Patent Application
20110202819
Digital data may be communicated, for example via broadcast, from a source to a destination. Digital data for transmission may be encoded at a source before its transmission to the destination. The digital data received by the destination may then be decoded. Transmission of the digital data may introduce errors into the digital data, for example during wireless transmission of the data. High performance error correction codes, such as turbo codes, were developed to correct errors introduced into digital transmissions. For example, turbo codes are used to communicate data over bandwidth or latency constrained communication links which experience noise that corrupts the communicated data
Turbo decoding is implemented in hardware and requires large amounts of processing cycles. Additionally, the hardware to implement turbo codes is expensive and typically not configurable.
Embodiments of the present invention allow for performing error correction on data by a processor. In a first claimed embodiment, a method is disclosed for performing error correction on data by a processor. Received data is demultiplexed into a first demultiplexer output and a second demultiplexer output. Stored instructions are executed by a processor to decode the first demultiplexer output and a deinterleaver output to produce a decoded output. The decoded output is interleaved by stored instructions executed by a processor to interleave to produce an interleaved output. Stored instructions are executed by a processor to decode. The interleaved output is decoded by instructions executed by a processor and the second demultiplexer output to produce decoded data. Stored instructions are then executed by a processor to deinterleave the decoded data. The deinterleaved data is output. In some embodiments, the interleaved output can also be the decoder output if deinterleaving is applied onto the interleaved output
In a second claimed embodiment, a system is disclosed for performing error correction. The system includes a processor and software modules stored in memory. A demultiplexing module stored in memory may be executed by a processor to demultiplex an input into a first demultiplexer output and a second demultiplexer output. A first decoder module may be executed by a processor to decode the first demultiplexer output and a deinterleaver output to produce a decoded output. An interleaver module may then be executed to deinterleave the decoded output to produce an interleaved output. A processor may execute a second decoder module to decode the interleaved output and the second demultiplexer output to produce decoded data. A deinterleaver module stored in memory may be executed by a processor to deinterleave the decoded data and provide deinterleaved data.
In a third claimed embodiment, a computer-readable storage medium is disclosed that has stored thereon instructions executable by a processor to perform a method for performing error correction on data by a processor. Received data is demultiplexed into a first demultiplexer output and a second demultiplexer output. Stored instructions are executed by a processor to decode the first demultiplexer output and a deinterleaver output to produce a decoded output. Stored instructions are executed by a processor to interleave the decoded output to produce an interleaved output. Stored instructions are executed by a processor to decode the interleaved output and the second demultiplexer output to produce decoded data. Stored instructions are executed by a processor to deinterleave the decoded data. The deinterleaved data is output.
The present technology implements high performance error correction codes, such as for example turbo codes, as one or more software modules. The present technology may implement an error correction encoder on a transmitter and an error correction decoder on a receiver. One or more software modules are used to implement decoders, interleavers, and deinterleavers, combinations of these, or additional software modules that make up each error correction encoder and decoder. The software modules may iteratively process an input in a feedback loop to provide an error corrected output data. The software modules may be configured to utilize one or more variations that improve the efficiency of the decoder or encoder.
Implementation of high performance error correction codes as software modules allows for a faster, cheaper and more dynamic implementation of error correction that previously available. Hardware implemented error correction codes required expensive integrated circuits, such as non-programmable ASICs, to implement the codes. The error correction hardware was not adjustable or configurable. Unlike a hardware implementation, software implementation of high performance error correction codes as disclosed herein provides a cheaper and configurable solution to correcting errors in data transmissions such as wireless transmissions.
Data receiver 110 may include computation module 135, error correction decoder 140, and a computation module 145. The computation module 135 provides input data to error correction encoder 140, which provides output data to computation module 145. Computation modules 135 and 145 may process data, for example by digital signal processing, for processing by data receiver 110.
Error correction decoder 140 receives an input data array y by demux 205, for example from computation module 135. Input data array y may include a systematic array ys and parity input data arrays yp1 and yp2. Each of data arrays ys, yp1, and yp2 may include Sin number of data elements and be concatenated together to form input data array y. In an alternate embodiment, the input data array y may be an intermixing of the data elements of data arrays ys, yp1, and yp2. In one exemplary embodiment, ys is concatenated with an intermixing of yp1, and yp2. Demux 205 may separate the concatenated data arrays to provide a data array including ys and yp1 to first SISO decoder 215 and a data array including ys and yp2 to second SISO decoder 225.
Interleaver 220 receives an output data array of first SISO decoder 215 and rearranges the data elements within the array. The rearrangement of the data elements by interleaver 220 is defined by a protocol associated with the data communication, such as for example wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), 4G, or Long Term Evolution (LTE). After rearranging data elements within the received data array, interleaver 220 outputs the rearranged data array to second SISO decoder 225.
Deinterleaver 210 rearranges data elements in an order opposite to the rearrangement of interleaver 220. As a result, the data elements rearranged from a first arrangement to a second arrangement by interleaver 220 are arranged back to the first arrangement by deinterleaver 210. Deinterleaver receives a data array output from second SISO decoder 225 and provides a rearranged output to first SISO decoder 215.
The first SISO decoder 215 and the second SISO decoder 225 each process data elements of multiple arrays received by the decoder and output a data array to be rearranged by interleaver 220 or deinterleaver 215. First SISO decoder 215 and second SISO decoder 225 may each implement a MAX*-Log-MAP algorithm (referred to as a MAX* decoder herein). A MAX* decoder processes input data arrays by determining a branch-metric calculation (BMC), an alpha trellis states calculation (alpha), a beta trellis states calculation (beta), and a log-likelihood ratio calculation (LLC). Each calculation is performed for each data element over the entire input array. In one embodiment, the computations performed in the first SISO decoder 215 and the second SISO decoder 225 are the same, though performed on different value data elements.
To calculate the LLC, values for the alpha trellis state, gamma trellis state, and beta trellis state at different times k are combined. If sk represents the alpha, gamma, and beta trellis state values at time k, then the likelihood values Lk at time k may be given by:
L
k=alphak−1(sk−1)+gammak(sk−1, sk)+betak(sk). eq. 1
Each trellis state sk may be a vector that comprises v fixed-point data elements, where v is defined by a protocol standard that controls the data transmission, such as LTE, W-CDMA, a Wi-Fi standard, a cellular communication standard, or other standard. Alphak−1 (sk−1) is the alpha metric (alpha) that facilitates calculation of the probability of the current state based on the input values before time k. Gammak (sk−1, sk) is the BMC that facilitates calculation of the probability of the current state transition. Betak(sk) facilitates calculation of the probability of the current state given the future input values after time k. Alpha and beta calculations may be determined recursively as:
alphak(sk)=max*(alphak−1(sk−1)+gammak(sk−1, sk)), and eq. 2
betak(sk)=max*(betak+1(sk+1)+gammak+1(sk, sk+1)) eq. 3
The alpha computation may be a forward trellis computation and the beta computation may be a backward trellis computation. Let s1 and s0 be the 1-branch and 0-branch trellis state transitions, respectively. The soft output value LLC at time k is defined by subtracting the maximum likelihood values of the 1-branch state transitions from the maximum likelihood values of the 0-branch state transitions, as indicated by:
LLCk=max*s1(Lk)−max*s0(Lk). eq. 4
The output of LLCk is provided as an output of a SISO decoders (i.e. L1ex and L2ex in
gammak[i]=ys[k]*met[i][0]+yp1/p2[k]*met[i][1]+extr[k], i:1˜m, k:1˜Sout eq. 5
where met[a][b] may be a metric vector as defined by the protocol standard, yp1/p2 is yp1 for the first SISO decoder 215, and yp1/p2 is yp2 for the second SISO decoder 225. The extr term may be an extrinsic data array output by each SISO decoder to interleaver 220 (L1ex) or deinterleaver 210 (L2ex).
A feedback loop may be created as a number of processing iterations are performed on a data array input. The demuxed input signal is provided to first SISO decoder 215 and second SISO decoder 225, and the first SISO decoder 215 perform calculations on the received data array. The first SISO decoder 215 provides extrinsic output L1ex to interleaver 220. Interleaver 220 rearranges the data elements within the received data array and provides the rearranged data array to second SISO decoder 225. Second SISO decoder 225 receives the interleaved data array as well as a demuxed input data array, decodes the received data arrays, and provides an extrinsic output L2ex to deinterleaver 210. Deinterleaver rearranges the data elements to their previous position within the array and the data array is provided to first SISO decoder 215, where process may be repeated. The iterative process may be repeated several times until an acceptable level of error correction has been achieved or is likely to have been achieved, such as for example eight iterations. In some embodiments, error correction is performed until a likelihood of correction is reached.
The correction likelihood may be dependent of many factors, some of which may be determined externally from the error correction decoder. For example, wireless protocols may have provisions for data throughput that depends on if a wireless device is detected to by moving or stationary. In some protocols, more data may be throughput to the device when it is stationary than moving. When there is more data throughput (i.e., when the device is relatively stationary), the channel conditions may dictate that a higher level of correction likelihood may be required for transmitted data. A lower level of correction likelihood may be required when a wireless device is determined to be moving and receiving less data throughput.
An output data array may be provided by deinterleaver 210 to computation module 145 for further processing. Generally speaking, the output data array may have a size of Sout=Sin/3. In different embodiments, the output data array may have a different size, such as for example Sout=Sin/3-4 for an LTE protocol. Each data element in the output array may be a one-bit binary number. The output data array may also be provided as the output of interleaver 220.
The input is demultiplexed (demuxed) into a first demux output 240 and a second demux output 245 at step 310. The first demux output 240 may include ys and yp1 and the second demux output 240 may include ys and yp2.
First SISO decoder 215 decodes the first demux output 240 and an output of deinterleaver 210 at step 315. The output L1ex of the first SISO decoder 215 and the first demux output may be processed as discussed above with respect to
Interleaver 220 interleaves the decoded output L1ex. The resulting interleaved output has rearranged data elements within a data array and is output to second SISO decoder 225 at step 320.
Second SISO decoder 225 decodes the output of the interleaver 200 and the second demux output 245 in step 325. The second SISO decoder 225 outputs L2ex to the input of the deinterleaver 210. Deinterleaver 210 deinterleaves the decoded data at step 330 by rearranging the data elements within the received data array into the previous positions.
The output of the deinterleaver 210 is provided to first SISO decoder 215 in step 335. Error correction decoder 140 provides an output signal at step 335. The output signal can be the output of deinterleaver 210 or interleaver 220. The method of
In addition to the advantages of implementing the above described error correction technology on software, a number of variations may be implemented to further enhance the efficiency and speed of the error correction calculations. Representative embodiments of variations to the error correction technology are discussed below with respect to
In one embodiment, a method is contemplated of using a programmable processor with SIMD processing capabilities to calculate the four steps (discussed herein) of the MAX* decoder, where the number of SIMD lanes, m, is greater or equal to the trellis vector width, v, of the first trellis 405 and the second trellis 410.
Let m[k], k:1˜m be the SIMD lanes, where m≧v. Multiple BMC/alpha/beta/LLC calculations can be performed in parallel on the SIMD lanes, where the number of BMC/Alpha/Beta/LLC calculations, n, is defined as n=m/v. In one embodiment, the mapping of the multiple BMC/alpha/beta/LLC calculations onto SIMD lanes may be defined by the following four equations.
m[i*n+l]=gammak[l][i], i:1˜v, l:1˜n
m[i*n+l]=alphak[l][i], i:1˜v, l:1˜n
m[i*n+l]=betak[l][i], i:1˜v, l:1˜n
m[i*n+l]=LLCk[l][i], i:1˜v, l:1˜n
Hence, the n BMC calculations that are performed in parallel on the SIMD lanes are gammak[l], l:1˜n. The n calculations for alpha, beta and LLC performed in parallel on the SIMD lanes are alphak[l], betak[l], and LLCk[l], respectively, for l:1˜n. In the embodiment depicted in
The parallel processing configuration of the present technology advantageously differs from normal SIMD usage which processes a single data array at a time. Processing a single data array at a time provides for wasted resources when the data array has fewer elements than the number of SIMD lanes, as the leftover SIMD lanes are not used. The present technology thus increases processing efficiency by utilizing all SIMD lanes.
In some embodiments, portions of the LLC can be determined prior to performing multiple iterations by the error correction decoder of
The first SISO decoder 215 may determine values for gamma, alpha, beta and LLC, as represented by reprehensive blocks gamma 505, alpha 510, beta 515, and LLC 520. The second SISO decoder 225 software module may also determine values for gamma, alpha, beta and LLC. Gamma (BMC) may be determined as the sum of three data arrays which include branch metric values based on systemic bits (BMs), branch metric values based on parity bits (BMp), and an extrinsic information portion. A gamma data array may be represented as three data arrays as follows:
gammak[i]=ys[k]*met[i][0]+yp1/p2[k]*met[i][1]+extr[k], i:1˜v, k:1˜Sout eq. 7
In an error correction decoder 140 where multiple iterations are performed before the output array is produced, the values in BMs and BMp are pre-computed and may be stored as SIMD data arrays in memory. Hence, the pre-computed portion of gamma may include branch metric values based on systemic bits (BMs) and branch metric values based on parity bits (BMp).
A portion of the gamma calculation corresponding to branch metric values based on systemic bits (BMs) and branch metric values based on parity bits (BMp), the first and second data arrays in equation 7, comprise gamma′ which can be pre-computed before iterations are performed.
The pre-computer portion gamma′ is illustrated in equation 8. During the error correction decoder 140 computation, BMC values (gammak) are computed by loading the gamma′k array from memory, and adding the BMC values to the extrinsic information, as shown in Equation 9.
gamma′k[i]=ys[k]*met[i][0]+yp1/p2[k]*met[i][1], i:1˜v, k:1˜Sout eq. 8
gammak[i]=gamma′k[i]+extr[k], i:1˜v, j:1˜Sout eq. 9
In some embodiments, calculations or other processing performed by a SISO decoder may be performed outside error correction decoder 140. Shifting the calculations that may occur in a SISO decoder to outside the error correction decoder 140 enables faster processing and more efficient operation of error correction decoder 140.
The error correction decoder of
The input computation operations may include input data arrays (ys, yp1, and yp2) of the error correction decoder. Let y[k] be a data element in the error correction decoder's input arrays (y[k]εys, yp1, yp2, 1≦k<Sin). The input computation operations for y[k] are defined as any sequence of software operations that comply with three steps. A first step includes arithmetic and memory load/store operations for computing y[k], where y[k]=fa(k), 1≦k<Sin). A second step includes the calculation of a memory location, yindex[k], in the input array for y[k] (yindex[k]=fb(k), 1≦k<Sin). The memory address of the input being stored is yindex[k]. The third step includes storing y[k] into the error correction decoder 140 input array at memory location yindex[k] (ys/p1/p2[yindex[k]]=y[k], 1≦k<Sin). Hence, the three steps involve computing a function, calculating a memory location, and storing the function value at the memory location.
An example of this type of input computation operations is the LTE rate matcher. In an LTE rate matcher, the first step is memory load operation of y[k]. The second step is the calculation of YrateMatcherIndex[k], as defined by the LTE protocol standard. The third step may be ys/p1/p2[yRateMacherIndex[k]]=y[k], 1≦k<Sin.
The gamma′k SIMD operations (equation 8) are combined with fa(k) computation as shown by the following seven equations.
gamma′k=gamma1′k+gamma2′k, i:1˜v, k:1˜Sout
gamma1′k=ys[k]*met[i][0], i:1˜v, k:1˜Sout
gamma2′k=yp1/p2[j]*met[i][1], i:1˜v, j:1˜Sout
y′[k]=gamma1′k+fa(k), k:1˜Sout
y′[k]=gamma2′((k−Sout)/2)+fa(k), k:Sout+1˜Sin
y′index[k]=f′b(k), k:1˜Sin
y′
s
/y
p1
/y
p2
[y′index[k]]=y′[k], 1<k<Sin
As indicated above, y′[k] represents the combined operation of y[k] and gamma′k. The SIMD index of y′[k] in the modified error correction decoder 140 input arrays (y′s, y′p1, y′p2) is y′index[k]. In this exemplary method, (y′s, y′p1, y′p2) are SIMD data arrays that are used as error correction decoder 140 input arrays in-place of (ys, yp1, yp2).
Data arrays to be processed by a SISO decoder may be processed in SIMD lanes within the decoder.
Let v be the size of a trellis vector and V=v*size_lane be the number of bits in a trellis vector. A trellis-vector data array may be defined as a software data array, where each element is a vector of size V. In one embodiment, N=M/V, and S is equal to the size of the trellis-vector data array. The trellis-vector array may be segmented into N arrays. The size of each array S′ may be defined as S′=┌N/S┐. The trellis-vector data array may be stored in the memory as a SIMD data array with S′ number of SIMD memory elements. If varray is a trellis-vector data array, and sarray be a SIMD data array, the mapping of elements from varray to sarray can be defined as sarray[i]={varray[i+offset], offset:1˜N}; i:1˜S. In one embodiment, each SIMD data array element stores N trellis-vector data array elements.
Different operations may be used to implement the software modules of an error correction decoder. In one embodiment, SIMD operations may be used to implement an interleaver 220 and deinterleaver 210, for example when using an LTE protocol. When itlv(k) and ditlv(k) are two functions defined for the LTE interleaver 220 and deinterleaver 210, respectively, operations for the LTE interleaver 220 and deinterleaver 210 may be defined as:
The output and input of the interleaver 220 and deinterleaver 210 are represented by the out[k] and in[k] functions. Functions sitlv1(k), sitlv2(k), sditlv1(k), and sditlv2(k) may be defined for SIMD-implementation of the LTE interleaver 220 and deinterleaver 210, m may be the number of SIMD lanes in a programmable processor, and v may be the size of trellis vector. In view of these definitions, n may be defined as n=v/m, and S′out may be defined as S′out=Sout/n. A function fmod(a, b) may be defined for integer input values a and b as fmod(a, b)=a−(a/b)*b. The four functions sitlv1(k), sitlv2(k), sditlv1(k), and sditlv2(k) may be defined such that the following four constraints are met.
f
mod(itlv(k), S′out)=sitlv1(k); k:1˜S′out
itlv(k)=sitlv1(k)+S′out*sitlv2(k); k:1˜S′out
f
mod(ditlv(k),S′out)=sditlv1(k); k:1˜S′out
ditlv(k)=sditlv1(k)+S′out*sditlv2(k); k:1˜S′out
Though there may be multiple ways of implementing the functions sitlv1(k), sitlv2(k), sditlv1(k), and sditlv2(k), they should satisfy the above constraints in one exemplary embodiment.
Assuming that the four constraints are satisfied, then Interleaver: out[k]=in[itlv(k)]; k:1˜Sout and Deinterleaver: out[k]=in[ditlv(k)]; k:1˜Sout can be replaced by the following three equations.
f
shift(x, offset, x)=x[fmod((k+offset), x)]; k:1˜x
v
out[sitlv1(k)]=fshift(vin[k], sitlv2(k), m); k:1˜S′out
v
out[sditlv1(k)]=fshift(vin[k], sditlv2(k), m); k:1˜S′out
These three equations may be used to implement the SIMD-based interleaver 220 and deinterleaver 210. The output and input are trellis-vector data arrays packed into SIMD data arrays as described above and named vout and vin respectively. This assumes that both the inputs and outputs of the interleaver 220 and deinterleaver 210 are stored in SIMD memory in the pattern as described with respect to
LLCk=max*s1(Lk)−max*s0(Lk); k:1˜Sout. eq. 10
A SIMD-based LLC implementation may be defined by the following three equations.
vLLCk={LLCk+1* S′out, i:1˜n}
vLk={Lk+1* S′out, i:1˜n}
vLLCk=max*s1(vLk)−max*s0(vLk); k:1˜S′out
The first SISO decoder 215 output is communicatively coupled with the interleaver 220, and the output of the second SISO decoder 225 is communicatively coupled with the deinterleaver 210. The SIMD-implementation of the interleaver 220 and deinterleaver 210 are combined with the SIMD-implementation of LLC computation. The output of the SISO decoders may be defined by the following two equations.
vout[sitlv1(k)]=fshift(vLLCk[k], sitlv2(k), m); k:1˜S′out
vout[sditlv1(k)]=fshift(vLLCk[k], sditlv2(k), m); k:1˜S′out
In one embodiment, for each data point k, vLLCk and interleaver/deinterleaver computations are performed consecutively before the computation for data point k+1 is executed. Thus, reduced error correction decoder computation time is realized.
In some embodiments, the iterative decoding process for performing error correction may be stopped based on one or more states or calculations. In the iterative decoding process of the error correction decoder 140, one iteration of error correction decoding may include completing one call to the sequence of first SISO decoder 215, interleaver 220, second SISO decoder 225, and deinterleaver 210. The number of iterations that may be performed before cessation of error correction decoding may be determined by any of multiple possible methods. In a one embodiment, the number of iterations performed is determined by x=fiter1[snr]. The function fiter1[snr] may be any function that returns a value, such as an integer, either greater than zero or a value representing “false,” based on the input of the function. For example, a function may be fiter1[snr]=C, where C is an integer constant. Signal-to-noise ratio (snr), may be defined as an estimate of the channel condition as given to the error correction decoder 140 as an input. In some embodiments, consecutive calls to filter1 may not return the same output values. After x iterations of error correction decoding, a cyclic redundancy check CRC check may be applied. If the CRC check returns true, the error correction decoder ends computations. If the CRC check is false, the error correction decoding may perform an additional x=filter1[snr] number of iterations. Hence, the iterations may continue in this manner until CRC returns true or x is false. In some embodiments, this method for determining the number of iterations to perform may be implemented for an LTE-based error correction decoder 140
Advantageously, the CRC calculation provides for stopping the error correction decoding process after one or more iterations, as soon as the decoding results are determined to be acceptable. Thus, the number of iterations can be reduced as compared to other systems which require a fixed number of iterations
Another method for processing iterations of error correction decoding involves determinations of previous iteration calculations. A number of iterations for a first block may be C0, where C0 is an integer constant. Regarding the number of iterations for the ith block, the number of iterations for the ith block may be xi=xi−1−C1, where C1 is an integer constant, if the (i−1)th block is decoded correctly. If the (i−1)th block is decoded incorrectly, then the number of iterations for the ith block may be xi=C2*xi−1+C3, where C2 and C3 are integer constants.
In another embodiment, a SISO decoder may be implemented in a modified and novel manner. is envisioned. The following Equations 11 through 15 describe one embodiment of max* operations in a SISO decoder.
L
k=alphak−1(sk−1)+gammak(sk−1, sk)+betak(sk) eq. 11
alphak(sk)=max*(alphak−1(sk−1)+gammak(sk−1, sk)) eq. 12
betak(sk)=max*(betak+1(sk+1)+gammak+1(sk, sk+1)) eq. 13
LLCk=max*s1(Lk)−max*s0(Lk) eq. 14
max*(a, b)=max(a, b)+fapprox(|a−b|) eq. 15
In equations 11-15, the BMC, alpha, beta, and LLC calculations may be performed for each data point k in a data array with Sout elements. It is noted that fapprox can be implemented as one or any number of various functions, which are known in the art. For example, fapprox may be equal to zero or a constant (computed from environment conditions) in various embodiments. In another embodiment, fapprox(x) can be a linear function of x.
In some embodiments of the max* operations, the following equations may be used to calculate alpha, beta, LLC, and max* operations:
alpha′k(sk)=fsel(alphak, falpha(k, ts(k)), fasel(k, ts(k))) eq. 16
beta′k(sk)=fsel(betak, fbeta(k, ts(k)), fbsel(k, ts(k))) eq. 17
L′
k
=f
sel(Lk, fL(k, ts(k)), flsel(k, ts(k))) eq. 18
LLC′k=fsel(LLCk, fLLC(k, ts(k)), fllsel(k, ts(k))) eq. 19
wherein k:1˜Sout; fsel(a, b, c)=if (c=true) (a) else (b); fapprox0(k)=0; fapproxc(k)=<integer constant>; and max*(a, b)=max(a, b)+fsel(fapprox0, fapproxc, fmsel(k, ts(k))).
In one embodiment, LLC′k is the output of the Max* computation instead of LLCk. The function ts(k) is a function that returns the error correction decoder 140 states (for example, turbo states) at k. The error correction decoder 140 states may be defined as a set of values including all values related to the error correction decoder 140 at point k. This includes, but is not limited to, SNR, the current decoding iteration count, previous iterations' SISO decoder outputs, and previously decoded blocks' output. The functions fmsel, fasel, fbsel, flsel, and fllcsel may return either “true” or “false” based on the value of k and ts. The functions falpha, fbeta, fL and fLLC may be defined as functions that return a trellis vector of size v, based on inputs k and ts.
In one exemplary embodiment, different max* functions may be used for different channel conditions. If the channel condition is relatively poor, then fapproxc (i.e., a function having a constant value) may be used in max*. If the channel condition is relatively good, then fapprox0 (i.e., a function having a value of zero) is used in max*.
In some embodiments, the quality of the channel condition can only be defined with respect to other computations within a transmitter and a receiver. The computations may depend on whether a wireless device is stationary or moving, and how a protocol used for the transmission handles data for a moving device and stationary device. Other calculations that may affect the quality of the channel condition may also include modulation and demodulation schemes.
In some embodiments, iterations may be stopped at some point during an iteration rather than after a whole number of iterations have occurred. For example, at the end of any ½ iteration of an error correction decoder 140 algorithm (yError correction), a sequence of current LLR values have been calculated, r=r0, r1, . . . , rN−1. In some embodiments, r may be determined as a probability measure (in LLR form) of the value of the data bits that are being decoded, and the sign indicates the current prediction. A simple early stopping criteria for this error correction decoder 140 algorithm is when CRC (r)=0, in which case the CRC call results in a determination that all the data bits have been decoded correctly.
This technique improves on the mechanism of the early stopping criteria discussed above by examining the pattern of a small number of LLR values that indicate a likelihood of toggling if more yError correction iterations were to be performed. The LLR values may be s0, s1, . . . sM−1 which are selected from r. The CRC of each 2M combinations of the signs are calculated to determine if any are zero. If any combinations are zero, then it can be assumed that this indicates a correct decoded pattern of the data bits.
For the partial iteration stopping criteria technique, a small number of test candidate LLR values (say between 16 and 24) can be selected during the yError correction process that on average, statistically, yield a correct decode (where the CRC is 0). The speed of calculating the 2M CRC's may be faster than performing another complete ½ iteration of yError correction. The way that this calculation is performed is novel, and leads to a very fast algorithm. In some embodiments, the selection of the test LLR values that yield a correct decode and the speed of the 2M CRCs calculation may be true for use of the partial iteration stopping criteria technique with respect to the yError correction.
This method of performing partial iteration stopping leads higher throughput data rates on average based on improved stopping criteria. An additional result of this approach is that a superior error correction floor can be achieved over what is considered to be attainable with other error correction implementations.
With respect to the partial iteration stopping technique described above, embodiments may involve the following exemplary calculations and operations. Let LLRk, 1<k<Sout be the LLR computation in a SISO decoder, as described in eq. 10. A subset of the LLRk values, S′out number of LLRk values, are selected to be the S′out most probable values that are decoded incorrectly. A method of selecting the S′out can be, but not limited to, selecting the S′out values that are closest to zero.
Let Signk, 1<k<Sout, be the binary values based on the signs of the SISO decoders' LLRk values. CRC may be calculated based on Sk. Data may be decoded correctly when the CRC returns 0.
Let the indices of the subset of the LLRk values, as described above, be defined as Ik, 1<k<S′out. If CRC calculation does not return 0, the error correction decoder may iterate through all 2S′out combinations of Sk binary values at Ik indices until a CRC of 0 is returned. The combination of Sk binary values that has CRC of 0 is returned as the correctly decoded output.
Let RM be the CRC output of array 1: Sign1, Sign2, . . . , Signk, . . . Signsout−1, Signsout 1<k<Sout; let RM′ be the CRC output of array 2: Sign1, Sign2, . . . , −1*Signk, . . . Signsout−1, Signsout; and let RM″ be the CRC output of array 3: 01, 02, . . . , −1*Signk, . . . 0sout−1, 0sout. The calculation of RM′ can be defined by the equality RM′=RM″ xor RM, if array 1 and array 2 only differ by one element at index k.
If RM for Signk does not equal to 0, the error correction decoder may use a SIMD to calculate 2S′out combinations of Sk binary values until a combination is found to return CRC of 0. Each SIMD lane holds the RM for one of the 2S′out combinations. If the value zero is found in any of the SIMD lanes, then the combination may be the result. Otherwise, the subsequent combination for each of the SIMD lane is calculated following the procedure described in [0082], where array 1 is the original combination, and the array 2 is the subsequent combination.
The system 900 of
The components shown in
Storage system 915 may include a mass storage device and portable storage medium drive(s). The mass storage device may be implemented with a magnetic disk drive or an optical disk drive, is a non-volatile storage device for storing data and instructions for use by processor 905. The mass storage device can store the system software for implementing embodiments of the present invention for purposes of loading that software into main memory 910. Some examples of memory system 910 include RAM and ROM.
A portable storage device as part of storage system 915 may operate in conjunction with a portable non-volatile storage medium, such as a floppy disk, compact disk or Digital video disc, to input and output data and code to and from system 900 of
The memory and storage system of the system 900 may include a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions executable by a processor to perform a method for performing error correction on data by a processor. The instructions may include software used to implement modules discussed herein, including a SISO decoder, interleaver, deinterleaver, encoder, computation modules, and other modules.
I/O devices 760 may provide a portion of a user interface, receive audio input (via a microphone), and provide audio output (via a speaker). I/O devices 760 may include an alpha-numeric keypad, such as a keyboard, for inputting alpha-numeric and other information, or a pointing device, such as a mouse, a trackball, stylus, or cursor direction keys.
Display interface 935 may include a liquid crystal display (LCD) or other suitable display device. Display interface 935 receives textual and graphical information, and processes the information for output to the display device.
The foregoing detailed description of the technology herein has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the technology to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. For example, software modules discussed herein may be combined, expanded into multiple modules, communicate with all other software modules, and otherwise may be implemented in other configurations. The described embodiments were chosen in order to best explain the principles of the technology and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the technology in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the technology be defined by the claims appended hereto.
