Patent Application
20250234773
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2024-0007635, filed on Jan. 17, 2024, and 10-2024-0018417, filed on Feb. 6, 2024, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
The disclosure relates to a condensed cyclic compound, a light-emitting device including the same, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.
From among light-emitting devices, organic light-emitting devices are self-emissive devices that, as compared with devices of the related art, have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and response speed, and produce full-color images.
In an example, an organic light-emitting device includes an anode, a cathode, and an emission layer disposed between the anode and the cathode and including an emission layer. A hole transport region may be provided between the anode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region may be provided between the emission layer and the cathode. Holes provided from the anode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the cathode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. The holes and the electrons recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. When the excitons transition from an excited state to a ground state, light is emitted.
Provided are a novel condensed cyclic compound, a light-emitting device using the same, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.
Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure.
According to an aspect of the disclosure, a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 is provided:
P(═O)(Q38)(Q39), or —P(Q38)(Q39), or
According to another aspect of the disclosure, a light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an interlayer which is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes an emission layer, wherein the interlayer includes one or more of the condensed cyclic compounds.
According to another aspect of the disclosure, an electronic apparatus includes the light-emitting device.
The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with FIGURE which shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device according to an exemplary embodiment.
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the specification. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.
It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present.
It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” “third” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, “a first element,” “component,” “region,” “layer” or “section” discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings herein.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, “a,” “an,” “the,” and “at least one” do not denote a limitation of quantity, and are intended to cover both the singular and plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, “an element” has the same meaning as “at least one element,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
“Or” means “and/or.” As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top,” may be used herein to describe one element's relationship to another element as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements. The exemplary term “lower,” can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of “lower” and “upper,” depending on the particular orientation of the figure. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements. The exemplary terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below.
“About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” can mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10% or 5% of the stated value.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims.
An aspect provides a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1:
According to an embodiment, ring CY1 to ring CY3 may each independently be a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, an indenoanthracene group, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, or an azadibenzofuran group.
According to an embodiment, ring CY1 to ring CY3 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, or an azadibenzosilole group.
According to an embodiment, i)n1 may be 1 and n2 may be 0, or ii)n1 may be 0 and n2 may be 1.
According to an embodiment, the sum of n1 and n2 may be 1, W1 may be N(R8), or N(Ar1), and W2 may be N(R10), or N(Ar2).
According to an embodiment, the sum of n1 and n2 may be 1, W1 may be N(Ar1), and W2 may be N(Ar2).
According to an embodiment, Ar0 and Ar1 may be identical to each other, or Ar0 and Ar2 may be identical to each other.
According to an embodiment, the sum of n1 and n2 may be 1, W1 may be N(Ar1), W2 may be N(Ar2), the sum of a1 to a3 is at least one, and the at least one of R1 to R3 is not hydrogen. In an embodiment, the sum of a1 to a3 is at least two and the at least two of R1 to R3 are not hydrogen. In an embodiment, the sum of a1 to a3 is at least three and the at least three of R1 to R3 are not hydrogen.
According to an embodiment, the sum of n1 and n2 may be 1, W1 may be N(Ar1), W2 may be N(Ar2), the sum of a1 to a3 is at least one, and the at least one of R1 to R3 is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group. In an embodiment, the sum of a1 to a3 is at least two and the at least two of R1 to R3 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group. In an embodiment, the sum of a1 to a3 is at least three and the at least three of R1 to R3 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group.
According to an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may have a symmetric structure.
According to an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may have a symmetrical structure based on i) a straight line connecting the center of CY1 and B, or ii) a straight line connecting the center of CY3 and B.
According to an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may have a symmetrical structure when n1 is 0, n2 is 1, W2 is N(Ar2), and Ar0 and Ar2 are identical to each other.
According to an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may have a symmetrical structure when n1 is 0, n2 is 1, W2 is N(Ar2), Ar0 and Ar2 are identical to each other, a1 and a2 are 1, and R1 and R2 are identical to each other.
According to another embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may have an asymmetric structure.
According to an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may have a symmetrical structure when n1 is 0, n2 is 1, W2 is N(Ar2), and Ar0 and Ar2 are different from each other.
According to an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may have a symmetrical structure when n1 is 0, n2 is 1, W2 is N(Ar2), Ar0 and Ar2 are different from each other, a1 and a2 are 1, and R1 and R2 are identical to each other.
According to an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may have a symmetrical structure when n1 is 0, n2 is 1, W2 is N(Ar2), Ar0 and Ar2 are identical to each other, a1 and a2 are 1, and R1 and R2 are different from each other.
According to an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may have a symmetrical structure when n1 is 0, n2 is 1, W2 is N(Ar2), Ar0 and Ar2 are different from each other, a1 and a2 are 1, and R1 and R2 are different from each other.
According to an embodiment, T1 may be a single bond, O, or S.
According to an embodiment, T1 may be a single bond.
According to an embodiment, R1 to R3 may each independently be:
According to an embodiment, R1 to R3 may each independently be:
According to an embodiment, R4 to R7 may each independently be:
According to an embodiment, R4 to R7 may each independently be:
According to an embodiment, R8 to R13 may each independently be:
According to an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may be represented by Formula 1A:
In an embodiment, m may be 0 or 1.
According to an embodiment, the group represented by Formula 2 may be any one of the groups represented by Formulae 2-1 to 2-9 below:
According to an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may include at least one deuterium, a tert-butyl group, or a combination thereof.
According to an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may be any one of Compounds 1 to 66:
Ar0 in Formula 1 may be the group represented by Formula 2, and the group represented by Formula 2 may include a heterocondensed ring containing an ortho biphenyl group and N. Accordingly, in the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1, the introduction of a substituent containing a heteroatom at the terminal thereof contributes to the stabilization of the luminescence process and thus, a relatively small luminescence full width at half maximum (FWHM) may be obtained and a relatively low highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level may be maintained, thereby allowing light having a short wavelength to be emitted. Accordingly, an electronic device, for example, a light-emitting device using the condensed cyclic compound may have improved driving voltage, improved external quantum efficiency, and improved lifespan characteristics.
According to an embodiment, the FWHM of the emission spectrum of the condensed cyclic compound may be about 5 nm to about 40 nm, for example, about 10 nm to about 25 nm.
In some embodiments, the emission peak wavelength in the emission spectrum of the condensed cyclic compound may be about 400 nm to about 500 nm, for example, about 440 nm to about 470 nm.
In some embodiments, the singlet (S1) energy level of the condensed cyclic compound may be about 2.4 eV to about 3.1 eV.
In some embodiments, the absolute value of the difference between the singlet (S1) energy and the triplet (T1) energy of the condensed cyclic compound may be about 0 eV to about 1 eV.
In some embodiments, the absolute value of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the condensed cyclic compound may be about 4.0 eV to about 6.5 eV.
The method for synthesizing the condensed cyclic compound may be recognized by those skilled in the art by referring to the synthesis examples described later.
The condensed cyclic compound may be suitable for use as an interlayer of a light-emitting device, for example, as a material for an emission layer in the interlayer. Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a light-emitting device including a first electrode, a second electrode, and an interlayer which is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes an emission layer, wherein the interlayer includes at least one type of the condensed cyclic compounds.
Since the light-emitting device includes an interlayer including at least one type of the condensed cyclic compound as described above, the light-emitting device can emit blue light with a relatively narrow FWHM and a short wavelength shift, and has improved driving voltage, improved external quantum efficiency, improved luminescence efficiency, and/or improved lifespan characteristics.
The condensed cyclic compound may be used between a pair of electrodes of a light-emitting device. For example, the condensed cyclic compound may be included in the emission layer. In this regard, the emission layer may further include a host. The amount of the host may be greater than the amount of the condensed cyclic compound. The emission layer may emit red light, green light, or blue light. For example, the emission layer may emit blue light.
According to an embodiment, the CIEy value of the light emitted from the emission layer may be about 0.040 to about 0.170, about 0.050 to about 0.170, about 0.060 to about 0.170, about 0.040 to about 0.165, about 0.050 to about 0.165, or about 0.060 to about 0.165.
In some embodiments, the emission peak wavelength of light emitted from the emission layer may be about 440 nm to about 470 nm, about 445 nm to about 470 nm, about 450 nm to about 470 nm, about 455 nm to about 470 nm, about 460 nm to about 470 nm, about 440 nm to about 465 nm, about 445 nm to about 465 nm, about 450 nm to about 465 nm, about 455 nm to about 465 nm, or about 460 nm to about 465 nm.
The emission layer may further include a host. The host may be as described herein.
The first electrode may be an anode, which is a hole injection electrode, and the second electrode may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, or the first electrode may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and the second electrode may be an anode, which is a hole injection electrode.
For example, in the organic light-emitting device, the first electrode may be an anode, the second electrode may be a cathode, and the interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron-blocking layer, an auxiliary layer, or a combination thereof, and the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or a combination thereof.
The term “interlayer” as used herein refers to a single and/or multiple layers disposed between a first electrode and a second electrode in an organic light-emitting device. The “interlayer” may include, in addition to an organic compound, an organometallic complex including a metal.
In some embodiments, the emission layer may include a first embodiment or a second embodiment:
The emission layer includes at least one condensed cyclic compound, and the condensed cyclic compound may function as an emitter, for example, a delayed fluorescence emitter. That is, the condensed cyclic compound may be an emitter. For example, of the total light-emitting components of the emission layer, the light-emitting component emitted from the condensed cyclic compound may be at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. The light emitted from the condensed cyclic compound may be blue light. The emission layer may further include a sensitizer, and the sensitizer and the condensed cyclic compound may be different from each other. The sensitizer may be an organometallic compound, a delayed fluorescent material, an immediate fluorescent material, or a combination thereof. The amount (weight) of the sensitizer may be about 0.01 parts by weight to about 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the emission layer.
The emission layer includes at least one condensed cyclic compound, and the condensed cyclic compound may function as a sensitizer or an auxiliary dopant. That is, the condensed cyclic compound may be a sensitizer or an auxiliary dopant. The sensitizer may effectively transmit excitons from the host to the emitter. The emission layer may further include an emitter, and the emitter may be different from the condensed cyclic compound. The emitter may be an organometallic compound, an immediate fluorescent material, a delayed fluorescent material, or a combination thereof.
In this specification, the emitter is a host, a sensitizer, and/or an auxiliary dopant, which is a material that receives excitons and emits light through transition to the ground state.
The amount of the condensed cyclic compound in the first embodiment and the second embodiment may be about 0.01 parts by weight to about 40 parts by weight, about 0.1 parts by weight to about 20 parts by weight, about 1 part by weight to about 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the emission layer.
The organometallic compound in the first embodiment and the second embodiment includes a transition metal and n ligands bonded to the transition metal, and n may be an integer from 1 to 4.
According to an embodiment, regarding the organometallic compound, the transition metal may be platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd), n may be 1, and the ligand may be a tetradentate ligand. The tetradentate ligand may include, for example, a carbene moiety bonded to the transition metal.
In some embodiments, the organometallic compound includes a transition metal and a tetradentate ligand bonded to the transition metal, the transition metal may be platinum or palladium, and the tetradentate ligand may be a carbene moiety bonded to the transition metal.
In some embodiments, regarding the organometallic compound, the transition metal may be iridium (Ir) or osmium (Os), n may be 3, and at least one of the n ligands may be a bidentate ligand including-F, a cyano group, or a combination thereof, or a bidentate ligand including a carbene moiety bonded to the transition metal. For example, the bidentate ligand may further include an imidazole group or a triazole group.
In some embodiments, the organometallic compound may be an organometallic compound represented by Formula 3 and/or an organometallic compound represented by Formula 5 described herein. Details of Formulae 3 and 5 will be provided below.
The delayed fluorescent material in the first embodiment and the second embodiment may be, for example, a heat-activated delayed fluorescent material. As another example, the delayed fluorescent material may be a multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence material.
The multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence may be a polycyclic compound that i) does not include a transition metal, and ii) has a core in which two or more C3-C60 cyclic groups are condensed with each other. In this regard, two C3-C60 cyclic groups of the core may be condensed with each other while sharing boron (B) or nitrogen (N).
According to an embodiment, the delayed fluorescent material may be a polycyclic compound represented by Formula 4 below. Details of Formula 4 will be provided below.
The immediate fluorescent material in the first embodiment and the second embodiment may be an amino group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, etc. For example, the immediate fluorescent material may include a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group (a tetracene group), a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a group represented by one of Formulae 501-1 to 501-21, or a combination thereof:
In some embodiments, the immediate fluorescent material may include a compound represented by Formula 501A or 501B:
In some embodiments, the immediate fluorescent material includes a compound represented by Formula 501A or 501B, wherein xd4 in Formula 501A may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and xd4 in Formula 501B may be 2, 3, or 4.
m1 hosts in the emission layer may include a hole-transporting compound, an electron-transporting compound, an anodic compound, or a combination thereof. Each of the first host and the second host may not include a transition metal.
For example, m1 in the emission layer is 2, two hosts in the emission layer each include a hole-transporting compound and an electron-transporting compound, and the hole-transporting compound and the electron-transporting compound may be different from each other.
According to an embodiment, the hole-transporting compound may be a compound that includes at least one π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group and does not include an electron-transporting group. Examples of the electron-transporting group are a cyano group, a fluoro group, a TT-electron-deficient nitrogen-including cyclic group, a phosphine oxide group, a sulfoxide group, and the like.
The term “π-electron deficient nitrogen-including cyclic group” as used herein may be a C1-C60 heterocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety as a ring-forming moiety. Examples of the TT-electron deficient nitrogen-containing cyclic group may include a triazine group, an imidazole group, and the like.
The term “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group” as used herein may be a C3-C60 cyclic group that does not include the *—N═*′ moiety as a ring-forming moiety. Examples of the π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group are a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a triphenylene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an indolodibenzofuran group, an indolodibenzothiophene group, an indolocarbazole group, a naphthobenzofuran group, a naphthobenzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a phenanthrenobenzofuran group, a phenanthrenobenzothiophene group, a naphthocarbazole group, a dinaphthofuran group, a dinaphthothiophene group, or a dibenzocarbazole group.
For example, the hole-transporting compound may include two or more carbazole groups.
In some embodiments, the electron-transporting compound may include at least one electron-transporting group. The electron-transporting group may be a cyano group, a fluoro group, a Ir electron-deficient nitrogen-including C1-C60 cyclic group, a phosphine oxide group, a sulfoxide group, or a combination thereof. According to an embodiment, the electron-transporting compound may include a triazine group.
For example, the electron-transporting compound may include: at least one electron-transporting group (for example, a triazine group); and at least one π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group (for example, a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a triphenylene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an indolodibenzofuran group, an indolodibenzothiophene group, an indolocarbazole group, a naphthobenzofuran group, a naphthobenzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a phenanthrenobenzofuran group, a phenanthrenobenzothiophene group, a naphthocarbazole group, a dinaphthofuran group, a dinaphthothiophene group, a dibenzocarbazole group, or a combination thereof).
According to an embodiment, the hole-transporting compound may be a compound represented by Formula 6:
a Ir electron rich C3-C60 cyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a deuterated C1-C20 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a deuterated phenyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl) phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a deuterated biphenyl group, a (C1-C20alkyl) biphenyl group, —Si(Q33)(Q34)(Q35), or a combination thereof,
Descriptions of each of Q3 to Q5 and Q33 to Q35 are as described herein.
In some embodiments, the hole-transporting compound may be a compound represented by Formulae 6-1, 6-2, or 6-3:
In some embodiments, the hole-transporting compound may be one of Compounds HTH1 to HTH6:
In some embodiments, the electron-transporting compound may be a compound represented by Formula 7:
Descriptions of each of Q3 to Q5 and Q33 to Q35 are as described herein.
In some embodiments, each of X74 to X76 in Formula 7 may be N.
In some embodiments, L71 to L73 in Formula 7 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a triphenylene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an indolodibenzofuran group, an indolodibenzothiophene group, an indolocarbazole group, a naphthobenzofuran group, a naphthobenzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a phenanthrenobenzofuran group, a phenanthrenobenzothiophene group, a naphthocarbazole group, a dinaphthofuran group, a dinaphthothiophene group, or a dibenzocarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a deuterated C1-C20 alkyl group, a fluorinated C1-C20 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a deuterated phenyl group., a fluorinated phenyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl) phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a deuterated biphenyl group, a fluorinated phenyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl) biphenyl group, —Si(Q33)(Q34)(Q35), or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, in Formula 7, at least one of e71 L71, at least one of e72 L72, at least one of e73 L73, or a combination thereof may each independently be a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an indolodibenzofuran group, an indolodibenzothiophene group, an indolocarbazole group, a naphthobenzofuran group, a naphthobenzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a phenanthrenobenzofuran group, a phenanthrenobenzothiophene group, a naphthocarbazole group, a dinaphthofuran group, a dinaphthothiophene group, or a dibenzocarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a deuterated C1-C20 alkyl group, a fluorinated C1-C20 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a deuterated phenyl group, a fluorinated phenyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl) phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a deuterated biphenyl group, a fluorinated phenyl group, a (C1-C20alkyl) biphenyl group, a-Si(Q33)(Q34)(Q35), or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, in Formula 7, at least one of e71 L71, at least one of e72 L72, at least one of e73 L73, or a combination thereof may be a carbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a naphthocarbazole group, or a dibenzocarbazole group, each of which has a nitrogen atom connected to a carbon atom of a 6-membered ring including X74 to X76 in Formula 7 via a single bond or neighboring L71, L72 and/or L73 therebetween.
In some embodiments, e71 to e73 in Formula 7 represent the number of L71 to the number of L73, respectively, and may each independently be, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, R71 to R76 in Formula 7 may each independently be:
In some embodiments, the electron-transporting compound may be one of Compounds ETH1 to ETH7:
The organometallic compound in the first embodiment and the second embodiment may be an organometallic compound represented by Formula 3:
According to an embodiment, M31 in Formula 3 may be Pt, Pd, or Au.
In some embodiments, M31 in Formula 3 may be Pt or Pd.
In some embodiments, the bond between X11 and M31 in Formula 3 may be a coordinate bond.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 3, X11 may be C, and a bond between X11 and M31 may be a coordinate bond. That is, X11 in Formula 3 may be C in a carbene moiety.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY31 to ring CY34 in Formula 3 may each independently be i) a first ring, ii) a second ring, iii) a condensed ring in which two or more first rings are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed ring in which two or more second rings are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed ring in which at least one first ring is condensed with at least one second ring,
According to an embodiment, R31 to R34, R35a, R35b, R36a, R36b, R37a, R37b, R38a, and R38b may each independently be:
According to an embodiment, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 3 may be an organometallic compound represented by Formula 3-1 or an organometallic compound represented by Formula 3-2:
The bond between the carbon of the imidazole group and M31 in Formula 3-1 may be a coordinate bond. That is, the imidazole group in Formula 3-1 may include a carbene moiety bonded to M31.
The bond between the carbon of the benzimidazole group and M31 in Formula 3-2 may be a coordinate bond. That is, the benzimidazole group in Formula 3-2 includes a carbene moiety bonded to M31.
In an embodiment, in Formulae 3-1 and 3-2,
For example, in Formulae 3-1 and 3-2,
The organometallic compound in the first embodiment and the second embodiment may be an organometallic compound represented by Formula 5:
M51(L51)n51(L52)n52 Formula 5
In an embodiment, M51 may be a first-row transition metal, a second-row transition metal, or a third-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements.
In one or more embodiments, M51 may be iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), or rhodium (Rh).
In one or more embodiments, M51 may be Ir, Pt, Os, or Rh.
In some embodiments, M51 may be Ir or Os.
In Formula 5, L51 may be a ligand represented by Formula 5A, and L52 may be a ligand represented by Formula 5B:
n51 in Formula 5 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein, when n51 is 2 or more, two or more of L51 may be identical to or different from each other.
n52 in Formula 5 may be 0, 1, or 2, wherein, when n52 is 2, two L52 may be identical to or different from each other.
The sum of n51 and n52 in Formula 5 may be 2 or 3. For example, the sum of n51 and n52 may be 3.
In an embodiment, in Formula 5, i) M may be Ir, and n51+n52-3; or ii) M may be Pt, and n51+n52=2.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 5, M may be Ir, and i) n51 may be 1, and n52 may be 2, or ii) n51 may be 2, and n52 may be 1.
L51 and L52 in Formula 5 may be different from each other. Y51 to Y54 in Formulae 5A to 5B may each independently be C or N. For example, Y51 and Y53 may each be N, and Y52 and Y54 may each be C.
Ring CY51 to ring CY54 in Formulae 5A and 5B may each independently be a C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group.
For example, ring CY51 to ring CY54 in Formulae 5A and 5B may each independently include i) a third ring, ii) a fourth ring, iii) a condensed ring in which two or more third rings are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed ring in which two or more fourth rings are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed ring in which at least one third ring is condensed with at least one fourth ring,
In some embodiments, in Formulae 5A and 5B, ring CY1 to ring CY4 may each independently be a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a pyrrole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a silole group, a borole group, a phosphole group, a germole group, a selenophene group, an indene group, an indole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, a benzogermole group, a benzoselenophene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a benzofluorene group, a benzocarbazole group, a naphthobenzofuran group, a naphthobenzothiophene group, a naphthobenzosilole group, a naphthobenzoborole group, a naphthobenzophosphole group, a naphthobenzogermole group, a naphthobenzoselenophene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dinaphthofuran group, a dinaphthothiophene group, a dinaphthosilole group, a dinaphthoborole group, a dinaphthophosphole group, a dinaphthogermole group, a dinaphthoselenophene group, an indenophenanthrene group, an indolophenanthrene group, a phenanthrobenzofuran group, a phenanthrobenzothiophene group, a phenanthrobenzosilole group, a phenanthrobenzoborole group, a phenanthrobenzophosphole group, a phenanthrobenzogermole group, a phenanthrobenzoselenophene group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindene group, an azaindole group, an azabenzofuran group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azafluorene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofluorene group, an azabenzocarbazole group, an azanaphthobenzofuran group, an azanaphthobenzothiophene group, an azanaphthobenzosilole group, an azanaphthobenzoborole group, an azanaphthobenzogermole group, an azanaphthobenzophosphole group, an azanaphthobenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofluorene group, an azadibenzocarbazole group, an azadinaphthofuran group, an azadinaphthothiophene group, an azadinaphthosilole group, an azadinaphthoborole group, an azadinaphthophosphole group, an azadinaphthogermole group, an azadinaphthoselenophene group, an azaindenophenanthrene group, an azaphenanthrobenzofuran group, an azaindolophenanthrene group, an azaphenanthrobenzothiophene group, an azaphenanthrobenzosilole group, an azaphenanthrobenzoborole group, an azaphenanthrobenzophosphole group, an azaphenanthrobenzogermole group, an azaphenanthrobenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a phenanthridine group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isooxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, an azaphosphole group, an azagermole group, an azaselenophene group, a benzopyrrole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzisothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a pyridinopyrrole group, a pyridinopyrazole group, a pyridinoimidazole group, a pyridinooxazole group, a pyridinoisoxazole group, a pyridinothiazole group, a pyridinoisothiazole group, a pyridinooxadiazole group, a pyridinothiadiazole group, a pyrimidinopyrrole group, a pyrimidinopyrazole group, a pyrimidinoimidazole group, a pyrimidinooxazole group, a pyrimidinoisoxazole group, a pyrimidinothiazole group, a pyrimidinoisothiazole group, a pyrimidinooxadiazole group, a pyrimidinothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a norbornene group, a benzene group condensed with a cyclohexane group, a benzene group condensed with a norbornane group, a pyridine group condensed with a cyclohexane group, or a pyridine group condensed with a norbornane group.
For example, ring CY51 and ring CY53 in Formulae 5A and 5B may be different from each other.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY52 and ring CY54 in Formulae 5A and 5B may be different from each other.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY51 to ring CY54 in Formulae 5A and 5B may be different from each other.
R51 to R54 in Formulae 5A and 5B may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q51)(Q52), —Si(Q53)(Q54)(Q55), —Ge(Q53)(Q54)(Q55), —B(Q56)(Q57), —P(═O)(Q58)(Q59), or —P(Q58)(Q59). Q51 to Q59 are each the same as described in the present specification.
In an embodiment, R51 to R54 in Formulae 5A and 5B may each independently be:
In one or more embodiments, R51 to R54 may each independently be:
b51 to b54 in Formulae 5A and 5B indicate the numbers of R51 to R54, respectively, and may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20. When b51 is 2 or more, two or more of R51 may be identical to or different from each other, when b52 is 2 or more, two or more of R52 may be identical to or different from each other, when b53 is 2 or more, two or more of R53 may be identical to or different from each other, and when b54 is 2 or more, two or more of R54 may be identical to or different from each other. For example, b51 to b54 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 8.
According to an embodiment, in Formula 5A, Y52 may be C, the bond between Y52 and M51 may be a covalent bond, and at least one of b52 R52 may be a cyano group or —F.
In some embodiments, in Formula 5A, Y51 may be N, the bond between Y51 and M51 may be a coordination bond, CY51 may be an imidazole group, a triazole group, a benzimidazole group, or a triazolopyridine group, and at least one of b52 R52 may be a cyano group or —F.
In some embodiments, in Formula 5A, Y51 may be C, and the bond between Y51 and M51 may be a coordinate bond.
In some embodiments, in Formula 5A, Y51 may be C, the bond between Y51 and M51 may be a coordinate bond, and CY51 may be a benzimidazole group or an imidazopyrazine group.
Specific examples of organometallic compounds represented by Formula 3 or Formula 5.
For example, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 3 or Formula 5 may be one of Compounds P1 to P52:
The delayed fluorescent material in the first embodiment and the second embodiment may be a polycyclic compound represented by Formula 4:
P(═O)(Q38)(Q39), or —P(Q38)(Q39); or
According to an embodiment, ring CY41 to ring CY43 may be each independently, i) a benzene group, or ii) a polycyclic group in which two or more C3-C60 cyclic groups are condensed with each other. Two C5-C60 cyclic groups in the polycyclic group may be condensed with each other while sharing boron (B) or nitrogen (N).
In some embodiments, at least one of b41 to b43, or at least two of b41 to b43, may each be 1. In some embodiments, two of b41 to b43 may be 1, and the remaining one may be 0.
In some embodiments, R41 to R49 may each independently be:
In some embodiments, the polycyclic compound represented by Formula 4 may be a polycyclic compound represented by one of Formulae 4-1 to 4-9:
The polycyclic compound represented by Formula 4 may be selected from Compounds D1 to D30:
The FIGURE is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment. Hereinafter, the structure and manufacturing method of the organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment will be described with reference to FIGURE.
The organic light-emitting device 10 of FIGURE includes a first electrode 11, a second electrode 19 facing the first electrode 11, and an interlayer 10A between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 19.
The interlayer 10A includes an emission layer 15, a hole transport region 12 is between the first electrode 11 and an emission layer 15, and an electron transport region 17 is between the emission layer 15 and the second electrode 19.
A substrate may be further disposed under the first electrode 11 or on the second electrode 19. The substrate may be a substrate commonly used in organic light-emitting devices, e.g., a glass substrate or a transparent plastic substrate, which have excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and water repellency.
The first electrode 11 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering, onto the substrate, a material for forming the first electrode 11. The first electrode 11 may be an anode. The material for forming the first electrode 11 may include materials with a high work function to facilitate hole injection.
The first electrode 11 may be a reflective electrode, a transflective electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In an embodiment, when the first electrode 11 is a transmissive electrode, the material for forming the first electrode 11 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or a combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 11 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, the material for forming the first electrode 11 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or a combination thereof.
The first electrode 11 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.
A thickness of the emission layer 15 may be in a range of about 100 angstroms to about 1,000 angstroms, for example, about 200 angstroms to about 600 angstroms. When the thickness of the emission layer is within the range described above, excellent luminescence characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
According to an embodiment, the emission layer 15 may include a condensed cyclic compound as described herein. The emission layer 15 may follow the first embodiment or the second embodiment described in this specification.
The emission layer 15 may further include a host as described herein in addition to the condensed cyclic compound, the sensitizer, and the emitter as described herein.
The hole transport region 12 may be arranged between the first electrode 11 and the emission layer 15 of the organic light-emitting device 10.
The hole transport region 12 may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure.
For example, the hole transport region 12 may have a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/first hole transport layer/second hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/first hole transport layer/second hole transport layer/electron-blocking layer structure, a hole transport layer/interlayer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/interlayer structure, a hole transport layer/electron-blocking layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron-blocking layer structure.
The hole transport region 12 may include any compound having hole-transporting properties.
For example, the hole transport region 12 may include an amine-based compound.
In an embodiment, the hole transport region 12 may include, for example, m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB, β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl) triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate)(PANI/PSS), one of a compound represented by Formula 201 to a compound represented by Formula 205, or a combination thereof:
In an embodiment,
Q11 to Q13 and Q31 to Q33 may each independently be a C1-C10 alkyl group, a C1-C10 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group.
In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 may include a carbazole-containing amine-based compound.
In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 may include a carbazole-containing amine-based compound and a carbazole-free amine-based compound.
The carbazole-containing amine-based compound may include, for example, compounds represented by Formula 201 including a carbazole group and further including at least one of a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, and a benzothienocarbazole group.
The carbazole-free amine-based compound may include, for example, compounds represented by Formula 201 not including a carbazole group and including at least one of a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, and a benzothienocarbazole group.
In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or a combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 may include a compound represented by Formula 201-1, 202-1, or 201-2, or a combination thereof:
In an embodiment, the hole transport region 12 may include one of Compounds HT1 to HT39 or a combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region 12 of the organic light-emitting device 10 may further include a p-dopant. When the hole transport region 12 further includes a p-dopant, the hole transport region 12 may have a matrix (for example, at least one of compounds represented by Formulae 201 to 205) and a p-dopant included in the matrix. The p-dopant may be uniformly or non-uniformly doped in the hole transport region 12.
In an embodiment, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be about-3.5 eV or less.
The p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, a cyano group-containing compound, or a combination thereof.
For example, the p-dopant may include:
The compound represented by Formula 221 may include, for example, Compound HT-D2:
The hole transport region 12 may have a thickness in a range about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 400 Å to about 2,000 Å, and the emission layer 15 may have a thickness in a range of about 100 Å to about 3,000 Å, for example, about 300 Å to about 1,000 Å. When the thickness of each of the hole transport region 12 and the emission layer 15 is within these ranges, satisfactory hole transportation characteristics and/or luminescence characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The hole transport region 12 may further include a buffer layer.
The buffer layer may compensate for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted from the emission layer 15, and thus, efficiency of a formed organic light-emitting device may be improved.
The hole transport region 12 may further include an electron-blocking layer. The electron-blocking layer may include a known material, for example, mCP or DBFPO:
The electron transport region 17 is arranged between the emission layer 15 and the second electrode 19 of the organic light-emitting device 10.
The electron transport region 17 may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure.
For example, the electron transport region 17 may have an electron transport layer, an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a buffer layer/electron transport layer structure, hole blocking layer/electron transport layer structure, a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure. The electron transport region 17 may further include an electron control layer.
The electron transport region 17 may include known electron-transporting materials.
The electron transport region 17 (for example, a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound containing at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group. The π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group is the same as described herein.
For example, the electron transport region 17 may include a compound represented by Formula 601:
[Ar601]xe11-[(L601)xe1-R601]xe21. Formula 601
In Formula 601,
In an embodiment, at least one of xe11 Ar601 and xe21 R601 may include the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group.
In an embodiment, Ar601 and L601 in Formula 601 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, or an azacarbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —S(═O)2 (Q31), —P(═O)(Q31)(Q32), or a combination thereof, and
When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar601 may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, Ar601 in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group.
In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 601 may be represented by Formula 601-1:
In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In one or more embodiments, R601 and R611 to R613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, or an azacarbazolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, or a combination thereof; or
The electron transport region 17 may include one of Compounds ET1 to ET36 or a combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region 17 may include 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-dphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), NTAZ, DBFPO, or a combination thereof. For example, when the electron transport region 17 includes a hole blocking layer, the hole blocking layer may include BCP or Bphen:
Thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer are within these ranges, excellent hole blocking characteristics or excellent electron control characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The thickness of the electron transport layer may be about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within these ranges, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The electron transport region 17 (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region 17) may further include, in addition to the aforementioned materials, a metal-containing material.
The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or a combination thereof. A metal ion of the alkali metal complex may include a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, a Cs ion, or a combination thereof, and a metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may include a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, a Ba ion, or a combination thereof. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxydiphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxydiphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or a combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or ET-D2:
The electron transport region 17 may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 19. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 19.
The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layer structure consisting of a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layer structure consisting of a single layer including multiple materials that are different from each other, or iii) a multi-layer structure consisting of multiple layers including multiple materials that are different from each other.
The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or a combinations thereof.
The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or more embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs.
The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof.
The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or a combination thereof.
The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth metal compound, and the rare earth metal compound may include oxides and halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or a combination thereof.
The alkali metal compound may include: one of alkali metal oxides such as Li2O, CS2O, K2O, and the like; one of alkali metal halides such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, and the like; or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the alkali metal compound may include LiF, Li2O, NaF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, or a combination thereof.
The alkaline earth-metal compound may include one of alkaline earth-metal compounds, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr1-xO (wherein 0<x<1), or BaxCa1-xO (wherein 0<x<1), or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the alkaline earth metal compound may include BaO, SrO, CaO, or a combination thereof.
The rare earth metal compound may include YbF3, ScF3, ScO3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the rare earth metal compound may include YbF3, ScF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or a combination thereof.
The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include an ion of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and rare earth metal as described above, and a ligand coordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may include hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxy benzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxy phenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or a combination thereof.
The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or a combinations thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material. When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or a combination thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.
The thickness of the electron injection layer may be about 1 Å to about 100 Å, and, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range as described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The second electrode 19 is disposed on the interlayer 10A as described above. The second electrode 19 may be a cathode which is an electron injection electrode, and in this regard, a material for forming the second electrode 19 may be selected from a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a combination thereof, which have a relatively low work function.
The second electrode 19 may include Li, Ag, Mg, AI, AI-Li, Ca, Mg—In, Mg—Ag, ITO, IZO, or a combination thereof. The second electrode 19 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.
The second electrode 19 may have a single-layer structure having a single layer or a multi-layer structure including two or more layers.
The term “C1-C60 alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C1-C60 alkylene group” as used here refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C60 alkyl group.
Examples of the C1-C60 alkyl group, the C1-C20 alkyl group, and/or the C1-C10 alkyl group are a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, or a tert-decyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, a tert-decyl group, or a combination thereof.
The term “C1-C60 alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA101 (wherein A101 is the C1-C60 alkyl group), and examples thereof are a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, and a pentoxy group.
The term “C2-C60 alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a structure containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the end of the C2-C60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C2-C60 alkenyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group formed by substituting at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C2-C60 alkyl group, and examples thereof are an ethynyl group, and a propynyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C2-C60 alkynyl group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and the term “C3-C10 cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group.
Examples of the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group are a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (a bicyclo[2.2.1] heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, and B as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the term “the C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group.
Examples of the C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group are a silolanyl group, a silinanyl group, tetrahydrofuranyl group, a tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl group, and tetrahydrothiophenyl group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and has no aromaticity, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one hetero atom selected from N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, and B as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof. Non-limiting examples of the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group include a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C6-C60 arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C6-C60 aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C6-C60 aryl group and the C6-C60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused with each other.
The term “C1-C60 heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, and B as a ring-forming atom and a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C1-C60 heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, and B as a ring-forming atom and a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C1-C60 heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C1-C60 heteroaryl group and the C1-C60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused with each other.
The term “C6-C60 aryloxy group” as used herein indicates —OA102 (wherein A102 is the C6-C60 aryl group), and the term “C6-C60 arylthio group” as used herein indicates-SA103 (wherein A103 is the C6-C60 aryl group).
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other, only carbon is used as a ring-forming atom (for example, the number of carbon atoms may be 8 to 60), and the whole molecule is a non-aromaticity group. An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group is a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed with each other, a heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, S, Se, Ge, and B, other than carbon atoms (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in the entire molecular structure thereof. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group include a carbazolyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and including at least one *—N═*′ (wherein * and *′ each indicate a binding site to an adjacent atom) as a ring-forming moiety. For example, the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group may be a) a first ring, b) a condensed ring in which at least two first rings are condensed, or c) a condensed ring in which at least one first ring and at least one second ring are condensed.
The term “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms and not including at least one *—N═*′ (wherein * and *′ each indicate a binding site to an adjacent atom) as a ring-forming moiety. For example, the π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group may be a) a second ring or b) a condensed ring in which at least two second rings are condensed.
The term “C5-C60 cyclic group” as used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group having 5 to 60 carbon atoms, and may be, for example, a) a third ring or b) a condensed ring in which two or more third rings are condensed with each other.
The term “C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and includes at least one heteroatom, and may be, for example, a) a fourth ring, b) a condensed ring in which two or more fourth rings are condensed with each other, or c) a condensed ring in which at least one third ring is condensed with at least one fourth ring.
The “first ring” as used herein may be an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, or a thiadiazole group.
The “second ring” as used herein may be a benzene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a pyrrole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, or a silole group.
The “third ring” as used herein may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclopentadiene group, an indene group, an adamantane group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1] pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1] hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.1] heptane group (a norbornane group), a bicyclo[2.2.2] octane group, a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, or a benzene group.
The “fourth ring” as used herein may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a silole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, an isoxadiazole group, an oxatriazole group, an isoxatriazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an isothiadiazole group, a thiatriazole group, an isothiatriazole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an azasilole group, a diazasilole group, a triazasilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, or a triazine group.
For example, the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group may be an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an acridine group, or a pyridopyrazine group.
For example, the π electron-rich C5-C60 cyclic group may be a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentaphene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, an isoindole group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a naphthopyrrole group, a naphthofuran group, a naphthothiophene group, a naphthosilole group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a triindolobenzene group, a pyrrolophenanthrene group, a furanophenanthrene group, a thienophenanthrene group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonapthothiophene group, an (indolo) phenanthrene group, a (benzofurano) phenanthrene group, or a (benzothieno) phenanthrene group.
For example, the C5-C60 carbocyclic group may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a cyclopentadiene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, or a norbornene group.
For example, the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may be a thiophene group, a furan group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, a silole group, a borole group, a phosphole group, a selenophene group, a germole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azaindole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, or a benzothiadiazole group.
The terms “a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group, a π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group, a C5-C60 cyclic group, and a C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as used herein each refer to a part of a condensed ring or a monovalent, a divalent, a trivalent, a tetravalent, a pentavalent, or a hexavalent group, depending on the formula structure.
Substituents of the substituted π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group, the substituted π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group, the substituted C5-C60 cyclic group, the substituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group, the substituted C1-C60 alkylene group, the substituted C2-C60 alkenylene group, the substituted C2-C60 alkynylene group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C6-C60 arylene group, the substituted C1-C60 heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C1-C60 alkyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, the substituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C6-C60 aryl group, the substituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, the substituted C6-C60 arylthio group, the substituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may each independently be:
P(═O)(Q38)(Q39), or —P(Q38)(Q39); or
Q1 to Q9, Q11 to Q19, Q21 to Q29 and Q31 to Q39 may each independently be hydrogen; deuterium; —F; or a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a C1-C60 alkylthio group, a C5-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C5-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic heterocondensed polycyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, or a combination thereof.
Unless defined otherwise herein, Q1 to Q9, Q11 to Q19, Q21 to Q29, and Q31 to Q39 described herein may each independently be, for example:
The term “room temperature” as used herein refers to a temperature of about 25° C.
The terms “a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a tetraphenyl group” used herein respectively refer to monovalent groups in which two, three, or four phenyl groups which are linked together via a single bond.
Hereinafter, a compound and an organic light-emitting device according to embodiments are described in detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples. However, the organic light-emitting device is not limited thereto. The wording “‘B’ was used instead of ‘A’” used in describing Synthesis Examples refers to the case where an amount of ‘A’ used was identical to an amount of ‘B’ used, in terms of a molar equivalent.
5-(tert-butyl)-N1, N3-bis(3′-chloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-N1, N3-bis(3-chlorophenyl)benzene-1,3-diamine (1.73 g, 2.28 mmol), and triiodoborane (4.46 g, 11.40 mmol) were added to a 50 ml round bottom flask in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (11.4 ml) was added thereto. The resultant product was stirred at 160° C. for 4 hours, and then cooled to room temperature, and then, neutralized with an aqueous NaOAc solution. Work-up was performed thereon using dichloromethane and distilled water. The organic layer was dried with MgSO4, followed by filtration and concentration. The concentrated reaction product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM:hexanes=1:9) to produce 7-(tert-butyl)-3,11-dichloro-5,9-bis(3′-chloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-5,9-dihydro-5,9-diaza-13b-boranaphtho [3,2,1-de]anthracene (1.01 g), which is yellow solid. The obtained 7-(tert-butyl)-3,11-dichloro-5,9-bis(3′-chloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-5,9-dihydro-5,9-diaza-13b-boranaphtho[3,2,1-de] anthracene was confirmed by UPLC-MS. (C46H33BCl4N2: 764.0734)
Thereafter, 7-(tert-butyl)-3,11-dichloro-5,9-bis(3′-chloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-5,9-dihydro-5,9-diaza-13b-boranaphtho[3,2,1-de]anthracene (1.6 g, 2.09 mmol), 9H-carbazole-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-d8 (1.61 g, 9.19 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (0.38 g, 0.42 mmol), S-phos (0.34 g, 0.84 mmol), and NaOtBu (1.20 g, 12.5 mmol) were added to a 50 ml round bottom flask and 35 ml of xylene was added thereto under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resultant mixture was stirred at 130° C. for 6 hours to complete the reaction, filtered using a celite filter, and then concentrated, followed by purification using silica gel column chromatography (DCM:hexanes=2:8) to obtain Compound 35 (2.07 g) as a yellow solid. Compound 35 was confirmed by UPLC-MS. (C94H33D32BN6: 1321.5998)
The HOMO energy level and the LUMO energy level of each of Compounds 35 and R1 to R4 were measured using Gaussian 09 program involving molecular structure optimization performed by TD-density functional theory (DFT) based on B3LYP/6-31(d,p)/gas. Results thereof are listed in Table 1 below. In addition, the S1 energy level and T1 energy level of each of Compound 35 and R1 to R4 were measured based on delta SCF. Results thereof are shown in Table 1 below.
R2
R3
A glass substrate on which the 1500 Å thick ITO electrode was formed was cut into 50 mm×50 mm×0.5 mm dimensions and ultrasonically cleaned in acetone-isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 15 minutes each, followed by ultraviolet (UV) ozone cleaning for 30 minutes.
Next, HAT-CN was deposited on the ITO electrode (anode) on the glass substrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 100 Å, and NPB was deposited on the hole injection layer to form a first hole transport layer having a thickness of 500 Å, and TCTA was deposited on the first hole transport layer to form a second hole transport layer having a thickness of 50 Å, and mCP was deposited on the second hole transport layer to form an electron-blocking layer having a thickness of 50 Å.
A first host (H1), a second host (H2), a sensitizer (S-1) and an emitter (Compound 35) were co-deposited on the electron-blocking layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 400 Å. In this regard, the first host and the second host were mixed in a ratio of 60:40, and the sensitizer and the emitter were respectively adjusted to be 15 wt % and 1 wt % based on the total weight of the first host, the second host, the sensitizer, and the emitter.
DBFPO was deposited on the emission layer to form a hole-blocking layer having a thickness of 100 Å, and then DBFPO and Liq were co-deposited at a weight ratio of 5:5 to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, and then Liq was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and then Al was deposited on the electron injection layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 1000 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that compounds shown in Table 2 were each used instead of Compound 35 as the emitter in forming an emission layer.
For each of the light-emitting devices manufactured in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, the emission peak wavelength (maximum emission peak wavelength) of the electroluminescence (EL) spectrum, full width at half maximum ratio (FWHM), and external quantum efficiency at 1000 nit (EQE at 1000 nit), lifespan (LT95 at 1000nit) were evaluated. Results thereof are shown in Table 2. The emission peak wavelength of the EL spectrum and the FWHM were evaluated for each of the organic light-emitting devices using an EL spectrum (at 1000 cd/m2) measured using a luminance meter (Minolta Cs-1000A). External quantum efficiency was evaluated using a current-voltage meter (Keithley 2400) and a luminance meter (Minolta Cs-1000A). For lifespan (LT95 at 1000 nit), the time (hr) to reach 95% luminance compared to 100% initial luminance was evaluated and the value was expressed as a relative value (%) to Comparative Example 1.
R1
R2
R3
From Table 2, it can be seen that the light-emitting device of Example 1 has a lower FWHM and exhibits higher quantum efficiency and device lifespan than the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
With respect to the condensed cyclic compound, the introduction of a substituent containing a heteroatom contributes to the stabilization of the luminescence process and thus, a relatively small luminescence FWHM can be obtained, and a relatively low HOMO energy level can be maintained, thereby allowing blue light having a reduced wavelength to be emitted. Accordingly, an electronic device, for example, a light-emitting device using the condensed cyclic compound may have improved driving voltage, improved external quantum efficiency, and improved lifespan characteristics.
It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2024-0007635 | Jan 2024 | KR | national |
| 10-2024-0018417 | Feb 2024 | KR | national |
