The invention relates generally to a cooling insert for a die, such as an insert for use in a high pressure die casting assembly, and methods of manufacturing the cooling insert.
High-pressure die casting (HPDC) is often used to manufacture parts formed of metal, for example parts formed of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, for use in vehicles. The HPDC process includes closing a pair of die halves to form a sealed cavity, injecting molten metal under high pressure into the sealed cavity, and holding the metal under pressure in the sealed cavity until the molten metal solidifies. Once the metal in the die solidifies, the upper and lower die halves open and the solidified metal part is released. The die is then prepared for the next casting cycle.
The longest step of the HPDC process is the solidification step, or dwell time, specifically the time it takes for the molten metal to solidify in the die. Currently, many dies include metal inserts with cooling channels along the travel path of the molten metal or along the die cavity. During the casting process, water or another cooling fluid flows through the cooling channels to cool the metal. The inserts with complex cooling channels have been formed by additive manufacturing. However, the additive machining process is expensive and time consuming, and thus more efficient manufacturing of the cooling insert is needed. Improved cooling insert designs are also needed to more efficiently remove heat and thus avoid hot spots and reduce the solidification time.
One aspect of the invention provides a cooling insert for a die and a more efficient method of manufacturing the cooling insert for a die. The cooling insert is formed of a steel material including chromium (Cr) in an amount of 4.75-5.50 weight percent (wt. %), molybdenum (Mo) in an amount of 1.10-1.75 wt. %, silicon (Si) in an amount of 0.80-1.20 wt. %, vanadium (V) in an amount of 0.80-1.20 wt. %, carbon (C) in an amount of 0.32-0.45 wt. %, manganese (Mn) in an amount of 0.20-0.50 wt. %, phosphorous in an amount up to 0.03 wt. %, sulfur in an amount up to 0.03 wt. %, and possibility impurities in an amount up to 0.2 wt. %, based on the total weight of the steel material. The steel material includes at least one cooling channel; and the steel material has a hardness of 380 to 480 HV10 and a yield strength of 900 to 1300 MPa.
Another aspect of the invention provides an apparatus for high pressure die casting (HPDC) parts formed of aluminum or aluminum alloy. The apparatus comprises a die including a surface presenting cavity for containing molten aluminum or aluminum alloy. The cooling insert is disposed along the surface presenting the cavity.
Yet another aspect of the invention provides a method of high pressure die casting a part comprising the steps of: disposing the cooling insert along a surface of a casting assembly, the surface and the cooling insert presenting a cavity for containing molten metal; and conveying cooling fluid through the at least one cooling channel of the cooling insert while molten metal is disposed in the cavity.
Another aspect of the invention provides a method of manufacturing a cooling insert for use in a high pressure die casting assembly. The method includes investment casting a steel material to form a cooling insert having at least one cooling channel, wherein the steel material includes chromium (Cr) in an amount of 4.75-5.50 weight percent (wt. %), molybdenum (Mo) in an amount of 1.10-1.75 wt. %, silicon (Si) in an amount of 0.80-1.20 wt. %, vanadium (V) in an amount of 0.80-1.20 wt. %, carbon (C) in an amount of 0.32-0.45 wt. %, manganese (Mn) in an amount of 0.20-0.50 wt. %, phosphorous in an amount up to 0.03 wt. %, sulfur in an amount up to 0.03 wt. %, and possibility impurities in an amount up to 0.2 wt. %, based on the total weight of the steel material.
Other advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated, as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
One aspect of the invention provides an improved cooling insert 10 and method of manufacturing the cooling insert 10, preferably used in or along a die 12 of a high pressure die casting assembly 14. The cooling insert 10 is manufactured using an investment casting process and thus can be formed using H13 tool steel and can also include complex cooling channels 16. This is an improvement over comparative cooling inserts and methods used to form cooling inserts, including inserts formed of H13 tool steel by forging and inserts formed with complex cooling channels using an additive manufacturing process. The forging process is not able to successfully create the desired complex cooling channels, and the additive manufacturing process is not able to form the cooling insert of the H13 tool steel which meets performance requirements.
According to example embodiments, the cooling insert 10 is formed of a steel material, and preferably H13 tool steel. The H13 tool steel includes chromium (Cr) in an amount of 4.75-5.50 weight percent (wt. %), molybdenum (Mo) in an amount of 1.10-1.75 wt. %, silicon (Si) in an amount of 0.80-1.20 wt. %, vanadium (V) in an amount of 0.80-1.20 wt. %, carbon (C) in an amount of 0.32-0.45 wt. %, manganese (Mn) in an amount of 0.20-0.50 wt. %, phosphorous in an amount up to 0.03 wt. %, sulfur in an amount up to 0.03 wt. %, and possibility impurities in an amount up to 0.2 wt. %, based on the total weight of the steel material. According to a preferred embodiment, the steel material includes chromium (Cr) in an amount of 5.25 weight percent (wt. %), molybdenum (Mo) in an amount of 1.35 wt. %, silicon (Si) in an amount of 1.00 wt. %, vanadium (V) in an amount of 1.00 wt. %, carbon (C) in an amount of 0.40 wt. %, and manganese (Mn) in an amount of 0.40 wt. %, and possibility impurities in an amount up to 0.2 wt. %, based on the total weight of the steel material.
According to other embodiments, the cooling insert 10 can be formed of another type of steel material, ferrous material, or iron-based material. For example, the material which forms the cooling insert 10 could be a heat resistant steel casting. Preferably, the heat resistant steel casting does not melt or corrode during high-end industrial operations involving high temperatures, and is capable of performing in conditions above 1200° F. (650° C.). Heat resistant steel castings are usually higher in alloy content than other types of castings. Typically, the heat resistant steel castings mainly consist of nickel and chromium. Nickel is usually present in an amount up to 70 wt. %. Chromium is usually present in an amount of 10 wt. % to 30 wt. %. Other elements, however, are used as well. These include iron, carbon, silicon, manganese, and molybdenum. Additions of up to 0.60 wt. % of niobium might be added to the composition for applications requesting strong resistance to creep.
The cooling insert 10 includes at least one complex cooling channel 16 and typically a plurality of complex cooling channels 16 designed for more efficient cooling of the steel material during the HPDC process, relative to comparative cooling inserts which include conventional cooling channel(s). According to a preferred example embodiment, the cooling insert 10 is used for high pressure die casting (HPDC), and more specifically as a cooling insert 10 for a distributor of the die 12. An example of the high pressure die casting assembly 14 including the die 12 with the insert 10 in the form of the distributor is shown in
As stated above,
As stated above, the method of manufacturing the cooling insert 10 with the at least one complex cooling channel 16 includes an investment casting process. The conventional investment casting process (lost wax method) begins with forming a wax pattern by injecting wax into a prefabricated die having the same geometry as the desired cast part to be formed in the casting assembly. The wax pattern is then attached to a wax gating system, which includes at least one channel through which molten material can flow. Multiple wax patterns can be attached to the gating system. The next stage is the shell building, wherein the wax assembly is immersed into a refractory ceramic slurry of hardening mixtures followed by drying. This operation is repeatedly carried out resulting in formation of a solid ceramic shell, preferably having a thickness of ¼ inch to ⅜ inch (6 mm to 9 mm). The ceramic shell is designed with cooling channels and has a design which is the negative of the desired design of the part to be formed. The next stage is dewaxing the ceramic shell. At this stage, the assembly is heated in an autoclave where most of the wax is melted out of the ceramic shell. The ceramic shell is then fired in a furnace so that the residual wax is burnt out.
An example of an investment casting process according to another example embodiment includes the use of a printed investment casting shell and is disclosed by Aristo-Cast. See www.aristo-cast.com/printed-investment-casting-shell-pics/. According to this process, the ceramic shell is formed by three dimensional printing or additive manufacturing the ceramic shell. The printed investment casting shell process does not require the wax mold or expendable patterns to produce the ceramic shell. The printed investment casting shell process can produce the ceramic shell with features that cannot be made or are difficult to make by the conventional investment casting process, such the complex cooling channels.
After the ceramic shell is formed, the ceramic shell can be placed in a box of sand, preheated, for example to 1830° F. (1000° C.), and filled with the molten steel material, typically the H13 tool steel, which is used to form the cooling insert 10. After the steel material solidifies and cools, the ceramic is broken off. The process can include finish machining the cooling insert 10 and then the cooling insert 10 is ready for use in the die 12, such as the die 12 of the high pressure die casting assembly 14.
The process according to the present invention is able to form a cooling insert 10 formed of the H13 tool steel by the investment casting process and which has the following properties: hardness HV10 of 380 to 480; density of 7.80 g/cm3 to 7.0 g/cm3 at 20° C. for example 17.3 g/cm3; ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1000 MPa to 1590 MPa, elongation of 15 to 40%, for example 40%; yield strength of 900 to 1300 MPa, for example 1200 MPa or greater; Young's Modulus of 206 GPa to 190 GPa from 70° C. to 800° C., for example 210 GPa; thermal expansion (at 20° C. to 100° C.) of 10.4 to 12.5*10−6/K, for example 11*10-6/K; and heat conductivity (from 80 to 800° C.) of 17.6 to 25.0 W/mK, for example 23 W/mK. The cooling insert 10 formed of the H13 is able to achieve those properties at least in part due to the method of manufacturing the cooling insert 10, specifically the investment casting process.
According to another example embodiment, the cooling insert 10 formed by the investment casting process, such as processes including the printed investment casting shell, is disposed on a press hardening tool and presents a surface of the press hardening tool. An example of this type of cooling insert 10 is shown in
As indicated above, the cooling channels 16 can be designed to control the temperature of select portions of the die assembly 14. The cooling channels 16 of the cooling insert 10 of the present invention can be designed uniformly close to the surface of the cooling insert 10. For example, each cooling channel 16 or segment of a cooling channel 16 can be located a distance from the surface along which the molten metal flows of not more than the diameter of the cooling channel 16×1.5. In addition, the complex designs of the cooling channels 16 can reduce the solidification time, which reduces the casting cycle time, and reduces energy consumption.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings and may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described while within the scope of the following claims.
This PCT international patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/169,618, filed Apr. 1, 2021, entitled “Conformal Cooling Insert,” the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2022/023038 | 4/1/2022 | WO |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
63169618 | Apr 2021 | US |