Patent Application
20230097003
This application claims benefit under 35 USC § 119 of German Application 10 2021 125 059.5 filed Sep. 28, 2021, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to a conductor track arrangement for high-frequency signals comprising a carrier, a ground conductor, and a pair of signal conductors which are in layer form and are arranged on the carrier opposite the ground conductor, wherein there is a distance between the two signal conductors of the pair, and wherein the pair of signal conductors comprises a deflection region, in which the direction of the pair of signal conductors changes. Further aspects of the invention relate to a base and an electronic component, each comprising such a conductor track arrangement.
High-frequency feed lines are known in principle. In particular, such feed lines are needed to supply electronic components with data. This is described, for example, in the applicant's application DE 10 2020 105 772.5.
In such cases, high-frequency feed lines arranged on a submount are used and comprise a signal conductor and a ground conductor. Such conductor tracks and their characteristics are described, for example, in Agilent Technologies, Advanced Design System 1.5, Circuit Components, Distributed Components, Chapter 2 (To be found at the Internet address http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/ads15/ccdist/ccdist026.html). Such an arrangement of a signal conductor and a ground conductor is also called a two-wire line.
In the prior art, high-frequency feed lines are also known which comprise two signal conductors and one ground conductor. Such arrangements are also called differential lines and are often used in the transmission of data signals at high transmission rates. This type of line has several advantages over a two-wire line. One embodiment of a planar two-wire line is, for example, the microstrip line. The differential line is a triple line and belongs to the group of multiple lines.
The advantages of the triple line for data transmission only arise when the two signal conductors are coupled. This means that the distance between the two signal conductors is so small that their electromagnetic fields overlap. Two natural waves exist on the triple line: the common-mode wave and the differential-mode wave. The two signal conductors have a voltage U1 and U2 to the ground conductor. Between the signal conductors there is a voltage Udiff=U1-U2. If the two signal conductors are actuated in differential mode, that is to say with a phase difference of 180° and with the same amplitude, Udiff has twice the amplitude of the individual conductors. For this and other reasons, differential-mode actuation is the preferred operating mode of the triple line. Because the differential voltage is so important, this line is also called a differential line.
However, the double amplitude only occurs if the signals on both conductors have a phase difference of 180°. The phase relationship between the two signal conductors is constant as long as the signal conductors are symmetrical to each other. The symmetry plane is in the middle and runs along a centre line between the two signal conductors. The conductor track arrangement is then a symmetrical triple line. In the event of symmetry errors, interaction occurs between the differential-mode wave and the common-mode wave.
With a direction change of the differential planar signal conductors, the symmetry is always lost. This is the case regardless of whether the direction change is a right-angled 90° bend or a gentle arc of 90° or less. The outer signal conductor is always longer than the inner signal conductor. Using the example of a 90° arc, see
ΔL=π/2*P.
The length difference depends only on the distance P between the two signal conductors. Very similar expressions can be found for other embodiments of the direction changes. A phase difference results from the length difference ΔL with the phase constant β of the signal conductors. To ensure that the differential signal is only slightly distorted, the phase difference of the two signal conductors must be <<180°. This means that the length difference of the two signal conductors must be very small compared to half the wavelength (λ/2) of the signal on the signal line. With increasing frequency, the wavelength of the signal transmitted over the line becomes shorter and shorter and it becomes more difficult to comply with the condition in practice. The distance between the signal conductors must be reduced increasingly. The manufacturing technology limits the distance between the signal conductors and thus the frequency range of low-distortion transmission over such a differential line with direction change.
U.S. Pat. No. 9,461,677 B1 describes a conductor track arrangement in which, in order to compensate for the length difference of two signal conductors of a differential line, the length of the signal conductor arranged on the inside in the case of a deflection is extended by providing a loop. The width of the signal conductors and their distance from each other is thereby reduced in the deflection region. In relation to a centre line between the two signal conductors before entering the deflection region, the inner signal conductor is offset in the direction of the outer signal conductor. In the offset region, both conductors have different geometries. The symmetry is cancelled in this region. With different conductor track geometry, it is not possible to comply with the line impedance requirement. This results in a portion with an impedance mismatch. The higher the frequency of the signal, the more reflections occur in the offset region.
It is thus an object of the invention to provide a conductor track arrangement for high-frequency signals which has no or at least a reduced phase difference between two signal conductors in the event of a direction change and overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art.
A conductor track arrangement for high-frequency signals is proposed. The conductor track arrangement comprises a carrier, a ground conductor and a pair of signal conductors which are in layer form and are arranged on the carrier opposite the ground conductor, wherein there is a distance d between the two signal conductors of the pair, and wherein the pair of signal conductors comprises a deflection region, in which the direction of the pair of signal conductors changes.
Furthermore, in a first variant it is provided that, within the deflection region, between the signal conductors of the pair there is a reduced distance dr, which is reduced compared to the distance d between the signal conductors outside the deflection region, wherein the distance between the signal conductors in transition regions from straight portions of the signal conductors into the deflection region is reduced symmetrically with respect to an extension of a centre line between the two signal conductors into their respective straight portions. Additionally or alternatively to the reduction of the distance between the signal conductors, in a second variant a capacitor is introduced into the signal conductor representing the inner signal conductor in respect of the direction change, said capacitor being introduced by arrangement of an open-circuited stub, which is electrically connected to the inner signal conductor within the deflection region.
The pair of signal conductors together with the ground conductor on the carrier form a differential line which is suitable for the transmission of high-frequency electrical signals. This differential line preferably runs from a starting point to a destination point and connects, for example, a signal source with a signal sink. Between the starting point and the destination point there is at least one deflection region, within which the differential line changes its direction. The signal source can, for example, be configured as an electrical feed in the form of contact pins and the signal sink can, for example, be an electronic element such as a laser diode. In other cases, for example if the electronic element is a photodiode, the electronic element can also be the signal source and, correspondingly, the contact pins can be the signal sink.
The deflection region is an area of which the boundaries are determined by the beginning or the end of a direction change of the signal conductors. If the direction change occurs in several stages or portions, the deflection region begins when one of the two signal conductors has the first direction change and ends when the last direction change is completed, wherein in the case of a direction change in several stages or portions, each of the direction changes has the same orientation in the sense of a rotation direction.
With respect to the centre line, the deflection region of the signal conductors includes the part of the signal conductors that lies between a first straight portion of the centre line that extends along an initial direction and a second, straight portion of the centre line that extends along an end direction. The angle of the deflection is included between the initial direction and the end direction and can be 90° or 45°, for example, wherein deflections with other angles are of course also possible.
The centre line always runs exactly in the middle between the two signal conductors. The points on this centre line can be constructed accordingly so that for each point on the centre line a straight line running perpendicular to this centre line intersects the corresponding edges of the signal conductors facing the centre line at the same distance.
A point on the edge of one of the signal conductors facing the centre line can be assigned to a point on the centre line by constructing the shortest possible connecting line between this point and the centre line. The intersection of this connecting line with the centre line is assigned here to the starting point on the edge of the signal conductor. According to this rule, the individual parts or portions of the signal conductors can be assigned to the corresponding portions of the centre line, and vice versa.
For variants in which the edges of the signal conductors are curved, the deflection region can also be defined as the region of the two signal conductors in which the centre line between the two signal conductors has a direction change and/or a curvature.
The signal conductors of the differential line are in layer form. Accordingly, the signal conductors are each formed by an electrically conductive layer or a part of an electrically conductive layer, which extends from a beginning of the signal conductor in question to an end of the signal conductor in question and is spatially delimited at the sides by an inner edge and an outer edge.
If the edges of the signal conductors in the deflection region between the first straight portion and the second straight portion are each configured as straight lines in some sections, the deflection region begins at the point of the first of the direction changes provided in sections and ends when the complete direction change of, for example, 45° or 90° is reached. For example, in the case of a 90° deflection, the edges of the signal conductors can be deflected in two steps of 45° each, so that the deflection range extends starting from the first deflection step of 45° to the second deflection step of, again, 45°.
An essential feature for the reduction of the distance between the signal conductors in the deflection region provided according to the first variant is that this distance reduction runs symmetrically. This means in particular that within the transition region, within which the distance between the signal conductors is reduced, there is no offset of the centre line with respect to the centre line running in the adjacent straight portion.
Accordingly, the centre line of the transition region preferably continues as an imaginary extension of the centre line of the adjacent straight portion without any direction change of the centre line within the transition region.
In all variants, the centre lines of the first straight portion, of the first transition region, of the deflection region, of the second transition region and of the second straight portion merge into one another continuously, i.e. without a step. In particularly preferred variants, the transition is also continuously differentiable in each case, so that the centre line in the deflection region and at the transitions into the transition regions is gently curved and has no corners.
The reduced distance dr cannot be arbitrarily small, as the distance must be sufficiently large so that there is no flashover or even short circuit between the two signal conductors. In addition, manufacturing tolerances and the possibilities of the respective manufacturing processes limit the smallest reduced distance dr that can be reliably manufactured.
In order to minimize the path difference between the two signal conductors for a transmitted signal further than is possible for a particular manufacturing technology, the signal on the inner of the two signal conductors can also be delayed. The prior art is to realize the delay with a meander-shaped bypass line, that is to say an extension of the path of the inner signal conductor, or an additional dielectric layer on the line. Within the scope of the present invention, another way to increase the phase of the inner line is proposed.
For this purpose, the inner line is capacitively loaded. The phase (pi of the loss-free inner signal conductor in the arc segment is calculated from
φ1=L1β=2πL1√{square root over (L′C′)}.
L1 is the arc length, β is the phase constant, L′ is the inductance coating and C′ is the capacitance coating of the inner signal conductor. If the inductance coating L′ and/or the capacitance coating C′ of the signal conductor is increased, the phase of this line segment becomes larger. However, this measure would also change the impedance of the line at the same time. This is undesirable. With an open-circuit stub, a capacitor of any size can be established. The expression “open-circuit” means in particular that the end of the stub is not electrically terminated and in particular is not connected to ground potential. The realization of a capacitor with the help of a stub is particularly simple, has low losses, and does not cause any further manufacturing costs.
The input impedance ZL of a loss-free line with open-circuit impedance at the end is a purely negative reactance,
Z
L
=−jZ cot βLL
ZL behaves like a capacitance. As an equivalent circuit of this line, one can also specify a capacitance that goes from the line input to the ground conductor. However, the input impedance is also dependent on the frequency. Thus, the capacitance value changes with the frequency.
In the expression for ZL, Z is the impedance, β the phase constant, and LL the length of the open-circuit conductor, also called the stub. However, the length LL of the stub should be shorter than λ/4 of the signal transmitted in the differential line, otherwise the input impedance becomes inductive. Accordingly, it is preferred that the length LL of the stub is chosen to be shorter than one quarter of the wavelength of the highest frequency for which the conductor track arrangement is configured. Particularly preferably, the length LL is chosen to be shorter than one tenth of the wavelength of the highest frequency.
For example, by adjusting the length LL of the stub, the magnitude of the negative reactance is set. The longer the stub, the greater the capacitance value at the input of the line. However, it is also possible to change the capacitance of the stub by forming conductive areas on the stub, for example in the form of a fan. By forming such conductive areas, the width of the stub is increased and the electrical capacitance of the stub is increased without having to increase the length LL of the stub.
In the case of an arc-shaped routing of the differential line in the deflection region, the stub line is ideally placed at half the arc length and oriented towards the inside of the arc. In the case of a 90° arc, the stub is thus rotated by 45°. In this way, the input impedance of the stub increases the capacitance in the middle of the arc segment of the inner of the two signal conductors in the deflection region. Thus, the inner signal conductor is additionally capacitively loaded. Accordingly, the phase difference according to the second variant of the invention is compensated by an electrical wiring of the inner signal conductor.
An essential feature of the invention is that the phase difference between the two lines is minimized over a wide frequency range.
Accordingly, it is preferred that the reduced distance dr and/or an arrangement and/or shape, in particular length, of the stub is selected in such a way that a phase difference between the two signal conductors caused by the direction change of the signal conductors is minimized for a signal carried by the signal conductors.
It is also preferable to minimize the coupling of the common-mode wave and the differential-mode wave. The coupling factor of both waves is suitable as a measure of the coupling. The coupling factor between the common-mode and differential-mode wave is preferably less than −10 dB. In the second variant of the invention, minimizing the coupling factor is preferably achieved, inter alia, by adjusting the capacitance of the stub, or by the areal size of the radial expansion of the stub.
Between a straight portion of the signal conductors, in which the distance between the two signal conductors is preferably constant, and the deflection region with the reduced distance dr between the signal conductors, there is preferably a transition region, in which the distance between the two signal conductors is reduced.
The distance between the two signal conductors is not set constantly to the reduced distance dr over the entire conductor track arrangement, as the further distance d is required for contacting the signal conductors.
Preferably, the reduction of the distance between the two signal conductors takes place continuously without jumps or steps. In preferred variants, this transition can be not only continuous but also continuously differentiable.
Preferably, there is no direction change of the centre line within the transition region and the distance between the two signal conductors is reduced symmetrically with respect to this centre line. In the following deflection region, the centre line also changes direction according to the direction change of the signal conductors. Due to the symmetrical distance reduction, there is no jump between an imaginary extension of the centre line outside the deflection region in the straight portion and the centre line inside the deflection region; the imaginary extension merges seamlessly and without a jump into the centre line inside the deflection region.
Outside the deflection region, a width W of the signal conductors is preferably larger than inside the deflection region, in order to achieve lower line losses and to be able to place components, such as bonding wires or pins of a transistor outline (TO) housing, thereon if necessary. The distance d between the signal conductors is calculated from the width W of the signal conductors and the necessary line impedance Z. For example, for a differential line impedance of Z=100 ohms, the signal conductor width W is in the range of from 0.05 mm to 0.250 mm and the distance d is in the range of from 0.04 mm to 0.6 mm. In a preferred embodiment, the signal conductor width W=0.1 mm and d=0.09 mm is selected for an impedance Z=100 ohms.
In order to ensure the necessary line impedance Z, it is accordingly preferred, when reducing the distance between the two signal conductors, to also reduce the width of the signal conductors in such a way that the line impedance Z is kept constant. In particular, it is preferred to adapt the line impedance inside the deflection region to the line impedance outside the deflection region by correspondingly adapting the reduced width Wr so that no undesired impedance changes occur and the impedance is adapted across the entire conductor track arrangement.
Between a straight portion of the signal conductors and the deflection region there is preferably a portion in which the signal conductors, starting from the larger width W outside the deflection region, narrow to the reduced width Wr present in the deflection region. The region of the signal conductors within which this narrowing takes place is also referred to here as the narrowing region. This reduction of the width Wr is preferably implemented together with the reduction of the distance d between the signal conductors, so that the narrowing region and the transition region can be identical. In the example shown, the reduction of the conductor track width is linear. This is a simple and preferred embodiment of the reduction. However, the reduction can also be non-linear, for example can be exponential. The symmetry between the two lines is nevertheless maintained.
Preferably, the reduced distance dr between the two signal conductors remains constant within the deflection region. Accordingly, the reduced width Wr of the signal conductors within the deflection region preferably also remains constant.
The pair of signal conductors is preferably formed by an electrically conductive layer. For this purpose, it can be provided that the electrically conductive layer is first applied to the carrier in a flat manner and then the shape and the course of the signal conductors are obtained by a structuring of the conductive layer. Alternatively, the electrically conductive layer can also be applied directly in the desired form, for example by a printing process. Suitable materials for the electrically conductive layer are, in particular, highly conductive metals such as copper.
In the conductor track arrangement, the ground conductor is preferably formed as a further conductive layer. The course of the ground conductor is preferably established here by structuring the further conductive layer, wherein the ground conductor can be obtained, for example, as already described with reference to the signal conductors. A layer distance D between the further conductive layer and the conductive layer of the signal conductors lies preferably in the range of from 0.025 mm to 0.65 mm, particularly preferably in the range of from 0.05 mm to 0.4 mm.
Preferably, the pair of signal conductors is arranged on a first side of the carrier and the ground conductor is formed as a further conductive layer on a second side of the carrier. Another preferred embodiment also has one or more ground conductors on the first side of the carrier in addition to the ground conductor on the second side of the carrier.
Preferably, the material of the carrier comprises an aluminium-nitride ceramic, an aluminium-nitride-containing ceramic, aluminium oxide (Al2O3), a glass, a ceramic, or combinations of several of these materials.
For embodiments in which the signal conductors are arranged on a first side of the carrier and the ground conductor is arranged on a second opposite side, the thickness of the carrier corresponds to the distance D between the ground conductor and the signal conductors.
However, embodiments are also conceivable in which a layer structure is arranged on a carrier, in particular on a carrier consisting of an aluminium-nitride ceramic, an aluminium-nitride-containing ceramic, aluminium oxide (Al2O3), a glass or a ceramic, and, viewed from a surface of the carrier, comprises the further conductive layer of the ground conductor, an insulating layer and the conductive layer of the signal conductors. The thickness of the insulating layer is selected here so that it corresponds to the desired distance D between the ground conductor and the signal conductors. Preferably, through-platings, so-called vias, are used here to electrically contact the ground conductor arranged inside the layer structure.
To ensure good properties for the transmission of high-frequency signals, in particular signals up to 60 GHz, preferably up to 70 GHz, the geometry of the two signal conductors and the ground conductor should be optimally set. In particular, the conductor track arrangement is preferably designed in such a way that a limit frequency, in particular a limit frequency for the generation of higher-order waves, is above 60 GHz, preferably above 70 GHz.
Preferably, a ratio W/D of the width W to the distance between the ground conductor and the signal conductor is in the range of from 0.05 to 3, particularly preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 2.
Preferably, a ratio d/D of the distance d between the two signal conductors outside the deflection region to the distance D between the ground conductor and the signal conductors is in the range of from 0.05 to 3, particularly preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 1.5.
Preferably, a ratio Wr/W of the reduced width Wr of the signal conductors in the deflection region to the width W outside the deflection region is in the range of from 0.1 to 0.93, particularly preferably in the range of from 0.4 to 0.8.
Preferably, a ratio dr/d of the reduced distance dr between the two signal conductors in the deflection region compared to the distance d outside the deflection region is in the range of from 0.1 to 0.95, particularly preferably in the range of from 0.4 to 0.8.
The conductor track arrangement is particularly suitable for connecting electronic elements accommodated in a transistor outline (TO) housing to electrical connection pins of the TO housing. In such an arrangement, the conductor track arrangement is preferably arranged on a so-called submount, which is arranged on a platform of a base of the TO housing.
In the deflection region, the direction change of the signal conductors can be implemented in one or more portions that can be separated from each other. This allows an even better adaptation of the high-frequency characteristics of the formed differential line.
It can be provided here that, within the deflection region, at least one of the signal conductors has at least one edge with two or more curved portions, wherein the radius of curvature of at least two of the curved portions is selected differently. Additionally or alternatively, at least one of the signal conductors can have an edge with at least one straight portion within the deflection region. In particular, one of the edges of a signal conductor can be curved in one portion and the other edge can be straight.
The conductor track arrangement can have additional ground planes, which can be obtained in particular by structuring the conductive layer and/or the further conductive layer. Accordingly, additional ground planes can be arranged in particular next to the signal conductors. For electrical contacting of the ground planes, through-platings can be provided in the carrier in order to contact the ground planes from the opposite side of the carrier.
Another aspect of the invention is to provide a base for an electronic component having an electronic element comprising at least one of the conductor track arrangements described herein. The base has an electrical feedthrough and the electronic element and the electrical feedthrough are both connected to the signal conductors of the conductor track arrangement, such that electrical signals are carried from the feedthrough, via the signal conductors, to the element and/or vice versa.
The base can in particular be a base for a transistor outline (TO) housing. The electrical feedthrough can be formed in particular as a glass-metal feedthrough.
Examples of electronic elements include, in particular, laser diodes and photodiodes.
Another aspect of the invention relates to an electronic component in the form of a device having a housing in which an electronic element and the conductor track arrangement described herein are enclosed.
The proposed electrical component is particularly suitable for applications in the field of optical data transmission, for example via fibre optic cables. In this case, particularly high data transmission rates are made possible by the good high-frequency properties of the conductor track arrangement.
The invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the FIGS. and without limitation thereto.
In the example shown in
The two signal conductors 10, 11 have a distance d from each other and a width W. These geometric parameters of the signal conductors 10, 11 are determined by the structuring of the conductive layer. The ground conductor 4 is usually at least so wide that the width of the ground conductor 4 is greater than the sum of the widths W of the signal conductors 10, 11 and of the distance d between the two signal conductors 10, 11. The width of the ground conductor 4 is also set by corresponding structuring of the further conductive layer. A distance D between the ground conductor 4 and each signal conductor 10, 11 is specified here by the thickness of the carrier 2.
The ground conductor 4 and the two signal conductors 10, 11 are coupled. This means that the distance between the conductors 4, 10, 11 is so small that their electromagnetic fields overlap. When an electrical signal is introduced into the two signal conductors 10, 11, the signal conductors 10, 11 each have a voltage U1 and U2, respectively, to the ground conductor 4. Between the two signal conductors 10, 11 there is a voltage Udiff=U1−U2. If the two signal conductors 10, 11 are actuated in differential mode with a phase difference of 180° and with the same amplitude, Udiff has twice the amplitude compared to a single line with only one signal conductor 10, 11 and one ground conductor 4.
However, the double amplitude only occurs if the signals on both signal conductors 10, 11 have a phase difference of 180°.
When the direction of the differential signal conductors 10, 11 is changed, as shown in
The signal conductors 10, 11 form a conductor pair and are deflected by 90° within a deflection region 20 starting from a first straight portion 21, wherein a centre line 30, which runs exactly between the two signal conductors 10, 11, changes its direction within the deflection region 20. In the exemplary embodiment shown in
In accordance with the invention, the centre line 30 transitions without a jump from the straight portions outside the deflection region 20 to the curved region inside the deflection region 20. Furthermore, in the first exemplary embodiment of
At their respective ends, the two signal conductors 10, 11 have an original distance d from each other. Within the deflection region 20, the two signal conductors 10, 11 are arranged closer to each other so that they have a reduced distance dr from each other there. Within transition regions 23, the distance between the signal conductors 10, 11 is reduced from the original distance d to the reduced distance dr.
Advantageously, the larger original distance d is thus present at non-critical points, which permits simpler manufacture and in particular simple electrical contacting of the signal conductors 10, 11. Within the deflection region 20, on the other hand, the reduced distance dr is used to reduce transit time differences and is preferably selected to be as narrow as the manufacturing processes allow without causing undesired deviations or even short circuits between the signal conductors 10, 11.
In the exemplary embodiment shown in
In addition to the first embodiment of
The stub 24 points inwards and in this example is rotated 45° to the direction of the centre lines 30 outside the deflection region 20, i.e. relative to the orientation of the straight portions. The stub 24 can also be attached to the inner signal conductor 10 at other locations within the deflection region 20. Depending on the space available, the stub 24 can also be placed at a different rotary angle.
By loading the inner signal conductor 10 with the electrical capacitance provided by the stub line 24, a propagation speed of an electrical signal in the inner signal conductor 10 is reduced compared to the outer signal conductor 11. In this case, the choice of the geometry of the stub 24, in particular the choice of the length LL, adjusts the capacitance in such a way that the reduced propagation speed of the signal compensates for the transit time difference caused by the deflection and not fully compensated for by the reduced distance dr.
In the embodiment of
The stub 24 is provided here with a fan 25, which is electrically conductive and forms an electrical capacitance in particular in conjunction with the ground conductor 4 on the opposite side of the carrier 2.
By using a fan 25, as shown in
The graphs in
In this example, a 0.254 mm thick aluminium-nitride carrier was chosen as carrier 2. Conductive layers were applied and structured on both sides of the carrier using thin-film technology. Outside the deflection region, the distance d between the two signal conductors is 75 μm and the signal conductors each have a line width W of 91 μm. The reduced distance dr between the two signal conductors is 45 μm. The line width W is 57 μm, so that a differential impedance of 100 Ohm is obtained. This calculates the centre-to-centre distance P=102 μm and the path difference is ΔL=160 μm. If the path difference is not to be greater than λ/10 for low-distortion transmission, the signal frequency must not be greater than fmax=63 GHz.
The capacitor attached to the inner signal conductor 10 in the form of the stub 24 reduces the speed of the signal in the inner signal conductor 10 compared to the speed in the outer signal conductor 11, so that the phase difference is further reduced. The graphs each show curves for different lengths LL of the stub 24, specifically 0 μm, 250 μm, 350 μm, 450 μm and 550 μm.
It can be seen here that the phase difference can be influenced by the choice of the length LL of the stub, wherein in the present example the phase difference becomes minimal for a length LL of 550 μm. At the frequency 30 GHz, the phase difference becomes zero in this example. The length difference is thus fully compensated for this case. Also over the entire frequency range up to 55 GHz, the phase difference is still clearly compensated compared to the example without stub, i.e. with a length LL of 0. In the frequency range of from 0 to 50 GHz, the phase difference remains below 10° and does not increase much even for higher frequencies.
The lower the coupling factor, the lower the phase difference. Accordingly, the lowest possible coupling factor is desirable. Again, the lowest coupling is achieved here for a stub length LL of 550 μm.
The low insertion loss of the differential-mode wave, which can be seen in the graph in
For all examples, the increase is moderate in the examined frequency range up to 50 GHz and only has a significant effect at frequencies above 50 GHz. In this example, a length LL of the stub of 550 μm would thus achieve the best reduction of the transit time differences with only low insertion loss.
The base 100 is made of a metal, for example, and has a through-opening 102, through which two electrical conductors in the form of pins 106 are passed in the example of
On a surface of the base 100, in the vicinity of the through-opening 102, there is a platform 110 on which the carrier 2 of the conductor track arrangement 1 is mounted. In particular, a ground conductor 4 arranged on the underside of the carrier 2, which is not visible in
As can be seen from
At their other end, the signal conductors 10, 11 are arranged and formed to provide a contact point 130 for contacting an electronic element (not shown). Such an electronic element can be, for example, a laser diode or a photodiode. With reference to a centre line 30, compare
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred exemplary embodiments, it is not limited thereto, but can be modified in a variety of ways.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2021 125 059.5 | Sep 2021 | DE | national |
