acrylamide/(meth)acrylate/polyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate copolymer, and the like. These synthetic cationic polymers may be used alone or in combination of any two or more thereof.
As commercially available products of the cationic polymer, preferred are those cationic polymers that can be used in the cosmetic applications. Examples of the commercially available products of the cationic polymer include “H.C. Polymer 3M” and “H.C. Polymer 5” both available from Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd.; “Plascize L-514” available from GOO Chemical Co., Ltd.; and the like. Among these cationic polymers, from the viewpoint of improving a sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a gloss feel and a transparent feel of the resulting colored nonwoven fabric, preferred is a cationic silicone polymer.
The cationic silicone polymer is preferably a poly(N-acylalkyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer containing an organopolysiloxane segment (x), and a poly(N-acylalkyleneimine) segment (y) composed of an alkylene group containing a cationic nitrogen atom bonded to at least one silicon atoms of the segment (x) and an N-acylalkyleneimine repeating unit represented by the following general formula (1-1).
In the formula (1-1), R1 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having not less than 1 and not more than 22 carbon atoms, an aryl group having not less than 6 and not more than 22 carbon atoms, or an arylalkyl or alkylaryl group having not less than 7 and not more than 22 carbon atoms; and a is a number of 2 or 3.
In the formula (1-1), R1 is preferably an alkyl group having not less than 1 and not more than 3 carbon atoms and more preferably an ethyl group, and a is preferably 2.
As the organopolysiloxane forming the segment (x), there may be mentioned, for example, a compound represented by the following general formula (1-2):
In the formula (1-2), R2 is an alkyl group having not less than 1 and not more than 22 carbon atoms, a phenyl group or an alkyl group containing a nitrogen atom, and a plurality of R2 groups may be the same or different from each other, with the proviso that at least one of the R2 groups is an alkyl group containing a cationic nitrogen atom; and b is a number of not less than 100 and not more than 5,000.
The poly(N-acylalkyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer is preferably a copolymer that is formed by bonding the segment (y) to at least one of the silicon atoms present at a terminal end or side chain of the segment (x) through the alkylene group containing the cationic nitrogen atom.
The mass ratio of the content of the segment (x) to the total content of the segment (x) and the segment (y) [content of segment (x)/total content of segment (x) and segment (y)] in the poly(N-acylalkyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer is preferably not less than 0.1, more preferably not less than 0.3 and even more preferably not less than 0.4, and is also preferably not more than 0.99, more preferably not more than 0.95, even more preferably not more than 0.9, further even more preferably not more than 0.8 and still further even more preferably not more than 0.7.
In the present specification, the mass ratio [content of segment (x)/total content of segment (x) and segment (y)] means a ratio of a mass (Mx) of the segment (x) to a total amount of the mass (Mx) of the segment (x) and a mass (My) of the segment (y) in the poly(N-acylalkyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer.
The mass ratio [content of segment (x)/total content of segment (x) and segment (y)] may be calculated from an integration ratio between the alkyl group or the phenyl group in the segment (x) and the methylene group in the segment (y) which may be determined by a nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis in which the poly(N-acylalkyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer is dissolved in deuterated chloroform to prepare a 5% by mass solution thereof, and the thus obtained solution is subjected to the NMR analysis.
The weight-average molecular weight of the poly(N-acylalkyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer is preferably not less than 10,000, more preferably not less than 50,000 and even more preferably not less than 70,000, and is also preferably not more than 1,000,000, more preferably not more than 500,000 and even more preferably not more than 200,000. The weight-average molecular weight of the poly(N-acylalkyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer may be calculated from the weight-average molecular weight of the organopolysiloxane forming the segment (x) and the aforementioned mass ratio [content of segment (x)/total content of segment (x) and segment (y)].
Examples of the suitable poly(N-acylalkyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer include a poly(N-formylethyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer, a poly(N-acetylethyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer, a poly(N-propionylethyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer, and the like.
The poly(N-acylalkyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer may be produced by the method in which the poly(N-acylalkyleneimine) as a ring-opening polymerization product of a cyclic iminoether is reacted with the organopolysiloxane forming the segment (x). More specifically, the poly(N-acylalkyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer may be produced, for example, by the method described in JP 2011-126978A. The poly(N-acylalkyleneimine)/organopolysiloxane copolymer as the cationic silicone polymer may be used alone or in combination of any two or more kinds thereof.
Incidentally, the weight-average molecular weight of the dispersive polymer other than the aforementioned cationic silicone polymer may be measured by gel permeation chromatography [GPC apparatus: “HLC-8320GPC” available from Tosoh Corporation; columns: “TSKgel Super AWM-H”, “TSKgel Super AW3000” and “TSKgel guardcolumn Super AW-H” all available from Tosoh Corporation; flow rate: 0.5 mL/min] using a solution prepared by dissolving phosphoric acid and lithium bromide in N,N-dimethylformamide such that concentrations of phosphoric acid and lithium bromide in the resulting solution are 60 mmol/L and 50 mmol/L, respectively, as an eluent, and using kits of monodisperse polystyrenes having previously known molecular weights [PStQuick B (F-550, F-80, F-10, F-1, A-1000), PStQuick C (F-288, F-40, F-4, A-5000, A-500)] all available from Tosoh Corporation as a reference standard substance.
Upon the aforementioned measurement of the weight-average molecular weight of the polymer, as a sample to be measured, there can be used a solution prepared by mixing 0.1 g of the polymer with 10 mL of the aforementioned eluent in a glass vial, stirring the resulting mixture with a magnetic stirrer at 25° C. for 10 hours, and then subjecting the mixture to filtration treatment through a syringe filter “DISMIC-13HP” (PTFE; 0.2 μm) available from Advantec Co., Ltd.
In the case where the aforementioned colorant is used in the form of pigment particles or colorant-containing polymer particles, it is preferred that the size of the pigment particles or the colorant-containing polymer particles (hereinafter collectively referred to as “colorant particles”) is generally similar to the thickness (fiber diameter) of the nanofibers, or smaller than or larger than the thickness of the nanofibers. In the case where the size of the colorant particles is generally similar to or smaller than the thickness of the nanofibers, it is possible to reduce occurrence of the color unevenness of the colored nonwoven fabric on the skin even when the colored nonwoven fabric is of a thin sheet shape. On the other hand, in the case where the size of the colorant particles is larger than the thickness of the nanofibers, it is possible to express and create an uneven shape on the surface of the nanofibers due to the colorant particles. By expressing and creating the uneven shape, irregular reflection of light is caused on the surface of the nanofibers, so that it is possible to improve a sense of unity with skin in appearance, a gloss feel and a transparent feel of the colored nonwoven fabric, and further improve a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine.
In the case where the aforementioned colorant is used in the form of the colorant particles, the volume-average particle size of the colorant particles is preferably not less than 10 nm and more preferably not less than 50 nm, and is also preferably not more than 1,000 nm and more preferably not more than 900 nm.
In addition, in the case where the thickness of the nanofibers lies within the below-mentioned range, the volume-average particle size of the colorant particles relative to the thickness of the nanofibers as calculated in terms of a ratio thereof assuming that the thickness of the nanofibers is regarded as being 100% is preferably not less than 20% and more preferably not less than 30%, and is also preferably not more than 95% and more preferably not more than 90%.
When the volume-average particle size of the colorant particles lies within the aforementioned range, there may be formed such a configuration that the colorant particles are partially enclosed in the nanofibers, and it is therefore possible to suppress aggregation of the colorant particles, reduce occurrence of the color unevenness of the colored nonwoven fabric on the skin even in the case where the colored nonwoven fabric has a thin sheet shape, enhance a sense of unity of the colored nonwoven fabric with the skin in appearance, and further improve a skin texture and suppress occurrence of skin shine. Furthermore, in such a case, it is possible to wet the colored nonwoven fabric even with a small amount of a liquid material when attached to the skin.
The volume-average particle size of the colorant particles may be measured by the method described in Examples below.
As the colorant, there may be used not only the colorant particles having an average particle size as small as not more than 1,000 nm, but also a pigment having an average particle size of more than 1,000 nm. Some of white pigments, such as plate-shaped titanium oxide or zinc oxide, or nacreous pigments (pearlescent pigments) may have an average particle size of more than 1,000 nm. These pigments have not only a function as the colorant, but also a function of enhancing diffuse transmission of light, and therefore can also exhibit a function of rendering a boundary between the colored nonwoven fabric attached and its surrounding regions blurred, or a function of suppressing reflection of light on the surface of the colored nonwoven fabric to thereby reduce difference in brightness of light thereon. For this reason, by using these particles in combination with each other, it is possible to reduce the color unevenness of the colored nonwoven fabric on the skin, enhance a sense of unity of the colored nonwoven fabric with the skin in appearance, and further improve a skin texture and suppress occurrence of skin shine.
In the case where the pearlescent pigment is used as the aforementioned colorant, a desired amount of the pearlescent pigment can be uniformly applied to the colored nonwoven fabric in a more convenient manner than being put on the colored nonwoven fabric later. In addition, by entangling the pearlescent pigment with the nanofibers, it is possible to exhibit the effect of suppressing falling-off of the pearlescent pigment from the colored nonwoven fabric owing to surface rubbing after attaching the colored nonwoven fabric to the skin. Moreover, since the pearlescent pigment often has a high surface hardness, it is possible to allow the colored nonwoven fabric to exhibit excellent releasability when releasing and removing the colored nonwoven fabric from the collector.
The content of the colorant in the colored nonwoven fabric according to the present invention may vary depending upon the kind of colorant used, and is preferably not less than 1% by mass and more preferably not less than 15% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 60% by mass, more preferably not more than 55% by mass and even more preferably not more than 50% by mass, from the viewpoint of allowing the colorant to exhibit a sufficient coloring power.
The content of the colorant based on the nanofibers in the colored nonwoven fabric according to the present invention may vary depending upon the kind of colorant used. The content of the colorant based on the nanofibers in the colored nonwoven fabric as calculated in terms of a ratio thereof assuming that the content of the nanofibers in the colored nonwoven fabric is regarded as being 100% by mass is preferably not less than 40% by mass, more preferably not less than 45% by mass, even more preferably not less than 50% by mass, further even more preferably not less than 55% by mass and still further even more preferably not less than 60% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 110% by mass, more preferably not more than 100% by mass, even more preferably not more than 95% by mass and further even more preferably not more than 90% by mass, from the viewpoint of allowing the colorant to exhibit a sufficient coloring power. That is, the content of the colorant based on the nanofibers in the colored nonwoven fabric according to the present invention as calculated on the basis of 100 parts by mass of the nanofibers in the colored nonwoven fabric is preferably not less than 40 parts by mass, more preferably not less than 45 parts by mass, even more preferably not less than 50 parts by mass, further even more preferably not less than 55 parts by mass and still further even more preferably not less than 60 parts by mass, and is also preferably not more than 110 parts by mass, more preferably not more than 100 parts by mass, even more preferably not more than 95 parts by mass and further even more preferably not more than 90 parts by mass, from the same viewpoint as described above.
In the present invention, in the case where the organic pigment, lake pigment or dye is used as the colorant, the colored nonwoven fabric tends to be readily colored. Therefore, in such a case, even when the content of the colorant based on the nanofibers as calculated in terms of a ratio thereof assuming that the content of the nanofibers in the colored nonwoven fabric is regarded as being 100% by mass, is as small as about not less than 1% by mass and about not more than 10% by mass, that is, the content of the colorant based on the nanofibers in the colored nonwoven fabric as calculated on the basis of 100 parts by mass of the nanofibers in the colored nonwoven fabric is as small as about not less than 1 part by maw and about not more than 10 parts by mass, it is possible to obtain the colored nonwoven fabric that is uniformly colored without color unevenness.
The content of the colorant in the colored nonwoven fabric and the content of the colorant based on the nanofibers may be measured as follows. That is, the resulting colored nonwoven fabric is dipped and dissolved in a solvent that is capable of dissolving the colored nonwoven fabric, if required while further applying a mechanical force by means of an ultrasonic cleaning device, etc., thereto, and then filtration of the obtained solution and washing of the filtration residue are repeated to separate solid components therefrom, followed by drying the solid components to measure a mass of the thus dried product by using scales, etc.
The nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric according to the present invention (hereinafter also collectively referred to as a “nonwoven fabric of the present invention”) may also contain the other components in addition to the nanofibers formed of the polymer compound A and optionally the colorant that may be used if required. Examples of the other components include powder components other than the aforementioned colorant (e.g., resin powders, such as a polyethylene resin powder or a silicone-based resin powder, etc.), as well as a crosslinking agent, a fragrance, a surfactant and an antistatic agent. The crosslinking agent may be used, for example, for the purpose of subjecting the aforementioned partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol to crosslinking reaction to render the polyvinyl alcohol water-insoluble. The other components except for the powder components other than the aforementioned colorant may be contained in the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric in such an amount that a total content thereof preferably falls within the range of not less than 0.01% by mass and not more than 2% by mass.
In the process for producing the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention, when coloring the nanofibers with the colorant, examples of the coloring method include a method of injecting the polymer compound A and the colorant at the same time by an electrospinning method to form the colored nanofibers, and a method of injecting the polymer compound A by an electrospinning method to form uncolored nanofibers, and then coloring the uncolored nanofibers with the colorant. Among these methods, preferred is the method of injecting the polymer compound A and the colorant at the same time by an electrospinning method to form the colored nanofibers (hereinafter also referred to as a “method (i)”), or the method of injecting the polymer compound A by an electrospinning method to form uncolored nanofibers, and then coloring the uncolored nanofibers with the colorant (hereinafter also referred to as a “method (ii)”).
In the case of using the method (i), the process for producing the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention preferably includes the following step 1-1:
Step 1-1: injecting the polymer compound A and the colorant at the same time by an electrospinning method to deposit colorant-containing nanofibers on the surface of the aforementioned concavo-convex plate used as a collector, thereby obtaining the colored nonwoven fabric.
In the step 1-1, as the method of injecting the polymer compound A and the colorant at the same time, preferred is the method of injecting the polymer compound A and the colorant commonly from the same capillary.
In the case where the electrospinning method used in the step 1-1 is the resin solution-type electrospinning method (a), there is used an injection liquid containing the polymer compound A and the colorant. In this case, the content of the colorant based on the content of the polymer compound A in the injection liquid as calculated in terms of a ratio thereof assuming that the content of the polymer compound A in the injection liquid is regarded as being 100% by mass, is preferably not less than 30% by mass, more preferably not less than 35% by mass, even more preferably not less than 40% by mass and further even more preferably not less than 50% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 110% by mass, more preferably not more than 100% by mass, even more preferably not more than 95% by mass and further even more preferably not more than 90% by mass. That is, the content of the colorant based on the content of the polymer compound A in the injection liquid as calculated on the basis of 100 parts by mass of the content of the polymer compound A in the injection liquid is preferably not less than 30 parts by mass, more preferably not less than 35 parts by mass, even more preferably not less than 40 parts by mass and further even more preferably not less than 50 parts by mass, and is also preferably not more than 110 parts by mass, more preferably not more than 100 parts by mass, even more preferably not more than 95 parts by mass and further even more preferably not more than 90 parts by mass.
The content of the polymer compound A in the injection liquid is preferably not less than 2% by mass, more preferably not less than 3% by mass and even more preferably not less than 4% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 20% by mass, more preferably not more than 15% by mass and even more preferably not more than 10% by mass.
In the present specification, when using two or more kinds of colorants, the content of the colorant as used herein means a total content of the two or more kinds of colorants, and when using two or more kinds of polymer compounds as the polymer compound A, the content of the polymer compound A as used herein means a total content of the two or more kinds of polymer compounds.
In the case of using the injection liquid containing the polymer compound A and the colorant, from the viewpoint of suppressing precipitation or aggregation of the colorant particles when using the aforementioned colorant particles as the colorant to attain a desired color development effect, and from the viewpoint of suppressing recrystallization and deposition of dyes in the solvent when using the dyes as the colorant to attain a desired color development effect, as well as from the viewpoint of suppressing clogging of flow paths with the injection liquid in the electrospinning apparatus, it is preferred that a solution or dispersion containing the colorant is prepared separately from the resin solution containing the polymer compound A, and the thus prepared solution or dispersion containing the colorant is mixed with the resin solution containing the polymer compound A before using them in the electrospinning method to thereby prepare the injection liquid. Since the thus prepared injection liquid is improved in dispersibility of the colorant therein, the nanofibers formed tend to be uniformly colored, and the injection liquid tends to hardly cause clogging of the capillary.
The solution or dispersion containing the colorant which is prepared separately from the solution containing the polymer compound A can be obtained by dissolving or dispersing the colorant in a liquid medium. The liquid medium may be appropriately selected and used according to the kind of colorant used. Among them, a volatile liquid medium that can exhibit volatility at a normal temperature (25° C.) under 1 atm is preferably used as the liquid medium. When using such a volatile liquid medium, it is possible to easily remove the liquid medium upon production of the nanofibers by an electrospinning method. From this viewpoint, water or an organic solvent is preferably used as the liquid medium. Examples of the organic solvent include acetone, isoparaffin (light liquid isoparaffin), ethanol, and silicone compounds, such as cyclomethicones, e.g., octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, etc., dimethicones, e.g., octamethyltrisiloxane, dodecamethylpentasiloxane, etc., methyltrimethicone, etc., and the like. Of these organic solvents, the silicone compounds may be used from the viewpoint of ensuring safety to the skin.
The content of the colorant in the solution or dispersion containing the colorant is preferably not less than 3% by mass, more preferably not less than 5% by mass and even more preferably not less than 10% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 50% by mass, more preferably not more than 40% by mass, even more preferably not more than 30% by mass and further even more preferably not more than 20% by mass, from the viewpoint of satisfying both of the coloring effect for the colored nonwoven fabric and uniformity of the coloration.
When the content of the colorant in the solution or dispersion containing the colorant is controlled to not less than 3% by mass, a sufficient coloring effect for the colored nonwoven fabric can be attained, whereas when the content of the colorant in the solution or dispersion containing the colorant is controlled to not more than 50% by mass, dispersibility of the pigment and solubility of the dyes in the solution or dispersion can be improved, so that it is possible to effectively prevent deterioration in quality of the colored nonwoven fabric owing to aggregation of the pigment particles and deposition of the dyes, etc.
The colorant may be crushed into a predetermined size before preparing the solution or dispersion to control a particle size thereof, or may be dissolved therein in a molecular state.
The solution or dispersion containing the colorant may also contain, in addition to the colorant, a dispersant for enhancing dispersibility of the colorant or a defoaming agent for preventing the solution or dispersion from foaming.
Various kinds of surfactants may be used as the dispersant. Among these surfactants, an anionic surfactant and a nonionic surfactant are preferably used.
Examples of the anionic surfactant include fatty acid metal salts, alkylsulfates, alkylethersulfates, alkylphosphates, alkyletherphosphates and the like. Specific examples of the anionic surfactant include sodium laurylsulfate, sodium polyoxyethylene laurylethersulfate, sodium polyoxyethylene lauryletherphosphate, sodium polyoxyethylene oleyletherphosphate, and the like.
Examples of the nonionic surfactant include polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, glycerol fatty acid esters, propylene glycol fatty acid esters, fatty acid sorbitan esters, sucrose fatty acid esters, fatty acid mono(di)ethanolamides, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters, fatty acid polyoxyethylene sorbitol esters, polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil, and the like. Specific examples of the nonionic surfactant include polyoxyethylene octyl dodecyl ether, glycerol monostearate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sucrose fatty acid esters, coconut oil fatty acid diethanolamide, polyethylene glycol monostearate, polyethylene glycol monooleate, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene glycerol monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol tetraoleate, polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil, and the like.
These surfactants may be used alone or in combination of any two or more thereof.
In the case where the solution or dispersion containing the colorant contains the dispersant, the content of the dispersant in the solution or dispersion containing the colorant is preferably not less than 0.1% by mass and more preferably not less than 1% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 10% by mass and more preferably not more than 6% by mass, from the viewpoint of fully enhancing dispersibility of the colorant.
When using the two or more kinds of surfactants in combination with each other as the dispersant, the total content of the surfactants in the solution or dispersion is preferably controlled to the aforementioned range.
The defoaming agent is preferably a silicone-based defoaming agent. Examples of the silicone-based defoaming include dimethylsilicone oil, silicone oil compounds, silicone emulsions, polyether-modified polysiloxane, and fluorosilicone oils.
In the case where the solution or dispersion containing the colorant contains the defoaming agent, the content of the defoaming agent in the solution or dispersion containing the colorant is preferably not less than 0.01% by mass and more preferably not less than 0.1% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 2% by mass, more preferably not more than 1.5% by mass and even more preferably not more than 0.5% by mass, from the viewpoint of suppressing foaming of the solution or dispersion.
Upon preparation of the dispersion containing the colorant, the aforementioned respective components may be mixed with a liquid medium, such as water or an organic solvent, etc., and dispersed in the liquid medium using a disperser while deaggregating the colorant. Examples of the disperser include media mills, such as a ball mill, a bead mill, etc.; and a disper.
As the solution or dispersion containing the colorant, two or more solutions or dispersions which are different in composition from each other may be previously prepared, and two or more such solutions or dispersions may be used at an appropriate mixing ratio according to the aimed color of the colored nonwoven fabric. For example, one of the two or more solutions or dispersions containing the colorant may be prepared in the form of a solution or dispersion that contains only a white pigment (hereinafter also referred to as a “white solution or dispersion”), and the remaining solution(s) or dispersion(s) may be prepared in the form of a solution or dispersion that contains one or more pigments other than the white pigment (hereinafter also referred to as a “non-white solution or dispersion”). From the viewpoint of attaining higher freedom of color matching, it is preferred to prepare the injection liquid for electrospinning by mixing the white solution or dispersion and the one or more non-white solutions or dispersions with the resin solution containing the polymer compound A. For instance, in the case where such a colored nonwoven fabric as colored in skin tone is to be produced, it is preferred that the white solution or dispersion is used in combination with the non-white solution or dispersion.
In addition, in the case where the colorant particles are used in the form of colorant-containing polymer particles, it is preferred that the colorant water dispersion used in the below-mentioned water-based ink for ink-jet printing is used as the dispersion containing the colorant which is used for preparing the injection liquid.
The solution containing the polymer compound A which is used in combination with the solution or dispersion containing the colorant is appropriately selected and used according to the kind of polymer compound A or the kind of solution or dispersion containing the colorant. For example, in the case where the solution or dispersion containing the colorant is in the form of an aqueous solution or water dispersion containing water as a main medium, the solution containing the polymer compound A is also preferably in the form of either an aqueous solution or a water-soluble organic solvent solution from the viewpoint of attaining good compatibility therebetween. From the same viewpoint as described above, in the case where the solution or dispersion containing the colorant is a solution or dispersion containing an organic solvent as a main medium, the solution containing the polymer compound A is preferably in the form of an organic solvent solution that is compatible with the organic solvent.
In the case where the solution containing the polymer compound A contains, for example, a water-insoluble polymer compound as the polymer compound A and water as a medium for the water-insoluble polymer compound, it is possible to use a water-soluble polymer compound that can be rendered water-insoluble by subjecting it to water-insolubilizing treatment after forming the nanofibers, in combination therewith. The use of water as the medium is especially advantageous when producing the nanofibers containing the water-soluble polymer compound in addition to the water-insoluble polymer compound.
For example, in the case of using the aforementioned polyvinyl alcohol or alkali-soluble cellulose, by depositing the nanofibers on the surface of the collector by an electrospinning method and then subjecting the resulting colored nonwoven fabric to water-insolubilizing treatment in which the colored nonwoven fabric is heated, rinsed with water or dried to remove a neutralizing agent therefrom, it is possible to obtain the colored nonwoven fabric that contains the nanofibers containing a water-insoluble polymer compound formed of the polyvinyl alcohol or alkali-soluble cellulose.
The preferred heating conditions for the water-insolubilizing treatment include a heating temperature of 20 to 200° C. and a heating time of 1 to 200 minutes.
In the case of using the water-soluble polymer compound that can be rendered water-insoluble after deposition or formation of the nanofibers, there may also be used a mixed solution prepared by dispersing and dissolving the water-soluble polymer compound that can be subsequently rendered water-insoluble and another water-soluble polymer compound commonly in the same solvent. In this case, as the solvent, there may be used water as described above. In addition, a mixed solvent containing water and a water-soluble organic solvent may also be used in place of the water.
As the other example of the solution containing the polymer compound A, there may be mentioned a solution that contains a water-soluble polymer compound and a water-insoluble polymer compound that can be dissolved in an organic solvent compatible with water, and a mixed solvent containing water and the organic solvent. Examples of the combination of the water-insoluble polymer compound and the organic solvent which may be used in the solution include a combination of an oxazoline-modified silicone with ethanol or methanol, and a combination of a zein with ethanol or acetone.
As the still other example of the solution containing the polymer compound A, there may be mentioned a solution prepared by dissolving a water-soluble polymer compound that can be dissolved in water and an organic solvent and a water-insoluble polymer compound that can be dissolved in the organic solvent, in the organic solvent. Examples of the combination of the water-soluble polymer compound and the water-insoluble polymer compound which can be used in the solution include a combination of hydroxypropyl cellulose with polyvinyl butyral.
Even though the solution containing the polymer compound A is any type of the aforementioned solutions, the content of the polymer compound A in the solution (in the case where two or more kinds of polymer compounds are used as the polymer compound A, it means a total content of the two or more polymer compounds as described above) may vary depending upon the saturation solubility of the resin used, and is preferably not less than 3% by mass, more preferably not less than 5% by mass and even more preferably not less than 10% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 35% by mass, more preferably not more than 25% by mass and even more preferably not more than 20% by mass.
When the solution containing the polymer compound A and the solution or dispersion containing the colorant are mixed with each other to prepare the injection liquid for electrospinning, in the case where the content of the polymer compound A in the solution containing the polymer compound A and the content of the colorant in the solution or dispersion containing the colorant respectively fall within the aforementioned ranges, the content of the solution containing the polymer compound A in the whole amount of the injection liquid is preferably not less than 40% by mass and more preferably not less than 50% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 95% by mass, more preferably not more than 93% by mass and even more preferably not more than 90% by mass.
(Method (ii))
In the case where the method (ii) of injecting the polymer compound A by an electrospinning method to form uncolored nanofibers and then coloring the uncolored nanofibers with the colorant is used as the method for coloring the nanofibers, examples of the method of applying the colorant to the nanofibers include an ink-jet printing method; and an analog printing method, such as gravure printing, flexographic printing, offset printing, screen printing, etc. Of these printing methods, from the viewpoint of improving a sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a gloss feel and a transparent feel of the resulting colored nonwoven fabric by the coloration, preferred is an ink-jet printing method.
In the ink-jet printing method, droplets containing the colorant (ink) are directly applied onto a material to be printed while keeping a printing apparatus, etc., in non-contact with the material. Therefore, the ink-jet printing method is capable of applying the colorant to the preliminarily prepared uncolored nonwoven fabric without any physical damage thereto to thereby enable production of the colored nonwoven fabric.
In addition, since the amount of the colorant applied can be controlled independently of the amount of the polymer compound A injected, it is possible to broaden a color region of the coloration which can be achieved by the colored nonwoven fabric. Furthermore, since the colorant having a different solubility from that of the polymer compound A can be used in the ink-jet printing method, it is possible to increase the degree of freedom of designing of the colorant and facilitate control of storage stability of the injection liquid.
As the method of applying the ink-jet printing method to the aforementioned coloration, there may be mentioned the method of applying an ink containing the colorant to the preliminarily prepared uncolored nonwoven fabric by an ink-jet printing method, and the method of preliminarily applying an ink containing the colorant onto the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate as a collector by an ink-jet printing method, and then depositing the uncolored nanofibers on the uneven structure-bearing surface of the collector to which the colorant has been applied.
In the case where the preliminarily prepared uncolored nonwoven fabric is subjected to ink-jet printing, the ink applied thereto is retained in a void layer of the nonwoven fabric which is formed by the nanofibers in the nonwoven fabric, by a capillary attraction force. For this reason, the ink has a dot shape close to a true circle, and therefore can also be prevented from suffering from occurrence of intercolor bleeding (color mixture). In this case, the image quality of the resulting colored nonwoven fabric is similar to that of an analog printed material, so that a contour of the colored nonwoven fabric attached is obscured mildly, whereby it is possible to improve a sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a gloss feel and a transparent feel of the resulting colored nonwoven fabric, and obtain makeup images capable of imparting gentle impression.
On the other hand, in the method of preliminarily applying the colorant to the uneven structure of the concavo-convex plate as the collector by an ink-jet printing method and then depositing the uncolored nanofibers on the uneven structure-bearing surface of the collector to which the colorant has been applied, since the ink is preliminarily filled in the concavo-convex portions of the surface of the concavo-convex plate as the collector, it is possible to form an image pattern that can be hardly designed by an ordinary ink-jet printing method, such as those image patterns having not only a true circle shape, but also a square shape, a triangular shape, a honeycomb shape constituted of continuously arranged hexagonal shapes, etc., on the colored nonwoven fabric. In this case, the resulting colored nonwoven fabric has such an image quality as being capable of providing makeup images imparting an intellectual virtual reality-like impression whose contour is sharply accentuated like those obtained by a line-drawing digital device, such as a display, etc.
In the case of using the method (ii) in the process for producing the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention, from the viewpoint of allowing the nonwoven fabric to exhibit a good sense of unity with the skin in appearance, a good gloss feel and a good transparent feel, and further improving a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine, the production process preferably includes the following step 2-1 and step 2-2.
Step 2-1: injecting the polymer compound A by an electrospinning method to deposit the nanofibers on the surface of the aforementioned concavo-convex plate used as the collector, thereby obtaining an uncolored nonwoven fabric; and
Step 2-2: applying the colorant to the uncolored nonwoven fabric obtained in the step 2-1 by an ink-jet printing method to obtain the colored nonwoven fabric.
In the electrospinning method of the step 2-1, there may be used any of the aforementioned resin solution-type electrospinning apparatus and resin melt-type electrospinning apparatus.
In the case of using the resin solution-type electrospinning apparatus, it is preferred that when injecting the polymer compound A, the aforementioned solution containing the polymer compound A is used as the injection liquid containing the polymer compound A.
The content of the polymer compound A in the injection liquid used in the step 2-1 (in the case where two or more kinds of polymer compounds are used as the polymer compound A, it means a total content of the two or more polymer compounds as described previously) may vary depending upon the saturation solubility of the resin used, and is preferably not less than 2% by mass, more preferably not less than 3% by mass and even more preferably not less than 4% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 20% by mass, more preferably not more than 15% by mass and even more preferably not more than 10% by mass.
The colorant used in the ink-jet printing method of the step 2-2 is preferably used in the form of a water-based ink whose viscosity is controlled so as to render raw materials used for ordinary cosmetics ejectable by ink-jetting, for example, may be controlled to not more than 20 mPa·s. The term “water-based” as used herein means that water has a largest content among components of a medium contained in the water-based ink.
When applying the colorant by the ink-jet printing method, the components other than the colorant may be respectively applied in a necessary amount to a necessary position. The application of the other components is also preferably used in the case where functional chemicals are driven into the void layer of the colored nonwoven fabric to retain the chemicals therein or in the case where the nanofibers are dissolved or swelled to control the shape or thickness of the nanofibers in the colored nonwoven fabric.
The method of ejecting the ink which can be used in the ink-jet printing method is not particularly limited, and may be any of an electro-mechanical conversion method such as a piezoelectric method, etc., an electro-thermal conversion method, such as a thermal method, etc., and the like.
The water-based ink for ink-jet printing contains a pigment water dispersion, a dye aqueous solution, or a colorant water dispersion prepared by dispersing a colorant, such as a pigment or a dye, with a water-dispersive polymer, and may be produced by adding an organic solvent, water and various additives thereto.
The term “water-dispersive polymer” as used in the present specification means a polymer with which the colorant can be dispersed in a water-based medium. From the viewpoint of improving dispersibility of the colorant, the water-dispersive polymer used in the ink is preferably an ionic group-containing polymer, more preferably an anionic group-containing anionic polymer and a cationic group-containing cationic polymer. Examples of the anionic group-containing anionic polymer and the cationic group-containing cationic polymer include the same polymers as illustrated above as to the dispersive polymer.
The content of the colorant in the water-based ink is preferably not less than 1% by mass, more preferably not less than 2% by mass, even more preferably not less than 3% by mass and further even more preferably not less than 4% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 20% by mass, more preferably not more than 15% by mass, even more preferably not more than 10% by mass and further even more preferably not more than 8% by mass, from the viewpoint of improving storage stability and ejection durability of the water-based ink as well as from the viewpoint of enhancing optical density of the ink on the colored nonwoven fabric upon printing.
The content of water in the water-based ink is preferably not less than 50% by mass, more preferably not less than 60% by mass and even more preferably not less than 75% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 95% by mass, more preferably not more than 94% by mass and even more preferably not more than 93% by mass, from the viewpoint of improving storage stability and ejection durability of the water-based ink.
The static surface tension of the water-based ink as measured at 20° C. is preferably not less than 25 mN/m, more preferably not less than 30 mN/m and even more preferably not less than 32 mN/m, and is also preferably not more than 45 mN/m, more preferably not more than 40 mN/m and even more preferably not more than 38 mN/m, from the viewpoint of improving ejection durability of the water-based ink.
The viscosity of the water-based ink as measured at 35° C. is preferably not less than 1 mPa·s, more preferably not less than 1.5 mPa·s and even more preferably not less than 2 mPa·s, and is also preferably not more than 10 mPa·s, more preferably not more than 7 mPa·s and even more preferably not more than 4 mPa·s, from the viewpoint of improving ejection durability of the water-based ink.
The static surface tension of the water-based ink as measured at 20° C. and the viscosity of the water-based ink as measured at 35° C. may be measured by the respective methods described in Examples below.
The aforementioned water-based ink may also contain various additives that are usually used in water-based inks from the viewpoint of controlling physical properties of the ink. Examples of the additives include a wetting agent, a penetrant, a dispersant, such as a surfactant, etc., a viscosity controller, such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, etc., a defoaming agent, such as a silicone oil, etc., a mildew-proof agent, a rust preventive, and the like.
Examples of the wetting agent and the penetrant include polyhydric alcohols and ethers or acetates of the polyhydric alcohols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol), 1,2-hexanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, trimethylol propane, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, etc. Of these wetting agents and penetrants, preferred are propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol), 1,2-hexanediol, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, triethylene glycol and trimethylol propane.
In addition, the polyhydric alcohols may also be used in the form of an alkyleneoxide adduct thereof. Examples of the preferred alkyleneoxide adduct of the polyhydric alcohols include a glycerin-modified ethyleneoxide adduct.
Examples of the surfactant include a nonionic surfactant, such as an ethyleneoxide adduct of acetylenediol, a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, etc., and the like.
The volume-average particle size of the colorant particles in the aforementioned water-based ink in the case of using a non-white colorant is preferably not less than 30 nm, more preferably not less than 50 nm and even more preferably not less than 60 nm, and is also preferably not more than 180 nm, more preferably not more than 150 nm and even more preferably not more than 125 nm, from the viewpoint of suppressing clogging of nozzles to thereby improve ejection durability of the ink as well as from the viewpoint of improving dispersion stability of the colorant particles.
The volume-average particle size of the colorant particles in the aforementioned water-based ink in the case of using a white colorant is preferably not less than 150 nm, more preferably not less than 240 nm and even more preferably not less than 290 nm, and is also preferably not more than 1000 nm, more preferably not more than 500 nm, even more preferably not more than 350 nm and further even more preferably not more than 330 nm, from the same viewpoint as described above.
The volume-average particle size of the colorant particles in the water-based ink may be measured by the method described in Examples below.
The aforementioned colorant water dispersion may be produced by the method of dispersing the colorant particles in water. In the case where the colorant dispersed with the water-dispersive polymer is used as the colorant particles, the process for producing the colorant water dispersion preferably includes the following step I and step II, though it is not necessarily limited thereto.
Step I: subjecting a colorant mixture containing water, the colorant, the water-dispersive polymer and an organic solvent to dispersion treatment to obtain a colorant dispersion liquid; and
Step II: removing the organic solvent from the colorant dispersion liquid obtained in the step I to obtain the colorant water dispersion.
The step I is the step of subjecting a colorant mixture containing water, the colorant, the water-dispersive polymer and an organic solvent to dispersion treatment to obtain a colorant dispersion liquid.
The content of the water-dispersive polymer in the colorant mixture is preferably not less than 1% by mass, more preferably not less than 3% by mass and even more preferably not less than 5% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 15% by mass, more preferably not more than 12% by mass and even more preferably not more than 10% by mass, from the viewpoint of improving dispersion stability of the colorant water dispersion and storage stability and ejection durability of the resulting water-based ink.
The mass ratio of the content of the colorant to the content of the water-dispersive polymer [colorant/water-dispersive polymer] in the colorant mixture is preferably not less than 1, more preferably not less than 1.5 and even more preferably not less than 2, and is also preferably not more than 4, more preferably not more than 3.5 and even more preferably not more than 3, from the viewpoint of improving dispersion stability of the colorant water dispersion and storage stability and ejection durability of the resulting water-based ink.
The organic solvent used in the step I preferably has high affinity to the water-dispersive polymer and good wettability to the colorant. As the organic solvent, preferred are organic solvents having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as aliphatic alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters and the like. Examples of the aliphatic alcohols include n-butanol, tertiary butanol, isobutanol, diacetone alcohol, and the like. Examples of the ketones include methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and the like. Examples of the ethers include dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and the like. Of these organic solvents, from the viewpoint of improving wettability to the colorant and adsorptivity of the water-dispersive polymer upon the coloration as well as from the viewpoint of improving safety problems owing to the residual organic solvent when attached to the skin, preferred are ethanol and isopropanol, and more preferred is ethanol.
The content of the organic solvent in the colorant mixture is preferably not less than 10% by mass, more preferably not less than 20% by mass and even more preferably not less than 30% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 50% by mass, more preferably not more than 45% by mass and even more preferably not more than 40% by mass, from the viewpoint of improving wettability of the colorant and adsorptivity of the water-dispersive polymer to the colorant. Meanwhile, in the case where two or more organic solvents are contained in the colorant mixture, the total amount of the two or more organic solvents is calculated as the amount of the aforementioned organic solvent, and it is hereinafter defined in the same way.
The mass ratio of the content of the water-dispersive polymer to the content of the organic solvent [water-dispersive polymer/organic solvent] in the colorant mixture is preferably not less than 0.10, more preferably not less than 0.15 and even more preferably not less than 0.20, and is also preferably not more than 0.60, more preferably not more than 0.50 and even more preferably not more than 0.40, from the viewpoint of improving wettability of the colorant and adsorptivity of the polymer to the colorant.
The total content of water and the organic solvent in the colorant mixture is preferably not less than 50% by mass, more preferably not less than 55% by mass and even more preferably not less than 60% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 85% by mass, more preferably not more than 80% by mass and even more preferably not more than 75% by mass, from the viewpoint of improving dispersion stability of the colorant water dispersion as well as from the viewpoint of enhancing productivity of the colorant water dispersion.
The mass ratio of the content of the organic solvent to the content of water [organic solvent/water] in the colorant mixture is preferably not less than 0.20, more preferably not less than 0.40 and even more preferably not less than 0.60, and is also preferably not more than 1, more preferably not more than 0.90 and even more preferably not more than 0.80, from the viewpoint of controlling wettability of the colorant to thereby accelerate dispersion of the colorant as well as from the viewpoint of improving adsorptivity of the water-dispersive polymer to the colorant.
In the case where the ionic group-containing polymer is used as the water-dispersive polymer, from the viewpoint of improving dispersion stability of the colorant water dispersion as well as storage stability and ejection durability of the resulting water-based ink, the ionic groups contained in the water-dispersive polymer are preferably neutralized in the step I using a neutralizing agent. When using the neutralizing agent, the ionic groups contained in the water-dispersive polymer are neutralized such that the pH value of the resulting colorant water dispersion preferably falls within the range of from 7 to 11.
In the case where the ionic groups contained in the water-dispersive polymer are anionic groups, examples of the neutralizing agent include hydroxides of alkali metals; volatile bases, such as ammonia, etc.; and organic amines, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, triethanolamine, tributylamine, etc. Of these neutralizing agents, from the viewpoint of improving dispersion stability of the colorant water dispersion as well as storage stability and ejection durability of the resulting water-based ink, preferred are hydroxides of alkali metals and volatile bases, and more preferred are hydroxides of alkali metals. As the hydroxides of alkali metals, preferred is sodium hydroxide.
The neutralizing agent is preferably used in the form of an aqueous neutralizing agent solution from the viewpoint of sufficiently accelerating the neutralization. These neutralizing agents may be used alone or in the form of a mixture of any two or more thereof.
In the case where a hydrophobic pigment, such as a hydrophobized titanium oxide, hydrophobized zinc oxide, etc., is used as the colorant, it is preferred that the step I preferably includes the following steps I-1 and I-2 in which a cationic silicone polymer and an anionic polymer are used in combination with each other as the water-dispersive polymer.
Step I-1: suspending the hydrophobized hydrophobic pigment using the cationic silicone polymer to obtain a suspension of the hydrophobic pigment; and
Step I-2: adding the anionic polymer to the suspension of the hydrophobic pigment obtained in the step I-1 to obtain a colorant mixture, and then subjecting the colorant mixture to dispersion treatment to obtain a colorant dispersion liquid.
By conducting the step I-1, a hydrophobic silicone moiety of the cationic silicone polymer is adsorbed onto the surface of the hydrophobic pigment, whereas a hydrophilic cationic moiety of the cationic silicone polymer is oriented to the side of the medium, so that the colorant particles can be suspended in such a stable state that they possess a positive zeta potential.
Then, by adding the anionic polymer in the step I-2, the anionic polymer is adsorbed onto the cationic groups of the cationic silicone polymer adsorbed onto the hydrophobic pigment to thereby disperse the colorant particles in such a state that they possess a negative zeta potential, whereby it is possible to obtain a stable dispersion even when using the hydrophobic pigment.
In the case where the non-white colorant is used in the step I, the volume-average particle size of the colorant particles in the colorant dispersion liquid obtained after the dispersion treatment is preferably not less than 30 nm, more preferably not less than 50 nm and even more preferably not less than 60 nm, and is also preferably not more than 180 nm, more preferably not more than 150 nm and even more preferably not more than 125 nm.
In the case where the white colorant is used in the step I, the volume-average particle size of the colorant particles in the colorant dispersion liquid obtained after the dispersion treatment is preferably not less than 150 nm, more preferably not less than 240 nm and even more preferably not less than 290 nm, and is also preferably not more than 1000 nm, more preferably not more than 500 nm, even more preferably not more than 350 nm and further even more preferably not more than 330 nm, from the viewpoint of improving dispersion stability of the white colorant (for example, such as titanium oxide), suppressing foaming of the dispersion liquid and improving defoaming properties thereof.
The volume-average particle size of the colorant particles in the colorant dispersion liquid may be measured by the method described in Examples below.
The colorant particles may be atomized into fine particles having a desired volume-average particle size only by a substantial dispersion treatment by applying a shear stress thereto. However, it is preferred that the colorant mixture is first subjected to a preliminary dispersion treatment, and then further to the substantial dispersion treatment so as to control the volume-average particle size of the obtained colorant particles to a desired value.
In the preliminary dispersion treatment, there may be used ordinary mixing or stirring devices such as an anchor blade, a disper blade, etc. Of these devices, preferred are high-speed stirring mixers, such as “Ultra Disper” (tradename) available from Asada Iron Works Co., Ltd., “Ebara Milder” (tradename) available from Ebara Corporation, “TK Homomixer” (tradename) and “TK ROBOMIX” (tradename) both available from Primix Co., Ltd., and the like.
As a means for applying a shear stress in the substantial dispersion treatment, there may be used, for example, kneading machines, such as roll mills, kneaders, extruders, etc., high-pressure homogenizers, such as “MICROFLUIDIZER” (tradename) available from Microfluidics Corporation, etc., and media-type dispersers, such as paint shakers, beads mills, etc. Examples of the commercially available media-type dispersers include “Ultra Apex Mill” (tradename) available from Kotobuki Industries Co., Ltd., “Pico Mill” (tradename) available from Asada Iron Works Co., Ltd., and the like. These devices may be used in combination of any two or more thereof. Among these devices, the high-pressure homogenizers are preferably used from the viewpoint of reducing a particle size of the colorant.
In the case where the substantial dispersion treatment is conducted using the high-pressure homogenizer, the particle size of the colorant can be adjusted to a desired value by controlling the treating pressure and the number of passes through the homogenizer in the dispersion treatment.
The treating pressure used in the substantial dispersion treatment is preferably not less than 60 MPa, more preferably not less than 100 MPa and even more preferably not less than 150 MPa, and is also preferably not more than 250 MPa, more preferably not more than 200 MPa and even more preferably not more than 180 MPa.
Also, the number of passes through the homogenizer used in the dispersion treatment is preferably not less than 3, more preferably not less than 10 and even more preferably not less than 15, and is also preferably not more than 30, more preferably not more than 25 and even more preferably not more than 20.
The step II is the step of removing the organic solvent from the colorant dispersion liquid obtained in the step I, thereby obtaining the colorant water dispersion.
In the step II, the mass ratio of the content of the organic solvent to the content of water [organic solvent/water] in the colorant dispersion liquid that is subjected to removal of the organic solvent therefrom is preferably not less than 0.10, more preferably not less than 0.15 and even more preferably not less than 0.20, and is also preferably not more than 0.50, more preferably not more than 0.40 and even more preferably not more than 0.30, from the viewpoint of attaining progressive dispersion of the colorant by improving wettability of the colorant as well as from the viewpoint of improving adsorptivity of the polymer to the colorant.
The method of removing the organic solvent is not particularly limited, and may be conducted by any suitable conventionally known methods. Incidentally, a part of water contained in the colorant dispersion liquid may be removed together with the organic solvent at the same time.
The temperature and time used upon removal of the organic solvent may be appropriately selected according to the kind of organic solvent to be removed.
The organic solvent is preferably substantially completely removed from the aforementioned colorant water dispersion. However, the residual organic solvent may be present in the colorant water dispersion unless the objects and advantageous effects of the present invention are adversely affected by the residual organic solvent. The content of the residual organic solvent in the colorant water dispersion is preferably not more than 0.1% by mass and more preferably not more than 0.01% by mass.
The concentration of non-volatile components in the colorant water dispersion (solid content of the colorant water dispersion) is preferably not less than 10% by mass, more preferably not less than 15% by mass and even more preferably not less than 18% by mass, and is also preferably not more than 30% by mass, more preferably not more than 25% by mass and even more preferably not more than 22% by mass, from the viewpoint of improving dispersion stability of the colorant water dispersion as well as from the viewpoint of facilitating production of the water-based ink. The solid content may be measured by the method described in Examples below.
In the present invention, from the viewpoint of enhancing a sense of unity of the colored nonwoven fabric with the skin in appearance, and suitably controlling a gloss feel and a transparent feel of the colored nonwoven fabric, a colorant may be further applied to the resulting colored nonwoven fabric by an ink-jet printing method. More specifically, the production process of the present invention may further include the following step 3. The ink-jet printing method used in the step 3 may be conducted using the aforementioned colorant in the form of a water-based ink by the same method as in the aforementioned step 2-2. By conducting the step 3, it is possible to make suitable adjustment between the skin color of the user and the color of the colored nonwoven fabric when attaching the colored nonwoven fabric to the skin, and further improve a skin texture and suppressing occurrence of skin shine. In addition, in the step 3, it is also possible to apply decoration or makeup, such as design patterns, characters, tattoos, etc., to the colored nonwoven fabric.
Step 3: further applying a colorant to the resulting colored nonwoven fabric by an ink-jet printing method to obtain a colored nonwoven fabric which is further colored with the colorant.
In the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention (the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric according to the present invention), the nanofibers are entangled with each other, whereby the nonwoven fabric and the colored nonwoven fabric are respectively capable of maintaining a sheet-like configuration by themselves.
The thickness of the respective nanofibers in the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric according to the present invention as represented by an equivalent circle diameter thereof is preferably not less than 10 nm, more preferably not less than 50 nm and even more preferably not less than 80 nm, and is also preferably not more than 3,000 nm, more preferably not more than 1,000 nm and even more preferably not more than 700 nm. The thickness of the respective nanofibers may be measured, for example, by observing the nanofibers by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at a magnification of 10,000 times, in which optional 10 nanofibers are selected from those in the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric, and a line perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the respective nanofibers is drawn to directly read a fiber diameter of the nanofiber.
The configuration of the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention is preferably a thin sheet-like shape from the viewpoint of attaching the nonwoven fabric to the skin of the user upon use. From the viewpoint of improving handling properties of the nonwoven fabric when attaching the nonwoven fabric to the skin of the user upon use, the thickness of the nonwoven fabric is preferably not less than 50 nm, more preferably not less than 500 nm, even more preferably not less than 1 μm and further even more preferably not less than 5 μm, and is also preferably not more than 1 mm, more preferably not more than 500 μm, even more preferably not more than 300 μm and further even more preferably not more than 100 μm. By adjusting the thickness of the nonwoven fabric to the aforementioned range, a difference in level between the edge portion of the nonwoven fabric and the skin of the user tends to be hardly caused, so that a sense of unity of the nonwoven fabric with the skin of the user in appearance can be enhanced. In addition, when attaching the nonwoven fabric onto fine uneven portions on the skin, for example, skin portions of fine wrinkles or pores, it is possible to conceal these fine wrinkles or pores. From the same viewpoint as described above, the basis weights of the nonwoven fabric and the colored nonwoven fabric are respectively preferably controlled to the range of not less than 0.01 g/m2 and more preferably not less than 0.1 g/m2, and also preferably controlled to the range of not more than 100 g/m2 and more preferably not more than 50 g/m2.
The thickness of the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention may be measured by the method described in Examples below.
The nonwoven fabric according to the present invention may have either a single layer structure that is formed of the nanofibers and optionally the colorant that may be used if required, or a multi-layer structure that is formed by laminating the nonwoven fabric containing the nanofibers and optionally the colorant that may be used if required, and the other sheet(s) on each other. As the other sheet(s) which may be used in combination with the nonwoven fabric, for example, from the viewpoint of supporting the nonwoven fabric prior to its use as well as from the viewpoint of enhancing handling properties thereof there may be used a substrate sheet. In the case where the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention has a small thickness, the nonwoven fabric can be used in combination with the substrate sheet to attain good handling properties of the nonwoven fabric when attached to the skin.
The substrate sheet is preferably used in the form of a mesh sheet.
In the present invention, by using the mesh sheet as the substrate sheet, when depositing the nanofibers on the concavo-convex plate, the nanofibers can be allowed to reach the concavo-convex plate having the uneven structure through pores of the mesh sheet, so that it is possible to obtain the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric that is provided with the mesh sheet as a core material while maintaining an uneven shape thereof. In this case, the mesh opening of the mesh sheet is preferably controlled to from 20 to 200 meshes/inch, especially preferably from 50 to 150 meshes/inch. In addition, the wire diameter of meshes of the mesh sheet is preferably from 10 to 200 μm, especially preferably from 30 to 150 μm. The material of the mesh sheet is preferably the same material as that of the nanofibers, though it is not particularly limited thereto.
The nonwoven fabric according to the present invention may also be provided with a release sheet. In this case, it is preferred that the release sheet is releasably laminated on the nonwoven fabric. With such a construction, after adhering the side of the nonwoven fabric, for example, to the skin, the release sheet may be peeled off and removed from the nonwoven fabric, whereby it is possible to transfer the nonwoven fabric to the skin. From this viewpoint, it is preferred that the release sheet is directly laminated on the surface of the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric.
The Taber stiffness of the release sheet is preferably from 0.01 to 0.4 mN·m and more preferably from 0.01 to 0.2 mN·m from the viewpoint of improving handling properties of the colored nonwoven fabric. The Taber stiffness may be measured by “Stiffness Testing Method” prescribed in JIS P8125: 2000.
The thickness of the release sheet may vary depending upon a material of the release sheet, and is preferably from 5 to 500 μm and more preferably from 10 to 300 μm from the viewpoint of improving handling properties of the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric. The thickness of the release sheet may be measured by the same method as used for measuring the thickness of the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention.
In the present invention, when using the concavo-convex plate as the collector, the concavo-convex plate may also be used as the release sheet for the nonwoven fabric and the colored nonwoven fabric. More specifically, in the configuration of laminating the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric on the concavo-convex plate, after opposing the side of the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric to the skin, the surface of the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric is attached onto the skin. Then, the concavo-convex plate is peeled off and removed from the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric, whereby only the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric remains attached to the skin. According to this method, it is possible to easily attach the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric to the skin even though the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric has a small thickness and therefore a low stiffness.
The release sheet preferably has slight heat shrinkability from the viewpoint of improving transfer properties of the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric to the skin. With the heat shrinkability of the release sheet, by heating the side of the release sheet after attaching the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric to the skin, the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric can be readily peeled and separated from the release sheet, so that it is possible to attain a good releasing state of the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric while reducing a physical force applied to the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric to a minimum level.
The release sheet is preferably so designed as to be releasable dividedly in parts from the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric. The release sheet having a small area can be released only by applying a weak force thereto. However, if it is intended to release the release sheet having a large area at the same time, it will be necessary to apply a large force thereto, which might result in deteriorated releasability thereof in some cases. In consequence, the release sheet is divided into parts to reduce a maximum value of a released area of the sheet to which a release force is applied simultaneously upon the releasing, so that it is possible to prevent a tension force exceeding durability of the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric from being applied thereto.
The release sheet also preferably has air permeability. When suitably selecting a material through which fibers or liquids are impermeable, but water vapor or air is permeable as the material of the release sheet, it is possible to release the release sheet from the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric even though the surface of the nonwoven fabric or the colored nonwoven fabric has a fine uneven shape. More specifically, the Gurley air permeability of the release sheet is preferably not more than 30 seconds/100 mL and more preferably not more than 20 seconds/100 mL. The Gurley air permeability of the release sheet may be measured by the method prescribed in JIS P8117: 2009. The lower limit of the Gurley air permeability of the release sheet may be determined in consideration of the aforementioned Table stiffness of the release sheet, and the like.
The nonwoven fabric according to the present invention (nonwoven fabric or colored nonwoven fabric) is preferably used by attaching the nonwoven fabric to the skin of the user. The nonwoven fabric according to the present invention (nonwoven fabric or colored nonwoven fabric) is more preferably used, for example, as a skin patch sheet. Examples of the more concrete applications of the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention include cosmetic seals for makeup, skin-protective sheets, UV-protective sheets, and the like.
When attaching the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention to the skin of the user, an attachment assistant agent may be applied to the skin, and then the nonwoven fabric may be attached to the portion of the skin to which the attachment assistant agent is applied. More specifically, it is preferred that for example, after wetting the skin of the user with a liquid material or wetting the surface of the nonwoven fabric with the liquid material as the attachment assistant agent, the surface of the nonwoven fabric is brought into contact with the skin. With this procedure, it is possible to suitably adhere the nonwoven fabric to the skin by the action of surface tension.
As the method of keeping the surface of the skin or the nonwoven fabric in a wet state, there may be mentioned, for example, a method of spreading or spraying the liquid material thereonto. As the liquid material to be spread or sprayed, there may be used an aqueous liquid or an oily liquid. The aforementioned liquid material preferably has a higher surface tension no matter whether any of an aqueous liquid and an oily liquid is used as the liquid material.
In the present invention, in the case where the nanofibers contain a water-soluble polymer compound, an oily liquid may be used as the liquid material. However, it is more preferable to use an aqueous liquid as the liquid material. As the aqueous liquid, there may be used a substance containing water and having a viscosity of about 5,000 mPa·s or less as measured at 25° C. Examples of such a liquid material include water, an aqueous solution, a water dispersion liquid, etc., as well as cosmetic emulsions for makeup, such as O/W emulsions or W/O emulsions, liquids thickened with a thickener, and the like. More specifically, as the liquid material, there may be used commercially available products, such as a skin lotion or a cosmetic cream.
Regarding the degree of wetting the surface of the skin or the surface of the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention by spreading or spraying the liquid material thereonto, it suffices that the liquid material be applied in such a minimum amount as required to sufficiently exhibit its surface tension.
In addition, in the case where an aqueous liquid is used as the liquid material, it suffices that the aqueous liquid be applied in such a minimum amount as required for the aqueous liquid to sufficiently exhibit its surface tension and to dissolve the water-soluble polymer compound therein. More specifically, the amount of the liquid material to be applied may vary depending upon the size of the colored nonwoven fabric. However, in the case where the nonwoven fabric has a square shape of 3 cm×3 cm, the application of about 0.01 ml of the liquid material to the surface of the skin will be enough to attach the nonwoven fabric to the skin easily. When using the aqueous liquid as the liquid material and further using the water-soluble polymer compound, it is possible to exhibit a binder effect by dissolving the water-soluble polymer compound contained in the nanofibers in the aqueous liquid, as described previously.
In addition, a solid or semisolid pre-makeup primer may be used as the attachment assistant agent in place of, or in addition to, a skin lotion or a cosmetic cream. The pre-makeup primer may be applied to the skin portion before the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention is attached thereto. Since the pre-makeup primer has the effect of smoothening the surface of the skin, the application of the nonwoven fabric to the skin under such a skin condition further improves adhesion of the nonwoven fabric to the skin, and further enhances a sense of unity of the nonwoven fabric with the skin in appearance.
Under such a condition that the liquid material is present between the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention and the skin, the bonding between the nanofibers is weakened due to the presence of the liquid material. In particular, in the case where the water-soluble polymer compound is contained in the nanofibers, the water-soluble polymer compound in the nanofibers is dissolved in the liquid material after attaching the nonwoven fabric to the skin, so that the bonding between the nanofibers is furthermore weakened. In this state, the fiber bonds at the periphery of the nonwoven fabric may be sheared (shifted) to thereby reduce the difference in level between the nonwoven fabric and the skin. As a result, the boundary between the nonwoven fabric and the skin is made less discernible to further enhance a sense of unity of the nonwoven fabric with the skin in appearance. Shearing the fiber bonds at the periphery of the nonwoven fabric can be achieved, for example, by applying a shear force to the peripheral portion of the nonwoven fabric which is kept in such a state as wetted by the liquid material after being attached to the skin. The shear force can be applied, for example, by lightly rubbing or stroking the peripheral portion of the nonwoven fabric with a finger, a nail, or a makeup tool, such as a sponge, a cosmetic spatula, etc.
By transferring and attaching the nonwoven fabric having the uneven surface shape according to the present invention to the skin as described above, it is possible to cover fine skin surface unevenness, such as fine wrinkles and pores, with the transferred nonwoven fabric to diminish the skin surface unevenness, and further an impression of a neat texture of the skin can be imparted by the uneven shape of the surface of the nonwoven fabric which has been preliminarily designed thereon.
Moreover, the uneven shape of the nonwoven fabric attached to the skin reflects the unevenness of a facial contour of the user before attaching the nonwoven fabric thereto while reproducing the texture structure of the skin by the uneven shape of the nonwoven fabric attached, so that it takes on an extremely natural surface profile and gloss. Such unnaturalness as observed when a thick film, for example, such as a silicone sheet, etc., is attached to the skin will hardly be perceived.
In addition, the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention when attached to the skin serves for hiding or reducing skin color unevenness due to spots, freckles, bags under eyes, etc., and can exert good concealing effect thereon.
Also, the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention which is attached to the skin has high adhesion to the skin, and is therefore less likely to lose a sense of unity with the skin in appearance even though it is attached, for example, all day long. Even when attaching the nonwoven fabric to the skin for a long period of time, the nonwoven fabric having air permeability is less likely to impede the regulatory mechanism essentially possessed by the skin. Besides, even after the nonwoven fabric is continuously attached to the skin over a long period of time, the nonwoven fabric can be easily removed from the skin simply by picking up between fingers.
After the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention is attached to the skin, makeup cosmetics may be put on the nonwoven fabric to thereby further enhance a sense of unity of the nonwoven fabric with the skin in appearance. Examples of the makeup cosmetics that may be put on the nonwoven fabric include an oil and a milky lotion containing the oil. The oil or the milky lotion applied to the nonwoven fabric is retained between the nanofibers constituting the nonwoven fabric, which further enhances a sense of unity of the nonwoven fabric with the skin in appearance. The oil to be used preferably has a viscosity of from 5.5 to 100 mPa·s as measured at room temperature (25° C.). Examples of the oil include hydrocarbon oils, polydimethylsiloxane (silicone oil), and the like. Of these oils, from the viewpoint of improving makeup longevity, preferred is polydimethylsiloxane (silicone oil).
After the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention is attached to the skin, various powdery makeup cosmetics, such as powder foundation, etc., may be further put on the nonwoven fabric attached to the skin. In this case, by virtue of the thickness of the nanofibers or the distance between the nanofibers in the aforementioned nonwoven fabric, the powdery makeup cosmetics can be well spread on the nonwoven fabric, so that it is possible to enhance a sense of unity in appearance between a portion of the skin to which the powdery makeup cosmetics are directly applied, and the nonwoven fabric on which the powdery makeup cosmetics are put.
In the following descriptions, “%” indicate “% by mass,” unless otherwise specified. Meanwhile, properties of polymers, etc., were measured by the following methods.
The number-average molecular weight of poly(N-propionyl ethyleneimine) was measured by gel permeation chromatography [measuring columns: two columns “K-804L” available from SHOWA DENKO K.K., connected in series to each other; flow rate: 1 mL/min; column temperature: 40° C.; detector: differential refractometer] using a 1 mmol/L solution of “FARMIN DM20” (tradename) available from Kao Corporation in chloroform as an eluent, and using polystyrenes having previously known molecular weights as a reference standard substance. The sample to be measured was used in an amount of 100 μL at a concentration of 5 mg/mL.
Using the following measuring apparatus, the volume-average particle size of the non-white colorant particles was measured under the following conditions.
Measuring Apparatus: Zeta potential/particle size measuring system “ELS-8000” commercially available from Otsuka Electrics Co., Ltd.
Measuring Conditions: Cumulant Analysis
The dispersion containing the particles to be measured was diluted with water so as to adjust a concentration of the particles therein to about 5×10−3%, and the resulting dilute dispersion was filled in a cell for measurement. The measurement was conducted at a temperature of 25° C. and a cumulative number of 100 times, and a refractive index of water (1.333) was input to the measuring system as a refractive index of the dispersive solvent.
Using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution measuring apparatus “LA950” available from HORIBA Ltd., under the condition that a refractive index of the titanium oxide and a refractive index of water were regarded as being 2.75 and 1.333, respectively, and further scales of a circulating rate and an ultrasonic wave of the apparatus were set at “5” and “3”, respectively, a dispersion of the titanium oxide pigment particles was irradiated with an ultrasonic wave for 1 minute, followed by measuring particle sizes of the titanium oxide pigment particles in the dispersion. At this time, the value of the volume median particle size (D50) thus measured was determined as a volume-average particle size of the titanium oxide pigment particles.
Using an infrared moisture meter “FD-230” available from Kett Electric Laboratory, 5 g of a sample to be measured was dried at a drying temperature of 150° C. under a measuring mode 96 (monitoring time: 2.5 minutes/variation range: 0.05%) to measure a water content (%) of the sample to be measured. The solid content of the sample was calculated according to the following formula.
Solid Content (%)=100−Water Content (%) of Sample to be Measured
A platinum plate was dipped in 5 g of a sample adjusted to 20° C. which was filled in a cylindrical polyethylene container (3.6 cm in diameter×1.2 cm in depth), and the static surface tension of the sample was measured at 20° C. using a surface tension meter “CBVP-Z” available from Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd., by a Wilhelmy method.
The viscosity of the water-based ink was measured at 35° C. using an E-type viscometer “TV-25” (equipped with a standard cone rotor (1° 34′×R24); rotating speed: 50 rpm) available from Toki Sangyo Co., Ltd.
The ascertainment and measurement of the shape of the uneven structure were implemented by 3D measurement based on sectional profile using an industrial microscope “LEXT-OLS5000-SAT” available from Olympus Corporation. While appropriately changing a magnification of an objective lens of the microscope, the measurement was conducted at 20 points selected as measuring objects per one sample to be measured, and an average of the thus measured values was calculated as a measurement value of the sample to thereby obtain average lengths of opening portions and bottom portions of each of the primary uneven structure and the secondary uneven structure, an average depth of the concave portions, an average width of the convex portions, and an average center distance of the uneven structure.
The thickness of the nonwoven fabric was measured using a contact thickness gauge “LITEMATIC VL-50A” available from Mitutoyo Corporation. Incidentally, the measurement was conducted by using an R 5 mm cemented carbide spherical probe and applying a load of 0.01 Pa to the nonwoven fabric.
A mixed solution prepared by mixing 73.7 g (0.74 mol) of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline and 156.0 g of ethyl acetate was dehydrated with 12.0 g of a molecular sieve “ZEOLUM A-4” available from Tosoh Corporation at 28° C. for 15 hours. The resulting dehydrated ethyl acetate solution of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline was mixed with 2.16 g (0.014 mol) of diethyl sulfate, and the obtained mixture was refluxed under heating at 80° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere for 8 hours, thereby obtaining terminal-reactive poly(N-propionyl ethyleneimine) (number-average molecular weight: 6,000).
Separately, a mixed solution prepared by mixing 70.0 g of a side-chain primary aminopropyl-modified poly(dimethyl siloxane) “KF-864” (weight-average molecular weight: 50,000 (catalogue value); amine equivalent: 3,800) available from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., and 140.0 g of ethyl acetate with each other was dehydrated with 15.0 g of the molecular sieve at 28° C. for 15 hours.
Next, the terminal-reactive poly(N-propionyl ethyleneimine) solution obtained above was added to the aforementioned dehydrated side-chain primary aminopropyl-modified poly(dimethyl siloxane) solution at one time, followed by refluxing the obtained mixed solution under heating at 80° C. for 10 hours. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a poly(N-propionyl ethylene imine)/dimethyl polysiloxane copolymer (hereinafter also referred to as a “cationic silicone polymer 1”) in the form of a white rubber-like solid (135 g). The mass ratio of a content of an organopolysiloxane segment (x) to a total content of the organopolysiloxane segment (x) and a poly(N-acyl alkylene imine) segment (y) [content of organopolysiloxane segment (x)/total content of organopolysiloxane segment (x) and poly(N-acyl alkylene imine) segment (y)] in the cationic silicone polymer 1 was 0.50, and the weight-average molecular weight of the cationic silicone polymer 1 was 100,000 (calculated value). The resulting cationic silicone polymer 1 was mixed with a first-grade ethanol, thereby obtaining a solution of the cationic silicone polymer 1 (solid content: 30%).
A sealable and temperature-controllable glass jacket was charged with 200 g of a solution of an anionic acrylic polymer “Plascize L-9909B” (acid value: 50 mgKOH/g; unneutralized product; an ethanol solution having a solid content of 40%) as a water-dispersive polymer available from GOO Chemical Co., Ltd. While stirring the solution under the conditions including a jacket temperature of 15° C. and a rotating speed of 1,400 rpm using a high-speed disperser “T.K. ROBOMIX” (equipped with “HOMODISPER 2.5 Model” as a stirring device (blade diameter: 40 mm)) available from Primix Corporation, 200 g of the colorant shown in Table 1 was added thereto, and the resulting mixture was further stirred under the conditions including a jacket temperature of 15° C. and a rotating speed of 2,000 rpm for 1 hour to render the colorant compatible with the anionic acrylic polymer solution.
Next, while maintaining the jacket temperature of 15° C., the rotating speed of the disperser was changed to 8,000 rpm at which 170 g of the first grade ethanol, 17.1 g of a 5N NaOH aqueous solution and 412.9 g of ion-exchanged water were charged into the jacket, and the contents of the jacket were stirred for 3 hours, thereby obtaining a colorant mixture (concentration of ethanol: 40.4%; solid content: 28%).
The thus obtained colorant mixture was subjected to dispersion treatment by passing the mixture through a Microfluidizer “Model: M-140K” available from Microfluidics Corporation under a pressure of 180 MPa 20 times (number of passes), followed by adding 900 g of ion-exchanged water thereto, thereby obtaining respective colorant dispersion liquids each having a solid content of 14.7%.
The thus obtained colorant dispersion liquids were respectively subjected to measurement for a volume-average particle size of colorant particles contained therein. The volume-average particle sizes of the colorant particles in the respective colorant dispersion liquids are shown in Table 1.
Using a reduced-pressure distillation apparatus (rotary evaporator) “N-1000S Model” available from Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd., the resulting colorant dispersion liquids were respectively maintained in a warm bath adjusted to 40° C. under a pressure of 10 kPa for 2 hours to remove the organic solvent therefrom. The resulting dispersion was further maintained in the warm bath adjusted to 62° C. under the pressure reduced to 7 kPa for 4 hours to remove the organic solvent and a part of water therefrom such that a total concentration of the colorant and the water-dispersive polymer in the dispersion (solid content) was controlled to the range of from 23 to 25%. Then, while measuring the total concentration of the colorant and the water-dispersive polymer, ion-exchanged water was added to the dispersion so as to control the total concentration (solid content) of the colorant and the water-dispersive polymer therein to 20.0%.
Next, the thus obtained respective dispersions were subjected to filtration treatment by passing through 5 μm-mesh and 1.2 μm-mesh membrane filters “Minisart” available from Sartorius Inc., in sequential order, thereby obtaining respective colorant water dispersions.
The volume-average particle sizes of the colorant particles in the resulting respective colorant water dispersions are shown in Table 1.
The details of the colorants shown in Table 1 are as follows.
A 1000 mL-capacity polypropylene bottle available from SANPLATEC Corporation was charged with 33.4 g of the solution of the cationic silicone polymer 1 obtained as the water-dispersive polymer in Synthesis Example 1 (solid content: 30%), 200 g of a titanium oxide pigment “SI-Titan CR-50LHC” (surface-treated titanium oxide: treated with aluminum hydroxide and hydrogen dimethicone) as a white pigment available from Miyoshi Kasei Inc., 170 g of first-grade ethanol, and 1.6 g of citric acid. The contents of the bottle were shaken by hand to fully suspend the titanium oxide pigment in the solution of the cationic silicone polymer 1.
Then, 2,000 g of 1.2 mmϕ zirconia beads were added to the resulting suspension, and the obtained mixture was subjected to dispersion treatment using a bench top-type pot mill pedestal available from AS ONE Corporation at 250 rpm for 8 hours, followed by subjecting the resulting dispersion to filtration treatment through a metal mesh filter to remove the zirconia beads from the dispersion.
Next, while stirring the obtained dispersion at a rotating speed of 1,400 rpm using a high-speed disperser “T.K. ROBOMIX” (equipped with “HOMODISPER 2.5 Model” (blade diameter: 40 mm) as a stirring device) available from Primix Corporation, 200 g of a solution of an anionic acrylic polymer “Plascize L-9909B” (acid value: 50 mgKOH/g; unneutralized product; an ethanol solution having a solid content of 40%) as a water-dispersive polymer available from GOO Chemical Co., Ltd., was added to the dispersion, followed by increasing the rotating speed up to 2,000 rpm at which the dispersion was stirred for 1 hour. Then, after the rotating speed was changed to 8,000 rpm at a jacket temperature of 15° C., 17.1 g of a 5N NaOH aqueous solution and 412.9 g of ion-exchanged water were added to the dispersion, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 hours, thereby obtaining a colorant mixture (concentration of ethanol: 40.4%; solid content: 28%).
The thus obtained colorant mixture was subjected to dispersion treatment by passing the mixture through a Microfluidizer “Model: M-140K” available from Microfluidics Corporation under a pressure of 180 MPa 20 times (number of passes), followed by adding 900 g of ion-exchanged water thereto, thereby obtaining a colorant dispersion liquid having a solid content of 14.7%. The thus obtained colorant dispersion liquid was subjected to measurement for a volume-average particle size of colorant particles contained therein. The volume-average particle sizes of the colorant particles in the colorant dispersion liquid is shown in Table 2.
The same method for conducting the step II as described in Production Examples 1-1 and 1-2 was repeated to obtain a colorant water dispersion 3. The thus obtained colorant water dispersion 3 was subjected to measurement for a volume-average particle size of colorant particles contained therein. The volume-average particle size of the colorant particles in the colorant water dispersion 3 is shown in Table 2.
A completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol “KURARAY POVAL” (product number: 29-99; saponification degree: not less than 99.3 mol %) available from Kuraray Co., Ltd., as the polymer compound A, was dissolved in water to prepare a 15% aqueous solution thereof, thereby obtaining a resin solution 1.
The resin solution 1 obtained Preparation Example 1-1 was mixed with the colorant water dispersion at the compounding ratio shown below, and the resulting mixture was stirred, thereby preparing a colorant-containing injection liquid 1.
A new roll to be processed for plate-making was subjected to ultrahigh precision cylindrical processing.
Next, the roll for plate-making was successively subjected to nickel plating and then to copper plating until reaching a plated copper thickness of 100 μm to form a copper-plated layer 1 thereon and thereby conduct correction of an eccentric amount of the roll. Then, the roll for plate-making was subjected to Ballard process in which the surface of the copper-plated layer 1 was polished, and silver was deposited thereon by displacement plating to form a silver-plated layer thereon. Then, copper was plated again on the silver-plated layer to form a copper-plated layer 2 thereon. The thickness of the copper-plated layer 2 formed on the roll for plate-making is shown as a thickness of the conductive layer in Table 3.
Next, the diameter of the roll for plate-making on which the copper-plated layer 2 was formed, was measured at 5 positions in total of the roll, i.e., at both ends and three intermediate positions thereof. Then, the plated surface was removed by allowing a #1000 grind stone to slide over the roll from one end to the other end thereof by two reciprocating motions. Thereafter, on the basis of the aforementioned measurement, the grind stone was manually moved to polish a portion of the roll having a larger diameter more frequently, and on the other hand, polish a portion of the roll having a smaller diameter less frequently, whereby the roll was subjected to cylindrical polishing process such that the diameter of the roll as a whole was equalized from one end to the other end thereof. Successively, the #1000 grind stone was moved over the roll from one end to the other end thereof by one reciprocating motion, whereby the roll was subjected to semi-finishing cylindrical polishing process. Successively, the #2500 grind stone was moved over the roll from one end to the other end thereof by two reciprocating motions. At this time, while changing a feed speed of the grind stone, the roll was scanned to eliminate pitch marks, whereby the roll was subjected to fine-finishing cylindrical polishing process. Next, the #4000 grind stone was moved over the roll from one end to the other end thereof by five reciprocating motions. At this time, while changing a feed speed of the grind stone, the roll was scanned to eliminate pitch marks, whereby the roll was subjected to precision-finishing cylindrical polishing process. The roll was finally subjected to buffing to conduct mirror finish thereof. All of the aforementioned grind stones used above were silicon carbide-based grind stones.
Next, a photosensitive agent was applied onto the mirror-finished surface of the copper-plated layer 2 of the obtained roll for plate making by an ink-jet printing method, and then the photosensitive agent thus applied was exposed to light. Meanwhile, the roll will be subsequently subjected to wet-etching treatment to dissolve copper of the copper-plated layer 2 at its portion where the copper-plated layer 2 was exposed outside and thereby form concave portions (cells) thereon. However, in this case, an etching liquid is penetrated even into the portion of the copper-plated layer 2 which is covered with the photosensitive agent insolubilized by the exposure to light by coming around behind via the end of the portion covered by the insolubilized photosensitive agent, so that the etching of the concave portions is caused to undesirably proceed isotropically. Therefore, by preliminarily taking into account occurrence of the isotropic etching, the exposure of the photosensitive agent to laser light was conducted so as to form opening portions each having an opening area smaller than an opening area (cell size) of a desired concave portion.
Next, the roll for plate making thus subjected to the exposure to light was immersed in a developing liquid to dissolve the unexposed photosensitive agent present on the surface of the roll to thereby allow a part of the surface of the copper-plated layer 2 to expose outside. Then, the roll for plate making was further immersed in the etching liquid to wet-etch copper from the exposed portion of the surface of the copper-plated layer 2. The thus treated roll was then washed to remove the etching liquid therefrom. Finally, the roll for plate making was immersed in a stripping solution for the photosensitive agent to remove the photosensitive agent remaining on the roll for plate making therefrom.
The steps of the application of the photosensitive agent through the wet-etching were repeatedly conducted until the respective concave portions were formed into such a desired shape as shown in Table 3.
The thus obtained roll for plate making on which an uneven structure was formed was subjected to a Ballard process, followed by releasing the resulting uneven structure from the roll, thereby obtaining concavo-convex plates 1, 3 to 10 and C3 having a quasi-flat plate shape.
The plan view shape of the respective concave portions of the thus obtained concavo-convex plates, the three-dimensional structure thereof the average lengths of opening portions and bottom portions thereof, and the average depth and average opening area thereof, as well as the average width of convex portions of the concavo-convex plates, are shown in Table 3.
An acrylic resin was heated and poured onto a pattern of a metal (male die) by a casting method, and then the subjected to pressurizing treatment to form an acrylic resin plate on which cylindrical protrusions respectively having an average diameter of 184 μm and an average height of 38 μm were regularly arranged at the intervals of about 250 μm.
Next, using a platinum sputtering apparatus “ION SPUTTER MC1000” available from Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, a platinum layer was formed on the resin plate, thereby obtaining concavo-convex plates 2, and C1 and C2.
The plan view shape of the respective concave portions of the resulting respective concavo-convex plates, the three-dimensional structure thereof, the average lengths of opening portions and bottom portions thereof, and the average depth and average opening area thereof, as well as the average width of the convex portions of the respective concavo-convex plates, are shown in Table 3.
Incidentally, in the platinum sputtering apparatus used above, a 10 nm-thick platinum coat was formed by conducting the sputtering for 60 seconds. Therefore, the sputtering time was controlled to suitably adjust a thickness of the obtained platinum layer. In Production Example 2-2, the sputtering was conducted for 11 hours to thereby adjust the thickness of the obtained platinum layer to 10 μm; in Comparative Production Example 2-1, the sputtering was conducted for 80 seconds to thereby adjust the thickness of the obtained platinum layer to 0.02 μm; and in Comparative Production Example 2-2, the sputtering was conducted for 67 minutes to thereby adjust the thickness of the obtained platinum layer to 1 μm.
Incidentally, upon electrospinning, the nonwoven fabric was produced by connecting the platinum layer to a ground wire.
The respective concavo-convex plates shown in Table 3 were used as a collector. The colorant-containing injection liquid 1 was filled in a syringe of a resin solution-type electrospinning apparatus “Nanofiber Electrospinning Unit” available from Kato Tech Co., Ltd., and injected onto the uneven structure-bearing surface of the concavo-convex plate under the following electrospinning conditions to deposit nanofibers on a region of 3 cm in width and 5 cm in length on the surface of the concavo-convex plate.
Next, the nanofibers deposited were subjected to heat treatment at 180° C. for 20 minutes, so that the completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol in the nanofibers was crystallized and subjected to water-insolubilizing treatment, thereby obtaining a colored nonwoven fabric formed on the concavo-convex plate. The thickness of the resulting colored nonwoven fabric was 10 μm, the thickness of the respective nanofibers therein was from 100 to 500 nm, and the content of the colorant on the basis of the nanofibers was 47% in total.
The concavo-convex plate was peeled off and removed from the colored nonwoven fabric obtained in Example 7, and the surface of the colored nonwoven fabric which had been in contact with the concavo-convex plate was photographed. An enlarged photo of the surface of the colored nonwoven fabric is shown in
An artificial leather “SUPULARE PBZ13001” available from IDEATEX Japan Co., Ltd., was attached onto a bottom surface (1 inch×1 inch) of a 50 g weight through a double-sided adhesive tape.
The colored nonwoven fabric obtained in the aforementioned respective Examples and Comparative Examples was peeled off from the concavo-convex plate, and the uneven shape portion of the colored nonwoven fabric which had been opposed to the concavo-convex plate was reciprocatively rubbed with the SUPULARE-attached surface of the weight 10 times. After the rubbing, the rubbed surface of the colored nonwoven fabric as a sample was visually observed to ascertain whether or not any deformation, breakage or the like was present therein, as well as an appearance thereof, thereby evaluating rub fastness of the colored nonwoven fabric. The results are shown in Table 3. In the following evaluation ratings, when the rating is 3 or 2, the colored nonwoven fabric was practically usable.
3: Neither breakage nor deformation occurred, and no change in gloss in appearance was present.
2: Although none of breakage and deformation occurred, a change in gloss in appearance was present.
1: Breakage and deformation were observed.
The colored nonwoven fabric obtained in the aforementioned respective Examples and Comparative Examples was peeled off from the concavo-convex plate, and the uneven shape portion of the colored nonwoven fabric which had been opposed to the concavo-convex plate was measured for a glossiness thereof under a light-irradiation condition of 60° using a gloss meter “IG-330” available from HORIBA Ltd., to evaluate a gloss feel and a transparent feel of the colored nonwoven fabric. The results are shown in Table 3.
Glossiness of less than 20: Having a gloss feel and a transparent feel close to those of a human skin, and therefore looking natural even when attached to the skin.
Glossiness of not less than 20 and less than 40: Having a higher gloss feel than that of a human skin, and a low transparent feel, and seeming to generate facial shine owing to sebum, so that the attached portion on the skin was readily discernible.
Glossiness of not less than 40: Having a higher gloss feel than that of a human skin, and no transparent feel.
A 40 years old female (one person) who felt that her skin texture was rough due to aging and her skin color became dull was selected as a subject.
A whole part of the face of the subject was washed with a generally commercially available facial cleaner, and then the water droplets remained attached thereonto were removed by wiping off them with a towel. Then, the cheek of the subject was wet with a milky lotion having such a composition as shown below. Next, the colored nonwoven fabric obtained in the aforementioned respective Examples and Comparative Examples in the state before being peeled off from the concavo-convex plate was attached onto a right cheek of the face of the subject. Then, the concavo-convex plate was peeled off and removed from the colored nonwoven fabric, so that the colored nonwoven fabric remained attached onto the right cheek of the face of the subject.
Then, the right cheek of the face of the subject onto which the colored nonwoven fabric was attached was presented to 10 expert panelists for cosmetics and observed by these expert panelists to examine the difference in appearance of the right cheek from the left cheek of the subject as well as texture and dullness of the skin, and comparatively evaluate the skin texture restoration effect according to the following evaluation ratings. The total value of the evaluation points given to the colored nonwoven fabric by the 10 expert panelists was regarded as a score for the evaluation. The results are shown in Table 3.
3 Points: The right cheek apparently exhibited a light skin color as compared to the left cheek, and had such an impression that the skin hills looked to be full, and the skin texture was fine and neat, and further imparted a good transparent feel and looked naturally like a bare skin with no makeup.
2 Points: The right cheek exhibited a light skin color as compared to the left cheek, was slightly improved in roughness of the skin texture, and had such a natural impression that light makeup having a transparent feel was applied thereto.
1 Point: The right cheek had such an unnatural impression that uniform thick makeup was applied thereto, as compared to the left cheek.
0 Point: The right cheek had a sense of discomfort as compared to the left cheek, and it was apparently recognized that makeup was applied only to the right cheek.
A 45 years old male (one person) who got much sebum secreted was selected as a subject.
A whole part of the face of the subject was washed with a generally commercially available facial cleaner, and then the water droplets remained attached thereonto were removed by wiping off them with a towel. Then, the skin of the whole part of the face of the subject was wet with the milky lotion having the aforementioned composition. Next, the colored nonwoven fabric obtained in the aforementioned respective Examples and Comparative Examples in the state before being peeled off from the concavo-convex plate was attached onto a forehead of the face of the subject. Then, the concavo-convex plate was peeled off and removed from the colored nonwoven fabric, so that the colored nonwoven fabric remained attached onto the forehead of the face of the subject. Next, the subject was allowed to try to live his daily life for 8 hours via lunch time. Then, the colored nonwoven fabric attached to the forehead of the face of the subject was presented to 10 expert panelists for cosmetics and visually observed by these expert panelists to examine the change in conditions of the colored nonwoven fabric and comparatively evaluate the skin shine inhibiting effect according to the following evaluation ratings. The total value of the evaluation points given to the colored nonwoven fabric by the 10 expert panelists was regarded as a score for the evaluation. The results are shown in Table 3.
3 Points: No skin shine was observed.
2 Points: Although slight skin shine was observed, occurrence of the skin shine was inhibited to a large extent as compared to the other facial portion to which no colored nonwoven fabric was attached.
1 Point: No difference in skin shine between the facial portion to which the colored nonwoven fabric was attached and the other facial portion to which no colored nonwoven fabric was attached was recognized.
0 Point: The facial portion to which the colored nonwoven fabric was attached showed more terrible skin shine than the other facial portion to which no colored nonwoven fabric was attached.
From Table 3, it was confirmed that the colored nonwoven fabrics obtained in Examples 1 to 10 were excellent in rub fastness, exhibited a gloss feel and a transparent feel close to those of a human skin, and further were excellent in a sense of unity with the skin in appearance when attached to the skin, a skin texture restoration effect and a skin shine inhibiting effect, as compared to the colored nonwoven fabrics obtained in Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
Long-hair 21 years old, 27 years old, 38 years old and 55 years old females (4 persons) were selected as subjects.
A whole part of the face and a part of a nape of the neck of the respective subjects were washed with a generally commercially available facial cleaner, and then the water droplets remained attached thereonto were removed by wiping off them with a towel. Then, using a reflective replica preparation kit “ASB-01-W” available from ASCH JAPAN CO., LTD., a reflective replica to which a texture of the skin was transferred was prepared.
The uneven structure of the reflective replica was observed and measured by the same method as described as to the concavo-convex plate in the above item (7) to measure an average length of the texture of the skin and an average height of skin hills, thereby attaining information concerning the texture of the skin in a cheek and a nape of the neck of each subject.
Next, on the basis of the thus obtained information concerning the texture of the skin, concavo-convex plates 11 to 14 in which respective concave portions of concavo-convex plate had an inverted three-sided truncated pyramidal shape as a three dimensional structure thereof and an equilateral triangular shape as a plan view shape thereof were produced by the same method as described above.
Incidentally, in the concavo-convex plates, the respective concave portions were designed such that the average length LO) of the opening portions of the concave portions was the same as the average length of the texture of the skin in the nape of the neck, the average length L(II) of the bottom portions of the concave portions was 90% of the average length L(I), the average depth of the concave portions was the same as the average height of the skin hills in the nape of the neck, and the average width of the convex portions was the same as an average value of widths of skin grooves in the nape of the neck.
The same procedure as in the step 1-1 of each of the aforementioned Examples 1 to 10 was repeated except for using the respective concavo-convex plates shown in Table 4 and also using the respective injection liquids 2 to 5 shown in Table 4 as the injection liquid, thereby obtaining four kinds of colored nonwoven fabrics. Incidentally, the content of the colorant water dispersion in the respective injection liquids 2 to 5 was adjusted to comply with the skin color in the nape of the neck of each of the four subjects.
The colored nonwoven fabrics obtained in Examples 11 to 14 were evaluated for rub fastness, a gloss feel and a transparent feel, as well as skin shine inhibiting effect thereof by the aforementioned evaluation methods, and further evaluated for skin texture restoration effect thereof by the following method. The results are shown in Table 4.
A whole part of the face of each of the four subjects participating in Examples 11 to 14 was washed with a generally commercially available facial cleaner, and then the water droplets remained attached thereonto were removed by wiping off them with a towel. Then, the whole part of the face of each subject was wet with the milky lotion having the aforementioned composition. Next, the colored nonwoven fabric obtained in the respective Examples in the state before being peeled off from the concavo-convex plate was attached onto a facial portion of the subject extending from the nape of the neck to the cheek of the face. Then, the concavo-convex plate was peeled off and removed from the colored nonwoven fabric, so that the colored nonwoven fabric remained attached onto the portion of the subject extending from the nape of the neck to the cheek of the face.
Then, the portion of each of the four subjects extending from the nape of the neck to cheek of the face onto which the colored nonwoven fabric had been attached was presented in an exposed state to 10 expert panelists for cosmetics and visually observed by these expert panelists to comparatively evaluate the skin texture restoration effect according to the following evaluation ratings. The total value of the evaluation points given to each of the colored nonwoven fabrics by the 10 expert panelists was regarded as a score for the evaluation. The results are shown in Table 4.
3 Points: The portion extending from the nape of the neck to the cheek of the face had a natural and continuous appearance, provided a whitely fine skin texture, and made the subject clearly look younger than her actual age.
2 Points: The portion extending from the nape of the neck to the cheek of the face had a natural and continuous appearance, exhibited a whitely fine skin texture, and made the subject still look younger than her actual age.
1 Point: The skin looked bright, but the skin portion to which the respective colored nonwoven fabrics were attached had an unnatural feel in appearance.
0 Point: No particular improvement in skin texture restoration effect was attained.
From Table 4, it was confirmed that the colored nonwoven fabrics obtained in Examples 11 to 14 were excellent in rub fastness, exhibited a gloss feel and a transparent feel close to those of a human skin, and further were excellent in a sense of unity with the skin in appearance when attached to the skin, as well as excellent in a skin texture restoration effect and a skin shine inhibiting effect.
According to the kinds and amounts shown in Table 5, the colorant water dispersion, polyethylene glycol 400 (hereinafter also referred to merely as “PEG400”), 1,2-hexanediol, 1,2-propanediol, a modified glycerin “Liponic EG-1” (ethyleneoxide (26 mol) adduct of glycerin) available from Vantage Specialty Ingredients Inc., (hereinafter referred to merely as “Liponic EG-1”) and ion-exchanged water were added and mixed with each other, and the resulting mixed solution was subjected to filtration treatment through a 0.45 μm-mesh membrane filter “Minisart” available from Sartorius Inc., thereby obtaining a water-based ink 1. The static surface tension of the thus obtained water-based ink 1 as measured at 20° C. was 36 mN/m.
The concavo-convex plate 11 shown in Table 5 was used as a collector. The aforementioned water-based ink 1 was filled into a handy printer cartridge “HC-01K” available from Ricoh Company, Ltd., whose interior was previously fully rinsed with ion-exchanged water and dried, and then using the “Ricoh Handy Printer” (tradename) available from Ricoh Company, Ltd., ink-jet printing (resolution: 600 dpi×600 dpi; amount of ink droplets ejected: 10 pL) was conducted on an uneven surface of the concavo-convex plate 11 to form a solid image thereon as a printed image to be used herein.
Immediately after the printing, while measuring the temperature of the printed surface using a radiation thermometer “IT-540S” available from HORIBA Ltd., so as not to raise the temperature of the printed surface to 50° C. or higher, the resulting printed image was dried for 5 minutes by a hot air dryer while repeating On and OFF of blowing of hot air therefrom.
Next, the same procedure for electrospinning as in the step 1-1 of each of the aforementioned Examples 1 to 10 was repeated except for using the injection liquid 6 shown in Table 5, thereby obtaining a colored nonwoven fabric of Example 15.
The concavo-convex plate 11 shown in Table 5 was used as a collector. Next, the same procedure for electrospinning as in the step 1-1 of each of the aforementioned Examples 1 to 10 was repeated except for using the injection liquid 6 shown in Table 5 to deposit the nanofibers on the concavo-convex plate 11, thereby obtaining a colored nonwoven fabric.
Then, the aforementioned water-based ink 1 was filled into a handy printer cartridge “HC-01K” available from Ricoh Company, Ltd., whose interior was previously fully rinsed with ion-exchanged water and dried, and then using the “Ricoh Handy Printer” (tradename) available from Ricoh Company, Ltd., ink-jet printing (resolution: 600 dpi×600 dpi; amount of ink droplets ejected: 10 pL) was conducted on the colored nonwoven fabric containing the colorant and the nanofibers on the concavo-convex plate 9 to form a solid image thereon as a printed image to be used herein.
Immediately after the printing, while measuring the temperature of the printed surface using a radiation thermometer “IT-540S” available from HORIBA Ltd., so as not to raise the temperature of the printed surface to 50° C. or higher, the resulting printed image was dried for 5 minutes by a hot air dryer while repeating On and OFF of blowing of hot air therefrom, thereby obtaining a colored nonwoven fabric of Example 16.
The colored nonwoven fabrics obtained in Examples 15 and 16 were evaluated for rub fastness, a gloss feel and a transparent feel, as well as skin shine inhibiting effect thereof by the aforementioned evaluation methods, and further evaluated for impression in appearance thereof by the following method. The results are shown in Table 5.
A whole part of the face of the same subject as in the evaluation for “Skin Texture Restoration Effect 1” was washed with a generally commercially available facial cleaner, and then the water droplets remained attached thereonto were removed by wiping off them with a towel. Then, the whole part of the face of the subject was wet with the milky lotion having the aforementioned composition. Next, the colored nonwoven fabric obtained in the respective Examples in the state before being peeled off from the concavo-convex plate was attached onto the cheek of the face. Then, the concavo-convex plate was peeled off and removed from the colored nonwoven fabric, so that the colored nonwoven fabric remained attached onto the cheek of the subject.
Then, the cheek of the face of the subject onto which the colored nonwoven fabric had been attached was presented to 10 expert panelists for cosmetics and visually observed by these expert panelists to comparatively evaluate an impression of the cheek in appearance according to the following evaluation ratings. The total value of the evaluation points given to the colored nonwoven fabric by the 10 expert panelists was regarded as a score for the evaluation. The results are shown in Table 5.
3 Points: Feeling of a whitely fine skin texture and a soft and mild impression like an aquarelle were sensed.
2 Points: Feeling of a whitely fine skin texture was sensed.
1 Point: Feeling of a whitely fine skin texture and a sharp and intellectual impression like digital images were sensed.
From Table 5, it was confirmed that the colored nonwoven fabrics obtained in Examples 15 and 16 were excellent in rub fastness, exhibited a gloss feel and a transparent feel close to those of a human skin, and further were excellent in a sense of unity with the skin in appearance when attached to the skin, and it was possible to well control an impression in appearance according to the coloring method for the colored nonwoven fabrics.
In accordance with the present invention, it is possible to obtain a colored nonwoven fabric that is excellent in rub fastness and a sense of unity with a skin in appearance when attached to the skin, exhibits a gloss feel and a transparent feel close to those of a human skin, and provides a good skin texture, as well as is also excellent in skin shine inhibiting effect.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-232099 | Dec 2019 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2020/048005 | 12/22/2020 | WO |
