Patent Application
20110266035
The present invention relates to a conductive member that is used for a connector for electrical connection or the like and has a plurality of plated layers formed at the surface of a substrate composed of Cu or a Cu alloy, and a method for producing the same.
The present application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-9752 filed in the Japanese Patent Office on Jan. 20, 2009 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-39303 filed in the Japanese Patent Office on Feb. 23, 2009, and the contents thereof are incorporated herein by reference.
As a conductive member used for a connector for electrical connection of automobiles, a connection terminal of printer substrates, or the like, plating an Sn-based metal on the surface of a Cu-based substrate composed of Cu or a Cu alloy is widely applied for improvement in electrical connection characteristics or the like.
Examples of such a conductive member include members described in PTLs 1 to 4. The conductive members described in PTLs 1 to 3 have a configuration having a Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer (for example, Cu6Sn5) formed between an Ni layer and an Sn layer, which is obtained by sequentially plating Ni, Cu, and Sn on the surface of a substrate composed of Cu or a Cu alloy so as to form a three-layer plated layer, and then performing heating and a reflow treatment on the three-layer plated layer so as to form an Sn layer on the outermost surface layer. In addition, the member described in PTL 4 is produced by a technique in which the base plated layer is composed of, for example, Ni—Fe, Fe, or the like, and Cu and Sn are sequentially plated thereon.
Meanwhile, when such a connector or a terminal is used in a high-temperature environment, for example, about 150° C., such as around the engine of an automobile, prolonged exposure to such a high temperature leads to mutual thermal diffusion of Sn and Cu so that there is a tendency for the surface state to easily change over time and for the contact resistance to be increased. In addition, the diffusion of Cu on the surface of the Cu-based substrate generates Kirkendall voids and thus may cause separation, and there is demand to solve such problems.
On the other hand, with regard to the member described in PTL 4, there is a problem in that adhesiveness between the base plated layer of Fe—Ni or Fe, and Cu is poor and thus the base plated layer and Cu are liable to be separated.
In addition, when used for a connector, since multipolarization of connectors according to the high integration of circuits increases an inserting force during assembly of automobile wires, there is demand for a conductive member capable of decreasing the inserting and drawing force.
The invention has been made in consideration of the above circumstances, and provides a conductive member which has a stable contact resistance, is difficult to be separated, and is also capable of decreasing and stabilizing the inserting and drawing force when used for a connector, and a method for producing the same.
The inventors of the invention analyzed the plated surfaces in the related art to solve such problems and confirmed that the cross-section of plating materials in the related art is composed of a base copper alloy and a three-layer structure of an Ni layer, a Cu6Sn5 layer, and an Sn-based surface layer, but a Cu3Sn layer is present only at an extremely small portion on the Ni layer. In addition, the inventors found that the presence of the Cu6Sn5 layer and the Cu3Sn layer mixed in a predetermined state on the Ni layer affects the generation of contact resistance and Kirkendall voids at a high temperature and the inserting and drawing force during use in a connector.
That is, the conductive member of the invention is characterized in that a Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer and an Sn-based surface layer are formed in this order on the surface of a Cu-based substrate through an Ni-based base layer; the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer is composed of a Cu3Sn layer arranged on the Ni-based base layer and a Cu6Sn5 layer arranged on the Cu3Sn layer; and the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer obtained by bonding the Cu3Sn layer and the Cu6Sn5 layer is provided with recessed and projected portions on the surface which is in contact with the Sn-based surface layer; thicknesses of the recessed portions are set to 0.05 μm to 1.5 μm; the area coverage of the Cu3Sn layer with respect to the Ni-based base layer is 60% or higher; the ratio of the thicknesses of the projected portions to the thicknesses of the recessed portions in the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer is 1.2 to 5; and the average thickness of the Cu3Sn layer is 0.01 μm to 0.5 μm.
In the conductive member, the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer between the Ni-based base layer and the Sn-based surface layer is composed of a two-layer structure of the Cu3Sn layer and the Cu6Sn5 layer, and the Cu3Sn layer, the bottom layer of the structure, covers the Ni-based base layer, and the Cu6Sn5 layer is present so as to cover the Cu3Sn layer from the top. The Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer obtained by bonding the Cu3Sn alloy layer and the Cu6Sn5 layer does not necessarily have a uniform film thickness and instead has recessed and projected portions, however it is important that the thicknesses of the recessed portions are 0.05 μm to 1.5 μm. If the thicknesses are smaller than 0.05 μm, Sn diffuses into the Ni-based base layer from the recessed portions at a high temperature, which may lead to a concern that deficits may be generated in the Ni-based base layer, and the deficits make Cu in the substrate diffuse and thus make the Cu6Sn5 layer reach the surface, which forms Cu oxides on the surface and thus increases the contact resistance. In addition, at this time, the diffusion of Cu from the deficit portions in the Ni-based base layer is liable to cause Kirkendall voids. On the other hand, if the thicknesses of the recessed portions exceed 1.5 μm, the Cu—Sn alloy layer becomes brittle, and thus plated films become liable to be separated during a bending process. Therefore, the thicknesses of the recessed portions in the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer are desirably 0.05 μm to 1.5 μm.
In addition, by arranging the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer with such predetermined thicknesses on the bottom layer of the Sn-based surface layer, it is possible to harden a soft Sn base and thus to achieve reduction of the inserting and drawing force and suppression of variations in the inserting and drawing force when used for a multipolar connector or the like.
In addition, the reason why the area coverage of the Cu3Sn layer with respect to the Ni-based base layer is set to 60% or higher is that, if the area coverage is low, Ni atoms in the Ni-based base layer diffuse into the Cu3Sn layer from uncovered portions at a high temperature, which causes deficits in the Ni-based base layer, and diffusion of Cu in the substrate from the deficit portions results in an increase in the contact resistance or generation of Kirkendall voids, similarly to the above case. In order to prevent an increase in the contact resistance or generation of Kirkendall voids at a high temperature, and thus realize a heat resistance equal to or higher than that in the related art, it is necessary to cover at least 60% or more of the Ni-based base layer, and, furthermore, it is desirable to set the area coverage to 80% or higher.
In addition, if the ratio of the thicknesses of the projected portions to the thicknesses of the recessed portions in the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer becomes small, it is preferable due to a decrease of the inserting and drawing force at the time of using a connector, but if it is smaller than 1.2, the recessed and projected portions in the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer decrease and, eventually, almost disappear, and thus the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer becomes remarkably brittle, and thus the films are easily separated during a bending process, which is not preferable. In addition, if the ratio exceeds 5, and thus the recessed and projected portions in the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer become large, since the recessed and projected portions in the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer act as a resistance with respect to inserting and drawing when used for a connector, the effect of reducing the inserting and drawing force is insufficient.
In addition, if the average thickness of the Cu3Sn layer which covers the Ni-based base layer is less than 0.01 μm, the effect of suppressing diffusion of the Ni-based base layer is insufficient. In addition, if the thickness of the Cu3Sn layer exceeds 0.5 μm, the Cu3Sn layer turns into a Cu6Sn5 layer at a high temperature, and the Sn-based surface layer is reduced so that the contact resistance increases, which is not preferable.
This average thickness is an average value of thicknesses measured at a plurality of locations in the Cu3Sn layer.
In the conductive member of the invention, it is more preferable to interpose a Fe-based base layer between the Cu-based substrate and the Ni-based base layer, and the thickness of the Fe-based base layer is preferably 0.1 μm to 1.0 μm.
In the conductive member, since Fe has a diffusion rate into Cu6Sn5 slower than that of Ni, the Fe-based base layer effectively functions as a barrier layer with a high heat resistance at a high temperature and thus can maintain the contact resistance of the surface at a low level in a stable manner. In addition, since Fe is hard, the Fe-based base layer develops high abrasion resistance in the use of a connector terminal or the like. Additionally, by interposing the Ni-based base layer between the Fe-based base layer and the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer, it is possible to maintain favorable adhesion between the Fe-based base layer and the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer. In summary, since Fe and Cu do not form a solid-solution and do not form intermetallic compounds, mutual diffusion of atoms does not occur in the interface of the layers, and thus adhesiveness therebetween cannot be obtained, but it is possible to improve adhesiveness thereof by interposing Ni elements that can form a solid-solution with both Fe and Cu as a binder between Fe and Cu.
In addition, since the Ni-based base layer is coated on Fe which is liable to be corroded by an external environment so as to form oxides, there is an effect of preventing Fe from moving to the surface from the Sn plating defect portions so as to form Fe oxides.
In this case, if the Fe-based base layer is as small as less than 0.1 μm, the Cu diffusion prevention function of the Cu-based substrate 1 is not sufficient, and, if the Fe-based base layer exceeds 1.0 μm, the Fe-based base layer is easily cracked during a bending process, which is not preferable.
In addition, the method for producing conductive members of the invention is a method for producing a conductive member by plating Ni or an Ni alloy, Cu or a Cu alloy, and Sn or an Sn alloy in this order on the surface of a Cu-based substrate so as to form a plated layer respectively, and then performing heating and a reflow treatment on the plated layers so as to sequentially form an Ni-based base layer, a Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer, and an Sn-based surface layer on the Cu-based substrate, in which the plated layer of the Ni or Ni alloy is formed by electrolytically plating with a current density of 20 A/dm2 to 50 A/dm2; the plated layer of the Cu or Cu alloy is formed by electrolytically plating with a current density of 20 A/dm2 to 60 A/dm2; the plated layer of the Sn or Sn alloy is formed by electrolytically plating with a current density of 10 A/dm2 to 30 A/dm2; and the reflow treatment includes a heating process in which the plated layers are heated to a peak temperature of 240° C. to 300° C. at a heating rate of 20° C./second to 75° C./second after 1 minute to 15 minutes has elapsed from the formation of the plated layers; a primary cooling process in which the plated layers are cooled for 2 seconds to 10 seconds at a cooling rate of 30° C./second or lower after being heated to the peak temperature; and a secondary cooling process in which the plated layers are cooled at a cooling rate of 100° C./second to 250° C./second after the primary cooling process.
Cu plating at a high current density increases the grain boundary density, which helps formation of uniform alloy layers and also enables formation of a Cu3Sn layer with a high coverage. The reason why the current density of the Cu plating was set to 20 A/dm2 to 60 A/dm2 is that, if the current density is lower than 20 A/dm2, since the reaction activity of Cu plated crystals is insufficient, the effect of forming smooth intermetallic compounds during alloying is insufficient. On the other hand, if the current density exceeds 60 A/dm2, since the smoothness of the Cu plated layer becomes low, it is not possible to form smooth Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layers.
In addition, the reason why the current density of the Sn plating was set to 10 A/dm2 to 30 A/dm2 is that, if the current density is lower than 10 A/dm2, since the grain boundary density of Sn becomes low, the effect of forming smooth Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layers during alloying is insufficient, and, on the other hand, if the current density exceeds 30 A/dm2, the current efficiency is remarkably decreased, which is not preferable.
In addition, by setting the current density of the Ni plating to 20 A/dm2 or higher, crystal grains are micronized, and diffusion of Ni atoms into Sn or intermetallic compounds during heating after being reflowed or productized becomes difficult so that Ni plating deficits are reduced, and thus it is possible to prevent generation of Kirkendall voids. On the other hand, if the current density exceeds 50 A/dm2, hydrogen is intensively generated on the plated surface during electrolysis, and bubble adherence generates pin holes in the films, at this time point the Cu-based substrate in the base starts to diffuse and thus makes Kirkendall voids to be generated easily. Therefore, the current density of the Ni plating is desirably 20 A/dm2 to 50 A/dm2.
In addition, with regard to Cu and Sn electrocrystallized at a high current density, the stability is low, and alloying or crystal grain enlargement occurs even at a room temperature so that it becomes difficult to produce a desired intermetallic compound structure in the reflow treatment. Therefore, it is desirable to perform the reflow treatment rapidly after the plating treatment. Specifically, it is preferable to perform the reflow treatment within 15 minutes, and more preferably within 5 minutes.
By performing the plating treatment of Cu or a Cu alloy and Sn or an Sn alloy at a current density higher than that in the related art and by performing the reflow treatment rapidly after the plating, Cu and Sn actively react during the reflow, and the Ni-based base layer is widely covered with the Cu3Sn layer so that a uniform Cu6Sn5 layer is generated.
In addition, in the reflow treatment, if the heating rate is lower than 20° C./second in the heating process, since Cu atoms preferentially diffuse into the grain boundary of Sn and thus intermetallic compounds abnormally grow in the vicinity of the grain boundary while the Sn plating is melted, it is difficult for a Cu3Sn layer with a high coverage to form. On the other hand, if the heating rate exceeds 75° C./second, intermetallic compounds do not grow sufficiently, and the Cu plating excessively remains so that it is impossible to obtain a desired intermetallic compound layer in the subsequent cooling.
In addition, if the peak temperature in the heating process is lower than 240° C., Sn is not uniformly melted, and, if the peak temperature exceeds 300° C., intermetallic compounds grow abruptly and thus the recessed and projected portions in the Cu—Sn metallic compound layer become large, both of which are not preferable.
Furthermore, in the cooling process, by providing the primary cooling process with a low cooling rate, Cu atoms slowly diffuse into Sn grains and thus grow as a desired intermetallic compound structure. If the cooling rate of the primary cooling process exceeds 30° C./second, abrupt cooling prevents the growth of intermetallic compounds from growing in a smooth shape, and the recessed and projected portions become large. Even with a cooling time of less than 2 seconds, likewise, intermetallic compounds cannot grow in a smooth shape. If the cooling time exceeds 10 seconds, the Cu6Sn5 layer grows excessively, and thus the coverage of the Cu3Sn layer is decreased. Air cooling is appropriate for the primary cooling process.
Additionally, after the primary cooling process, the intermetallic compound layer is quenched by the secondary cooling process so as to complete the growth in a desired structure. If the cooling rate in the secondary cooling process is slower than 100° C./second, intermetallic compounds proceed further, and thus a desired shape of the intermetallic compound cannot be obtained.
By finely controlling the electrocrystallization conditions and reflow conditions of the plating as such, it is possible to obtain a Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer in a two-layer structure with a small number of recessed and projected portions and a high coverage rate by the Cu3Sn layer.
In addition, the method for producing conductive members of the invention is a method for producing a conductive member by plating Fe or an Fe alloy, Ni or an Ni alloy, Cu or a Cu alloy, and Sn or an Sn alloy in this order on the surface of a Cu-based substrate so as to form a plated layer respectively, and then performing heating and a reflow treatment on the plated layers so as to sequentially form an Fe-based base layer, an Ni-based base layer, a Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer, and an Sn-based surface layer on the Cu-based substrate characterized in that the plated layer of the Fe or Fe alloy is formed by electrolytically plating with a current density of 5 A/dm2 to 25 A/dm2; the plated layer of the Ni or the Ni alloy is formed by electrolytically plating with a current density of 20 A/dm2 to 50 A/dm2; the plated layer of the Cu or the Cu alloy is formed by electrolytically plating with a current density of 20 A/dm2 to 60 A/dm2; the plated layer of the Sn or the Sn alloy is formed by electrolytically plating with a current density of 10 A/dm2 to 30 A/dm2; and the reflow treatment includes a heating process in which the plated layers are heated to a peak temperature of 240° C. to 300° C. at a heating rate of 20° C./second to 75° C./second after 1 minute to 15 minutes has elapsed from the formation of the plated layers; a primary cooling process in which the plated layers are cooled for 2 seconds to 10 seconds at a cooling rate of 30° C./second or lower after being heated to the peak temperature; and a secondary cooling process in which the plated layers are cooled at a cooling rate of 100° C./second to 250° C./second after the primary cooling process.
If the current density of the Fe plating is lower than 5 A/dm2, Fe plated grains are enlarged, and the effect of suppressing the diffusion of Sn is insufficient, on the other hand, if the current density exceeds 25 A/dm2, pin holes due to generation of hydrogen becomes liable to occur, both of which are not preferable.
According to the invention, it is possible to prevent diffusion of Cu at a high temperature and favorably maintain the surface state so as to suppress an increase in the contact resistance; to suppress separation of plated layer or generation of Kirkendall voids; and, furthermore, to reduce the inserting and drawing force when used for a connector so as to suppress variation thereof by appropriately coating an Ni-based base layer among Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layers in a two-layer structure with a Cu3Sn layer constituting the bottom layer, and also further forming a Cu6Sn5 layer thereon.
Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention will be described.
Firstly, the first embodiment will be described. A conductive member 10 in the first embodiment is one that is used, for example, as a terminal in an in-vehicle connector of an automobile, and, as shown in
The Cu-based substrate 1 is, for example, plate-like and is composed of Cu or a Cu alloy. With regard to the Cu alloy, the material is not necessarily limited, but a Cu—Zn-based alloy, a Cu—Ni—Si-based (Corson-based) alloy, a Cu—Cr—Zr-based alloy, a Cu—Mg—P-based alloy, a Cu—Fe—P-based alloy, and a Cu—Sn-P-based alloy are preferable, and, for example, MSP1, MZC1, MAX251C, MAX375, and MAX126 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Shindoh Co., Ltd.) are preferably used.
The Ni-based base layer 2 is formed by electrolytically plating Ni or an Ni alloy and is formed on the surface of the Cu-based substrate 1 with a thickness of, for example, 0.1 μm to 0.5 μm. If the Ni-based base layer 2 is as thin as less than 0.1 μm, the Cu diffusion prevention function of the Cu-based substrate 1 is not sufficient, and, if the Ni-based base layer 2 is as thick as more than 0.5 μm, strain becomes great and thus separation is liable to occur, and also cracks become liable to occur during a bonding process.
The Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 is an alloy layer formed by diffusion of Cu plated on the Ni-based base layer 2 as described below and Sn on the surface by a reflow treatment. Furthermore, the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 is composed of the Cu3Sn layer 5 arranged on the Ni-based base layer 2 and the Cu6Sn5 layer 6 arranged on the Cu3Sn layer 5. In this case, the entire Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 forms recessed and projected portions, and the combined thicknesses X of the Cu3Sn layer 5 and the Cu6Sn5 layer 6 in the recessed portions 7 are 0.05 μm to 1.5 μm.
If the combined thicknesses X of the recessed portions 7 are smaller than 0.05 μm, Sn diffuses into the Ni-based base layer 2 at a high temperature, and thus there is a concern that deficits in the Ni-based base layer 2 may occur. Sn constituting the surface layer 4 is the component that maintains the contact resistance of the terminal at a low level, but, if deficits occur in the Ni-based base layer 2, Cu in the Cu-based substrate 1 diffuses, and thus the Cu—Sn alloy layer 3 grows so that the Cu6Sn5 layer 6 reaches the surface of the conductive member 10, whereby Cu oxides are formed on the surface, and thus the contact resistance is increased. In addition, at this time, due to diffusion of Cu from the deficits in the Ni-based base layer 2, Kirkendall voids are also liable to occur in the interface. Therefore, the combined thicknesses X of the recessed portions 7 needs to be a minimum of 0.05 μm, and is more preferably 0.1 μm.
On the other hand, if the combined thicknesses X of the Cu3Sn layer 5 and the Cu6Sn5 layer 6 in the recessed portions 7 exceed 1.5 μm, the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 becomes brittle, and thus plated film layers become liable to be separated during a bonding process.
In addition, the ratio of the thicknesses of the projected portions 8 to the thicknesses of the recessed portions 7 in the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 is set to 1.2 to 5. If the ratio is decreased and thus the recessed and projected portions on the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 become small, the inserting and drawing force is reduced when using a connector, which is preferable, but, if the ratio is less than 1.2, the recessed and projected portions on the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 almost disappear, and thus the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 becomes remarkably brittle so that films become liable to be separated during a bonding process. In addition, if the recessed and projected portions become large such that the ratio of the thicknesses of the projected portions 8 to the thicknesses of the recessed portions 7 exceeds 5, the recessed and projected portions on the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 provide resistance with respect to insertion and drawing when used for a connector, and therefore the effect of reducing the inserting and drawing force is insufficient.
With respect to the ratio of the projected portions 8 to the recessed portions 7, if the combined thicknesses X of the recessed portions 7 are 0.3 μm, and the thicknesses Y of the projected portions 8 are 0.5 μm, the ratio (Y/X) is 1.67. In this case, the thickness of the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 obtained by bonding the Cu3Sn layer 5 and the Cu6Sn5 layer 6 is desirably set to a maximum of 2 μm.
In addition, the Cu3Sn layer 5 arranged on the bottom layer of the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 covers the Ni-based base layer 2, and the area coverage is set to 60% to 100%. If the area coverage becomes as low as less than 60%, Ni atoms in the Ni-based base layer 2 diffuse to the Cu6Sn5 layer 6 from uncovered portions at a high temperature, and thus there is a concern of deficits in the Ni-based base layer 2 occurring. Additionally, due to diffusion of Cu in the Cu-based substrate 1 from the deficit portions, the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 grows and reaches the surface of the conductive member 10 so that Cu oxides are formed on the surface and the contact resistance is increased. In addition, the diffusion of Cu from the deficit portions in the Ni-based base layer 2 also makes Kirkendall voids liable to occur.
By covering at least 60% or more of the Ni-based base layer 2 with the Cu3Sn layer 5, it is possible to prevent an increase in the contact resistance or occurrence of Kirkendall voids at a high temperature. It is more desirable to cover 80% or more of the Ni-based base layer 2.
The area coverage can be confirmed from scanning ion microscope images (SIM images) obtained by performing a cross-section process on films with a focused ion beam (FIB) and then observing the surfaces with a scanning ion microscope.
The fact that the area coverage with respect to the Ni-based base layer 2 is 60% or higher indicates that, when the area coverage does not reach 100%, there occur local portions on the surface of the Ni-based base layer 2 in which the Cu3Sn layer 5 is not present, but, even in this case, since the combined thicknesses of the Cu3Sn layer 5 and the Cu6Sn5 layer 6 in the recessed portions 7 in the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 are set to 0.05 μm to 1.5 μm, the Cu6Sn5 layer 6 covers the Ni-based base layer 2 with a thickness of 0.05 μm to 1.5 μm.
In addition, the average thickness of the Cu3Sn layer 5, which constitutes the bottom layer of the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3, is set to 0.01 μm to 0.5 μm. Since the Cu3Sn layer 5 is a layer that covers the Ni-based base layer 2, if the average thickness thereof is as small as less than 0.01 μm, the effect of suppressing diffusion of the Ni-based base layer 2 becomes poor. In addition, if the thickness exceeds 0.5 μm, the Cu3Sn layer 5 turns into the Sn-rich Cu6Sn5 layer 6 at a high temperature, and thus the Sn-based surface layer 4 is reduced by that amount, and the contact resistance increases, which is not preferable. This average thickness is an average value of thicknesses measured at a plurality of locations in portions in which the Cu3Sn layer 5 is present.
Meanwhile, since the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 is alloyed by diffusion of Cu plated on the Ni-based base layer 2 and Sn on the surface, there are cases, depending on the conditions of a reflow treatment or the like, in which the entire Cu plated layer, which acts as a base, diffuses so as to become the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3, but there are also cases in which the Cu plated layer remains. When the Cu plated layer remains, the thickness of the Cu plated layer is set to, for example, 0.01 μm to 0.1 μm.
The Sn-based surface layer 4 in the outermost layer is formed by electrolytically plating Sn or an Sn alloy and then performing a reflow treatment, and is formed with a thickness of, for example, 0.05 μm to 2.5 μm. If the thickness of the Sn-based surface layer 4 is less than 0.05 μm, Cu diffuses at a high temperature so that Cu oxides become liable to be formed on the surface, which increases the contact resistance and also degrades solderability or corrosion resistance. On the other hand, if the thickness exceeds 2.5 μm, the effect of hardening the base of the surface by the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 present in the bottom layer of the soft Sn-based surface layer 4 fades so that the inserting and drawing force is increased when used for a connector and it is difficult to achieve reduction of the inserting and drawing force due to the increasing number of pins of the connectors.
Next, a method for producing such a conductive member will be described.
Firstly, as a Cu-based substrate, a plate material of Cu or a Cu alloy is prepared and subjected to degreasing, pickling, or the like to wash the surface, and then Ni plating, Cu plating, and Sn plating are sequentially performed in this order. In addition, between each plating process, a degreasing or water washing process is performed.
As the conditions of the Ni plating, a Watts bath using nickel sulfate (NiSO4) and boric acid (H3BO3) as the main components, a sulfamate bath using nickel sulfamate (Ni(NH2SO3)2) and boric acid (H3BO3) as the main components, or the like is used as a plating bath. There are cases in which nickel chloride (NiCl2) or the like is added as salts that facilitate oxidation reactions. In addition, the plating temperature is set to 45° C. to 55° C., and the current density is set to 20 A/dm2 and 50 A/dm2.
As the conditions of the Cu plating, a copper sulfate bath using copper sulfate (CuSO4) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as the main components is used, and chlorine ions (Cl−) are added for leveling. The plating temperature is set to 35° C. to 55° C., and the current density is set to 20 A/dm2 and 60 A/dm2.
As the conditions of the Sn plating, a sulfate bath using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and tin sulfate (SnSO4) as the main components is used as a plating bath, the plating temperature is set to 15° C. to 35° C., and the current density is set to 10 A/dm2 and 30 A/dm2.
All of the plating processes are performed at a current density higher than that of general plating techniques. In this case, a stirring technique of a plating solution becomes important, and by adopting a method in which a plating solution is sprayed toward a treatment plate at a high speed, a method in which a plating solution is flowed in parallel to a treatment plate, or the like, it is possible to rapidly supply a fresh plating solution to the surface of the treatment plate and to form a uniform plated layer within a short time with a high current density. The flow rate of the plating solution is desirably 0.5 m/second or higher in the surface of the treatment plate. In addition, in order to enable a plating treatment at a current density one order of magnitude higher than that of the related art, it is desirable to use an insoluble anode, such as a Ti plate or the like covered with iridium oxide (IrO2) with a high anode limiting current density, as an anode.
A summary of each of the plating conditions is as shown in Tables 1 to 3 below.
Additionally, by performing the three kinds of plating treatments, an Ni-based base layer, a Cu plated layer, and an Sn plated layer are sequentially formed on the Cu-based substrate.
Next, heating and a reflow treatment are performed. In the reflow treatment, it is desirable to follow the conditions of the temperature profile shown in
That is, the reflow treatment is a treatment including a heating process in which a treated material after the plating is heated to a peak temperature of 240° C. to 300° C. at a heating rate of 20° C./second to 75° C./second for 2.9 seconds to 11 seconds in a heating furnace with a CO reductive atmosphere, a primary cooling process in which the material is cooled for 2 seconds to 10 seconds at a cooling rate of 30° C./second or lower after being heated to the peak temperature, and a secondary cooling process in which the material is cooled for 0.5 seconds to 5 seconds at a cooling rate of 100° C./second to 250° C./second after the primary cooling process. The primary and secondary cooling processes are performed by air cooling and water cooling using water of 10° C. to 90° C., respectively.
By performing the reflow treatment in a reductive atmosphere, it becomes possible to prevent generation of tin oxide films with a high melting point on the Sn plated surface and to perform the reflow treatment at a lower temperature and within a shorter time, which facilitates production of a desired intermetallic compound structure. In addition, by dividing the cooling process into two steps and providing the primary cooling process with a low cooling rate, Cu atoms gently diffuse in Sn grains and a desired intermetallic compound structure grows. Additionally, by performing quenching after that, it is possible to prevent the growth of the intermetallic compound layer and to fix the layer to a desired structure.
Meanwhile, Cu and Sn electrocrystallized with a high current density are at a low stability and are alloyed or cause crystal grain enlargement even at room temperature, and therefore it becomes difficult to produce a desired intermetallic compound structure with the reflow treatment. Therefore, it is desirable to perform a reflow treatment rapidly after a plating treatment. Specifically, it is necessary to perform the reflow treatment within 15 minutes, and desirably within 5 minutes. A short idle time after plating is not a problem, however, in ordinary treatment lines, the idle time is about 1 minute in the configuration.
As shown above, by performing three-layer plating under the plating conditions shown in Tables 1 to 3 on the surface of the Cu-based substrate 1 and then performing the reflow treatment under the temperature profile conditions shown in
Next, an example of the first embodiment will be described.
As a Cu alloy plate (the Cu-based substrate), 0.25 mm-thick MAX251C (manufactured by Mitsubishi Shindoh Co., Ltd.) was used, and plating treatments of Ni, Cu, and Sn were sequentially performed. In this case, as shown in Table 4, a plurality of test specimens was prepared with varied current densities in each of the plating treatments.
The target thickness of each plated layer was set to 0.3 μm for the Ni plated layer, 0.3 μm for the Cu plated layer, and 1.5 μm for the Sn plated layer. In addition, water washing processes were inserted between the three kinds of plating processes to wash out plating solutions from the surfaces of treated materials.
In the plating treatment in the present example, plating solutions were sprayed to the Cu alloy plate at a high speed, and an insoluble anode of a Ti plate covered with iridium oxide was used.
After performing the three kinds of plating treatments, reflow treatments were performed on the treated materials. The reflow treatments were performed 1 minute after the last Sn plating treatment and the heating process, the primary cooling process, and the secondary cooling process were performed under a variety of conditions.
The above test conditions are summarized in Table 4.
From the results of an energy dispersion type X-ray spectroscopic analysis using a transmission electron microscope (TEM-EDS analysis), the cross-sections of the treated materials in the example were composed of a four-layer structure of the Cu-based substrate, the Ni-based base layer, the Cu3Sn layer, the Cu6Sn5 layer, and the Sn-based surface layer, in which recessed and projected portions were present on the surface of the Cu6Sn5 layer, and the thicknesses of the recessed portions were 0.05 μm or larger. In addition, a discontinuous Cu3Sn layer was present in the interface between the Cu6Sn5 layer and the Ni-based base layer, and the surface coverage of the Cu3Sn layer with respect to the Ni-based base layer, which was observed with scanning ion microscope of the cross-sections by focused ion beam (FIB-SIM images), was 60% or higher.
The results of the cross-section observation performed on specimen 1 from the example and specimen 29 from the comparative examples among the test specimens are shown in
With respect to specimens prepared with the conditions shown in Table 4, the contact resistances, presence of separation, and presence of Kirkendall voids after 175° C.×1000 hours had elapsed were measured. In addition, the coefficients of kinetic friction were also measured.
The contact resistances were measured using an electric contact resistance tester (manufactured by Yamazaki Seiki Co., Ltd.) under conditions of a sliding load of 0.49 N (50 gf) after leaving the specimens idle for 175° C.×1000 hours.
As the separation tests, after performing 90° bending (radius of curvature R: 0.7 mm) with a load of 9.8 kN, the specimens were retained in the atmosphere for 160° C.×250 hours and bent back, and then the separation states at the bent portions were confirmed. In addition, through the observation of the cross-sections, presence of Kirkendall voids in the interface between the Ni-based base layer and the Cu-based substrate thereunder, which are the causes of separation, was confirmed.
With regard to the coefficients of kinetic friction, plate-like male specimens and semispherical female specimens with an internal diameter of 1.5 mm were prepared with the respective test specimens so as to simulate the contact portions between the male terminals and the female terminals of an engagement type connector, and then friction forces between both specimens were measured using a horizontal load measuring apparatus (Model-2152NRE, manufactured by Aikoh Engineering Co., Ltd.), thereby obtaining the coefficients of kinetic friction. With reference to
The results are shown in Table 5.
As is clear from Table 5, in the conductive member of the invention, since the contact resistance at a high temperature is small, there is no occurrence of separation or Kirkendall voids, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is also small, it can be determined that the inserting and drawing force when used for a connector is also small, which is favorable.
In addition, with regard to the contact resistances, change over time during heating of 175° C.×1000 hours was measured using test specimens No. 6 and 29. The results are shown in
As shown in
Next, plating separation property due to the idle times after the plating treatment until the reflow treatment was tested. As described above, for the separation tests, after 90° bending (radius of curvature R: 0.7 mm) with a load of 9.8 kN was performed on the specimens, the specimens were retained in the atmosphere at 160° C.×250 hours and bent back, and then the separation states at the bent portions were confirmed. In addition, through the observation of the cross-sections, presence of Kirkendall voids in the interface between the Ni-based base layer and the Cu-based substrate thereunder, which are the causes of separation, was confirmed. The results are shown in Table 6.
1 minute
As can be seen from Table 6, as the idle time after plating becomes longer, separation or Kendall voids occur. This is considered to be because a long idle time causes Cu crystal grains precipitated at a high current density to become enlarged and also, naturally, Cu and Sn react generating Cu6Sn5 so as to hinder the smooth alloying of Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn during the reflow. If no smooth Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer is present, deficits occur in the Ni-based base layer during the heating, which makes Cu atoms in the substrate flow out so as to become liable to generate Kirkendall voids.
The results of the above studies show that the Cu6Sn5 layer and the Cu3Sn layer have an effect of preventing the reaction of the Ni-based base layer and the Sn-based surface layer, and, among them, the Cu3Sn alloy layer is greater in terms of the effect. In addition, it was found that, since Sn atoms diffuse from the recessed portions in the Cu6Sn5 layer to Ni so as to make Sn and Ni react, the Cu6Sn5 layer has a relatively small number of recessed and projected portions, and the Cu3Sn layer covers more of the surface of the Ni-based base layer, and therefore it is possible to prevent degradation of the contact resistance during heating, and also to prevent occurrence of separation or Kirkendall voids, and, furthermore, to reduce the inserting and drawing force when used for a connector. Meanwhile, it is found from the above-described TEM-EDS analysis that 0.76% by weight to 5.32% by weight of Ni is mixed in the Cu6Sn5 layer, and therefore a small amount of Ni is mixed in the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer according to the invention.
Next, the second embodiment will be described with reference to
As shown in
The Cu-based substrate 1 is the same as that of the first embodiment.
The Fe-based base layer 31 is formed by electrolytically plating Fe or an Fe alloy and is formed on the surface of the Cu-based substrate 1 with a thickness of 0.1 μm to 1.0 μm. If the Fe-based base layer 31 is as thin as less than 0.1 μm, the Cu diffusion prevention function of the Cu-based substrate 1 is not sufficient, and, if the Fe-based base layer exceeds 1.0 μm, the Fe-based base layer 31 becomes liable to crack during a bending process. As the Fe alloy, for example, an Fe—Ni alloy is used.
The Ni-based base layer 2 is formed on the Fe-based base layer 31. The Ni-based base layer 2 is, similarly to that of the first embodiment, formed by electrolytically plating Ni or an Ni alloy and is formed on the surface of the Fe-based substrate 31 with a thickness of 0.05 μm to 0.3 μm. If the Ni-based base layer 2 is as thin as less than 0.05 μm, there is a concern of diffusion of Ni at a high temperature causing deficit portions and thus separating the layer, and, if the Ni-based base layer 2 exceeds 0.3 μm, the strain increases and thus separation is liable to occur, and also cracks become liable to occur during a bending process.
In addition, both the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 and the Sn-based surface layer 4, both of which are formed on the Ni-based base layer 2, are the same as those of the first embodiment; furthermore, the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 is composed of the Cu3Sn layer 5 arranged on the Ni-based base layer 2 and the Cu6Sn5 layer 6 arranged on the Cu3Sn layer 5; the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 obtained by bonding the Cu3Sn layer 5 and the Cu6Sn5 layer 6 is provided with recessed and projected portions on the surface which is in contact with the Sn-based surface layer 4; combined thicknesses X of the recessed portions are set to 0.05 μm to 1.5 μM; the area coverage of the Cu3Sn layer 5 with respect to the Ni-based base layer 2 is 60% or higher; the ratio of the thicknesses Y of the projected portions to the thicknesses of the recessed portions in the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer 3 is 1.2 to 5; and the average thickness of the Cu3Sn layer 5 is 0.01 μm to 0.5 μm. The Sn-based surface layer 4 is formed with a thickness of 0.05 μm to 2.5 μm. Other parts are in common with those in the first embodiment, and therefore description thereof will not be repeated.
Next, a method for producing the conductive member of the second embodiment will be described.
Firstly, as a Cu-based substrate, a plate material of Cu or a Cu alloy is prepared and subjected to degreasing, pickling, or the like to wash the surface, and then Fe plating or Fe—Ni plating, Ni plating, Cu plating, and Sn plating are sequentially performed in this order. In addition, between each plating process, a pickling or water washing process is performed.
As the conditions of the Fe plating, a sulfate bath using ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as the main components is used. When performing Fe—Ni plating, a plating bath using nickel sulfate (NiSO4), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), and boric acid (H3BO3) as the main components is used. The plating temperature is set to 45° C. to 55° C., and the current density is set to 5 A/dm2 and 25 A/dm2. Table 7 shows the conditions for the Fe plating, and Table 8 shows the conditions for the Fe—Ni plating.
The conditions for each of the Ni plating, the Cu plating, and the Sn plating are the same as those in the first embodiment, and thus each of the conditions in Tables 1 to 3 are applied. Plated layers of Ni or an Ni alloy are formed by electrolytically plating with a current density of 20 A/dm2 and 50 A/dm2; plated layers of Cu or a Cu alloy are formed by electrolytically plating with a current density of 20 A/dm2 and 60 A/dm2; and plated layers of Sn or an Sn alloy are formed by electrolytically plating with a current density of 10 A/dm2 and 30 A/dm2.
Additionally, after performing the four kinds of plating treatments, heating and a reflow treatment are performed. The reflow treatment is also the same as that in the first embodiment, and includes a heating process in which the plated layers are heated to a peak temperature of 240° C. to 300° C. at a heating rate of 20° C./second to 75° C./second after one minute to 15 minutes have elapsed after the formation of the plated layers, a primary cooling process in which the plated layers are cooled for 2 seconds to 10 seconds at a cooling rate of 30° C./second or lower after being heated to the peak temperature, and a secondary cooling process in which the plated layers are cooled at a cooling rate of 100° C./second to 250° C./second after the primary cooling process. Since the detailed method is the same as that in the first embodiment, description thereof will not be repeated.
After performing four-layer plating under the combined plating conditions shown in Tables 7 or 8, and 1 to 3 on the surface of the Cu-based substrate 1 as described above, similarly to the first embodiment, by performing the reflow treatment under the temperature profile conditions shown in
Next, examples of the second embodiment will be described.
Similarly to the examples in the first embodiment, as a Cu alloy plate (the Cu-based substrate), 0.25 mm-thick MAX251C (manufactured by Mitsubishi Shindoh Co., Ltd.) was used, and plating treatments of Fe, Ni, Cu, and Sn were sequentially performed on the plate. In this case, as shown in Table 6, a plurality of test specimens was prepared with varied current densities in each of the plating treatments. The target thickness of each plated layer was set to 0.5 μm for the Fe plated layer, 0.3 μm for the Ni plated layer, 0.3 μm for the Cu plated layer, and 1.5 μm for the Sn plated layer. In addition, water washing processes were inserted between each of the four kinds of plating processes to wash out plating solutions from the surfaces of treated materials.
In the plating treatment in the example, plating solutions were sprayed to the Cu alloy plate at a high speed, and an insoluble anode of a Ti plate covered with iridium oxide was used.
After performing the four kinds of plating treatments, reflow treatments were performed on the treated materials. The reflow treatments were performed 1 minute after the last Sn plating treatment and the heating process, the primary cooling process, and the secondary cooling process were performed under a variety of conditions.
The above test conditions are summarized in Table 9.
From the results of an energy dispersion type X-ray spectroscopic analysis using a transmission electron microscope (TEM-EDS analysis), the cross-sections of the treated materials in the example were composed of a five-layer structure of the Cu-based substrate, the Fe-based base layer, the Ni-based thin film layer, the Cu3Sn layer, the Cu6Sn5 layer, and the Sn-based surface layer, in which recessed and projected portions were present on the surface of the Cu6Sn5 layer, and the thicknesses of the recessed portions were 0.05 μm or greater. In addition, a discontinuous Cu3Sn layer was present in the interface between the Cu6Sn5 layer and the Ni-based thin film layer, and the surface coverage of the Cu3Sn layer with respect to the Ni-based thin film layer, which was observed with scanning ion microscope of the cross-sections by focused ion beam (FIB-SIM images), was 60% or higher.
With respect to specimens prepared with the conditions shown in Table 9, the contact resistances, presence of separation, abrasion resistance, and corrosion resistance after 175° C.×1000 hours had elapsed were measured. In addition, the coefficients of kinetic friction were also measured.
The contact resistances were measured using an electric contact resistance tester (manufactured by Yamazaki Seiki Co., Ltd.) under conditions of a sliding load of 0.49 N (50 gf) after leaving the specimens idle for 175° C.×1000 hours.
As the separation tests, after performing 90° bending (radius of curvature R: 0.7 mm) with a load of 9.8 kN, the specimens were retained in the atmosphere for 160° C.×250 hours and bent back, and then the separation states at the bent portions were confirmed.
With regard to the abrasion resistance, according to the reciprocating abrasion test defined by JIS H 8503, a test load of 9.8 N and abrasive paper No. 400 were used, and the number of reciprocating motions until the base material (the Cu-based substrate) was exposed was measured. O was given to test specimens with plating left even after testing 50 times, and x was given to test specimens whose base material had been exposed within testing 50 times.
With regard to the corrosion resistance, the neutral salt water spraying test defined by JIS H 8502 was performed for 24 hours, and O was given to test specimens with no observed occurrence of red rust, and x was give to test specimens with an observed occurrence of red rust.
With regard to the coefficients of kinetic friction, plate-like male specimens and semispherical female specimens with an internal diameter of 1.5 mm were prepared with the respective test specimens so as to simulate the contact portions between the male terminals and the female terminals of an engagement type connector, and then friction forces between both specimens were measured using a horizontal load measuring apparatus (Model-2152NRE, manufactured by Aikoh Engineering Co., Ltd.), thereby obtaining the coefficients of kinetic friction. A specific method is the same as that of the above example, and, as shown in
The results are shown in Table 10.
As is clear from Table 10, in the conductive member of the example, since the contact resistance at high temperatures is small, there is no occurrence of separation, and the abrasion resistance and solderability were excellent. In addition, the coefficient of kinetic friction is also small, and therefore it can be determined that the inserting and drawing force when used for a connector is also small, which is favorable.
In addition, with regard to the contact resistances, change over time during heating of 175° C.×1000 hours was measured using test specimens No. 36 and 61, and, similarly to the relationship between the examples and the comparative examples shown in the above-described
In addition, plating separation property due to the idle times after the plating treatment until the reflow treatment was tested. Similarly to the above, for the separation tests, after 90° bending (radius of curvature R: 0.7 mm) with a load of 9.8 kN was performed on the specimens, the specimens were retained in the atmosphere at 160° C.×250 hours and bent back, and then the separation states at the bent portions were confirmed. The results are shown in Table 11.
1 minute
As can be seen from Table 11, as the idle time after plating becomes longer, separation occurs. This is considered because a long idle time causes Cu crystal grains precipitated at a high current density to enlarge and also, naturally, Cu and Sn react generating Cu6Sn5 so as to hinder the smooth alloying of Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn during the reflow.
The results of the above studies show that provision of the Fe-based base layer improves the heat resistance, and, due to the ductility of Fe, it is possible to prevent generation of plating separation or cracks during a bending process. Furthermore, since the Fe-based base layer with high hardness and high toughness is included, abrasion resistance is good, and it is possible to prevent the sliding abrasion when used for a connector terminal. Furthermore, the solderability is also improved, and soldering becomes easier than conductive members formed by the three-layer plating in the related art. In addition, the Cu6Sn5 layer and the Cu3Sn layer have an effect of preventing the reaction of the Ni-based thin film layer and the Sn-based surface layer, and, among them, the Cu3Sn alloy layer is greater in terms of the effect. In addition, it was found that, since Sn atoms diffuse from the recessed portions in the Cu6Sn5 layer to Ni so as to make Sn and Ni react, the Cu6Sn5 layer has a relatively small number of recessed and projected portions, and the Cu3Sn layer covers more of the surface of the Ni-based thin film layer, and therefore it is possible to prevent degradation of the contact resistance during heating, and also to prevent occurrence of separation, and, furthermore, to reduce the inserting and drawing force when used for a connector.
Meanwhile, it is found from the above-described TEM-EDS analysis that 0.76% by weight to 5.32% by weight of Ni is mixed in the Cu6Sn5 layer, and therefore a small amount of Ni is mixed in the Cu—Sn intermetallic compound layer according to the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009-009752 | Jan 2009 | JP | national |
| 2009-039303 | Feb 2009 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2009/003219 | 7/9/2009 | WO | 00 | 5/20/2011 |
