Patent Grant
7238413
The present invention relates to a conductive microporous sheet material for use in electrical devices, particularly but not exclusively for batteries and related devices.
There is an increasing demand for sheet materials which have a microporous structure combined with electrical conductivity and a high level of chemical resistance. Such materials find application as gas diffusion layers for fuel cells and as electrode materials for batteries. The present invention seeks to provide materials which meet these requirements as well as a method for the manufacture of such materials.
According to the present invention there is provided a conductive microporous sheet material comprising primary carbon fibres having a cross-sectional dimension of at least 1 μm, secondary carbon fibres in the form of carbon nanofibres and a binding agent for binding said primary and secondary fibres.
The sheet of the invention has a microporous structure determined primarily by the relative proportions of the first and second fibres. The variation in pore structure with the secondary (nanofibre) content may readily be determined experimentally by a person skilled in the art. Thus, for example, the sheet may be produced by a wet-laying technique (see below) and the experimental determination may be effected by producing and testing laboratory produced single sheets (hard sheets). This information may then be used to select the appropriate blend of primary and secondary fibres for a given microporous structure.
The sheet of the invention may be a thin, flexible material.
The primary fibres preferably have a cross-section of 1 to 15 μm, more preferably 4 to 12 μm, even more preferably 5 to 10 μm. Typically the primary fibres will have a length of a few millimetres, e.g. 3 to 8 mm (about 6 mm). A preferred example of primary carbon fibre is SGL C25 (available from Technical Fibre Products Ltd.).
The primary fibres may be obtained from acrylonitrile or pitch.
The secondary fibres (nanofibres) preferably have a cross section of between 100 and 500 nanometres, more preferably between 100 and 250 nanometres. The nanofibres may be produced by vapour deposition. A preferred example of a carbon nanofibre is Pyrograf-III (available from ASI).
Preferably the primary carbon fibre constitutes between 10 and 90 wt % of the total weight of fibres and secondary fibres constitute between 10 and 90 wt % on the same basis. Preferably the fibres together provide at least 90% by weight of the sheet material.
The binding agent is required for adequate bonding strength of the material. The binding agent will generally constitute less than 10% by weight of the sheet material, and more typically less than 5% on the same basis.
The binding agent may for example be a thermoplastic or thermosetting resin, a suitable example of which is a phenolic resin such as GP5520. Whilst the use of resin binding agent is perfectly satisfactory, improved conductivity can generally be achieved by use of carbon as the binding agent. Sheets utilising carbon as the binding agent may be produced by heat treatment in an inert atmosphere of a sheet material incorporating a resin binding agent, said conversion of the resin binding agent to carbon serving to increase conductivity whilst retaining the controlled microporous structure.
A sheet according to the present invention may have any one or any combination of the following properties:—
Conductive sheet material in accordance with the invention has a variety of end uses, including:—
The conductive sheet material, according to the invention is preferably produced using a wet-laid non-woven (papermaking) process. The use of a wet-laid production process allows a wide range of proportions of carbon fibres and carbon nanofibres to be used and thus lends itself to production of materials with highly specific pore structures.
The preferred method of manufacture is to form a slurry of the two fibre types with binder by mixing the materials in water at a concentration of up to 1% by weight (e.g. between 0.02 and 0.5 wt %). Mixing is preferably carried out using a high speed agitator and the resulting slurry is formed into a suitable sheet material by passing through a papermaking former.
Fibre distribution and sheet forming may be aided by the use of viscosity modifiers and/or drainage aids.
After forming liquid may be removed from the sheet by vacuum and/or hot air drying. Where both liquid removal methods are used it is preferred that hot air drying is applied ultimately as it may be used to melt or cure the binder. It is preferred that the final stage of the production process is the carbonisation of the binding agent.
Following the carbonisation stage the sheet material is preferably formed into a continuous roll in order to facilitate further automated processing.
Both continuous of batch processing of the sheet material are envisaged.
Preferably in the production process the binder is initially the form of a powder although the use of a binder in any other physical form is not precluded.
The invention will now be described further with reference to the following non-limiting Examples.
A sheet was formed by mixing the following elements in water using a high speed agitator at a combined concentration of 0.5 wt %.
The resulting material was converted into sheet form using a papermaking former. The sheet was dried using a combination of vacuum and hot air and then carbonised by heating in an inert atmosphere until the phenolic binder was completely converted to carbon.
Sheets formed from the above mixture had the following characteristics:—
A sheet was formed by mixing the following elements using the same technique as in Example 1.
Sheets formed from the above mixture had the following characteristics:—
A sheet was formed by mixing the following elements using the same technique as in Example 1.
Sheets formed from the above mixture had the following characteristics:—
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0009319.5 | Apr 2000 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB01/01653 | 4/12/2001 | WO | 00 | 2/7/2003 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO01/80334 | 10/25/2001 | WO | A |
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| 6099965 | Tennent et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
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| 6960389 | Tennent et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO 00 19461 | Apr 2000 | WO |
| WO 01 80342 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030165740 A1 | Sep 2003 | US |
