Patent Application
20090275666
The invention relates to a condensation product (synthetic tanning agent), as defined below, which can optionally be present as a mixture with at least one further tanning agent, and to processes for the preparation of a condensation product of this type, its use as a medicament and pharmaceutical compositions comprising a condensation product of this type. A further subject of the present invention is the use of the condensation product as a disinfectant, for example in animal stables, and a disinfectant comprising a condensation product of this type. A further subject of the present invention is the use of the condensation product as a tanning agent.
Tanning agents can in principle be divided into three main classes (see Römpps Chemie Lexikon [Römpp's chemical encyclopedia], 9th edition (1995), Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, keyword “Gerbstoffe” [tanning agents], pages 1541 to 1542):
1. inorganic tanning agents such as chromium(III) salts or polyphosphates; 2. synthetic organic tanning agents which are usually obtainable by sulfonation of solubilized aldehyde condensation products of aromatic parent substances, in particular of phenol, cresol, naphthalene and naphthol; and 3. tanning agents of plant origin, as can occur in leaves (tea), seeds (coffee), berries, galls or woods. In the narrower sense, tanning agents of plant origin are understood as meaning the “tannic acids” or “tannins”.
Both the tanning agents of plant origin (subsequently designated as plant or natural tanning agent) and the synthetic organic tanning agents (subsequently designated as synthetic tanning agent) are in some cases connected with antiviral action in the literature. This relates in particular to plant or synthetic tanning agents, which are designated as “polyphenols”.
For example, an antiviral activity (in particular against Herpes simplex) and an antitumor activity of these natural tanning agents is described for plant tanning agents such as tannins in T. Okuda, Phytochemistry, volume 66 (2005), pages 2012 to 2031 or Fukuji et al., Antiviral Res. 11 (1989), pages 285 to 298.
Furthermore, propolis, which is collected by bees from the buds, barks and resins of certain trees and contains plant tanning agents, is attributed, inter alia, an antiviral α-tivity, for example against Herpes simplex. Propolis, which is a complex mixture and contains, inter alia, polyphenol, can be composed, depending on the bee colony, of up to 200 different constituents, in particular these are chalkones, flavanones, flavones and flavanols (S. Bogdanov, Schweizerisches Zentrum für Bienenforschung [Swiss Center for Bee Research]; article obtainable on the Internet; http://www.apis.admin.ch/de/bienenprodukte/docs/produkte/propolis_d.pdf).
In the case of synthetic tanning agents too, pharmaceutical applications are already known. Thus WO 95/14479 relates to a condensation polymer of aromatic sulfonic acids and an aldehyde for the inhibition of the HIV virus. It is written there that the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, the greater its therapeutic activity. Particularly preferably, condensation polymers having an Mw weight of between 4000 and 12 000 g/mol are obtained by molecular size-dependent separation processes. WO 95/14479 does not, however, disclose any synthetic tanning agents which are based on aromatics or heteroaromatics having at least one carboxyl and at least one hydroxyl group. An analogous situation applies for U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,404, in which the use of, for example, sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensation polymers for the control of the Herpes simplex virus is described. Similar compounds and their use as medicaments are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,088,400 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,364,927.
Furthermore, DE-A 33 41 122 describes virucidal medicaments to be used externally, in particular against Herpes labilis and viral diseases of the skin. These medicaments are synthetic tanning agents, prepared by condensation of, for example, urea with phenol/cresol, formaldehyde and a sulfonating agent.
In DE-A 10 2004 034613, condensation products are described which are obtainable by reaction of at least one aromatic, at least one sulfonating agent, at least one carbonyl compound and optionally at least one urea derivative. Following the synthesis, the condensation products are subjected to at least one molecular size-dependent separation process. In the course of this, the condensation product was separated into three fractions, a high molecular weight, a medium molecular weight and a low molecular weight fraction. It was found that the high molecular weight fractions have an improved activity with respect to the inhibition of the activity of the enzyme human leucocyte elastase in comparison to the corresponding medium molecular weight fractions of these condensation products.
The German application having the number 10 2005 050 193.1 and EP-A 0 301 406 relate to synthetic tanning agents, in particular low molecular weight tanning agents, for which no use as medicaments is described.
EP-A 0 301 406 relates to condensation products obtainable by reaction of melamine with glyoxal or glyoxylic acid. Optionally, an aromatic compound is additionally condensed, selected from phenolsulfonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, salicylic acid, or 8-hydroxychinoline. The present invention does not relate to compounds disclosed explicitly in EP-A 0 301 406. Other than in EP-A 0 301 406, however, it is not disclosed in any of the abovementioned documents which relate to synthetic tanning agents (condensation products) as such based on aromatics or their use as medicaments that the aromatic component employed in the respective condensation product can be compounds which are substituted by at least one hydroxyl and by at least one carboxyl group or the salts thereof.
The invention is thus based on the object of making available further medicaments which are suitable as antiviral agents; preferably, these novel medicaments should have an improved action against viruses such as, for example, the Herpes simplex virus. According to the invention, this object is achieved by a condensation product obtainable by reaction of
An advantage of the present invention can be seen in that the condensation products according to the invention have a markedly improved activity as antiviral agents, for example against the Herpes simplex virus and further viruses. The improved activity is in particular achieved by virtue of the fact that a condensation product is prepared from at least one aromatic or heteroaromatic, which is substituted by at least one hydroxyl group and at least one carboxyl group (component a1), where the hydroxyl group and/or carboxyl group can also be partially or completely present in salt form. In particular, a markedly improved activity arises on the use of gallic acid or salts of gallic acid. The improved activity of the condensation products according to the invention is present both compared to conventional synthetic tanning agents based on phenol and compared to plant tanning agents based on gallic acid, which are contained, for example, in green tea.
A further advantage of the mixtures according to the invention is to be seen in that in the case in which a condensation product according to the invention based on formaldehyde is employed as a mixture with a further synthetic, formaldehyde-free tanning agent, in particular using at least one condensation product (C) or (D), the proportion of formaldehyde-containing components in the mixture according to the invention can be decreased. Depending on the content of condensation product according to the invention, the activity of these mixtures is at least equal to, but usually better than in the case of synthetic tanning agents according to the prior art. This is to be seen against the background that formaldehyde, which is a widespread starting material in the preparation of synthetic tanning agents, has meanwhile been classified as a suspect carcinogen by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Accordingly, formaldehyde should be avoided in the synthesis if possible, since a certain residual formaldehyde content is always released in the case of the condensation products obtained. Since, however, an apple, for example, also contains formaldehyde in low concentrations, accordingly low formaldehyde concentrations are tolerable in pharmaceutical compositions. The formaldehyde content is reduced, however, by means of these embodiments of the condensation products according to the invention.
The condensation product according to the invention is described more closely below.
The condensation product is obtainable by reaction of the following components a1) and a2) and optionally a3) to a5).
a1) At Least One Aromatic or Heteroaromatic, where the Aromatic or Heteroaromatic is Substituted by at Least One Hydroxyl Group (—OH) and at Least One Carboxyl Group (—COOH), and where the Hydroxyl Group and/or Carboxyl Group can be Present in Salt Form
The terms aromatic and heteroaromatic are first defined below without taking into account the substituents (groups) hydroxyl (—OH) and carboxyl (—COOH) in each case obligatorily present in each aromatic or heteroaromatic or the corresponding salt forms of these substituents.
Aromatic is to be understood as meaning compounds having at least one phenyl ring, which can be substituted and which can also comprise a number of condensed phenyl systems, for example the naphthyl system, phenanthrene systems and anthracene systems. Optionally, in the case of bi- or polycyclic systems individual cycles can be completely or partially saturated provided that at least one cycle is aromatic. Preferred examples of aromatics are benzene, naphthalene and anthracene.
Systems designated as heteroaromatic in the present invention are aromatic systems which are preferably monocyclic or bicyclic, optionally also polycyclic, and which contain at least one heteroatom, preferably selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Examples of a heteroaromatic are: pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, pyrazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 1,3-oxazole (═Oxazole), 1,2-oxazole (=isoxazole), oxadiazole, 1,3-thiazole (=thiazole), 1,2-thiazole (=isothiazole), tetrazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, indazole, indole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, cinnoline, quinoxaline, phthalazine, thienothiophene, 1,8-naphthyridine, other naphthyridines, purine or pteridine.
Provided they are not monocyclic systems, in the case of any of the abovementioned heteroaromatics the saturated form (perhydro form) or the partially unsaturated form (for example the dihydro form or tetrahydro form) or the maximally unsaturated (non-aromatic) form is additionally also comprised for the second ring, provided the respective forms are known and stable. In the present invention, the term heteroaromatic thus comprises, for example, also bi- or polycycles, in which (in the case of the bicycle) both the two rings are aromatic and bicycles in which only one ring is aromatic.
Examples of heteroaromatics of this type are: 3H-indoline, 2(1H)-quinolinone, 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline, 2H-1-oxoisoquinoline, 1,2-dihydroquinoline, 3,4-dihydroquinoline, 1,2-dihydroisoquinolinyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline, oxindolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 5,6-dihydroquinoline, 5,6-dihydroisoquinoline, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline or 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline.
Apart from the obligatorily present substituents (at least once) hydroxyl and (at least once) carboxyl, the aromatics or heteroaromatics contained in component a1) can optionally have at least one further substituent. Provided one or more further substituents are present, these are chosen independently of one another from:
C1-C10-alkyl groups such as, for example, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, isoamyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, sec-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl; particularly preferably C1-C4-alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl,
C2-C10-alkenyl groups, in particular vinyl, 1-allyl, 3-allyl, 2-allyl, cis- or trans-2-butenyl, ω-butenyl,
C6-C14-aryl groups, such as, for example, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthryl, 2-anthryl, 9-anthryl, 1-phenanthryl, 2-phenanthryl, 3-phenanthryl, 4-phenanthryl and 9-phenanthryl, preferably phenyl, 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl, particularly preferably phenyl,
or benzyl groups.
Preferably, component a1) contains an aromatic, preferably benzene. Component a1) is thus in particular at least one benzene, which is substituted by at least one hydroxyl group and at least one carboxyl group, where the hydroxyl group and/or carboxyl group can be present in salt form.
Preferably, component a1) is selected from gallic acid (trihydroxybenzoic acid), salicylic acid or mixtures thereof, where the individual components can also be employed partially or completely in the form of salts, preferably as physiologically tolerable salts. Preferred physiologically tolerable salts of component a1) are alkali metal salts (in particular the sodium salt “sodium gallate” or the potassium salt), and alkaline earth metal salts (e.g. magnesium salt). Further preferred salts are bismuth salts, for example bismuth(III) gallate. Component a1) is particularly preferably gallic acid. Gallic acid can optionally be employed in the form of its salts (gallates).
a2) At Least One Carbonyl Compound
The carbonyl compound is selected from aldehydes and ketones, preferably using at least one aldehyde such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, or propionaldehyde and in particular using formaldehyde. If it is desired to employ formaldehyde, it is preferred to employ formaldehyde in aqueous solution.
a3) Optionally at Least One Sulfonating Agent
Suitable sulfonating agents are, for example, sulfuric acid, in particular concentrated sulfuric acid, furthermore oleum having a content of SO3 of 1 to 30% by weight, furthermore chlorosulfonic acid and amidosulfonic acid. Concentrated sulfuric acid and oleum having an SO3 content of 1 to 15% by weight are preferred.
a4) Optionally at Least One Urea Derivative
In principle, a suitable component a4) is urea and all derivatives thereof. A urea derivative is preferred which carries at least one hydrogen atom on each nitrogen atom.
Particularly preferably, at least one urea derivative is chosen from the compounds of the general formula (I)
in which the variables are defined as follows:
X1, X2 are different or preferably identical and are chosen from hydrogen and —CH2OH,
R1, R2 are different or preferably identical and are chosen from hydrogen,
C1-C10-alkyl such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, isoamyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, sec-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl; particularly preferably C1-C4-alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl, or
R1 and R2 together form a C2-C10-alkylene unit, unsubstituted or substituted by 2 to 5 hydroxyl groups, such as, for example, —(CH2)2—, —CH2—CH(CH3)—, —(CH2)3—, —CH2—CH(C2H5)—, —(CH2)4—, —(CH2)5—, —(CH2)6—, —(CH2)7—, —(CH2)8—, —(CH2)9—, —(CH—OH)2-(cis or trans), preferably C2-C4-alkylene; in particular —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3—, and —(CH—OH)2— (cis or trans).
Very particularly preferred urea derivatives are (unsubstituted) urea, melamine or the cyclic urea derivatives of the formulae I.1, I.2 or I.3
a5) Optionally at Least One Further Aromatic or Heteroaromatic
Component a5) comprises all aromatics and heteroaromatics which do not come under the definition of component a1). Component a5) thus comprises all aromatics and heteroaromatics which are not substituted by at least one hydroxyl group (—OH) and at least one carboxyl group (—COOH) (or the salt forms of these compounds). The definition of the terms “aromatic” and “heteroaromatic” corresponds to that of component a1). Component a5) accordingly also comprises unsubstituted aromatics such as benzene, compounds having at least one hydroxyl group, but no carboxyl group, such as phenol or resorcinol, and compounds having at least one carboxyl group, but no hydroxyl group, such as benzoic acid or phthalic acid.
Preferably, component a5) is at least one aromatic or heteroaromatic selected from benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, aromatic alcohols, aromatic ethers and aromatic sulfones, where the aforementioned compounds can be optionally substituted.
Examples of preferred aromatics or heteroaromatics according to component a5) are:
benzene, toluene, ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, para-xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene, para-methylcumene, biphenyl, 2-methylbiphenyl, 3-methylbiphenyl, 4-methylbiphenyl, bitolyl (4,4′-dimethylbiphenyl), para-terphenyl, indene, fluorene, methylindenes (isomer mixture). Naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 1,8-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,7-dimethylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, 9-methyl-anthracene, 9-phenylanthracene.
Examples of aromatic alcohols which may be mentioned are: phenol, ortho-cresol, meta-cresol, para-cresol, 2-ethylphenol, 3-ethylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, 2,3-dimethyl-phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,5-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dimethylphenol, 3,4-dimethyl-phenol, 3,5-dimethylphenol, α-naphthol, β-naphthol, 9-hydroxyanthracene as a tautomer of anthrone, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, diphenylmethane, phenyl-(2-methyl-phenyl)methane, phenylparatolylmethane, phenylmetatolylmethane.
Examples of aromatic ethers which may be mentioned are: diphenyl ether, di-ortho-tolyl ether, di-meta-tolyl ether and di-para-tolyl ether.
Examples of aromatic sulfones which may be mentioned are diphenyl sulfone and di-hydroxydiphenyl sulfone, in particular 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone.
Component a5) is particularly preferably phenol.
In one embodiment of the present invention, mixtures of at least 2 aromatics are employed as component a5), for example mixtures of naphthalene and phenol, naphthalene and cresol (isomer mixture), naphthalene and diphenyl ether, naphthalene and ditolyl ether or phenol and ditolyl ether.
In a preferred embodiment, the condensation product according to the invention is obtainable by reaction of
Processes for the preparation of a condensation product according to the invention are known to the person skilled in the art, for example they are described in EP-A 37 250, DE-A 1 113 457, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, volume A15, (5th edition) Weinheim 1990, pp. 259-282 or DE-A 848 823.
The individual components a1) and a2) and optionally a3) to a5) can be reacted here in one or in a number of stages. For example, it is possible first
Alternatively, the sequence of the addition of the components a1) and a5) can be exchanged or a1) and a5) are added at least once in the form of a mixture.
It is possible to proceed in another embodiment by
In one embodiment of the present invention it is possible to bring components a1) and a2) and optionally a3), a4) and a5) to reaction in one portion in each case.
In another embodiment of the present invention at least one component a1) to a5) is brought to reaction in at least two portions. Preferably, these are components a1), a2) and/or a5), in particular component a2). This means that the second portion—in maximally equimolar amounts to the first portion—is added to the reaction vessel after reaction of the other components and a “recondensation” is carried out.
In a specific embodiment of the present invention a number of components a1) and a2) and optionally a3), a4) and a5) are brought to reaction in a number of portions.
In one embodiment of the present invention, it is possible during the reaction
If component a6) is contained in the condensation products according to the invention, the ratio a1) to a6) is 10 to 99% by weight to 1 to 90% by weight, in particular 30 to 80% by weight to 20 to 70% by weight.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the components a1) to a6) are chosen in the following ratio:
It is possible to react, for example, at temperatures in the range from 40 to 200° C., preferably 50 to 110° C. Customarily, the temperature of the reaction here is adapted to a1) and a2). If it is desired, for example, to react aromatic alcohols, it is preferred to react at temperatures in the range from 50 to 110° C. Of course, it is also possible to adjust a certain temperature profile during the reaction. Thus it is possible, for example, to start the reaction first at 90 to 100° C. and after some time, for example after 2 to 10 hours, to cool it to 40 to 75° C. and to complete the reaction over a period of time of, for example, 1 to 10 hours.
Reaction is carried out, for example, at atmospheric pressure, but can also be carried out, if desired, at higher pressures, for example 1.1 to 10 bar.
By means of the reaction described above, reaction solutions are obtained which customarily comprise large amounts of acids such as, in particular, sulfuric acid or—in the case of the use of chlorosulfonic acid —HCl. Furthermore, reaction solutions can comprise large amounts of alkali metal sulfate and/or alkali metal chloride.
Following the reaction described above, a pH in the range from 3 to 10, preferably 3.5 to 9, can be adjusted using, for example, aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution or aqueous ammonia.
By addition of water to the reaction solutions obtainable by means of the reaction described above, it is possible by dilution with water to set a water content in the range from 70 to 95% by weight, preferably 75 to 90% by weight.
On account of the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups obligatorily present in component a1) and further acidic or basic groups possibly present in the individual components, the present invention also comprises the corresponding physiologically or toxicologically tolerable salts of the condensation products according to the invention. Optionally, the condensation products according to the invention can be converted to physiologically tolerable salts following their preparation.
On account of their higher water solubility, physiologically tolerable salts are particularly suitable for medicinal applications compared to the starting or base compounds. These salts must have a physiologically tolerable anion or cation. Suitable physiologically tolerable acid addition salts of the compounds according to the invention are salts of inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulfonic acid and sulfuric acid, and organic acids, such as, for example, acetic acid theophyllineacetic acid, methylene-bis-b-oxynaphthoic, benzene-sulfonic, benzoic, citric, ethanesulfonic, salicylic, fumaric, gluconic, glycolic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, succinic, p-toluenesulfonic, tartaric and trifluoroacetic acid. Suitable pharmaceutically tolerable basic salts are ammonium salts, alkali metal salts (such as sodium and potassium salts) and alkaline earth metal salts (such as magnesium and calcium salts).
Salts having a not pharmaceutically tolerable anion are also included in the context of the scope of the invention as useful intermediate products for the preparation or purification of pharmaceutically tolerable salts and/or for use in nontherapeutic, for example in-vitro, applications.
The corresponding salts of the condensation products according to the invention can be obtained by conventional methods which are known to the person skilled in the art, for example by reaction with an organic or inorganic acid or base in a solvent or dispersant, or by anion or cation exchange with other salts.
The present invention moreover additionally includes all solvates of the condensation products, for example hydrates or adducts with alcohol, active metabolites and derivatives which comprise a physiologically acceptable and cleavable group, for example esters or amides.
The term “physiologically functional derivative” herein designates any physiologically tolerable derivative of a condensation product according to the invention, e.g. an ester, which on administration to a mammal, such as, for example, a human, is able, (directly or indirectly) to form a condensation product according to the invention or an active metabolite thereof. Examples of these are acetylphenoxy derivatives, obtainable by reaction of acetic anhydride and one of the phenol groups present.
The physiologically functional derivatives also include prodrugs of the condensation products according to the invention. Such prodrugs can be metabolized in vivo to give a condensation product according to the invention. These prodrugs can be active or not active themselves and are likewise a subject of the present invention.
The condensation products according to the invention can also be present in various polymorphic forms, e.g. as amorphous and crystalline polymorphic forms. All polymorphic forms of the condensation products according to the invention are included in the scope of the invention and are a further aspect of the invention.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, in the preparation of the condensation product according to the invention, after reaction of components a1) and a2) and optionally a3) to a5) a molecular size-dependent separation process can be carried out, preferably an ultrafiltration with retention of individual fractions of the condensation product according to the invention, for example a low molecular weight, a medium molecular weight and a high molecular weight fraction. Analogously, this also applies for the condensation products (B) described below. The high molecular weight fraction, for example, has an Mw value ≧9000 g/mol (Mw=weight average molecular weight), preferably an Mw value of 10 000 to 100 000 g/mol. The low molecular weight fraction preferably has an Mw value of 300 to 3000 g/mol. Preferably, in the high molecular weight fraction of the ratio Mw/Mn is <10, in particular Mw/Mn is <5 (Mn=number average molecular weight).
With respect to molecular size-dependent separation processes, the following, for example, are suitable: preparative gel permeation chromatography and membrane separation processes such as, for example, microfiltration, nanofiltration and in particular ultrafiltration. Combinations of a microfiltration and ultrafiltration are also suitable. Microfiltrations and ultrafiltrations and membranes necessary therefor are known as such and are described, for example, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th edition, vol. 21, Wiley-VCH Weinheim, pp. 243-321. Nanofiltrations and the relevant membranes therefor are likewise known as such and are described in R. Rautenbach, “Membranverfahren” [Membrane Processes]”, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997.
Ultrafiltrations are known as such and are in general operated as crossflow ultrafiltrations. Suitable membranes are commercially available membranes which are prepared, for example, from organic materials such as polysulfones or polyvinylidene fluoride or preferably from inorganic materials such as, for example, TiO2, ZrO2 or Al2O3. Customary forms are capillary, tubular and flat membranes, the latter in the form of membrane pads or spirally wound modules.
For example, during membrane separation processes and in particular during ultrafiltrations a transmembrane pressure difference, i.e. a pressure difference between feed and permeate, in the range from 1 to 200 bar, preferably in the range from 1.2 to 100 bar, is used.
In one embodiment, the temperature of the reaction solution treated after membrane separation processes is in the range from 20 to 70° C., preferably 25 to 35° C.
In one embodiment of the present invention, at least one membrane having a molecular weight cut-off in the range from 1000 daltons, preferably 2000 daltons, particularly preferably 5000 daltons, very particularly preferably 7500 daltons and even more preferably of 15 000 daltons, is set. The molecular weight cut-off is also designated as the separation limit.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the ultrafiltration is carried out such that a certain mass ratio of permeate to retentate is set at the end of the ultrafiltration. The amount of retentate customarily remains constant in the ultrafiltration due to continuous readdition of water, the amount of permeate increases in the course of the filtration time. Customary values are in the range from 0.5:1 to 10:1, preferably 0.8:1 to 5:1, particularly preferably 1.0:1 to 3:1.
Customarily, visually essentially transparent aqueous solutions of condensation products are obtained.
It is possible to isolate the condensation products from the solutions described above, for example by evaporation of the water or by spray drying.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the condensation products have a salt content of inorganic salts such as, for example, alkali metal sulfate and alkali metal chloride of 10 ppm to less than 5% by weight, preferably less than 2% by weight, particularly preferably less than 1% by weight and very particularly preferably less than 0.5% by weight, based on the dry weight of condensation product. The salt content can be determined, for example, by ion chromatography (IC), as described, for example, in Römpps Lexikon Chemie, 10th edition, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart New York, volume 2, keyword: lonenchromatographie (ion chromatography).
In one embodiment of the present invention, the condensation products have a residual monomer content of 10 ppm to less than 5% by weight, preferably less than 2% by weight, based on the dry weight of the condensation product. Residual monomers are designated in the context of the present invention as unreacted reactants a), c) and d) which can be found in the condensation products. The residual monomer content can be determined, for example, by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or preferably by ion chromatography (IC) or high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
In one embodiment of the present invention, condensation products according to the invention have a content of free carbonyl compound a2), including carbonyl compound a2) present as a hydrate, in the range from 1 ppm to less than 0.5% by weight, preferably 0.1% by weight or less, based on the dry weight of condensation product according to the invention. In this embodiment, the amount of free carbonyl compound a2) relates of course to the carbonyl compound a2) which has been employed in the reaction of a1) and a2) and optionally a3) to a5). If a number of carbonyl compounds a2) have been employed, the content of free carbonyl compound a2) relates to the sum of all carbonyl compounds a2) which has been employed in the reaction of a1) and a2) and optionally a3) to a5). The determination of the content of free carbonyl compound a2) can be carried out according to methods known per se. If carbonyl compound a2) is solid or liquid at room temperature, the content of free carbonyl compound a2) can be determined, for example, by gas chromatography or HPLC. If carbonyl compound a2) is formaldehyde, it can be determined, for example, photometrically. A particularly preferred method for the determination of free formaldehyde is the reaction with acetylacetone and ammonium acetate to give diacetyldihydrolutidine and photometric measurement of diacetyldihydrolutidine at a wavelength of 412 nm.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the condensation product described above is employed as a mixture with at least one (further) tanning agent, in particular a synthetic or plant tanning agent. In one embodiment, the Mw value of the further tanning agent is ≦3000 g/mol; an Mw value of between 300 and 3000 g/mol is preferred.
The further tanning agent can be either an inorganic tanning agent, a plant tanning agent or a synthetic tanning agent (for this see the aforementioned definition according to Römpp's Chemie Lexikon, 9th edition (1995), Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, keyword: “Gerbstoffe” [tanning agents], pages 1541 to 1542). Preferably, the further tanning agents used are plant or synthetic tanning agents; synthetic tanning agents are particularly preferred here. In one embodiment, those tanning agents which comprise no formaldehyde as a starting material are preferred.
The further tanning agent can be added to the condensation product according to the invention in any desired concentration. Preferably, the condensation product according to the invention is present in a mixture of this type to at least 50% by weight based on the sum of the tanning agents.
Examples of plant tanning agents are tannins such as catechols or gallic acid derivatives such as gallates. Plant tanning agents which are based on gallic acid derivatives (such as gallates) differ from the condensation products according to the invention in particular in that the last-mentioned have in their chemical structures (a multiplicity of) —CR1R2 bridges (crosslinkages), which are derived from the carbonyl compound a2) employed and which are not present in plant tanning agents. If, for example, formaldehyde is employed as component a2), the condensation products have —CH2 bridges. Plant tanning agents (gallates) are typically oligomeric systems, whereas the condensation products according to the present invention are preferably polymers. In one embodiment, the condensation products have a molecular weight Mw≧800 g/mol, preferably ≧2500 g/mol, in particular 10 000 to 50 000 g/mol.
Preferred plant tanning agents are tannins from the group consisting of the catechols, epicatechols and epigallocatechols and their gallates.
Tannin is understood in principle as meaning naturally occurring polyphenols, such as are mentioned, for example, in T. Okuda Phytochemistry, volume 66 (2005), pages 2012 to 2031 or Römpp's chemical encyclopedia, 9th edition (1995), Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, keyword “Tannine” [tannins], pages 4452 to 4453. Preferred tannins are ellagitannins and dehydroellagitannins, in particular geraniin, dehydrogeraniin, furosinin, ascorgeraniin, geraniinic acid, mallotusinic acid, pentagalloylglucose, camelliatannin A, casuariin, euphorbin E, camelliatannin F, agrimoniin, trapanin B, oenothein A, oenothein B or gemin D, lignin and lignosulfonates. Catechols, epicatechols and epigallocatechols are furthermore preferred.
Examples of a suitable catechol or derivatives thereof comprise, in particular, flavan-3-ols, flavan-3,4-diols (leucoanthocyanidins) and flavanones, flavones, chalcones or di-hydrocychalcones, epicatechols and epigallocatechols.
Examples of suitable plant gallic acid derivatives are mentioned, for example, in H. Sakagami et al, Anticancer Research 17 (1997), pages 377 to 380. Preferably, these are methyl tri-O-methylgallate, tri-O-methylgallic acid, methyl tri-O-acetylgallate, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, n-propyl gallate, isoamyl gallate, lauryl gallate, stearyl gallate, epigallocatechol gallate and gallic acid.
For example, extracts of green tea can also be employed as plant tanning agents, just as extracts of chestnuts or mimosa.
Synthetic tanning agents as such and processes for their preparation are known to the person skilled in the art. Suitable synthetic tanning agents, preferably having an Mw value ≦3000 g/mol, are disclosed, for example, in EP-A 0 301 406 or DE-A 10 2005 050 193.1. Methods how, by control of the synthesis parameters, the molar mass can be controlled within a certain range, are known to the person skilled in the art.
Preferably, the mixtures according to the invention comprise as a synthetic tanning agent at least one of the condensation products (B) to (D) listed below.
Condensation product (B) is obtainable by reaction of
Components b1) to b4) correspond, including the preferred definitions, to components a2) to a5) of the condensation product according to the invention, component b1) corresponding to component a5). Furthermore, unlike component a5), other than phenol, dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone, in particular 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone, is also a particularly preferred component b1).
In one embodiment of the present invention, the condensation products (B) have an Mw value ≦3000 g/mol. Processes for the preparation of condensation products (B) having a low Mw value (Mw value ≦3000 g/mol) are known to the person skilled in the art. Condensation products of this type can be selectively prepared, in particular, by influencing parameters such as reaction time, temperature (rather lower), the choice of the monomers (influences the reactivity, in particular use of dihydroxydiphenyl sulfones or pH (weakly acidic). Alternatively, condensation products (B) can also be prepared by carrying out—as described for the condensation product according to the invention—following the synthesis of an appropriate condensation product, a molecular size-dependent separation process, preferably an ultrafiltration, the condensation product (B) being isolated from all other constituents. Condensation products (B) having the desired Mw value can be separated off and isolated, in particular, by use of a membrane having a suitable molecular weight cut-off range of 1000 D-2500 D.
Condensation product (C) is obtainable by reaction of
The condensation products (C) as such and processes for their preparation are known to the person skilled in the art. For example, these are described in EP-A 0 301 406 and are additionally incorporated in the present invention by way of reference.
Suitable components c3) are, for example, phenolsulfonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, salicylic acid and 8-hydroxyquinoline or 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone. Suitable components c4) are carboxylic acid amides, sulfonic acid amides, imides, ureas, amino and imino acids and dialkylamines and dialkanolamines. Examples of these are acetamide, benzoic acid amide, formamide, amidosulfonic acid, succinimide, glycine, iminodiacetic acid, phenylglycine, urea, dicyandiamide, diethanolamine or diethylamine. Acidic compounds can be condensed here in the form of their alkali metal salts. A particularly preferred component c4) is acetamide or amidosulfonic acid.
A preferred condensation product (C) is obtainable by reaction of
c1) melamine and/or urea,
c2) glyoxal and/or glyoxylic acid and
c4) optionally amidosulfonic acid.
Condensation product (D) is obtainable by reaction of
Condensation products (D) as such and processes for their preparation are known to the person skilled in the art; they are disclosed, for example, in the German application having the number DE-A 10 2005 050 193.1 and are additionally incorporated in the present invention by way of reference.
Cyclic organic carbonates (component d1) are understood in the context of the present invention as meaning organic carbonic acid esters which have at least one cyclic group.
Preferably, cyclic organic carbonates are organic carbonic acid esters of the type in which the carbonic acid ester group is a constituent of a cyclic system.
In one embodiment of the present invention, cyclic organic carbonate (d1) is chosen from compounds of the general formula (II)
Where the variables are defined as follows:
Particularly preferred cyclic organic carbonates d1) are propylene carbonate or ethylene carbonate. Mixtures of propylene carbonate (R1=methyl, R2=hydrogen, a=1) and ethylene carbonate (R1═R2=hydrogen, a=1), in particular mixtures of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate liquid at room temperature are likewise particularly preferred.
Component d2) is understood as meaning compounds of the type which have two groups capable of nucleophilic reactions such as, for example, sulfonic acid groups, hydroxyl groups, mercapto groups or primary or secondary amino groups.
Examples of suitable compounds d2) can have:
at least two nucleophilic hydroxyl groups per molecule,
at least two nucleophilic Mercapto groups per molecule,
at least two nucleophilic primary or secondary amino groups per molecule, for example two or three nucleophilic primary or secondary amino groups per molecule,
at least one nucleophilic hydroxyl group or mercapto group and at least one nucleophilic primary or secondary amino group per molecule or
at least one nucleophilic hydroxyl group and at least one nucleophilic mercapto group per molecule,
at least one nucleophilic hydroxyl group or primary or secondary amino group and one sulfonic acid group per molecule.
Sulfuric acid is not a compound d2) within the meaning of the present invention.
Examples of nucleophilic hydroxyl groups are OH groups of primary and secondary alcohols and in particular phenolic OH groups.
Examples of nucleophilic mercapto groups are SH groups, aliphatic or aromatic.
Examples of nucleophilic amino groups are —NHR3 groups, aliphatic or aromatic, where R3 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-C4-alkyl, as defined above, and CN, or the NH2 group of, for example, amidosulfonic acid.
OH groups and NH groups which are constituents of aminal groups, hemiaminal groups or hydrate groups of ketones or aldehydes are not nucleophilic hydroxyl groups or amino groups within the meaning of the present invention. OH groups and NH groups which are constituents of carboxylic acid groups or carboxylic acid amido groups are also not nucleophilic hydroxyl groups or amino groups within the meaning of the present invention.
Preferred examples of compounds d2) are
in which A is a bivalent group, for example —CH2—, —CH2CH2—, —CH(CH3)—, —C(CH3)2—, —CO—, —SO2—, preferably 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, 2,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone, particularly preferably 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone, mixtures of 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone and 2,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone, for example in a weight ratio of 8:1 to 8:1.5, and bisphenol A.
Further preferred examples of compound d2) are 4-hydroxyphenylsulfonic acid and amidosulfonic acid.
Particularly preferred compounds d2) are selected from melamine, biuret, dicyanamide, amidosulfonic acid and 4,4′dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone.
In one embodiment of the present invention, mixtures are employed in which at least one condensation product according to the invention and/or at least one synthetic tanning agent having an Mw value ≦3000 g/mol are prepared using at least one compound which comprise at least one hydroxyl group or is substituted by a group of this type. Preferably, this is achieved by
the component a5) comprising at least one compound which is substituted by at least one hydroxyl group and/or
the component b1) comprising at least one compound which is substituted by at least one hydroxyl group and/or
the component c3) being present and/or
the component d2) comprising at least one compound having at least one hydroxyl group as a nucleophilic group.
In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, mixtures are employed in which the further tanning agent is formaldehyde-free, preferably a synthetic formaldehyde-free tanning agent. Preferably, this is achieved by employing a condensation product (C) or condensation product (D) in the mixture.
The present invention furthermore relates to the use of the condensation products according to the invention, optionally in the context of one of the mixtures described above, as a drug or medicament.
The condensation products according to the invention are suitable, in particular, as an antiviral agent, that is as drugs against viruses, also called virustatics or virucidal agents. Preferably, they are suitable as an antiviral agent against human papillomaviruses, especially type 16, 18, 6 and 11, endogenous retroviruses, in particular the HERV type (human endogenous retroviruses), herpes viruses, in particular HSV-1, HCMV viruses (human cytomegalovirus) or HIV viruses.
Furthermore, the condensation products according to the invention are preferably suitable as an antiviral agent against coronaviruses (e.g. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)-associated coronavirus), flaviviruses (e.g. West Nile Virus (WNV)), togaviruses (e.g. Chikungunya virus) or paramyxoviruses (e.g. measles, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)).
Preferably, the condensation products according to the invention are suitable (for the production of a medicament) for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of genital warts, cancer of the uterine cervix, allergic or nonallergic eczema, in particular neurodermatitis (endogenous eczema), diaper rash, pruritus, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, in particular arthritis, rheumatism, of melanomatous carcinomas, inflammations of the skin, herpes, in particular herpes labilis and herpes simplex, chickenpox, herpes zoster, influenza or Aids (HIV).
In one embodiment of the present invention, drugs are drugs for the local treatment of allergic or nonallergic eczema, diaper rash or pruritus. Preferably, neurodermatitis (endogenous eczema) is treated in this embodiment.
In one specific embodiment of the present invention, drugs are drugs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the skin, in which, owing to enzymatic activity, for example, of human leucocyte elastase, the formation of vesicles, pustules and “spongiosis” in the epidermis occurs. The drugs are preferably applied externally.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, drugs are drugs against viruses, preferably retroviruses, for example RNA viruses (ribonucleic acid viruses) and DNA viruses (deoxyribonucleic acid viruses) and in particular herpesviruses, for example viruses which produce herpes simplex (HS viruses), or even viruses which produce chickenpox and influenza. It is further to be noted that the active compounds according to the invention can be employed both against hydrophilic and, just as effectively, against lipophilic/hydrophobic viruses.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, drugs are drugs against HIV viruses (human immunodeficiency virus). The HIV virus is known for the fact that it causes Aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, drugs are drugs against human papillomaviruses and of endogenous retroviruses (HERV type). Human papillomaviruses are in particular the type 16, 18, 6 and 11. In this respect, the condensation products according to the invention are suitable, in particular, for the external medication of genital warts and cancer of the uterine cervix. In connection with the treatment of HERV viruses (in particular HERV-K), the condensation product according to the invention is suitable for the treatment of autoimmune diseases (arthritis) and preventively against melanomatous carcinoma.
In the foregoing explanations, the term treatment also comprises the prophylaxis, therapy or cure of the aforementioned diseases.
The condensation products according to the invention can be administered to animals and humans, preferably mammals and humans, particularly preferably humans. The condensation products according to the invention can here be administered themselves as drugs, in mixtures with one another or mixtures with other drugs or in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. Consequently, the use of the condensation products according to the invention for the production of one or more medicaments for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of the aforementioned diseases or as an antiviral agent, pharmaceutical compositions comprising an efficacious amount of at least one condensation product according to the invention and the use of these pharmaceutical compositions for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of the aforementioned diseases are likewise a subject of the present invention.
The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention comprise an efficacious amount of at least one condensation product according to the invention and a physiologically tolerable vehicle. The pharmaceutical compositions can be present here in different administration forms, in particular in the form of a pill, tablet, lozenge, granules, capsule, hard or soft gelatin capsule, aqueous solution, alcoholic solution, oily solution, syrup, emulsion, suspension, suppository, pastille, solution for injection or infusion, ointment, tincture, cream, lotion, cosmetic powder, spray, of a transdermal therapeutic system, nasal spray, aerosol, aerosol mixture, microcapsule, implant, rod, patch or gel. Likewise, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention can also be a constituent of healthcare products such as sunscreen creams, nasal sprays, mouthwashes, toothpastes, plasters, (wet) wipes, cleansing lotions or shampoos.
Depending on the administration form used, the condensation products according to the invention are processed with physiologically tolerable vehicles, which are known as such to the person skilled in the art, to give the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention. The vehicle must of course be tolerable in the sense that it is compatible with the other constituents of the composition and is not harmful to health for the patient (physiologically tolerable). The vehicle can be a solid or a liquid or both and is preferably formulated with the compound as an individual dose, for example as a tablet, which can contain from 0.05 to 95% by weight of the active compound (condensation product according to the invention). Further pharmaceutically active substances can likewise be present. The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention can be produced according to one of the known pharmaceutical methods, which essentially consist in mixing the constituents with pharmacologically tolerable vehicles and/or further excipients such as fillers, binders, lubricants, wetting agents, stabilizers et cetera.
Preferred pharmaceutical compositions in the context of the present invention are mentioned below.
In one embodiment of the present invention, ointments, creams, fatty creams, gels, lotions or powders according to the invention can in each case be contained in the range from 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 3% by weight, of condensation products according to the invention, based on the respective ointment, cream, fatty cream, lotion or the respective gel or powder.
In one embodiment of the present invention, powders or concentrates according to the invention can be contained in the range from 1 to 75% by weight, preferably 10 to 65% by weight of condensation product according to the invention, based on the respective powder or concentrate.
Creams according to the invention are customarily oil-in-water emulsions, ointments according to the invention are customarily water-in-oil emulsions. Ointments and creams according to the invention comprise, in addition to preferably purified water, one or more oil components and preferably one or more surface-active substances, for example one or more emulsifiers or protective colloids. Furthermore, ointments and fatty creams according to the invention—like other administration forms of the condensation products according to the invention as well—comprise preservatives such as, for example, sorbic acid.
Suitable oil components are natural and synthetic waxes, natural and synthetic oils such as, for example, nut oil, fish oil, olive oil and polymers such as, for example, polyacrylic acid, polydimethylsiloxane and polymethylphenylsiloxane.
Suitable surface-active substances are, for example, compounds of the general formula (IV)
CH3—(CH2)n—X—R3 (IV)
where the variables are defined as follows:
Furthermore, ointments and creams according to the invention—like other administration forms of the condensation products according to the invention as well—can comprise organic solvents such as, for example, propylene glycol and glycerol.
Preferred examples of surface-active substances are, for example, isopropyl tetradecanoate, cetyl alcohol, palmitic acid, stearic acid, polyoxyethylene 2-stearyl ether, α-n-dodecyl-ω-hydroxypolyoxyethylene having, on average, 10 ethylene oxide units, 2-phenoxyethanol, polyoxyethylene 21-stearyl ether.
Fatty creams according to the invention are customarily water-in-oil emulsions and comprise, in addition to preferably purified water, one or more oil components and preferably one or more surface-active substances, for example one or more emulsifiers or protective colloids.
Suitable oil components are, in addition to the oil components described above, natural and synthetic fats such as, for example, mono- or polyethylenically unsaturated fatty acid glycerides.
Furthermore, fatty creams according to the invention can comprise one or more of the following substances: methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, aqueous sorbitol solution, tris[n-dodecylpoly(oxoethylene)-4]phosphate, cetylstearyl alcohol, hexyl laurate, vitamin F glycerol ester, dimethicone 350, calcium lactate pentahydrate.
Gels according to the invention can comprise, for example, polyacrylic acid, sodium hydroxide and butylhydroxyanisole, for example 4-methoxy-2-tert-butylphenol, 4-methoxy-3-tert-butylphenol and mixtures of the two aforementioned compounds.
Lotions according to the invention can comprise, for example, at least one of the substances mentioned below: glycerol, zinc oxide, talc, lecithin, highly disperse silica, isopropanol, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, carageenan, sodium salt and phosphoric acid esters of the general formula (V)
in which R4, R5 and R6 can be identical or different and are chosen from n-C10-C20-alkyl, in particular n-C16-C18-alkyl and H—(O—CH2—CH2)m, where m is defined as above.
Cosmetic powders according to the invention can comprise, for example: calcium lactate pentahydrate, talc, cornstarch, 2-n-octyl-1-dodecanol, silica.
Powders according to the invention for the preparation of working solutions can comprise, for example, calcium lactate 5H2O and sodium sulfate (as a carrier material).
Concentrates according to the invention for the preparation of working solutions can comprise, for example: sodium salt of dodecylpoly(oxyethylene) 2-hydrogensulfate, sodium sulfate as a carrier material.
Instead of investigating ointments, creams, fatty creams, gels, lotions, cosmetic powders, powders or concentrates according to the invention for their efficacy, condensation products according to the invention, optionally as a stock solution, can be investigated for their efficacy. Suitable investigation methods are investigations on the inhibition of selected enzymes, for example human leucocyte elastase or protease plasmin. Furthermore, it can be investigated to what extent the replication of viruses in question is inhibited. Investigation methods of this type are described even more accurately in the following text (pharmacological investigations).
A further subject of the present invention is the use of a condensation product according to the invention for disinfection, as a disinfectant or constituent of a disinfectant. In particular, the condensation products according to the invention are used in the hospital field, in particular hospital intensive care units, toilets, washrooms, households, food production or in stables or cages of animals, in particular of birds, pigs and cattle.
The condensation products according to the invention are distinguished in their use as disinfectants in that they have a surprisingly good broad-spectrum action against fungi, bacteria and viruses, and a lower toxicity toward the customary compositions or mixtures which are used as disinfectants according to the prior art. Furthermore, they are neither volatile nor irritating to the mucous membranes and they can be prepared easily either as a liquid or alternatively scatterable powder adjustment. In particular, the condensation products according to the invention are suitable for use in stables or cages of animals, preferably on straw.
A further subject of the present invention is thus also a disinfectant comprising at least one condensation product according to the invention obtainable by reaction of
The disinfectants according to the invention are thus not intended for administration as drugs, but they are suitable for the disinfection of, for example, the articles mentioned above. In the disinfectants according to the invention, at least one condensation product according to the invention is contained in the customary concentrations. Further components which are contained in the disinfectants according to the invention are known to the person skilled in the art. Components of this type can vary, depending on the application area; the same applies for the concentration in the condensation product according to the invention.
A further subject of the present invention is the use of the condensation products according to the invention as a tanning agent or as a tanning aid. Preferably, the condensation products according to the invention are suitable for the tanning of leathers and/or hides. Processes for tanning (tanning processes) as such are known to the person skilled in the art, she, for example, EP-A 0 301 406.
The invention will be illustrated by the following examples.
ppm always relates to parts by weight, if not stated otherwise.
The molecular weight determinations are carried out using gel permeation chromatography (GPC):
Stationary phase: poly-(2-hydroxymethacrylate) gel, commercially obtainable as HEMA BIO from PSS, Mainz, Germany, crosslinked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
Eluent: mixture of 30% by weight of tetrahydrofuran (THF), 10% by weight of acrylonitrile, 60% by weight of 1-molar NaNO3 solution
Internal standard: 0.001% by weight of benzophenone, based on eluent
Flow: 1.5 ml/min
Concentration: 1% by weight in the eluent containing internal standard
Detection: UV/Vis is spectrometrically at 254 nm
Calibration using a polystyrene calibration part from PSS.
Mn: number average molecular weight in [g/mol]
Mw: weight average molecular weight in [g/mol]
For the determination of free formaldehyde, a flow-injection apparatus according to Huber is employed, see Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 1981, 309, 389. The column chosen is a 170×10 mm thermostatted reaction column, packed with glass beads, which are operated at 75° C. The detector (flow detector) is set at a wavelength of 412 nm. The procedure is as follows:
For the preparation of a reagent solution, 62.5 g of ammonium acetate are dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water, 7.5 ml of concentrated acetic acid and 5.0 ml of acetylacetone are added and the mixture is made up to 1000 ml with distilled water.
0.1 g of the condensation product to be investigated is weighed into a 10 ml volumetric flask, made up to 10 ml with distilled water and the respective sample solution is obtained.
100 μl of sample solution are added in each case, mixed with reagent solution and a mean residence time of 1.5 minutes is set, which corresponds to a flow of 35 ml/min.
For the determination of the absolute values, the flow-injection apparatus is calibrated with formaldehyde solutions having a known content.
a) phenol,
b) concentrated sulfuric acid,
c) urea
d) formaldehyde
e) gallic acid
47.1 g of phenol are initially introduced into a stirring apparatus and treated for 25 minutes with 57.1 g of concentrated sulfuric acid (96% by weight). Care is taken here that the temperature does not rise above 105° C. Subsequently, the reaction mixture is stirred for 2 hours at 100 to 105° C. The reaction mixture is then diluted with 7.9 g of water. 64.6 g of aqueous urea solution (50% by weight) are metered in, the temperature rising to 95° C.; subsequently the mixture is cooled to 75° C. 94.6 g of aqueous formaldehyde solution (30% by weight) are added over a period of 90 minutes, care being taken that the temperature does not rise above 75° C. Subsequently, the mixture is partially neutralized with 17.3 g of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (50% by weight), and 6.9 g of water are added. 56.5 g of gallic acid and 0.6 g of a complexing agent based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid are added at a temperature of 50 to 55° C. The reaction mixture is then stirred for 30 minutes at 55° C., before 26.3 g of aqueous formaldehyde solution (30% by weight) are metered in at 55 to 60° C. in the course of 15 to 20 minutes. 74.4 g of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (50% by weight) and 46.2 g of water are added. The final adjustment of the pH to pH 7.0 to 7.4 is carried out by addition of 16.4 g of sulfuric acid (50% by weight). After evaporation of the volatile portions, 465 g of condensation product 1 are obtained as a solid having a deep lilac color.
The analysis of the condensation product 1 affords the following values:
phenol by HPLC: <0.1% by weight;
4-phenolsulfonic acid by HPLC: 9.8% by weight;
free formaldehyde: <20 ppm;
Mn 1740 g/mol, Mw 9140 g/mol, determined by GPC.
20.4 g of phenol are initially introduced into a stirring apparatus and treated for 25 minutes with 24.7 g of concentrated sulfuric acid (96% by weight). Care is taken here that the temperature does not rise above 105° C. Subsequently, the reaction mixture is stirred for 2 hours at 100 to 105° C. The reaction mixture is then diluted with 3.4 g of water. 28.1 g of aqueous urea solution (50% by weight) are metered in, the temperature rising to 95° C.; subsequently the mixture is cooled to 75° C. 41.0 g of aqueous formaldehyde solution (30% by weight) are added over a period of 90 minutes, care being taken that the temperature does not rise above 75° C. Subsequently, the mixture is partially neutralized with 7.5 g of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (50% by weight), and 3 g of water are added. 13.6 g of phenol and 0.3 g of a complexing agent based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid are added at a temperature of 50 to 55° C. The reaction mixture is then stirred for 30 minutes at 55° C., before metering in 11.4 g of aqueous formaldehyde solution (30% by weight) in the course of 15 to 20 minutes at 55 to 60° C. 32.2 g of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (50% by weight) and 20 g of water are added. The final adjustment of the pH to pH 7.0-7.4 is carried out by addition of 8.2 g of sulfuric acid (50% by weight). After evaporation of the volatile portions, 200 g of condensation product 2 are obtained as a colorless solid.
The analysis of the condensation product 2 affords the following values:
phenol by HPLC: <0.1% by weight;
4-phenolsulfonic acid by HPLC: 7.8% by weight;
free formaldehyde: <20 ppm;
In the investigation, it is determined whether a condensation product has antiviral activity against various viruses and what amount of antiviral substance is needed in order to bring about a 50% reduction of virus replication.
The virus working dilution is determined with the aid of an endpoint titration of the cultured virus isolate. In this titration, the amount of a virus is determined at which 50% of the batches from the virus dilution are infected or not infected (=infectious dose 50%=TCID50/ml).
A dilution series increasing by a factor of two is prepared from the substance to be tested. A defined amount of virus is then added.
The substance/virus mixture is added to monolayers of suitable cells. After an incubation period dependent on the virus, an assessment of the virus-related cytopathogenic effect (CPE) is carried out. For the determination of the results, staining by means of antibodies against the virus employed follows. Here, a percentage estimate of the CPE takes place in comparison to the virus control, which is set at 100%. On staining, a photometric evaluation is carried out. By means of linear regression using a computer program, the concentration at which a 50% reduction of the virus replication of patient isolates is induced (“IC50”) is calculated.
The concentration of condensation product which reduces the cell viability by 50% is called “TC50” (=toxic concentration). TC50 indicates the toxic effects of the reaction mixture.
The TC50/IC50 ratio (called the therapeutic index “TI”) shows the specific activity of a condensation product against a given virus.
using the substance to be tested prepare a 1:2 dilution series
A substance having known antiviral activity compared to the test virus is comprised in each batch. A cell and virus control is comprised in each batch.
Condensation Product from Example 1
Condensation Product from Comparative Example 2
The comparison of examples 1 and 2 shows that the condensation products according to the invention have a markedly decreased IC50 value and a markedly higher TC50 value and thus also a markedly improved TI index for a multiplicity of viruses than the condensation products known from the prior art. The condensation products according to the invention thus show improved pharmaceutical efficacy.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 06114062.0 | May 2006 | EP | regional |
| 06114063.8 | May 2006 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP07/51887 | 2/28/2007 | WO | 00 | 11/17/2008 |
