The widespread use of the Internet allows people to view information from all over the world. People in one country may view web pages that are based in another country. Though this provides for widespread sharing of information, international web browsing may result in users of one country using one language viewing web content in a web page using a different language. As a result, people may not be able to read web page content from different countries using a different language.
Translation services for web pages exist but have several disadvantages. Typical web page translation services provide a translation of a sentence by detecting parts of the sentence, such as a noun, verb or other part. The translation of the sentence often relies on grammar rules for each language. Existing translation techniques do not apply well to content not having the structure of a sentence.
What is needed is an improved translation technique for web-based content.
The present technology may translate a content of a web page such as content locator (e.g., a uniform resource locator (URL)) from a source language to a target language. The content locator may be associated with a content page such as a web page or a portion of content page. The translation may involve dividing the content locator into segment tokens in a first language, followed by translating, transliterating or not changing a segment token. The processed tokens are then reassembled in a second language. The translation may be provided by a translation module, such as a network browser plug in, through a content page provided by a network browser. The translation may be performed based on translation account settings associated with the user. The account may be maintained by a remote machine translation service.
In an embodiment, a content locator may be translated by receiving a request by a network browser for a content page located at a content locator. A content page and the content locator may be associated with a first language. Next, a translation may automatically be provided for the content locator in a second language by the network browser. The network browser may include a translation module configured to provide the translation of the content locator to the network browser.
According to some embodiments, the present technology may be directed to methods for translating a content locator. The methods may comprise: (a) determining at least one segment of the content locator; (b) transforming the at least one segment from a source language into a target language by at least one of translation or transliteration; and (c) transmitting the transformed at least one segment in the target language for display on a network browser of a client device.
According to other embodiments, the present technology may be directed to systems for translating a content locator. The systems may include: (a) a memory for storing executable instructions; (b) a processor for executing the executable instructions; (c) a translation module stored in memory and executable by the processor to: (i) determine at least one segment of the content locator; and (ii) transform the at least one segment from a source language into a target language by at least one of translation or transliteration; and (d) a communications module stored in memory and executable by the processor to transmit the transformed at least one segment in the target language for display on a network browser of a client device.
According to additional embodiments, the present technology may be directed to non-transitory computer readable storage media having a computer program embodied thereon, the computer program may be executed by a processor in a computing system to perform a method for translating a content locator. The method may comprise: (a) determining at least one segment of the content locator; (b) transforming the at least one segment from a source language into a target language by at least one of translation or transliteration; and (c) transmitting the transformed at least one segment in the target language for display on a network browser of a client device.
Certain embodiments of the present technology are illustrated by the accompanying figures. It will be understood that the figures are not necessarily to scale and that details not necessary for an understanding of the technology or that render other details difficult to perceive may be omitted. It will be understood that the technology is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein.
Generally speaking, the use of non-roman characters in content locators such as uniform resource locators URLs has recently gained the approval of Internet authorities. Non-limiting examples of content locators include uniform resource indicators, uniform resource locators, uniform resource names, domain names, and so forth. One non-limiting example of a URL that comprises only roman characters includes http://www.example.com.
An exemplary content locator such as a domain name with non-roman characters may include www..com. End users who browse the Internet may encounter such URLs and may not be able to understand them. Such non-roman URLs may confuse end users who are only familiar with roman character URLs, or those not familiar with the language of the URL.
Translation of these non-standard URLs may not be amicable to typical Machine Translation (MT) systems and methods because such technology translates content in traditional sentence formats. Often times, web addresses are not in any discernible sentence format. Web addresses may include multiple combined words, abbreviations, and other combinations of characters that may or may not have a sentence structure.
The present technology may transform non-roman URLs from a source language into one or more target languages. The term transformation may include, but is not limited to, methods for converting characters or groups of characters from a source language into one or more target languages such as translation, transliteration, along with other processes that would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art with the present disclosure before them. Exemplary uses for such technology may include situations when an end user encounters a foreign web page (e.g., web page with content and content locators in a different language from their natural language) and is unable to read the URL. The present technology may provide mechanisms by which the end user may mouse over the URL box and generate a translation of the URL into one or more additional languages (for example, the language specified in the language preference of the browser). In additional embodiments, the present technology may automatically convert the content locators.
The present technology may translate a content of a web page such as content locator from a source language to a target language. The content locator may be associated with a content page such as a web page or a portion of content page. The translation may involve dividing the content locator into segment tokens in a first language, followed by translating, transliterating, or not changing a segment token. The processed tokens are then reassembled in a second language. The translation may be provided by a translation module, such as a network browser plugin, through a content page provided by a network browser. The translation may be performed based on translation account settings associated with the user or a common corporate account. Once downloaded and installed, the plugin may link to the account of a specific user within the company, and in other embodiments the plugin may be pointed to link to a common corporate account.
Generally speaking, prior to accessing the content page 100, a translation plugin may be installed into the network browser. Examples of a network browser include “Internet Explorer” by Microsoft Corporation, “Firefox” by Mozilla, and other applications used for browsing content over a world wide web.
Once the plugin is installed, an end user may direct the translation plugin to “auto detect and translate to/from their source language setting (e.g., English)”. A plurality of selectable target languages may be available for selection from a dropdown list.
For the duration of a browsing session, or until the preference is changed, the system may automatically translate content locators from a source language to one or more target languages. That is, once the end user has specified one or more target languages, the end user may enter a URL into the network browser, in source language such as English. The end user may then click on the plugin, which causes the system to automatically translate the URL into the closest match based on how the URL is segmented, along with which segments are transliterated, translated, and which segments remain unchanged.
It will be understood that if an end user directs the network browser to a URL that is in a different language from the target language specified in the plugin and/or encounter a URL embedded in a web page where the URL is in another language, mousing over the URL should provide same combined translation/transliteration/no change combination visual output in the target language.
Content page 100 may include content page drop down menu 110, translation module menu 120, content page operation buttons 130, content locator window 140, text box 144, a first content window 150, a second content window 160, and a third content window 170.
Content page 100 of
Translation module menu 120 may be provided by a translation module and allows a user of the network browser to indicate a language in which to provide a translation of a content locator. The translation module menu 120 may be a “pull down” menu with a list of languages. A user may select a target language from translation module menu 120. Translated content will be provided in the selected target language.
Content locator window 140 may provide the content locator for the current page provided through the network browser. In some embodiments, the content locator window 140 may provide a uniform resource locator (URL) for the current content page provided by the network browser. For example, when a cursor is placed over the content locator window 140 as indicated in
The first content window 150 indicates textual content which reads “all right kandalz”. The second content window 160 illustrates four graphic images 162, 164, 166, and 168 depicting different types of candles. The third content window 170 includes a list of items associated with links. A corresponding content locator text box is provided for selected links. The text links are associated with different content pages, in this case within the domain of the present content page. When a cursor is placed over a link, or an object associated with a link, a translation for the link is provided in a target language. For example, the list includes “Holiday Candles”, “Kandalz Locations”, “No Scent” and a “contact” text. Cursor 175 is placed over the “Holiday Candles” text. Accordingly, a content locator text box with a translation of the link associated with the text is provided as text box 176. Cursor 177 is placed over the “No Scent” text, and a content locator text box 178 is provided with a translation of the corresponding link.
Computing device 205 communicates with network 225 and includes network browser 210. Computing device 205 may also include client translation application 220, which may operate similarly to network-based translation application 240 on the application server 235. Network browser 210 may be used to provide an interface such as that shown in
Translation module 215 may be used to coordinate a translation of a content locator or other content provided through a network browser interface including a content page, such as a URL processed with network browser 210. The translation module 215 may determine a target language to translate the content locator to, manage the translation and provide the translation through the network browser 210.
Network 225 may be a public or private local area network, wide area network, cloud-based networks or other network, or combinations of networks for facilitating the transfer of data between one or more devices or servers.
Third party web server 250 may include content page data provided through network browser 210. In particular, third party web server 250 may include third party web site content 255, which is provided through network browser 210. The content page data may be associated with a content locator.
Web server 230 may communicate with network 225 and application server 235 and may process requests received from computing device 205 over network 225. Web server 230 may process requests for content itself and request that application server 235 to process a received request. Application server 235 may provide a web-based application such as network-based translation application 240. Network-based translation application 240 may be an application server 235 or may be implemented as a client application (such as client translation application 220).
Network-based translation application 240 may include communications module 260, interface module 265, translation engine 270, and quality prediction engine 275. Network-based translation application 240 may be executed to manage communication with a customer through customer computing device 205, interface with remote devices, translate a document to generate translated content, and provide a quality prediction of a generated translation. It is noteworthy that the network-based translation application 240 may include additional or fewer modules, engines, or components, and still fall within the scope of the present technology. As used herein, the term “module” may also refer to any of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) that executes one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality.
Communications module 260 may be executed to allow an indication to be received via a user interface to provide a translation of a document from a source language to a target language, as well as a prediction of a trust level of the translation. The communications module 260 may also facilitate accessing the document to be translated such as in response to an indication by a user.
The interface module 265 can be executed to provide a graphical user interface through a network browser 210, for example as a content page provided by a web browser, which enables a user to request the translation and corresponding trust-level prediction.
The translation engine 270 comprises a machine translation engine capable of translating from a source language to a target language. Such translation capability may result from training the translation engine 270 on various training data. In some embodiments, the network-based translation application 240 may include more than one translation engine 270. Additionally, the translation engine 270 may be based on statistical-translation techniques, non-statistical-translation techniques, or a combination thereof.
As depicted in
According to exemplary embodiments, the quality-prediction engine 275 is executable to predict a trust level of a translation provided by the translation engine 270. The trust-level prediction is indicative of translational accuracy of translations generated by the translation engine 270. The granularity of the trust-level prediction may extend from translations or transliterations of single characters, segments of characters, or an entire content locator. The trust level is predicted independent of a human-generated translation or other human intervention.
An example of network-based translation application 240 is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/572,021, entitled “Providing Machine-Generated Translation and Corresponding Trust Levels,” which was filed on Oct. 1, 2009, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A translation module 215 may be configured with a second language for a network browser 210 at step 320. A translation module, such as translation module 215 within a network browser 210, may receive input of a target language selection to which a URL or content locator may be translated. A translation module 215 may be implemented as a network browser plugin and may provide a drop down menu or other input mechanism for a user to select one or more target languages. In other embodiments, the translation module 215 may be implemented as an add in, script code or another suitable implementation (either hardware or software) within the network browser 210 or in communication with network browser 210 on computing device 205. When executed, the translation module 215 may accept an input of a selected language to utilize for translating content.
A request may be received for a content page located at a content locator at step 330. The request may be received as an input URL entered into the content locator window 140 of the content page 100, selection of a link or other content page portion that requires the content page be provided with a network browser 210, or a portion of a page such as an updated image or a frame within a content browser. The content locator may be an address or location at which content is stored, such as, for example, a URL.
A content page (or portion thereof) associated with a first language may be retrieved by a network browser 210 at step 340. The request may be sent to a web server 230 over a network. The web server 230 receives the request, processes the request and sends a content page to the requesting device back over the network, such as network 225. Processing the request may include providing the requested content directly via web server 230 or for web server 230 to query application server 235 for the requested content.
A content page may be provided in a first language through a network browser at step 350. At step 360, a content locator translation may be automatically provided in a second language by a network browser 210. The content locator translation may be provided based on several settings. The content locator may be translated according to one or more settings made by a user in their translation account. The content locator may be translated based on the target language selected by the user through preferences specified in a network browser 210 and the resulting content locator will be provided through the network browser interface. The content locator translation may provide a response to an input, such as placing a cursor over a URL window, or may be provided automatically. More detail for providing a content locator translation in a second window by a network browser 210 is discussed below with respect to the method of
A selection is received with a portion of a content page associated with a second content locator at step 370. The selection may be a selection of a link, image, content page frame or some other portion of a content page. The content locator may be associated with the selected content page portion. At step 380, the translation of the second content locator is automatically provided. The second content locator may be associated with the selected content page portion. The second content locator may be translated similarly to the first content locator translation as discussed above with respect to step 360.
The content locator may be parsed into segment tokens based on translation settings at step 420. The translation may be performed by network-based translation application 240. The URL or content locator may be parsed to identify any recognized words in a first language within the content locator. Parsing may be performed within domain levels (for example, within back slashes of the content locator expression). Words may be identified by, for example using a dictionary, training sets of texts, and other data.
According to some embodiments, characters or segments not identified as a word within the content locator may then be analyzed to determine if they can be transliterated. Transliteration is a process which identifies a character in one language which may be translated into one or more characters of another language. Portions of the content locator which cannot be translated or transliterated may then be copied without translation.
In some instances, it may be appropriate to select a best translation for a segment token, such as when multiple possible translations for a content locator are determined by the translation module. Therefore, the method may include a step 430 of determining a best translation of the segment token may. The best translation may be based on known words, the context of the segment token, translations and/or transliteration, weighting, and other information. Determining a best translation of segment tokens is discussed in more detail below with respect to the method of
A content locator may be provided in the form of a best translation of segment tokens within a content page at step 440. The content locator may be provided in a content page 100, for example within a text box 144, a content locator window 140 or URL window, or in some other manner.
A combination of the token segments with the most words for the translation tokens is determined at step 510. Each token may have multiple translations, such as a word translation or transliteration, or multiple words or transliterations based on a probability structure. This plurality of translations may be referred to as a plurality of possible translations. A combination of token translations with the most known words is determined for the content locator at step 510.
Next, a context score is determined based on content page text and content locator text at step 520. The context score may be based on a match of a word to the subject matter of the content page, a word match, or other information. For example, a particular web page may be associated with a travel type subject matter, and thus words in the URL associated with travel may be determined to be a higher context score than words not associated with travel. Context may also be determined by matching identified words or transliteration content in the content locator to words detected in a content page, other tokens in web sites associated with the current domain and other related data.
A combination of tokens is determined that is most relevant to the context at step 530. The most relevant combination may be determined based on page content, other URLs, subject matters of a trained system and other data. The most relevant combination has the most words determined to match the content or have the highest average relevancy score.
The weighting of known words vs. most relevant words is retrieved as part of the translation settings for the user at step 540. Different weightings may be set for a recognized word, relevant word or other segment token or other content comprising the translation. The weightings may be retrieved as part of the account settings for a particular user. The weightings may be applied for each known word or relevant token translation within the content locator.
Content locator words are selected based on weighting and settings for a user at step 550. The combination with the highest score may be selected as the content locator translation.
The components shown in
The mass storage device 630, which may be implemented with a magnetic disk drive or an optical disk drive, is a non-volatile storage device for storing data and instructions for use by the processor 610. The mass storage device 630 can store the system software for implementing embodiments of the present technology for purposes of loading that software into the main memory 620.
The portable storage medium drive(s) 640 operates in conjunction with a portable non-volatile storage medium, such as a floppy disk, compact disk, digital video disc, or Universal Serial Bus (USB) storage device, to input and output data and code to and from the computer system 600 of
The input devices 660 provide a portion of a user interface. The input devices 660 may include an alpha-numeric keypad, such as a keyboard, for inputting alpha-numeric and other information, or a pointing device, such as a mouse, a trackball, stylus, or cursor direction keys. Additionally, the computing system 600 as shown in
The display system 670 may include a liquid crystal display (LCD) or other suitable display device. The display system 670 receives textual and graphical information, and processes the information for output to the display device.
The peripheral device(s) 680 may include any type of computer support device to add additional functionality to the computer system. The peripheral device(s) 680 may include a modem or a router.
The components contained in the computer system 600 of
It is noteworthy that any hardware platform suitable for performing the processing described herein is suitable for use with the technology. Computer-readable storage media refer to any medium or media that participate in providing instructions to a central processing unit (CPU), a processor, a microcontroller, or the like. Such media can take forms including, but not limited to, non-volatile and volatile media such as optical or magnetic disks and dynamic memory, respectively. Common forms of computer-readable storage media include a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic storage medium, a Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) disk, Digital Video Disk (DVD), any other optical storage medium, Random Access Memory (RAM), Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM), Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), a Flash EPROM, and any other memory chip or cartridge.
Various forms of transmission media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a CPU for execution. A bus carries the data to system RAM, from which a CPU retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by system RAM can optionally be stored on a fixed disk either before or after execution by a CPU.
While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. The descriptions are not intended to limit the scope of the technology to the particular forms set forth herein. Thus, the breadth and scope of a preferred embodiment should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that the above description is illustrative and not restrictive. To the contrary, the present descriptions are intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the technology as defined by the appended claims and otherwise appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. The scope of the technology should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but instead should be determined with reference to the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
4502128 | Okajima et al. | Feb 1985 | A |
4599691 | Sakaki et al. | Jul 1986 | A |
4615002 | Innes | Sep 1986 | A |
4661924 | Okamoto et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
4787038 | Doi et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
4791587 | Doi | Dec 1988 | A |
4800522 | Miyao et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
4814987 | Miyao et al. | Mar 1989 | A |
4942526 | Okajima et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
4980829 | Okajima et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
5020112 | Chou | May 1991 | A |
5088038 | Tanaka et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
5091876 | Kumano et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
5146405 | Church | Sep 1992 | A |
5167504 | Mann | Dec 1992 | A |
5181163 | Nakajima et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
5212730 | Wheatley et al. | May 1993 | A |
5218537 | Hemphill et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
5220503 | Suzuki et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
5267156 | Nomiyama | Nov 1993 | A |
5268839 | Kaji | Dec 1993 | A |
5295068 | Nishino et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
5302132 | Corder | Apr 1994 | A |
5311429 | Tominaga | May 1994 | A |
5387104 | Corder | Feb 1995 | A |
5408410 | Kaji | Apr 1995 | A |
5432948 | Davis et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
5442546 | Kaji et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
5477450 | Takeda et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
5477451 | Brown et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
5495413 | Kutsumi et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
5497319 | Chong et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
5510981 | Berger et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
5528491 | Kuno et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
5535120 | Chong et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
5541836 | Church et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
5541837 | Fushimoto | Jul 1996 | A |
5548508 | Nagami | Aug 1996 | A |
5644774 | Fukumochi et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
5675815 | Yamauchi et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
5687383 | Nakayama et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
5696980 | Brew | Dec 1997 | A |
5724593 | Hargrave, III et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
5752052 | Richardson et al. | May 1998 | A |
5754972 | Baker et al. | May 1998 | A |
5761631 | Nasukawa | Jun 1998 | A |
5761689 | Rayson et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5768603 | Brown et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5779486 | Ho et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
5781884 | Pereira et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
5794178 | Caid et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
5805832 | Brown et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
5806032 | Sproat | Sep 1998 | A |
5819265 | Ravin et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
5826219 | Kutsumi | Oct 1998 | A |
5826220 | Takeda et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
5845143 | Yamauchi et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
5848385 | Poznanski et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
5848386 | Motoyama | Dec 1998 | A |
5855015 | Shoham | Dec 1998 | A |
5864788 | Kutsumi | Jan 1999 | A |
5867811 | O'Donoghue | Feb 1999 | A |
5870706 | Alshawi | Feb 1999 | A |
5893134 | O'Donoghue et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
5903858 | Saraki | May 1999 | A |
5907821 | Kaji et al. | May 1999 | A |
5909681 | Passera et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
5930746 | Ting | Jul 1999 | A |
5966685 | Flanagan et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
5966686 | Heidorn et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
5983169 | Kozma | Nov 1999 | A |
5987402 | Murata et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5987404 | Della Pietra et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5991710 | Papineni et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5995922 | Penteroudakis et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
6018617 | Sweitzer et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
6031984 | Walser | Feb 2000 | A |
6032111 | Mohri | Feb 2000 | A |
6047252 | Kumano et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
6064819 | Franssen et al. | May 2000 | A |
6064951 | Park et al. | May 2000 | A |
6073143 | Nishikawa et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
6077085 | Parry et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
6092034 | McCarley et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
6119077 | Shinozaki | Sep 2000 | A |
6119078 | Kobayakawa et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
6131082 | Hargrave, III et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
6161082 | Goldberg et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
6182014 | Kenyon et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6182027 | Nasukawa et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6185524 | Carus et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6205456 | Nakao | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6206700 | Brown et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6223150 | Duan et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
6233544 | Alshawi | May 2001 | B1 |
6233545 | Datig | May 2001 | B1 |
6233546 | Datig | May 2001 | B1 |
6236958 | Lange et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
6269351 | Black | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6275789 | Moser et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6278967 | Akers et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6278969 | King et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6285978 | Bernth et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6289302 | Kuo | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6304841 | Berger et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6311152 | Bai et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6317708 | Witbrock et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6327568 | Joost | Dec 2001 | B1 |
6330529 | Ito | Dec 2001 | B1 |
6330530 | Horiguchi et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
6356864 | Foltz et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
6360196 | Poznanski et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
6389387 | Poznanski et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6393388 | Franz et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6393389 | Chanod et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6415250 | van den Akker | Jul 2002 | B1 |
6460015 | Hetherington et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6470306 | Pringle et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6473729 | Gastaldo et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6473896 | Hicken et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6480698 | Ho et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
6490549 | Ulicny et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
6498921 | Ho et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
6502064 | Miyahira et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
6529865 | Duan et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
6535842 | Roche et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
6587844 | Mohri | Jul 2003 | B1 |
6604101 | Chan et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
6609087 | Miller et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
6647364 | Yumura et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
6691279 | Yoden et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
6745161 | Arnold et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
6745176 | Probert, Jr. et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
6757646 | Marchisio | Jun 2004 | B2 |
6778949 | Duan et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6782356 | Lopke | Aug 2004 | B1 |
6810374 | Kang | Oct 2004 | B2 |
6848080 | Lee et al. | Jan 2005 | B1 |
6857022 | Scanlan | Feb 2005 | B1 |
6885985 | Hull | Apr 2005 | B2 |
6901361 | Portilla | May 2005 | B1 |
6904402 | Wang et al. | Jun 2005 | B1 |
6952665 | Shimomura et al. | Oct 2005 | B1 |
6983239 | Epstein | Jan 2006 | B1 |
6993473 | Cartus | Jan 2006 | B2 |
6996518 | Jones et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
6996520 | Levin | Feb 2006 | B2 |
6999925 | Fischer et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
7013262 | Tokuda et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
7016827 | Ramaswamy et al. | Mar 2006 | B1 |
7016977 | Dunsmoir et al. | Mar 2006 | B1 |
7024351 | Wang | Apr 2006 | B2 |
7031911 | Zhou et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
7050964 | Menzes et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
7085708 | Manson | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7089493 | Hatori et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7103531 | Moore | Sep 2006 | B2 |
7107204 | Liu et al. | Sep 2006 | B1 |
7107215 | Ghali | Sep 2006 | B2 |
7113903 | Riccardi et al. | Sep 2006 | B1 |
7143036 | Weise | Nov 2006 | B2 |
7146358 | Gravano et al. | Dec 2006 | B1 |
7149688 | Schalkwyk | Dec 2006 | B2 |
7171348 | Scanlan | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7174289 | Sukehiro | Feb 2007 | B2 |
7177792 | Knight et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
7191115 | Moore | Mar 2007 | B2 |
7194403 | Okura et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
7197451 | Carter et al. | Mar 2007 | B1 |
7206736 | Moore | Apr 2007 | B2 |
7209875 | Quirk et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
7219051 | Moore | May 2007 | B2 |
7239998 | Xun | Jul 2007 | B2 |
7249012 | Moore | Jul 2007 | B2 |
7249013 | Al-Onaizan et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
7283950 | Pournasseh et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
7295962 | Marcu | Nov 2007 | B2 |
7295963 | Richardson et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
7302392 | Thenthiruperai et al. | Nov 2007 | B1 |
7319949 | Pinkham | Jan 2008 | B2 |
7340388 | Soricut et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7346487 | Li | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7346493 | Ringger et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7349839 | Moore | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7349845 | Coffman et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7356457 | Pinkham et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
7369998 | Sarich et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
7373291 | Garst | May 2008 | B2 |
7383542 | Richardson et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
7389222 | Langmead et al. | Jun 2008 | B1 |
7389234 | Schmid et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
7403890 | Roushar | Jul 2008 | B2 |
7409332 | Moore | Aug 2008 | B2 |
7409333 | Wilkinson et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
7447623 | Appleby | Nov 2008 | B2 |
7454326 | Marcu et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
7496497 | Liu | Feb 2009 | B2 |
7533013 | Marcu | May 2009 | B2 |
7536295 | Cancedda et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
7546235 | Brockett et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
7552053 | Gao et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
7565281 | Appleby | Jul 2009 | B2 |
7574347 | Wang | Aug 2009 | B2 |
7580828 | D'Agostini | Aug 2009 | B2 |
7580830 | Al-Onaizan et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
7587307 | Cancedda et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
7620538 | Marcu et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7620632 | Andrews | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7624005 | Koehn et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7624020 | Yamada et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7627479 | Travieso et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
7680646 | Lux-Pogodalla et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
7689405 | Marcu | Mar 2010 | B2 |
7698124 | Menezes et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
7698125 | Graehl et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
7707025 | Whitelock | Apr 2010 | B2 |
7711545 | Koehn | May 2010 | B2 |
7716037 | Precoda et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
7801720 | Satake et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7813918 | Muslea et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
7822596 | Elgazzar et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
7925494 | Cheng et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
7957953 | Moore | Jun 2011 | B2 |
7974833 | Soricut et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
8060360 | He | Nov 2011 | B2 |
8145472 | Shore et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
8214196 | Yamada et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
8234106 | Marcu et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
8244519 | Bicici et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
8265923 | Chatterjee et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
8275600 | Bilac et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
8296127 | Marcu et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
8315850 | Furuuchi et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
8380486 | Soricut et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
8433556 | Fraser et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
8468149 | Lung et al. | Jun 2013 | B1 |
8548794 | Koehn | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8600728 | Knight et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
8615389 | Marcu | Dec 2013 | B1 |
8655642 | Fux | Feb 2014 | B2 |
8666725 | Och | Mar 2014 | B2 |
8676563 | Soricut et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
20010009009 | Iizuka | Jul 2001 | A1 |
20010029455 | Chin et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
20020002451 | Sukehiro | Jan 2002 | A1 |
20020013693 | Fuji | Jan 2002 | A1 |
20020040292 | Marcu | Apr 2002 | A1 |
20020046018 | Marcu et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
20020046262 | Heilig et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
20020059566 | Delcambre et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
20020078091 | Vu et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020083029 | Chun et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020087313 | Lee et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
20020099744 | Coden et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
20020111788 | Kimpara | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020111789 | Hull | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020111967 | Nagase | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020143537 | Ozawa et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20020152063 | Tokieda et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20020169592 | Aityan | Nov 2002 | A1 |
20020188438 | Knight et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
20020188439 | Marcu | Dec 2002 | A1 |
20020198699 | Greene et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
20020198701 | Moore | Dec 2002 | A1 |
20020198713 | Franz et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
20030009322 | Marcu | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030023423 | Yamada et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030040900 | D'Agostini | Feb 2003 | A1 |
20030061022 | Reinders | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030144832 | Harris | Jul 2003 | A1 |
20030154071 | Shreve | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030158723 | Masuichi et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030176995 | Sukehiro | Sep 2003 | A1 |
20030182102 | Corston-Oliver et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
20030191626 | Al-Onaizan et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20030204400 | Marcu et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20030216905 | Chelba et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20030217052 | Rubenczyk et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20030233222 | Soricut et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
20040006560 | Chan et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040015342 | Garst | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040024581 | Koehn et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040030551 | Marcu et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040035055 | Zhu et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040044530 | Moore | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040059708 | Dean et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040068411 | Scanlan | Apr 2004 | A1 |
20040098247 | Moore | May 2004 | A1 |
20040102956 | Levin | May 2004 | A1 |
20040102957 | Levin | May 2004 | A1 |
20040111253 | Luo et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
20040115597 | Butt | Jun 2004 | A1 |
20040122656 | Abir | Jun 2004 | A1 |
20040167768 | Travieso et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040167784 | Travieso et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040193401 | Ringger et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
20040230418 | Kitamura | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20040237044 | Travieso et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20040260532 | Richardson et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20050021322 | Richardson et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
20050021517 | Marchisio | Jan 2005 | A1 |
20050026131 | Elzinga et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050033565 | Koehn | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050038643 | Koehn | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050055199 | Ryzchachkin et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050055217 | Sumita et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050060160 | Roh et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050075858 | Pournasseh et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
20050086226 | Krachman | Apr 2005 | A1 |
20050102130 | Quirk et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
20050125218 | Rajput et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050149315 | Flanagan et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050171757 | Appleby | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050204002 | Friend | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050228640 | Aue et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20050228642 | Mau et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20050228643 | Munteanu et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20050234701 | Graehl et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20050267738 | Wilkinson et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20060004563 | Campbell et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060015320 | Och | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060015323 | Udupa et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060018541 | Chelba et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060020448 | Chelba et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060041428 | Fritsch et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
20060095248 | Menezes et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
20060111891 | Menezes et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
20060111892 | Menezes et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
20060111896 | Menezes et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
20060129424 | Chan | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060142995 | Knight et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060150069 | Chang | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060167984 | Fellenstein et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060190241 | Goutte et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20070016400 | Soricutt et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070016401 | Ehsani et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070033001 | Muslea et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20070050182 | Sneddon et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070078654 | Moore | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20070078845 | Scott et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20070083357 | Moore et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20070094169 | Yamada et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20070112553 | Jacobson | May 2007 | A1 |
20070112555 | Lavi et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070112556 | Lavi et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070122792 | Galley et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070168202 | Changela et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070168450 | Prajapat et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070180373 | Bauman et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070219774 | Quirk et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20070250306 | Marcu et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20070265825 | Cancedda et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20070265826 | Chen et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20070269775 | Andreev et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20070294076 | Shore et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
20080052061 | Kim et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080065478 | Kohlmeier et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
20080109209 | Fraser et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
20080114583 | Al-Onaizan et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
20080154581 | Lavi et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080183555 | Walk | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080215418 | Kolve et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
20080249760 | Marcu et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20080270109 | Och | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20080270112 | Shimohata | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20080281578 | Kumaran et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20080307481 | Panje | Dec 2008 | A1 |
20090076792 | Lawson-Tancred | Mar 2009 | A1 |
20090083023 | Foster et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
20090106017 | D'Agostini | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20090119091 | Sarig | May 2009 | A1 |
20090125497 | Jiang et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
20090234634 | Chen et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090241115 | Raffo et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090326912 | Ueffing | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20090326913 | Simard et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20100005086 | Wang et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
20100017293 | Lung et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
20100042398 | Marcu et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100138210 | Seo et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100138213 | Bicici et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100174524 | Koehn | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20110029300 | Marcu et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110066643 | Cooper et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110082683 | Soricut et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
20110082684 | Soricut et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
20110191410 | Refuah et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
20110225104 | Soricut et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
20120096019 | Manickam et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
20120253783 | Castelli et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120265711 | Assche | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120278302 | Choudhury et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120323554 | Hopkins et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
20130103381 | Assche | Apr 2013 | A1 |
20140019114 | Travieso et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2408819 | Nov 2001 | CA |
2475857 | Sep 2003 | CA |
2480398 | Oct 2003 | CA |
1488338 | Apr 2010 | DE |
202005022113.9 | Feb 2014 | DE |
0469884 | Feb 1992 | EP |
0715265 | Jun 1996 | EP |
0933712 | Aug 1999 | EP |
0933712 | Jan 2001 | EP |
1488338 | Dec 2004 | EP |
1488338 | Apr 2010 | ES |
1488338 | Jul 1967 | FR |
1488338 | Apr 2010 | GB |
1072987 | Sep 2010 | HK |
07244666 | Sep 1995 | JP |
10011447 | Jan 1998 | JP |
11272672 | Oct 1999 | JP |
2004501429 | Jan 2004 | JP |
2004062726 | Feb 2004 | JP |
2008101837 | May 2008 | JP |
5452868 | Jan 2014 | JP |
WO03083709 | Oct 2003 | WO |
WO03083710 | Oct 2003 | WO |
WO2007056563 | May 2007 | WO |
WO2011041675 | Apr 2011 | WO |
WO2011162947 | Dec 2011 | WO |
Entry |
---|
“Abney, Steven P. , “Parsing by Chunks,” 1991, Principle-Based Parsing: Computation and Psycholinguistics, vol. 44,pp. 257-279.” |
Agbago, A., et al., “True-casing for the Portage System,” In Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (Borovets, Bulgaria), Sep. 21-23, 2005, pp. 21-24. |
Al-Onaizan et al., “Statistical Machine Translation,” 1999, JHU Summer Tech Workshop, Final Report, pp. 1-42. |
“Al-Onaizan et al., “Translating with Scarce Resources,” 2000, 17th National Conference of the American Associationfor Artificial Intelligence, Austin, TX, pp. 672-678.” |
Al-Onaizan, Y. and Knight K., “Machine Transliteration of Names in Arabic Text,”Proceedings of ACL Workshop on Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages. Philadelphia, 2002. |
“Al-Onaizan, Y. and Knight, K., “Named Entity Translation: Extended Abstract”, 2002, Proceedings of HLT-02, SanDiego, CA.” |
“Al-Onaizan, Y. and Knight, K., “Translating Named Entities Using Monolingual and Bilingual Resources,” 2002, Proc. of the 40th Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp. 400-408.” |
“Alshawi et al., “Learning Dependency Translation Models as Collections of Finite-State Head Transducers,” 2000, Computational Linguistics, vol. 26, pp. 45-60.” |
Alshawi, Hiyan, “Head Automata for Speech Translation”, Proceedings of the ICSLP 96, 1996, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania. |
Ambati, V., “Dependency Structure Trees in Syntax Based Machine Translation,” Spring 2008 Report <http://www.cs.cmu.edu/˜vamshi/publications/DependencyMT—report.pdf>, pp. 1-8. |
“Arbabi et al., “Algorithms for Arabic name transliteration,” Mar. 1994, IBM Journal of Research and Development,vol. 38, Issue 2, pp. 183-194.” |
Arun, A., et al., “Edinburgh System Description for the 2006 TC-STAR Spoken Language Translation Evaluation,” in TC-STAR Workshop on Speech-to-Speech Translation (Barcelona, Spain), Jun. 2006, pp. 37-41. |
Ballesteros, L. et al., “Phrasal Translation and Query Expansion Techniques for Cross-Language Information Retrieval,” SIGIR 97, Philadelphia, PA, © 1997, pp. 84-91. |
“Bangalore, S. and Rambow, O., “Evaluation Metrics for Generation,” 2000, Proc. of the 1st International NaturalLanguage Generation Conf., vol. 14, pp. 1-8.” |
“Bangalore, S. and Rambow, O., “Using TAGs, a Tree Model, and a Language Model for Generation,” May 2000,Workshop TAG+5, Paris.” |
“Bangalore, S. and Rambow, O., “Corpus-Based Lexical Choice in Natural Language Generation,” 2000, Proc. of the 38th Annual ACL, Hong Kong, pp. 464-471.” |
“Bangalore, S. and Rambow, O., “Exploiting a Probabilistic Hierarchical Model for Generation,” 2000, Proc. of 18thconf. on Computational Linguistics, vol. 1, pp. 42-48.” |
Bannard, C. and Callison-Burch, C., “Paraphrasing with Bilingual Parallel Corpora,” In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics (Ann Arbor, MI, Jun. 25-30, 2005). Annual Meeting of the ACL Assoc. for Computational Linguistics, Morristown, NJ, 597-604. DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1219840. |
“Barnett et al., “Knowledge and Natural Language Processing,” Aug. 1990, Communications of the ACM, vol. 33,Issue 8, pp. 50-71.” |
“Baum, Leonard, “An Inequality and Associated Maximization Technique in Statistical Estimation for ProbabilisticFunctions of Markov Processes”, 1972, Inequalities 3:1-8.” |
Berhe, G. et al., “Modeling Service-based Multimedia Content Adaptation in Pervasive Computing,” CF '04 (Ischia, Italy) Apr. 14-16, 2004, pp. 60-69. |
Boitet, C. et al., “Main Research Issues in Building Web Services for Mutualized, Non-Commercial Translation,” Proc. of the 6th Symposium on Natural Language Processing, Human and Computer Processing of Language and Speech, © 2005, pp. 1-11. |
“Brants, Thorsten, “TnT—A Statistical Part-of-Speech Tagger,” 2000, Proc. of the 6th Applied Natural LanguageProcessing Conference, Seattle.” |
Brill, Eric, “Transformation-Based Error-Driven Learning and Natural Language Processing: A Case Study in Part of Speech Tagging”, 1995, Assocation for Computational Linguistics, vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 1-37. |
“Brill, Eric. “Transformation-Based Error-Driven Learning and Natural Language Processing: A Case Study in Partof Speech Tagging”,1995, Computational Linguistics, vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 543-565.” |
“Brown et al., “A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation,” Jun. 1990, Computational Linguistics, vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 79-85.” |
Brown et al., “Word-Sense Disambiguation Using Statistical Methods,” 1991, Proc. of 29th Annual ACL, pp. 264-270. |
“Brown et al., “The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation: Parameter Estimation,” 1993, ComputationalLinguistics, vol. 19, Issue 2, pp. 263-311.” |
“Brown, Ralf, “Automated Dictionary Extraction for “Knowledge-Free” Example-Based Translation,” 1997, Proc. of 7th Int'l Cont. on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in MT, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 111-118.” |
“Callan et al., “TREC and TIPSTER Experiments with INQUERY,” 1994, Information Processing and Management,vol. 31, Issue 3, pp. 327-343.” |
Callison-Burch, C. et al., “Statistical Machine Translation with Word- and Sentence-aligned Parallel Corpora,” In Proceedings of the 42nd Meeting on Assoc. for Computational Linguistics (Barcelona, Spain, Jul. 21-26, 2004). Annual Meeting of the ACL. Assoc. for Computational Linguistics, Morristown, NJ, 1. |
“Carl, Michael. “A Constructivist Approach to Machine Translation,” 1998, New Methods of Language Processingand Computational Natural Language Learning, pp. 247-256.” |
“Chen, K. and Chen, H., “Machine Translation: An Integrated Approach,” 1995, Proc. of 6th Int'l Cont. on Theoreticaland Methodological Issue in MT, pp. 287-294.” |
Cheng, P. et al., “Creating Multilingual Translation Lexicons with Regional Variations Using Web Corpora,” In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Assoc. for Computational Linguistics (Barcelona, Spain, Jul. 21-26, 2004). Annual Meeting of the ACL. Assoc. for Computational Linguistics, Morristown, NJ, 53. |
Cheung et al., “Sentence Alignment in Parallel, Comparable, and Quasi-comparable Corpora”, In Proceedings of LREC, 2004, pp. 30-33. |
Chinchor, Nancy, “MUC-7 Named Entity Task Definition,” 1997, Version 3.5. |
“Clarkson, P. and Rosenfeld, R., “Statistical Language Modeling Using the CMU-Cambridge Toolkit”, 1997, Proc. ESCA Eurospeech, Rhodes, Greece, pp. 2707-2710.” |
Cohen et al., “Spectral Bloom Filters,” SIGMOD 2003, Jun. 9-12, 2003, ACM pp. 241-252. |
Cohen, “Hardware-Assisted Algorithm for Full-text Large-Dictionary String Matching Using n-gram Hashing,” 1998, Information Processing and Management, vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 443-464. |
Cohen, Yossi, “Interpreter for FUF,” (available at ftp:/lftp.cs.bgu.ac.il/ pUb/people/elhadad/fuf-life.lf). |
Corston-Oliver, Simon, “Beyond String Matching and Cue Phrases: Improving Efficiency and Coverage inDiscourse Analysis”, 1998, The AAAI Spring Symposium on Intelligent Text Summarization, pp. 9-15. |
Covington, “An Algorithm to Align Words for Historical Comparison”, Computational Linguistics, 1996,vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 481-496. |
“Dagan, I. and Itai, A., “Word Sense Disambiguation Using a Second Language Monolingual Corpus”, 1994, Association forComputational Linguistics, vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 563-596.” |
“Dempster et al., “Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm”, 1977, Journal of the RoyalStatistical Society, vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 1-38.” |
“Diab, M. and Finch, S., “A Statistical Word-Level Translation Model for Comparable Corpora,” 2000, In Proc.of theConference on Content Based Multimedia Information Access (RIAO).” |
“Diab, Mona, “An Unsupervised Method for Multilingual Word Sense Tagging Using Parallel Corpora: APreliminary Investigation”, 2000, SIGLEX Workshop on Word Senses and Multi-Linguality, pp. 1-9.” |
Eisner, Jason, “Learning Non-Isomorphic Tree Mappings for Machine Translation,” 2003, in Proc. of the 41st Meeting of the ACL, pp. 205-208. |
Elhadad et al., “Floating Constraints in Lexical Choice”, 1996, ACL, vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 195-239. |
“Elhadad, M. and Robin, J., “An Overview of SURGE: a Reusable Comprehensive Syntactic RealizationComponent,” 1996, Technical Report 96-03, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ben GurionUniversity, Beer Sheva, Israel.” |
Elhadad, M. and Robin, J., “Controlling Content Realization with Functional Unification Grammars”, 1992, Aspects of Automated Natural Language Generation, Dale et al. (eds)., Springer Verlag, pp. 89-104. |
“Koehn, P. and Knight, K., “Knowledge Sources for Word-Level Translation Models,” 2001, Conference on EmpiricalMethods in Natural Language Processing.” |
“Kumar, R. and Li, H.,“Integer Programming Approach to Printed Circuit Board Assembly Time Optimization,” 1995,IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing, Part B: Advance Packaging, vol. 18,No. 4. pp. 720-727.” |
Kupiec, Julian, “An Algorithm for Finding Noun Phrase Correspondences in Bilingual Corpora,” In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the ACL, 1993, pp. 17-22. |
“Kurohashi, S. and Nagao, M., “Automatic Detection of Discourse Structure by Checking Surface Information inSentences,” 1994, Proc. of COL-LING '94, vol. 2, pp. 1123-1127.” |
“Langkilde, I. and Knight, K., “Generation that Exploits Corpus-Based Statistical Knowledge,” 1998, Proc. of theCOLING-ACL, pp. 704-710.” |
“Langkilde, I. and Knight, K., “The Practical Value of N-Grams in Generation,” 1998, Proc. of the 9th InternationalNatural Language Generation Workshop, pp. 248-255.” |
“Langkilde, Irene, “Forest-Based Statistical Sentence Generation,” 2000, Proc. of the 1st Conference on NorthAmerican chapter of the ACL, Seattle, WA, pp. 170-177.” |
“Langkilde-Geary, Irene, “A Foundation for General-Purpose Natural Language Generation: SentenceRealization Using Probabilistic Models of Language,” 2002, Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of the Graduate School, Universityof Southern California.” |
“Langkilde-Geary, Irene, “An Empirical Verification of Coverage and Correctness for a General-PurposeSentence Generator,” 1998, Proc. 2nd Int'l Natural Language Generation Conference.” |
“Lee, Yue-Shi, “Neural Network Approach to Adaptive Learning: with an Application to Chinese Homophone Disambiguation,” IEEE pp. 1521-1526.” |
Lita, L., et al., “tRuEcasIng,” Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Assoc. for Computational Linguistics (In Hinrichs, E. and Roth, D.—editors), pp. 152-159. |
Llitjos, A. F. et al., “The Translation Correction Tool: English-Spanish User Studies,” Citeseer © 2004, downloaded from: http://gs37.sp.cs.cmu.edu/ari/papers/lrec04/font11, pp. 1-4. |
“Mann, G. and Yarowsky, D., “Multipath Translation Lexicon Induction via Bridge Languages,” 2001, Proc. of the2nd Conference of the North American Chapter of the ACL, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 151-158.” |
“Manning, C. and Schutze, H., “Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing,” 2000, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA [Front Matter].” |
“Marcu, D. and Wong, W., “A Phrase-Based, Joint Probability Model for Statistical Machine Translation,” 2002, Proc.of ACL-2 conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, vol. 10, pp. 133-139.” |
“Marcu, Daniel, “Building Up Rhetorical Structure Trees,” 1996, Proc. of the National Conference on ArtificialIntelligence and Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference, vol. 2, pp. 1069-1074.” |
“Marcu, Daniel, “Discourse trees are good indicators of importance in text,” 1999, Advances in Automatic TextSummarization, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.” |
“Marcu, Daniel, “Instructions for Manually Annotating the Discourse Structures of Texts,” 1999, DiscourseAnnotation, pp. 1-49.” |
“Marcu, Daniel, “The Rhetorical Parsing of Natural Language Texts,” 1997, Proceedings of ACLIEACL '97, pp. 96-103.” |
“Marcu, Daniel, “The Rhetorical Parsing, Summarization, and Generation of Natural Language Texts,” 1997, Ph. D.Thesis, Graduate Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto.” |
“Marcu, Daniel, “Towards a Unified Approach to Memory- and Statistical-Based Machine Translation,” 2001, Proc.of the 39th Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp. 378-385.” |
McCallum, A. and Li, W., “Early Results for Named Entity Recognition with Conditional Random Fields, Feature Induction and Web-enhanced Lexicons,” In Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at HLT-NAACL, 2003, vol. 4 (Edmonton, Canada), Assoc. for Computational Linguistics, Morristown, NJ, pp. 188-191. |
McDevitt, K. et al., “Designing of a Community-based Translation Center,” Technical Report TR-03-30, Computer Science, Virginia Tech, © 2003, pp. 1-8. |
“Melamed, I. Dan, “A Word-to-Word Model of Translational Equivalence,” 1997, Proc. of the 35th Annual Meeting ofthe ACL, Madrid, Spain, pp. 490-497.” |
“Melamed, I. Dan, “Automatic Evaluation and Uniform Filter Cascades for Inducing N-Best Translation Lexicons,” 1995, Proc. of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora, Boston, MA, pp. 184-198.” |
“Melamed, I. Dan, “Empirical Methods for Exploiting Parallel Texts,” 2001, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA [table ofcontents].” |
“Meng et al.. “Generating Phonetic Cognates to Handle Named Entities in English-Chinese Cross-LanguageSpoken Document Retrieval,” 2001, IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding. pp. 311-314.” |
Metze, F. et al., “The NESPOLE! Speech-to-Speech Translation System,” Proc. of the HLT 2002, 2nd Int'l Conf. on Human Language Technology (San Francisco, CA), © 2002, pp. 378-383. |
“Mikheev et al., “Named Entity Recognition without Gazeteers,” 1999, Proc. of European Chapter of the ACL, Bergen,Norway, pp. 1-8.” |
“Miike et al., “A Full-Text Retrieval System with a Dynamic Abstract Generation Function,” 1994, Proceedings of SI-GIR'94, pp. 152-161.” |
“Mohri, M. and Riley, M., “An Efficient Algorithm for the N-Best-Strings Problem,” 2002, Proc. of the 7th Int. Conf. onSpoken Language Processing (ICSLP'02), Denver, CO, pp. 1313-1316.” |
Mohri, Mehryar, “Regular Approximation of Context Free Grammars Through Transformation”, 2000, pp. 251-261, “Robustness in Language and Speech Technology”, Chapter 9, Kluwer Academic Publishers. |
“Monasson et al., “Determining Computational Complexity from Characteristic ‘Phase Transitions’,” Jul. 1999, NatureMagazine, vol. 400, pp. 133-137.” |
“Mooney, Raymond, “Comparative Experiments on Disambiguating Word Senses: An Illustration of the Role of Biasin Machine Learning,” 1996, Proc. of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 82-91.” |
Nagao, K. et al., “Semantic Annotation and Transcoding: Making Web Content More Accessible,” IEEE Multimedia, vol. 8, Issue 2 Apr.-Jun. 2001, pp. 69-81. |
“Nederhof, M. and Satta, G., “IDL-Expressions: A Formalism for Representing and Parsing Finite Languages inNatural Language Processing,” 2004, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, vol. 21, pp. 281-287.” |
“Nieben, S. and Ney, H, “Toward Hierarchical Models for Statistical Machine Translation of Inflected Languages,” 2001,Data-Driven Machine Translation Workshop, Toulouse, France, pp. 47-54.” |
Norvig, Peter, “Techniques for Automatic Memoization with Applications to Context-Free Parsing”, Compuational Linguistics,1991, pp. 91-98, vol. 17, No. 1. |
“Och et al., “Improved Alignment Models for Statistical Machine Translation,” 1999, Proc. of the Joint Conf. ofEmpirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora, pp. 20-28.” |
Och et al. “A Smorgasbord of Features for Statistical Machine Translation.” HLTNAACL Conference. Mar. 2004, 8 pages. |
Och, F., “Minimum Error Rate Training in Statistical Machine Translation,” In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Assoc. for Computational Linguistics—vol. 1 (Sapporo, Japan, Jul. 7-12, 2003). Annual Meeting of the ACL. Assoc. for Computational Linguistics, Morristown, NJ, 160-167. DOI= http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1075096. |
“Och, F. and Ney, H, “Improved Statistical Alignment Models,” 2000, 38th Annual Meeting of the ACL, Hong Kong, pp. 440-447.” |
Och, F. and Ney, H., “Discriminative Training and Maximum Entropy Models for Statistical Machine Translation,” 2002, Proc. of the 40th Annual Meeting of the ACL, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 295-302. |
Och, F. and Ney, H., “A Systematic Comparison of Various Statistical Alignment Models,” Computational Linguistics, 2003, 29:1, 19-51. |
“Papineni et al., “Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation,” 2001, IBM Research Report, RC22176(WQ102-022).” |
Perugini, Saviero et al., “Enhancing Usability in CITIDEL: Multimodal, Multilingual and Interactive Visualization Interfaces,” JCDL '04, Tucson, AZ, Jun. 7-11, 2004, pp. 315-324. |
Petrov et al., “Learning Accurate, Compact and Interpretable Tree Annotation,” Jun. 4-9, 2006, in Proc. of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the ACL, pp. 433-440. |
“Pla et al., “Tagging and Chunking with Bigrams,” 2000, Proc. of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics, vol. 2, pp. 614-620.” |
Qun, Liu, “A Chinese-English Machine Translation System Based on Micro-Engine Architecture,” An Int'l Conference on Translation and Information Technology, Hong Kong, Dec. 2000, pp. 1-10. |
Rapp, Reinhard, Automatic Identification of Word Translations from Unrelated English and German Corpora, 1999, 37th Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp. 519-526. |
Zhang et al., “Synchronous Binarization for Machine Translations,” Jun. 4-9, 2006, in Proc. of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the ACL, pp. 256-263. |
Zhang et al., “Distributed Language Modeling for N-best List Re-ranking,” In Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (Sydney, Australia, Jul. 22-23, 2006). ACL Workshops. Assoc. for Computational Linguistics, Morristown, NJ, 216-223. |
“Patent Cooperation Treaty International Preliminary Report on Patentability and the Written Opinion, Internationalapplication No. PCT/US2008/004296, Oct. 6, 2009, 5 pgs.” |
Document, Wikipedia.com, web.archive.org (Feb. 24, 2004) <http://web.archive.org/web/20040222202831 /http://en.wikipedia.org/wikiiDocument>, Feb, 24, 2004. |
Identifying, Dictionary.com, wayback.archive.org (Feb. 28, 2007) <http://wayback.archive.org/web/200501 01 OOOOO*/http:////dictionary.reference.com//browse//identifying>, Feb 28, 2005 <http://web.archive.org/web/20070228150533/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/identifying>. |
Koehn, P. et al, “Statistical Phrase-Based Translation,” Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2003 Main Papers , pp. 48-54 Edmonton, May-Jun. 2003. |
Abney, S.P., “Stochastic Attribute Value Grammars”, Association for Computional Linguistics, 1997, pp. 597-618. |
Fox, H., “Phrasal Cohesion and Statistical Machine Translation” Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Philadelphia, Jul. 2002, pp. 304-311. Association for Computational Linguistics. <URL: http://acl.idc.upenn.edu/W/W02/W02-1039.pdf>. |
Tillman, C., et al, “Word Reordering and a Dynamic Programming Beam Search Algorithm for Statistical Machine Translation,” 2003, Association for Computational Linguistics, vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 97-133 <URL: http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/J/J03/J03-1005.pdf>. |
Wang, W., et al. “Capitalizing Machine Translation” in HLT-NAACL '06 Proceedings Jun. 2006. <http://www.isi.edu/natural-language/mt/hlt-naacl-06-wang.pdf>. |
Langlais, P. et al., “TransType: a Computer-Aided Translation Typing System” EmbedMT '00 ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop: Embedded Machine Translation Systems, 2000, pp. 46-51. <http://aclidc.upenn.edu/W/W00/W00-0507.pdf>. |
“Elhadad, Michael, “FUF: the Universal Unifier User Manual Version 5.2”, 1993, Department of Computer Science,Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel.” |
“Elhadad, Michael, “Using Argumentation to Control Lexical Choice: A Functional Unification Implementation”,1992, Ph.D. Thesis, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University.” |
“Elhadad, M. and Robin, J., “SURGE: a Comprehensive Plug-in Syntactic Realization Component for TextGeneration”, 1999 (available at http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/-elhadad/pub.html)”. |
Fleming, Michael et al., “Mixed-Initiative Translation of Web Pages,” AMTA 2000, LNAI 1934, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2000, pp. 25-29. |
Och, Franz Josef and Ney, Hermann, “Improved Statistical Alignment Models” ACLOO:Proc. of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Lingustics, ′Online! Oct. 2-6, 2000, pp. 440-447, XP002279144 Hong Kong, China Retrieved from the Internet: <URL:http://www-i6.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Colleagues/och/ACLOO.ps> retrieved on May 6, 2004! abstract. |
Ren, Fuji and Shi, Hongchi, “Parallel Machine Translation: Principles and Practice,” Engineering of Complex Computer Systems, 2001 Proceedings, Seventh IEEE Intl Conference, pp. 249-259, 2001. |
Fung et al, “Mining Very-Non-Parallel Corpora: Parallel Sentence and Lexicon Extraction via Bootstrapping and EM”, in EMNLP 2004. |
“Fung, P. and Yee, L., “An IR Approach for Translating New Words from Nonparallel, Comparable Texts”, 1998,36th Annual Meeting of the ACL, 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 414-420.” |
“Fung, Pascale, “Compiling Bilingual Lexicon Entries From a Non-Parallel English-Chinese Corpus”, 1995, Proc, ofthe Third Workshop on Very Large Corpora, Boston, MA, pp. 173-183.” |
“Gale, W. and Church, K., “A Program for Aligning Sentences in Bilingual Corpora,” 1991, 29th Annual Meeting ofthe ACL, pp. 177-183.” |
Gale, W. and Church, K., “A Program for Aligning Sentences in Bilingual Corpora,” 1993, Computational Linguisitcs, vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 75-102. |
Galley et al., “Scalable Inference and Training of Context-Rich Syntactic Translation Models,” Jul. 2006, in Proc. of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 961-968. |
Galley et al., “What's in a translation rule?”, 2004, in Proc. of HLT/NAACL '04, pp. 1-8. |
Gaussier et al, “A Geometric View on Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Comparable Corpora”, In Proceedings of ACL Jul. 2004. |
“Germann et al., “Fast Decoding and Optimal Decoding for Machine Translation”, 2001, Proc. of the 39th AnnualMeeting of the ACL, Toulouse, France, pp. 228-235.” |
“Germann, Ulrich: “Building a Statistical Machine Translation System from Scratch: How Much Bang for theBuck Can We Expect?” Proc. of the Data-Driven MT Workshop of ACL-01, Toulouse, France, 2001.” |
Gildea, D., “Loosely Tree-based Alignment for Machine Translation,” In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Assoc. for Computational Linguistics—vol. 1 (Sapporo, Japan, Jul. 7-12, 2003). Annual Meeting of the ACL Assoc. for Computational Linguistics, Morristown, NJ, 80-87. DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1075096.1075107. |
“Grefenstette, Gregory, “The World Wide Web as a Resource for Example-Based Machine TranslationTasks”, 1999, Translating and the Computer 21, Proc. of the 21 st International Cant. on Translating and theComputer. London, UK, 12 pp.” |
Grossi et al, “Suffix Trees and Their Applications in String Algorithms”, In. Proceedings of the 1st South American Workshop on String Processing, Sep. 1993, pp. 57-76. |
Gupta et al., “Kelips: Building an Efficient and Stable P2P DHT thorough Increased Memory and Background Overhead,” 2003 IPTPS, LNCS 2735, pp. 160-169. |
Habash, Nizar, “The Use of a Structural N-gram Language Model in Generation-Heavy Hybrid Machine Translation,” University of Maryland, Univ. Institute for Advance Computer Studies, Sep. 8, 2004. |
“Hatzivassiloglou, V. et al., “Unification-Based Glossing”, 1995, Proc. of the International Joint Conference onArtificial Intelligence, pp. 1382-1389.” |
Huang et al., “Relabeling Syntax Trees to Improve Syntax-Based Machine Translation Quality,” Jun. 4-9, 2006, in Proc. of the Human Language Techology Conference of the North Americna Chapter of the ACL, pp. 240-247. |
Ide, N. and Veronis, J., “Introduction to the Special Issue on Word Sense Disambiguation: The State of the Art”, Mar. 1998, Computational Linguistics, vol. 24, Issue 1, pp. 2-40. |
Bikel, D., Schwartz, R., and Weischedei, R., “An Algorithm that Learns What's in a Name,” Machine Learning 34, 211-231 (1999). |
Imamura et al., “Feedback Cleaning of Machine Translation Rules Using Automatic Evaluation,” 2003 Computational Linguistics, pp. 447-454. |
Imamura, Kenji, “Hierarchical Phrase Alignment Harmonized with Parsing”, 2001, in Proc. of NLPRS, Tokyo. |
“Jelinek, F., “Fast Sequential Decoding Algorithm Using a Stack”, Nov. 1969, IBM J. Res. Develop., vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 675-685.” |
“Jones, K. Sparck, “Experiments in Relevance Weighting of Search Terms”, 1979, Information Processing &Management, vol. 15, Pergamon Press Ltd., UK, pp. 133-144.” |
Klein et al., “Accurate Unlexicalized Parsing,” Jul. 2003, in Proc. of the 41st Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp. 423-430. |
“Knight et al., “Integrating Knowledge Bases and Statistics in MT,” 1994, Proc. of the Conference of the Associationfor Machine Translation in the Americas.” |
“Knight et al., “Filling Knowledge Gaps in a Broad-Coverage Machine Translation System”, 1995, Proc. ofthel4th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Montreal, Canada, vol. 2, pp. 1390-1396.” |
“Knight, K. and Al-Onaizan, Y., “A Primer on Finite-State Software for Natural Language Processing”, 1999 (available at http://www.isLedullicensed-sw/carmel).” |
Knight, K. and Al-Onaizan, Y., “Translation with Finite-State Devices,” Proceedings of the 4th AMTA Conference, 1998. |
“Knight, K. and Chander, I., “Automated Postediting of Documents,” 1994, Proc. of the 12th Conference on ArtificialIntelligence, pp. 779-784.” |
Knight, K. and Graehl, J., “Machine Transliteration”, 1997, Proc. of the ACL-97, Madrid, Spain, pp. 128-135. |
“Knight, K. and Hatzivassiloglou, V., “Two-Level, Many-Paths Generation,” 1995, Proc. of the 33rd AnnualConference of the ACL, pp. 252-260.” |
“Knight, K. and Luk, S., “Building a Large-Scale Knowledge Base for Machine Translation,” 1994, Proc. of the 12thConference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 773-778.” |
“Knight, K. and Marcu, D., “Statistics-Based Summarization—Step One: Sentence Compression,” 2000, AmericanAssociation for Artificial Intelligence Conference, pp. 703-710.” |
“Knight, K. and Yamada, K., “A Computational Approach to Deciphering Unknown Scripts,” 1999, Proc. of the ACLWorkshop on Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing.” |
“Knight, Kevin,“A Statistical MT Tutorial Workbook,” 1999, JHU Summer Workshop (available at http://www.isLedu/natural-language/mUwkbk.rtf).” |
Knight, Kevin, “Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Machine Translation,” 1997, AI Magazine, vol. 18, No. 4. |
“Knight, Kevin, “Connectionist Ideas and Algorithms,” Nov. 1990, Communications of the ACM, vol. 33, No. 11, pp. 59-74.” |
“Knight, Kevin, “Decoding Complexity in Word-Replacement Translation Models”, 1999, Computational Linguistics, vol. 25, No. 4.” |
“Knight, Kevin, “Integrating Knowledge Acquisition and Language Acquisition”, May 1992, Journal of Appliedlntelligence, vol. 1, No. 4.” |
“Knight, Kevin, “Learning Word Meanings by Instruction,” 1996, Proc. of the D National Conference on Artificiallntelligence, vol. 1, pp. 447-454.” |
Knight, Kevin, “Unification: A Multidisciplinary Survey,” 1989, ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 21, No. 1. |
Koehn, Philipp, “Noun Phrase Translation,” A PhD Dissertation for the University of Southern California, pp. xiii, 23, 25-57, 72-81, Dec. 2003. |
“Koehn, P. and Knight, K., “ChunkMT: Statistical Machine Translation with Richer Linguistic Knowledge,” Apr. 2002,Information Sciences Institution.” |
“Koehn, P. and Knight, K., “Estimating Word Translation Probabilities from Unrelated Monolingual Corpora Usingthe EM Algorithm,” 2000, Proc. of the 17th meeting of the AAAI.” |
Ueffing et al., “Using Pos Information for Statistical Machine Translation into Morphologically Rich Languages,” in EACL, 2003: Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 347-354. |
Frederking et al., “Three Heads are Better Than One,” In Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, Stuttgart, Germany, 1994, pp. 95-100. |
Och et al., “Discriminative Training and Maximum Entropy Models for Statistical Machine Translation,” In Proc. of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Philadelphia, PA, 2002. |
Yasuda et al., “Automatic Machine Translation Selection Scheme to Output the Best Result,” Proc of LREC, 2002, pp. 525-528. |
Papineni et al., “Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation”, Proc. of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Jul. 2002, pp. 311-318. |
Shaalan et al., “Machine Translation of English Noun Phrases into Arabic”, (2004), vol. 17, No. 2, International Journal of Computer Processing of Oriental Languages, 14 pages. |
Isahara et al., “Analysis, Generation and Semantic Representation in CONTRAST—A Context-Based Machine Translation System”, 1995, Systems and Computers in Japan, vol. 26, No. 14, pp. 37-53. |
Proz.com, Rates for proofreading versus Translating, http://www.proz.comfforum/business—issues/202-rates—for—proofreading—versus—translating.html, Apr. 23, 2009, retrieved Jul. 13, 2012. |
Celine, Volume discounts on large translation project, naked translations, http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2007/volume-discounts-on-large-translation-projects/, Aug. 1, 2007, retrieved Jul. 16, 2012. |
Graehl, J and Knight, K, May 2004, Training Tree Transducers, In NAACL-HLT (2004), pp. 105-112. |
Niessen et al, “Statistical machine translation with scarce resources using morphosyntactic information”, Jun. 2004, Computational Linguistics, vol. 30, issue 2, pp. 181-204. |
Liu et al., “Context Discovery Using Attenuated Bloom Filters in Ad-Hoc Networks,” Springer, pp. 13-25, 2006. |
First Office Action mailed Jun. 7, 2004 in Canadian Patent Application 2408819, filed May 11, 2001. |
First Office Action mailed Jun. 14, 2007 in Canadian Patent Application 2475857, filed Mar. 11, 2003. |
Office Action mailed Mar. 26, 2012 in German Patent Application 10392450.7, filed Mar. 28, 2003. |
First Office Action mailed Nov. 5, 2008 in Canadian Patent Application 2408398, filed Mar. 27, 2003. |
Second Office Action mailed Sep. 25, 2009 in Canadian Patent Application 2408398, filed Mar. 27, 2003. |
First Office Action mailed Mar. 1, 2005 in European Patent Application No. 03716920.8, filed Mar. 27, 2003. |
Second Office Action mailed Nov. 9, 2006 in European Patent Application No. 03716920.8, filed Mar. 27, 2003. |
Third Office Action mailed Apr. 30, 2008 in European Patent Application No. 03716920.8, filed Mar. 27, 2003. |
Office Action mailed Oct. 25, 2011 in Japanese Patent Application 2007-536911 filed Oct. 12, 2005. |
Office Action mailed Jul. 24, 2012 in Japanese Patent Application 2007-536911 filed Oct. 12, 2005. |
Final Office Action mailed Apr. 9, 2013 in Japanese Patent Application 2007-536911 filed Oct. 12, 2005. |
Office Action mailed May 13, 2005 in Chinese Patent Application 1812317.1, filed May 11, 2001. |
Office Action mailed Apr. 21, 2006 in Chinese Patent Application 1812317.1, filed May 11, 2001. |
Office Action mailed Jul. 19, 2006 in Japanese Patent Application 2003-577155, filed Mar. 11, 2003. |
Office Action mailed Mar. 1, 2007 in Chinese Patent Application 3805749.2, filed Mar. 11, 2003. |
Office Action mailed Feb. 27, 2007 in Japanese Patent Application 2002-590018, filed May 13, 2002. |
Office Action mailed Jan. 26, 2007 in Chinese Patent Application 3807018.9, filed Mar. 27, 2003. |
Office Action mailed Dec. 7, 2005 in Indian Patent Application 2283/DELNP/2004, filed Mar. 11, 2003. |
Office Action mailed Mar. 31, 2009 in European Patent Application 3714080.3, filed Mar. 11, 2003. |
Agichtein et al., “Snowball: Extracting Information from Large Plain-Text Collections,” ACM DL '00, the Fifth ACM Conference on Digital Libraries, Jun. 2, 2000, San Antonio, TX, USA. |
Satake, Masaomi, “Anaphora Resolution for Named Entity Extraction in Japanese Newspaper Articles,” Master's Thesis [online], Feb. 15, 2002, School of Information Science, JAIST, Nomi, Ishikaw, Japan. |
Office Action mailed Aug. 29, 2006 in Japanese Patent Application 2003-581064, filed Mar. 27, 2003. |
Office Action mailed Jan. 26, 2007 in Chinese Patent Application 3807027.8, filed Mar. 28, 2003. |
Office Action mailed Jul. 25, 2006 in Japanese Patent Application 2003-581063, filed Mar. 28, 2003. |
Huang et al., “A syntax-directed translator with extended domain of locality,” Jun. 9, 2006, In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computationally Hard Problems and Joint Inference in Speech and Language Processing, pp. 1-8, New York City, New York, Association for Computational Linguistics. |
Melamed et al., “Statistical machine translation by generalized parsing,” 2005, Technical Report 05-001, Proteus Project, New York University, http://nlp.cs.nyu.edu/pubs/. |
Galley et al., “Scalable Inference and Training of Context-Rich Syntactic Translation Models,” Jul. 2006, In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp. 961-968. |
Huang et al., “Statistical syntax-directed translation with extended domain of locality,” Jun. 9, 2006, In Proceedings of AMTA, pp. 1-8. |
“Rapp, Reinhard, “Identifying Word Translations in Non-Parallel Texts,” 1995, 33rd Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp. 320-322.” |
Rayner et al., “Hybrid Language Processing in the Spoken Language Translator,” IEEE, pp. 107-110. |
“Resnik, P. and Smith, A., “The Web as a Parallel Corpus,” Sep. 2003, Computational Linguistics, SpecialIssue on Web as Corpus, vol. 29, Issue 3, pp. 349-380.” |
“Resnik, P. and Yarowsky, D. “A Perspective on Word Sense Disambiguation Methods and Their Evaluation,” 1997, Proceedings of SIGLEX '97, Washington, D.C., pp. 79-86.” |
“Resnik, Philip, “Mining the Web for Bilingual Text,” 1999, 37th Annual Meeting of the ACL, College Park, MD, pp. 527-534.” |
Rich, E. and Knight, K., “Artificial Intelligence, Second Edition,” 1991, McGraw-Hill Book Company [Front Matter]. |
“Richard et al., “Visiting the Traveling Salesman Problem with Petri nets and application in the glass industry,” Feb. 1996, IEEE Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, pp. 238-242.” |
“Robin, Jacques, “Revision-Based Generation of Natural Language Summaries Providing Historical Background: Corpus-Based Analysis, Design Implementation and Evaluation,” 1994, Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia University, New York.” |
Rogati et al., “Resource Selection for Domain-Specific Cross-Lingual IR,” ACM 2004, pp. 154-161. |
Zhang, R. et al., “The NiCT-ATR Statistical Machine Translation System for the IWSLT 2006 Evaluation,” submitted to IWSLT, 2006. |
“Russell, S. and Norvig, P., “Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach,” 1995, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey [Front Matter].” |
“Sang, E. and Buchholz, S., “Introduction to the CoNLL-2000 Shared Task: Chunking,” 2002, Proc. ofCoNLL-2000 and LLL-2000, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 127-132.” |
Schmid, H., and Schulte im Walde, S., “Robust German Noun Chunking With a Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar,” 2000, Proc. of the 18th Conference on Computational Linguistics, vol. 2, pp. 726-732. |
“Schutze, Hinrich, “Automatic Word Sense Discrimination,” 1998, Computational Linguistics, Special Issue on WordSense Disambiguation, vol. 24, Issue 1, pp. 97-123.” |
“Selman et al., “A New Method for Solving Hard Satisfiability Problems,” 1992, Proc. of the 10th National Conferenceon Artificial Intelligence, San Jose, CA, pp. 440-446.” |
Kumar, S. and Byrne, W., “Minimum Bayes-Risk Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation.” HLTNAACL Conference. Mar. 2004, 8 pages. |
“Shapiro, Stuart (ed.), “Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd edition”, vol. D 2,1992, John Wiley & Sons Inc; “Unification” article, K. Knight, pp. 1630-1637.” |
Shirai, S., “A Hybrid Rule and Example-based Method for Machine Translation,” NTT Communication Science Laboratories, pp. 1-5. |
“Sobashima et al., “A Bidirectional Transfer-Driven Machine Translation System for Spoken Dialogues,” 1994, Proc.of 15th Conference on Computational Linguistics, vol. 1, pp. 64-68.” |
“Soricut et al., “Using a Large Monolingual Corpus to Improve Translation Accuracy,” 2002, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2499, Proc. of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in theAmericas on Machine Translation: From Research to Real Users, pp. 155-164.” |
“Stalls, B. and Knight, K., “Translating Names and Technical Terms in Arabic Text,” 1998, Proc. of the COLING/ACL Workkshop on Computational Approaches to Semitic Language.” |
“Sumita et al.,““A Discourse Structure Analyzer for Japanese Text,” 1992, Proc. of the International Conference onFifth Generation Computer Systems,” vol. 2, pp. 1133-1140.” |
“Sun et al., “Chinese Named Entity Identification Using Class-based Language Model,” 2002, Proc. of 19thInternational Conference on Computational Linguistics, Taipei, Taiwan, vol. 1, pp. 1-7.” |
Tanaka, K. and Iwasaki, H. “Extraction of Lexical Translations from Non-Aligned Corpora,” Proceedings of COLING 1996. |
Taskar, B., et al., “A Discriminative Matching Approach to Word Alignment,” In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (Vancouver, BC, Canada, Oct. 6-8, 2005). Human Language Technology Conference. Assoc. for Computational Linguistics, Morristown, NJ. |
“Taylor et al., “The Penn Treebank: An Overview,” in A. Abeill (ed.), D Treebanks: Building and Using ParsedCorpora, 2003, pp. 5-22.” |
“Tiedemann, Jorg, “Automatic Construction of Weighted String Similarity Measures,” 1999, In Proceedings ofthe Joint SIGDAT Conference on Emperical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora.” |
“Tillman, C. and Xia, F., “A Phrase-Based Unigram Model for Statistical Machine Translation,” 2003, Proc. of theNorth American Chapter of the ACL on Human Language Technology, vol. 2, pp. 106-108.” |
“Tillmann et al., “A DP Based Search Using Monotone Alignments in Statistical Translation,” 1997, Proc. Of theAnnual Meeting of the ACL, pp. 366-372.” |
Tomas, J., “Binary Feature Classification for Word Disambiguation in Statistical Machine Translation,” Proceedings of the 2nd Int'l. Workshop on Pattern Recognition, 2002, pp. 1-12. |
Uchimoto, K. et al., “Word Translation by Combining Example-Based Methods and Machine Learning Models,” Natural LanguageProcessing (Shizen Gengo Shori), vol. 10, No. 3, Apr. 2003, pp. 87-114. |
Uchimoto, K. et al., “Word Translation by Combining Example-based Methods and Machine Learning Models,” Natural LanguageProcessing (Shizen Gengo Shori), vol. 10, No. 3, Apr. 2003, pp. 87-114. (English Translation). |
“Ueffing et al., “Generation of Word Graphs in Statistical Machine Translation,” 2002, Proc. of Empirical Methods inNatural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 156-163.” |
Varga et al., “Parallel Corpora for Medium Density Languages”, In Proceedings of RANLP 2005, pp. 590-596. |
“Veale, T. and Way, A., “Gaijin: A Bootstrapping, Template-Driven Approach to Example-Based MT,” 1997, Proc. ofNew Methods in Natural Language Processing (NEMPLP97), Sofia, Bulgaria.” |
Vogel et al., “The CMU Statistical Machine Translation System,” 2003, Machine Translation Summit IX, New Orleans, LA. |
“Vogel et al., “The Statistical Translation Module in the Verbmobil System,” 2000, Workshop on Multi-Lingual SpeechCommunication, pp. 69-74.” |
“Vogel, S. and Ney, H., “Construction of a Hierarchical Translation Memory,” 2000, Proc. of Cooling 2000, Saarbrucken, Germany, pp. 1131-1135.” |
“Wang, Y. and Waibel, A., “Decoding Algorithm in Statistical Machine Translation,” 1996, Proc. of the 35th AnnualMeeting of the ACL, pp. 366-372.” |
“Wang, Ye-Yi, “Grammar Inference and Statistical Machine Translation,” 1998, Ph.D Thesis, Carnegie MellonUniversity, Pittsburgh, PA.” |
“Watanabe et al., “Statistical Machine Translation Based on Hierarchical Phrase Alignment,” 2002, 9th InternationalConference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machin Translation (TMI-2002), Keihanna, Japan, pp. 188-198.” |
“Witbrock, M. and Mittal, V., “Ultra-Summarization: A Statistical Approach to Generating Highly Condensed Non-Extractive Summaries,” 1999, Proc. of SIGIR '99, 22nd International Conference on Research and Development inInformation Retrieval, Berkeley, CA, pp. 315-316.” |
“Wu, Dekai, “A Polynomial-Time Algorithm for Statistical Machine Translation,” 1996, Proc. of 34th Annual Meeting ofthe ACL, pp. 152-158.” |
“Wu, Dekai, “Stochastic Inversion Transduction Grammars and Bilingual Parsing of Parallel Corpora,” 1997, Computational Linguistics, vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 377-403.” |
“Yamada, K. and Knight, K. “A Syntax-Based Statistical Translation Model,” 2001, Proc. of the 39th AnnualMeeting of the ACL, pp. 523-530.” |
“Yamada, K. and Knight, K., “A Decoder for Syntax-Based Statistical MT,” 2001, Proceedings of the 40th AnnualMeeting of the ACL, pp. 303-310.” |
Yamada K., “A Syntax-Based Statistical Translation Model,” 2002 PhD Dissertation, pp. 1-141. |
“Yamamoto et al., “A Comparative Study on Translation Units for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction,” 2001, JapanAcademic Association for Copyright Clearance, Tokyo, Japan.” |
Yamamoto et al, “Acquisition of Phrase-level Bilingual Correspondence using Dependency Structure” In Proceedings of COLING-2000, pp. 933-939. |
“Yarowsky, David, “Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation Rivaling Supervised Methods,” 1995, 33rd AnnualMeeting of the ACL, pp. 189-196.” |
Huang et al. Automatic Extraction of Named Entity Translingual Equivalence Based on Multi-Feature Cost Minimization. In Proceedings of the ACL 2003 Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-Language Name Entry Recognition. |
Notice of Allowance mailed Dec. 10, 2013 in Japanese Patent Application 2007-536911, filed Oct. 12, 2005. |
Makoushina, J. “Translation Quality Assurance Tools: Current State and Future Approaches.” Translating and the Computer, Dec. 17, 2007, 29, 1-39, retrieved at <http://www.palex.ru/fc/98/Translation%20Quality%Assurance%20Tools.pdf>. |
Specia et al. “Improving the Confidence of Machine Translation Quality Estimates,” MT Summit XII, Ottawa, Canada, 2009, 8 pages. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20130238310 A1 | Sep 2013 | US |