Patent Application
20230381141
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in XML file format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML copy, created on Jun. 23, 2023, is named UCH-32401_SL.xml and is 4,621 bytes in size.
Coronavirus Infectious Disease-19 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. For older people and people with underlying health issues, the disease can lead to life-threatening inflammatory responses, with lung damage and subsequent lung failure. SARS-CoV-2 requires two cysteine proteases, the main protease (Mpro) and the papain-like protease (PLpro) that are essential for polypeptide processing during viral maturation and replication. PLpro also removes post-translational modifications by ubiquitin (Ub) and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) from host proteins through its deubiquitinase domain, leading to the ability of the virus to evade the host anti-viral immune response.
The present disclosure provides methods of treating a coronavirus infection, such as SARS-CoV-2, comprising conjointly administering to a subject in need thereof:
a PLpro inhibitor, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof; and
an Mpro inhibitor, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In some embodiments, the PLpro inhibitor is:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In other embodiments, the PLpro inhibitor is:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In some embodiments, the Mpro inhibitor is:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering ritonavir:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In some embodiments, the steady state plasma Cmax of the PLpro inhibitor is at least about 10 μM, e.g., from about 10 μM to about 100 μM, or from about 40 μM to about 60 μM.
In some embodiments, the PLpro inhibitor and/or the Mpro inhibitor is administered orally.
In some embodiments, the PLpro inhibitor and/or the Mpro inhibitor is administered daily. In certain embodiments, the PLpro inhibitor and Mpro inhibitor are administered concomitantly. In other embodiments, the PLpro inhibitor and Mpro inhibitor are administered sequentially.
In some embodiments, the PLpro inhibitor and the Mpro inhibitor are administered in separate dosage forms. For example, the PLpro inhibitor may be administered in a first pharmaceutical composition, e.g., a solid dosage form that comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and the Mpro inhibitor may be administered in a second pharmaceutical composition, e.g., a solid dosage form that comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In some embodiments, the first composition comprises between 50-100 mg of the PLpro inhibitor, preferably about 75 mg of the PLpro inhibitor. In other embodiments, the PLpro inhibitor and the Mpro inhibitor are administered in a single dosage form.
In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
a PLpro inhibitor, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof;
an Mpro inhibitor, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof; and
one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
In certain embodiments, the PLpro inhibitor is:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In other embodiments, the PLpro inhibitor is:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In certain embodiments, the Mpro inhibitor is:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises ritonavir:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), requires two cysteine proteases, the main protease (Mpro) and the papain-like protease (PLpro), that are essential for polypeptide processing during viral maturation and replication. PLpro also removes post-translational modifications by ubiquitin (Ub) and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) from host proteins through its deubiquitinase domain, leading to the ability of the virus to evade the host anti-viral immune response. PLpro, in this virus, has been reported to mediate cleavage of ISG15 from interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), blocking its nuclear translocation, and reducing type 1 interferon responses. PLpro is a promising therapeutic target. Pharmacological inhibition of its protease and deubiquitinase activities can block polyprotein processing and viral replication, and promote anti-viral immunity reducing viral release from infected cells, respectively. Through virtual & real-time screening of an FDA compound library two currently used drug candidates have been identified that inhibit PLpro. DDL-701 and DDL-715 (structures given below) inhibit the PLpro enzyme either by themselves or in combination with the Pfizer Mpro inhibitor nirmatrelvir (DDL-750) and ritonavir (DDL-751), which are a component of the approved Paxlovid treatment for COVID infection.
Through screening, it has been identified that a clinically used drug (DDL-701) is a PLpro inhibitor. Importantly DDL-701 is currently FDA approved for human oral dosing. DDL-701 is currently used as a 75 mg tablet and after oral dosing the steady state drug level reached in plasma is Cmax ˜50 uM. At this dose DDL-701 inhibits PLpro and suppress its deubiquitinase and ISG15 cleavage activities (
In combination with the protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir (depicted in
Based upon preliminary data, it is anticipated that DDL-701, through its inhibition of PLpro and in combination with Paxlovid, should inhibit both Mpro and PLpro proteases, leading to robust suppression of the COVID infection.
DDL-701 can be taken orally as a 75 mg tablet (Promacta from Novartis) alone or in combination with the currently approved protease drug Paxlovid that received an Emergency Use Authorization status for COVID-19 treatment. The combination would be expected to inhibit both proteases Mpro and PLpro of the COVID-19 virus and should produce robust suppression of the infection if taken within a few days of testing positive. This drug combination is expected to be equally effective against all the known current viral variants.
The compositions and methods of the present invention may be utilized to treat an individual in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the individual is a mammal such as a human, or a non-human mammal. When administered to an animal, such as a human, the composition or the compound is preferably administered as a pharmaceutical composition comprising, for example, a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art and include, for example, aqueous solutions such as water or physiologically buffered saline or other solvents or vehicles such as glycols, glycerol, oils such as olive oil, or injectable organic esters. In preferred embodiments, when such pharmaceutical compositions are for human administration, particularly for invasive routes of administration (i.e., routes, such as injection or implantation, that circumvent transport or diffusion through an epithelial barrier), the aqueous solution is pyrogen-free, or substantially pyrogen-free. The excipients can be chosen, for example, to effect delayed release of an agent or to selectively target one or more cells, tissues or organs. The pharmaceutical composition can be in dosage unit form such as tablet, capsule (including sprinkle capsule and gelatin capsule), granule, lyophile for reconstitution, powder, solution, syrup, suppository, injection or the like. The composition can also be present in a transdermal delivery system, e.g., a skin patch. The composition can also be present in a solution suitable for topical administration, such as a lotion, cream, or ointment.
A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can contain physiologically acceptable agents that act, for example, to stabilize, increase solubility or to increase the absorption of a compound such as a compound of the invention. Such physiologically acceptable agents include, for example, carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose or dextrans, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weight proteins or other stabilizers or excipients. The choice of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, including a physiologically acceptable agent, depends, for example, on the route of administration of the composition. The preparation or pharmaceutical composition can be a self-emulsifying drug delivery system or a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. The pharmaceutical composition (preparation) also can be a liposome or other polymer matrix, which can have incorporated therein, for example, a compound of the invention. Liposomes, for example, which comprise phospholipids or other lipids, are nontoxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable carriers that are relatively simple to make and administer.
The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.
A pharmaceutical composition (preparation) can be administered to a subject by any of a number of routes of administration including, for example, orally (for example, drenches as in aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions, tablets, capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue); absorption through the oral mucosa (e.g., sublingually); subcutaneously; transdermally (for example as a patch applied to the skin); and topically (for example, as a cream, ointment or spray applied to the skin). The compound may also be formulated for inhalation. In certain embodiments, a compound may be simply dissolved or suspended in sterile water. Details of appropriate routes of administration and compositions suitable for same can be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,110,973, 5,763,493, 5,731,000, 5,541,231, 5,427,798, 5,358,970 and 4,172,896, as well as in patents cited therein.
The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.
Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association an active compound, such as a compound of the invention, with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), lyophile, powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient. Compositions or compounds may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
To prepare solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; (10) complexing agents, such as, modified and unmodified cyclodextrins; and (11) coloring agents. In the case of capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions, such as dragees, capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
Liquid dosage forms useful for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, lyophiles for reconstitution, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, cyclodextrins and derivatives thereof, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that may be required.
The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to an active compound, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the active compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion. Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more active compounds in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents that delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulated matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissue.
For use in the methods of this invention, active compounds can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Methods of introduction may also be provided by rechargeable or biodegradable devices. Various slow release polymeric devices have been developed and tested in vivo in recent years for the controlled delivery of drugs, including proteinaceous biopharmaceuticals. A variety of biocompatible polymers (including hydrogels), including both biodegradable and non-degradable polymers, can be used to form an implant for the sustained release of a compound at a particular target site.
Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound or combination of compounds employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound(s) being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound(s) employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the pharmaceutical composition or compound at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. By “therapeutically effective amount” is meant the concentration of a compound that is sufficient to elicit the desired therapeutic effect. It is generally understood that the effective amount of the compound will vary according to the weight, sex, age, and medical history of the subject. Other factors which influence the effective amount may include, but are not limited to, the severity of the patient's condition, the disorder being treated, the stability of the compound, and, if desired, another type of therapeutic agent being administered with the compound of the invention. A larger total dose can be delivered by multiple administrations of the agent. Methods to determine efficacy and dosage are known to those skilled in the art (Isselbacher et al. (1996) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 13 ed., 1814-1882, herein incorporated by reference).
In general, a suitable daily dose of an active compound used in the compositions and methods of the invention will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above.
If desired, the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as one, two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the active compound may be administered two or three times daily. In preferred embodiments, the active compound will be administered once daily.
The patient receiving this treatment is any animal in need, including primates, in particular humans; and other mammals such as equines, cattle, swine, sheep, cats, and dogs; poultry; and pets in general.
In certain embodiments, compounds of the invention may be used alone or conjointly administered with another type of therapeutic agent.
The present disclosure includes the use of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the invention in the compositions and methods of the present invention. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the invention include, but are not limited to, alkyl, dialkyl, trialkyl or tetra-alkyl ammonium salts. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the invention include, but are not limited to, L-arginine, benenthamine, benzathine, betaine, calcium hydroxide, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, lithium, L-lysine, magnesium, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine, piperazine, potassium, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine, sodium, triethanolamine, tromethamine, and zinc salts. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the invention include, but are not limited to, Na, Ca, K, Mg, Zn or other metal salts. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the invention include, but are not limited to, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, acetic acid, adipic acid, 1-ascorbic acid, 1-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, (+)-camphoric acid, (+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid (decanoic acid), caproic acid (hexanoic acid), caprylic acid (octanoic acid), carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, d-glucoheptonic acid, d-gluconic acid, d-glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, isobutyric acid, lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, 1-malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, phosphoric acid, proprionic acid, 1-pyroglutamic acid, salicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, 1-tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and undecylenic acid acid salts.
The pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can also exist as various solvates, such as with water, methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, and the like. Mixtures of such solvates can also be prepared. The source of such solvate can be from the solvent of crystallization, inherent in the solvent of preparation or crystallization, or adventitious to such solvent.
Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal-chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in this application shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Generally, nomenclature used in connection with, and techniques of, chemistry, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, cell and cancer biology, neurobiology, neurochemistry, virology, immunology, microbiology, pharmacology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry, described herein, are those well known and commonly used in the art.
The methods and techniques of the present disclosure are generally performed, unless otherwise indicated, according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout this specification. See, e.g. “Principles of Neural Science”, McGraw-Hill Medical, New York, N.Y. (2000); Motulsky, “Intuitive Biostatistics”, Oxford University Press, Inc. (1995); Lodish et al., “Molecular Cell Biology, 4th ed.”, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York (2000); Griffiths et al., “Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 7th ed.”, W. H. Freeman & Co., N.Y. (1999); and Gilbert et al., “Developmental Biology, 6th ed.”, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA (2000).
Chemistry terms used herein, unless otherwise defined herein, are used according to conventional usage in the art, as exemplified by “The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms”, Parker S., Ed., McGraw-Hill, San Francisco, C.A. (1985).
All of the above, and any other publications, patents and published patent applications referred to in this application are specifically incorporated by reference herein. In case of conflict, the present specification, including its specific definitions, will control.
The term “agent” is used herein to denote a chemical compound (such as an organic or inorganic compound, a mixture of chemical compounds), a biological macromolecule (such as a nucleic acid, an antibody, including parts thereof as well as humanized, chimeric and human antibodies and monoclonal antibodies, a protein or portion thereof, e.g., a peptide, a lipid, a carbohydrate), or an extract made from biological materials such as bacteria, plants, fungi, or animal (particularly mammalian) cells or tissues. Agents include, for example, agents whose structure is known, and those whose structure is not known.
A “patient,” “subject,” or “individual” are used interchangeably and refer to either a human or a non-human animal. These terms include mammals, such as humans, primates, livestock animals (including bovines, porcines, etc.), companion animals (e.g., canines, felines, etc.) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats).
“Treating” a condition or patient refers to taking steps to obtain beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. Beneficial or desired clinical results can include, but are not limited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms or conditions, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e. not worsening) state of disease, preventing spread of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.
The term “preventing” is art-recognized, and when used in relation to a condition, such as a local recurrence (e.g., pain), a disease such as cancer, a syndrome complex such as heart failure or any other medical condition, is well understood in the art, and includes administration of a composition which reduces the frequency of, or delays the onset of, symptoms of a medical condition in a subject relative to a subject which does not receive the composition. Thus, prevention of cancer includes, for example, reducing the number of detectable cancerous growths in a population of patients receiving a prophylactic treatment relative to an untreated control population, and/or delaying the appearance of detectable cancerous growths in a treated population versus an untreated control population, e.g., by a statistically and/or clinically significant amount.
“Administering” or “administration of” a substance, a compound or an agent to a subject can be carried out using one of a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, a compound or an agent can be administered, intravenously, arterially, intradermally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, ocularly, sublingually, orally (by ingestion), intranasally (by inhalation), intraspinally, intracerebrally, and transdermally (by absorption, e.g., through a skin duct). A compound or agent can also appropriately be introduced by rechargeable or biodegradable polymeric devices or other devices, e.g., patches and pumps, or formulations, which provide for the extended, slow or controlled release of the compound or agent. Administering can also be performed, for example, once, a plurality of times, and/or over one or more extended periods.
Appropriate methods of administering a substance, a compound or an agent to a subject will also depend, for example, on the age and/or the physical condition of the subject and the chemical and biological properties of the compound or agent (e.g., solubility, digestibility, bioavailability, stability and toxicity). In some embodiments, a compound or an agent is administered orally, e.g., to a subject by ingestion. In some embodiments, the orally administered compound or agent is in an extended release or slow release formulation, or administered using a device for such slow or extended release.
As used herein, the phrase “conjoint administration” refers to any form of administration of two or more different therapeutic agents such that the second agent is administered while the previously administered therapeutic agent is still effective in the body (e.g., the two agents are simultaneously effective in the patient, which may include synergistic effects of the two agents). For example, the different therapeutic compounds can be administered either in the same formulation or in separate formulations, either concomitantly or sequentially. Thus, an individual who receives such treatment can benefit from a combined effect of different therapeutic agents.
A “therapeutically effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective dose” of a drug or agent is an amount of a drug or an agent that, when administered to a subject will have the intended therapeutic effect. The full therapeutic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose, and may occur only after administration of a series of doses. Thus, a therapeutically effective amount may be administered in one or more administrations. The precise effective amount needed for a subject will depend upon, for example, the subject's size, health and age, and the nature and extent of the condition being treated, such as cancer or MDS. The skilled worker can readily determine the effective amount for a given situation by routine experimentation.
The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is art-recognized. In certain embodiments, the term includes compositions, excipients, adjuvants, polymers and other materials and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” or “salt” is used herein to refer to an acid addition salt or a basic addition salt which is suitable for or compatible with the treatment of patients.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” as used herein means any non-toxic organic or inorganic salt of any base compounds disclosed herein. Illustrative inorganic acids which form suitable salts include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric and phosphoric acids, as well as metal salts such as sodium monohydrogen orthophosphate and potassium hydrogen sulfate. Illustrative organic acids that form suitable salts include mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acids such as glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, maleic, benzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic and salicylic acids, as well as sulfonic acids such as p-toluene sulfonic and methanesulfonic acids. Either the mono or di-acid salts can be formed, and such salts may exist in either a hydrated, solvated or substantially anhydrous form. In general, the acid addition salts of compounds disclosed herein are more soluble in water and various hydrophilic organic solvents, and generally demonstrate higher melting points in comparison to their free base forms. The selection of the appropriate salt will be known to one skilled in the art. Other non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts, e.g., oxalates, may be used, for example, in the isolation of compounds disclosed herein for laboratory use, or for subsequent conversion to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable basic addition salt” as used herein means any non-toxic organic or inorganic base addition salt of any acid compounds disclosed herein or any of their intermediates. Illustrative inorganic bases which form suitable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or barium hydroxide. Illustrative organic bases which form suitable salts include aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic organic amines such as methylamine, trimethylamine and picoline or ammonia. The selection of the appropriate salt will be known to a person skilled in the art.
“Prodrug” or “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” refers to a compound that is metabolized, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, in the host after administration to form the compound of the present disclosure. Typical examples of prodrugs include compounds that have biologically labile or cleavable (protecting) groups on a functional moiety of the active compound. Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dehydrolyzed, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, or dephosphorylated to produce the active compound. Examples of prodrugs using ester or phosphoramidate as biologically labile or cleavable (protecting) groups are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,875,751, 7,585,851, and 7,964,580, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present disclosure includes within its scope, prodrugs of the compounds described herein. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrugs are described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs” Ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.
The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filter, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material useful for formulating a drug for medicinal or therapeutic use.
The invention now being generally described, it will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples which are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the invention.
Cells were transfected with a plasmid construct in which a promoter region containing 2 tandem repeats of the transcription factor IRF3 binding sites drives the expression of Firefly luciferase, followed by poly(I:C) transfection and luciferase assay (
PLpro, Mpro, Deubiquitinase, and ISG15 in Vitro Assays
PLpro and PLpro deubiquitinase substrate kits each containing both the enzyme and substrate were purchased from BPS Bioscience (cat #79995-2 & cat #79996 respectively), and for the PLpro ISG15 substrate assay, rhodamine 110 was purchased from South Bay Bio (cat #SBB-PS0002), this kit also contains the PLpro enzyme and ISG15 substrate; each assay was performed following the manufacturer's recommendations, in a 384-well plate format. For the Mpro assay, the Mpro enzyme was obtained from the O'Donoghue lab at UCSD, the fluorogenic substrate for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro was purchased from Vivitide (cat #SFP-3250-v).
Briefly, in each assay, the enzyme was loaded into each well in the appropriate buffer, next the compounds were added into the well and incubated for 10-60 min at 37° C. The reaction was initiated by addition of substrate to each well and the fluorescent signal was read for 60 min at the appropriate excitation/emission.
For the PLpro and PLpro deubiquitinase assays, DTT was added to the assay buffer to achieve 1 mM DTT before the assay. A 10 mM stock of compounds was prepared in DMSO, this stock was diluted in assay buffer to achieve a 10× of the desire concentration in the well. Next, the PLpro and deubiquitinase substrates were diluted to 42 μM and 0.5 μM respectively in the assay buffer. Then, PLpro enzyme was diluted to 2.5 ng/μL and 6 ng/μL for the PLpro and deubiquitinase assays respectively in the assay buffer. The reaction was loading 2.5 μL of compounds to each well, then 10 μL of PLpro enzyme was added, follow by an incubation of 1 hours. The reaction was started by adding 12.5 μL of the substrate to each well, the reaction was monitored for 1 h at excitation at 360 nm; emission at 460 nm. For the ISG15 substrate, PLpro enzyme at 0.1 nM was incubated with compounds for lh and the reaction was initiated by adding ISG15-RH110 substrate at 500 nM, the reaction was monitored for 1-hour excitation at 485 nm; emission at 535 nm. For the scatterplot analysis for PLpro enzyme inhibitors from the custom clinical library compounds, treatment with compounds was done at 50 μM. For the PLpro enzyme inhibition in
The SARS CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) domain of Nsp3 was cloned from a doxycycline-inducible piggyBac transposon vector (PB-TAC-ERP2, Addgene #80478) containing the synthesized full-length Nsp3 from the Wuhan-Hu-1 SARS CoV 2 strain (Alvarez and Yao, unpublished). The PLpro domain (amino acids 745-1061) was cloned using PCR (Forward primer 5′-GTTTGCGGCCGCAAGAGAGGTGAGAACCATCAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1), Reverse primer 5′-GGTGTCTAGATTAAGGTTTTATGGTTGTGGTATAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2) and inserted into myc-pcDNA3.1 using NotI and XbaI restriction sites. For the Renilla luciferase reporter construct, the Renilla luciferase gene was amplified from a Japanese encephalitis virus replicon containing a Renilla luciferase reporter gene using PCR (Forward primer 5′-GTTTAAGCTTGCCACCATGGCTTCCAAGGTGTAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3), Reverse primer 5′-TTTGCTCGAGTCACTGCTCGTTCTTCAGCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4) and inserted into V5-pcDNA3.1 using HindIII and XhoI restriction sites, removing the V5 tag. An Addgene plasmid was used for the IFN-β promoter luciferase reporter (IFN-Beta_pGL3, #102597). To make the NF-κB signaling reporter, a gene block containing 5 tandem consensus NF-κB binding sites (Badr et al 2009; Ngo et al 2020), followed by the -55 to +19 region of the human IFN-β gene (UCSC Genome Browser) was synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (Alvarez and Yao, unpublished). The gene block was then moved into the pCR™-Blunt II-TOPO™ vector using the Zero Blunt™ TOPO™ PCR Cloning Kit (ThermoFisher) and using EcoRI and NheI to move the gene block into IFN-Beta_pGL3, replacing the IFN-β promoter.
For SARS CoV-2 Mpro, the plasmid was provided by Rolf Hilgenfeld, University of Lubeck, Germany and transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21-Gold (DE3). The expression and purification of the protein has been described in detail previously
To assess whether the compounds could rescue IFN-β induction, HEK293T cells were treated with compound by replacing the media with new media containing the compound at the desired concentration. The cells were then co-transfected with 150 ng of an IFN-β promoter-Firefly luciferase reporter plasmid, 10 ng of a Renilla luciferase expression plasmid, and 250 ng of either an empty myc-pcDNA3.1 vector or a plasmid expressing SARS-CoV-2 PLpro domain of Nsp3 (amino acids 745-1061), using the TransIT-mRNA Transfection Kit (Mirus bio). To induce IFN-β, 500 ng of poly I:C (InvivoGen) was added into the co-transfection mix.
For the NFκB signaling assay, cells were co-transfected with 150 ng of an NFκB dependent-Firefly luciferase reporter plasmid wherein the luciferase gene expression was under control of 5 tandem NFκB binding sites followed by the −55 to +19 region of the human IFNB1 gene for correct spacing, 10 ng of a Renilla luciferase expression plasmid, and 250 ng of either an empty myc-pcDNA3.1 vector or a plasmid expressing SARS-CoV-2 PLpro domain of Nsp3 (amino acids 745-1061), using the TransIT-mRNA Transfection Kit (Mirus bio). To stimulate signaling, cell media was replaced with media containing the compound and 20 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF-α (R&D Systems).
For both assays, cells were harvested 24 hours post transfection using 1× passive lysis buffer and the dual luciferase assay was performed according to instructions from manufacturer (Promega). Luciferase signals were read using a BioTek Synergy H1 plate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Mice were dosed with: DDL-701, DDL-715, DDL-750 and a combination of DDL-701+DDL-750 by oral gavage at 30 mg/kg. Following compound administration, mice were euthanized at 2 hours, followed by perfusion. Plasma levels were assessed in a targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (
Thus, adult C57BL/6 male mice received DDL-701 or DDL-750 in DMSO alone or in combination at 30 mg/Kg (each) by oral gavage. Two hours after dosing, mice were anesthetized and blood was collected following transcardial puncture for the isolation of plasma. Mice were then perfused transcardially with saline and brain tissue removed. Levels of DDL-701 and DDL-750 were determined in brain and plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Briefly, a targeted LC-MS/MS assay was developed for each compound using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition method on a 6460 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies) coupled to a 1290 Infinity HPLC system (Agilent Technologies) with a Phenomenex analytical column (Kinetex 1.7 μm C18 100 Å 100×2.1 mm). The HPLC method utilized a mixture of solvent A (99.9/1 Water/Formic Acid) and solvent B (99.9/1 Acetonitrile/Formic Acid) and a gradient was use for the elution of the compounds (min/% B: 0/20, 3/20, 19/99, 20/99, 21/20, 35/20). In this assay, detection of fragmented ions originating from each compound at specific chromatographic retention times were utilized to ensure specificity and accurate quantification in the complex biological samples (DDL-701 (M+H)+: 443.1, fragment ions: 211.0/322.1, retention time: 21.6; DDL-750 (M+H)+: 500.2, fragment ions: 111.0/319.1, retention time: 9.1). Chromatographic peak areas from standards made in drug naïve plasma and brain tissue lysates with increasing amounts of DDL-701 and DDL-750 were used to make a standard curve, and the trendline equation was used to calculate the absolute concentrations of each compound.
The crystal structure of PLpro protein (PDB ID: 7CMD) with GRL-0617 ligand was used as a basis for docking studies. The binding site was defined by placing GRL-0617 in the center of the grid box of approximately 20 Å dimensions.
Flare (Cresset Software, v5.0.0) was used for docking modeling. The protein was prepared for docking utilizing an internal optimization module. Three separate docking runs were performed for each compound, each generating unbiased ˜200 poses, and each set of poses was evaluated for the best fit. For the final manual expert evaluation, ˜5-10 poses were selected and then further narrowed to 1-2 poses with the best scores. Each final pose was then examined to identify likely interactions with protein residues (hydrogen bonding, π-π or hydrophobic interactions, etc.). Orientations of compounds showed strong structural interaction with Tyr268 that lies outside the active site tunnel and were considered as preferred binding site of these molecules through π-π and hydrogen bonding interaction with Tyr268. Such compound binding interaction could interfere with PLpro substrate binding and proteolytic activity.
Small molecules from a 58-compound custom clinical library that was assembled from commercial sources were screened for their ability to inhibit PLpro enzyme activity using a short peptide substrate. As shown in the scatterplot in
To further validate DDL-701 as a PLpro inhibitor, dose-response inhibition of PLpro activity was assessed, using the PLpro peptide substrate, along with the deubiquitinase and delSGylase substrates (
For DDL-701 to be efficacious in protease inhibitor cocktail therapy, it is important that its activity be sustained in the presence of an Mpro inhibitor such as nirmatrelvir (DDL-750). As shown in
Because PLpro activity is reported to inhibit the host cell IFN-β antiviral response, it was sought to determine if the PLpro inhibitors can rescue IFN-β induction. HEK-293T cells were co-transfected with an IFN-β luciferase reporter and SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain PLpro, and stimulated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) to mimic the double stranded RNA (dsRNA) that positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 form during viral replication. As shown in
PLpro activity has also been reported to antagonize NFκB signaling, therefore an NFκB assay was also performed, but no rescue of NFκB signaling was observed by any compound tested under the conditions of the assay.
To determine if DDL-701 as part of a protease inhibitor cocktail has the potential to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection of the central nervous system (CNS), a pharmacokinetic study was performed in mice. Animals received DDL-701 or DDL-750 alone or in combination both at 30 mg/Kg by oral dosing, and brain and plasma levels assessed. As shown in
Modeling and Docking Reveal DDL-701 and Known PLpro Iinhibitor GRL-0617 Interact with Residues Near the Active Site
Modeling by docking of DDL-701 with PLpro was compared with that of the known PLpro inhibitor GRL-0617 (PDB ID: 7CMD) using Cresset software. The docking data suggests that like GRL-0617, DDL-701 does not interact with the active site cysteine-111 residue, but rather can bind effectively to the site around tyrosine-268 which lies just outside the tunnel containing the active site residue Cys111. DDL-715 and the reported PLpro inhibitor losartan bind the enzyme like DDL-701, at the site around Tyr268 and at the entrance of the active site tunnel leading to Cys111. Similarly, docking of DDL-713 which is a TPO agonist like DDL-701 binds around Tyr268 located outside the catalytic-site cavity containing the key residue Cys111.
The FDA-approved drug DDL-701, identified in the screening of a library of clinical compounds, shows micromolar PLpro inhibition and elicits partial restoration of IFN-β induction in vitro. As shown in
Another PLpro inhibitor identified from our screening, DDL-715, is less potent than DDL-701 and in human achieves a Cmax of ˜0.5 μM in plasma after oral dosing. This is similar to what was shown with another PLpro inhibitor losartan that also has a reported IC50 of ˜13 μM for PLpro inhibition. After oral dosing with losartan, however, the Cmax in plasma is only ˜0.5 μM, well below its IC50 for PLpro inhibition. DDL-715 and Losartan, in our modeling, also can bind the active site region similarly to DDL-701. The PLpro inhibitor tropifexor, a potent Farnesoid X Receptor agonist, is reported to have a PLpro IC50 ˜6 μM [25]. The binding of tropifexor in our modeling again is similar to DDL-701 around the Tyr268 site. The Cmax in human plasma with an approved oral dose is <0.1 μM, well below its PLpro IC50. All of these data show that DDL-701 has an advantage, in that after a clinically used oral dose of the drug it is possible to achieve plasma levels above the PLpro IC50, making it a promising candidate to repurpose as part of the protease inhibitor cocktail with a Mpro inhibitor such as nirmatrelvir for treatment of COVID-19.
Here, the pilot PK studies in mice showing that DDL-701 is brain-permeable is also reported, which suggests that DDL-701 has potential to counter the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential complications in the CNS. Nirmatrelvir had lower brain-permeability, but it is highly potent for the Mpro enzyme with an IC50 of ˜3 nM, therefore it may be effective in brain as part of the protease inhibitor cocktail.
As further evidence of its potential in a protease inhibitor cocktail, DDL-701 has previously been reported to have antiviral efficacy in Vero E6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 with an EC50 of 8.2 μM and EC90 of 9.5 μM, although a mechanism of action for eltrombopag in that report is not described. In Vero E6 normal cells treated with DDL-701 the CC50>50 μM was reported. The reported antiviral efficacy in SARS-CoV-2 infected VeroE6 cells for nirmatrelvir was EC50 of 74 nM while the reported EC90 was 155 nM and in normal cells the CC50 was >100 μM. In a separate study, eltrombopag was reported to show the ability to bind and reduce the stability of the spike protein-ACE2 complex, which may contribute to its antiviral efficacy. Importantly, the plasma Cmax level of DDL-701 after a single oral dose in humans is well above this EC50 for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the oral dose of 75 mg DDL-701 as a protease inhibitor cocktail with Paxlovid in COVID-19 patients has the potential to produce robust antiviral efficacy.
Ideally, the PLpro inhibitor DDL-701 used in a protease inhibitor cocktail with the Mpro nirmatrelvir would result in induction of host antiviral activity, in addition to reducing viral polypeptide processing and replication. During viral infection there is induction of host antiviral response, cytosolic viral RNA forms a complex with the proteins RIG-1/MDA5, interacts with the molecular cascade involving MAVS, TBK1 and IRF3, leading to phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3 inducing transcription of type I interferons, this response can be antagonized by PLpro (
While the SARS-CoV-2 virus does not easily enter the brain, it has been reported to damage endothelial cells in the blood brain barrier (BBB) leading to inflammation and brain injury. Knowledge concerning the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the CNS and cerebrovasculature is limited and still being elucidated. The entry of the virus into the brain through the olfactory nerve endings and at the blood-CSF barrier (choroid plexus) is postulated. Evidence also suggests that the virus can infect astrocytes in the CNS and could lead to some of the observed neurological symptoms such as fatigue, depression and brain fog. The pilot pharmacokinetic studies in mice herein suggest DDL-701 is brain-permeable, and while the brain permeability of nirmatrelvir is low, given its nanomolar potency in inhibiting viral replication as part of the protease inhibitor cocktail it may have the potential to lower the risk of CNS complications.
Based on the findings in this work, DDL-701 is a PLpro inhibitor with sustained inhibitory activity in the presence of Mpro inhibitor nirmatrelvir and has previously been reported to achieve plasma levels that are likely to elicit both PLpro inhibition and antiviral efficacy. DDL-701 is a promising candidate for further clinical study in combination with a Mpro inhibitor as a protease inhibitor cocktail for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. DDL-701's brain permeability suggested by the studies in this work further points its potential to reduce CNS symptoms of the infection. DDL-701 has the advantage of being an FDA approved drug for thrombocytopenia and can be readily re-purposed using the already available oral tablet that could be re-formulated in combination with oral Paxlovid in the current 5-day treatment regimen. Such a protease inhibitor cocktail presents the possibility of a more effective treatment for patients worldwide with higher risk for severe COVID-19 that has the potential to reduce hospitalization, deaths resulting from the disease, speed up post-infection recovery, reduce the risk of rebound, reduce antiviral resistance and CNS complications.
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All publications and patents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In case of conflict, the present application, including any definitions herein, will control.
While specific embodiments of the subject invention have been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the claims below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations.
This application claims the benefit of, and priority to, U.S. Patent Application No. 63/316,658, filed Mar. 4, 2022, the entire content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63316658 | Mar 2022 | US |
