Context-adaptive VLC video transform coefficients encoding/decoding methods and apparatuses

Abstract

Transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a video picture are encoded by adaptively encoding in combination, the number of non-zero coefficients before the trailing one coefficients and the number of trailing one coefficients. The transform coefficients may be further encoded by adaptively encoding one or more of the signs of the trailing one coefficients, the level measures of the non-zero coefficients, the total number of zero coefficients interposed in the non-zero coefficients, and the respective run lengths of the zero coefficients. Adaptive encoding of the number and trailing one coefficients may be performed in view of one or more neighboring sample blocks, whereas adaptive encoding of level measures may be performed in view of quantization parameters of a macroblock and previously encoded level measures. Decoding may be performed in an inverse manner.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to the field of video encoding/decoding. More specifically, the present invention is related to the encoding of transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture, and decoding of the encodings.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Advances in microprocessor and video related technologies have led to wide spread deployment and adoption of numerous types of video devices. Examples of such video devices include but are not limited to digital camcorders, digital versatile disk (DVD) players, video enabled laptop and desktop computing devices as well as servers, and so forth.

[0004] Advances in networking, telecommunication, satellite and other related technologies have also led to increase in on demand and/or real time online delivery of video, including delivery over public networks, such as the Internet.

[0005] Whether videos are delivered offline (e.g. from a DVD player) or online (e.g. from a video server), high quality video inherently requires a high volume of data. Thus, video delivery and rendering often involve encoding and decoding to reduce the amount of data to be stored, retrieved and/or transmitted.

[0006] Encoding/decoding of a video often involves processing the video as a stream of pictures. Each picture may be a field or a frame (typically consisting of two interleaved fields), and decomposed into a number of macroblocks. Each macroblock is often sub-divided into blocks of various sizes, which are transformed and quantized into a number of samples, luma and/or chroma samples of various types.

[0007] A number of encoding/decoding techniques are known in the art. For example, one technique encodes the various parameters of a macroblock using a single variable length coding (VLC) scheme. The technique is simple to practice, however the amount of reduction in data, i.e. compression, is only moderately effective.

[0008] Other techniques, such as Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC), employ context adaptation and arithmetic coding to improve overall effectiveness. However, techniques such as CABAC are complex, memory demanding, and difficult to practice.

[0009] What is needed is a context-adaptive technique that is more effective than conventional non-context-adaptive techniques, but less complex to practice than context-adaptive techniques known to-date.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The present invention will be described by way of exemplary embodiments, but not limitations, illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like references denote similar elements, and in which:

[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates an overview of a context-adaptive VLC encoder of the present invention for encoding transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture, in accordance with one embodiment;

[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates the operational flow of the relevant aspects of the encoder block of FIG. 1 for encoding in a combined manner, number of coefficients and number of trailing one coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture, in accordance with one embodiment;

[0013] FIG. 3 illustrates the operational flow of the relevant aspects of the encoder block of FIG. 1 for encoding level measures of transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture, in accordance with one embodiment;

[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates the operational flow of the relevant aspects of the encoder block of FIG. 1 for encoding number of zero coefficients interposed among non-zero coefficients and their respective run lengths of transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture, in accordance with one embodiment;

[0015] FIG. 5 illustrates an overview of a context-adaptive VLC decoder of the present invention for decoding transform coefficients encoded in accordance with encoding principles similar to that of the encoder of FIG. 1, in accordance with one embodiment;

[0016] FIG. 6 illustrates a video device having an encoder and a decoder incorporated with the encoding/decoding teachings of the present invention, in accordance with one embodiment;

[0017] FIG. 7 illustrates an article of manufacture with a recordable medium having a software implementation of the encoder/decoder of the present invention, designed for use to program a device to equip the device with the encoding/decoding capability of the present invention, in accordance with one embodiment; and

[0018] FIG. 8 illustrates a system having a video sender device and a video receiver device incorporated with the encoding/decoding teachings of the present invention, in accordance with one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0019] The present invention includes a context-adaptive VLC transform coefficient encoder, a complementary decoder, devices equipped with these encoders and/or decoders, systems made up of such devices, and methods of operations of these elements, devices and systems, and related subject matters.

[0020] In the following description, various aspects of the present invention will be described. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced with only some or all aspects of the present invention. For purposes of explanation, specific numbers, materials and configurations are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without the specific details. In other instances, well-known features are omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the present invention.

Terminology

[0021] Parts of the description will be presented in video encoding and decoding terms, such as picture, macroblock, block, sample, luma, chroma, transform coefficients, zig-zag scan order, numbers, signs, levels, run lengths and so forth, consistent with the manner commonly employed by those skilled in the art to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. These terms are well understood by those skilled in the art. In particular, in a video device, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic, or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, and otherwise manipulated through electrical and/or optical components of a processor, and its subsystems.

[0022] In various video encoding/decoding standards, encodings are organized in accordance with certain syntactical rules, thus they are also referred to as “syntax elements”.

Section Headings, Order of Descriptions and Embodiments

[0023] Section headings are merely employed to improve readability, and they are not to be construed to restrict or narrow the present invention.

[0024] Various operations will be described as multiple discrete steps in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understanding the present invention, however, the order of description should not be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations need not be performed in the order of presentation.

[0025] The phrase “in one embodiment” is used repeatedly. The phrase generally does not refer to the same embodiment, however, it may. The terms “comprising”, “having” and “including” are synonymous, unless the context dictates otherwise.

Overview

[0026] FIG. 1 illustrates an overview of a context-adaptive VLC encoder of the present invention for encoding transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture, in accordance with one embodiment. As illustrated, for the embodiment, context-adaptive VLC encoder 100 includes encoder blocks 102-106, which are coupled to input 108 of encoder 100 in parallel to receive quantized transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of macroblocks of pictures of a video. In response, encoder blocks 102-104 encode the received transform coefficients of the (luma/chroma) blocks into VLC codewords, and output the VLC codewords as a bit stream at output 110. VLC codewords are also referred as “encodings” of the transform coefficients (or “syntax elements”).

[0027] More specifically, encoder block 102 is equipped with VLC codeword tables 122 and coding logic 124 to adaptively select one of the VLC codeword tables 122 to encode in a combined manner, the number of coefficients and the number of trailing one coefficients in each block of a macroblock (Num-Trail). That is, the number of coefficients and the number of trailing one coefficients in each block of a macroblock is advantageously encoded by a single VLC codeword. Encoder block 102 is referred to as Num-Trail encoder block 102 for short.

[0028] “Trailing one coefficients”, as the term suggests, refers to the “1” value coefficients at the “back” of a block's transform coefficients, which are typically arranged in accordance with a zig-zag scan order. A zig-zag scan order is a sequential ordering of the transform coefficients from (approximately) the lowest spatial frequency to the highest. The orientation of “front” and “back” is seen from the “order” perspective. For example, if the sample blocks' transform coefficients are 5001201101001111, the last four “1” transform coefficients (counting from the back) are referred to as the trailing one coefficients, or T1s.

[0029] In one embodiment, the length of the trailing one coefficients is clipped at 3 (counting from the “back” of the series of transform coefficients). That is, for the embodiment, for the purpose of encoding, the longest length of the T1 coefficients is limited to 3. The “excluded” trailing one coefficients are encoded “normally” as “non-zero coefficients” before the trailing one coefficients.

[0030] In alternate embodiments, the present invention may be practiced with greater, or smaller, longest length for the T1 coefficients.

[0031] Encoder block 104 is equipped with VLC codeword tables 132 and coding logic 134 to adaptively select one of the VLC codeword tables 132 to encode the level measure (or simply, level) of each non-zero coefficient before the trailing one coefficients of the sample blocks (including the “excluded” or “clipped” trailing one coefficients, if any). In other words, under the present invention, unlike the prior art, number of coefficients and levels of the non-zero coefficients are advantageously encoded separately. Encoder block 104 is referred to as Level encoder block 104 for short.

[0032] In one embodiment, Level encoder block 104 is also equipped to encode the signs of the T1 coefficients (SignTrail). In alternate embodiments, encoding of the signs of the T1 coefficients may e.g. be encoded by the Num_Trail encoder 102 instead.

[0033] Encoder block 106 is equipped with VLC codeword tables 142 and coding logic 144 to encode the total number zero coefficients interposed between non-zero coefficients of a block, and their respective run lengths (TotalZeros and RunLengths). In the earlier example, there are a total of 6 zeros interposed among the non-zero, and their respective run lengths are 2, 1, 1, 2. Encoder block 106 is referred to as TotalZero-RunLength encoder block 106.

[0034] In one embodiment, each macroblock comprises 16 (4×4) blocks of luma samples, eight corresponding 4×4 chroma AC blocks, and two 2×2 chroma DC blocks. The corresponding output formats are as follows:

[0035] Luma

[0036] {[NumTrail Sign-Trail Levels(16) TotalZeros RunLengths]*4}*4

[0037] Chroma DC

[0038] [NumTrail Sign-Trail Levels(4) TotalZeros RunLengths]*2

[0039] Chroma AC

[0040] {[NumTrail Sign-Trail Levels(15) TotalZeros RunLengths]*4}*2

[0041] For macroblock types known as Intra 16×16, there is one Intra 16×16 DC sample block and 16 Intra 4×4 AC sample blocks, the corresponding output formats are as follows:

[0042] Intra 16×16 DC

[0043] NumTrail Sign-Trail Levels(16) TotalZeros RunLengths

[0044] Intra 16×16 AC

[0045] [NumTrail Sign-Trail Levels(15) TotalZeros RunLengths]*16 (4×4 blocks)

[0046] Except for the novel VLC codeword tables 122, 132 and 142, and coding logics 124, 134 and 144 to adaptively select the appropriate VLC codeword table provided to encoder blocks 102-106, other aspects of encoder 100, including other aspects of encoder blocks 102-106 are known, and will not be further described.

[0047] In various embodiments, encoder 100 including encoding blocks 102-106 may be implemented in hardware, e.g. via application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or in software, e.g. in programming languages such as C, or a combination of both.

Number and Trailing One Coefficient Encoder Block

[0048] In various embodiments, Num-Trail encoder block 102 includes three (3) VLC codeword tables for encoding transform coefficients of luma sample blocks, and one (1) VLC codeword table for encoding transform coefficients of chroma sample blocks.

[0049] More specifically, in one embodiment, the three codeword tables for encoding form coefficients of luma sample blocks are:

TABLE 1
Luma Num-VLC0
	T1
NumCf	0	1	2	3
0	1	—	—	—
1	000011	01	—	—
2	00000111	0001001	001	—
3	000001001	00000110	0001000	00011
4	000001000	000001011	000000101	000010
5	0000000111	000001010	000000100	0001011
6	00000000111	0000000110	0000001101	00010101
7	000000001001	00000000110	0000001100	00010100
8	000000001000	00000001001	000000001010	000000111
9	0000000000111	000000001011	000000000101	0000000101
10	0000000000110	0000000001101	0000000001111	00000001000
11	00000000000011	0000000001100	0000000001110	000000000100
12	00000000000010	00000000000100	00000000000110	0000000000101
13	00000000000101	00000000000111	000000000010001	00000000001001
14	000000000000011	000000000000010	000000000010000	0000000000000011
15	00000000000000001	00000000000000011	00000000000000010	00000000000000101
16	00000000000000000	000000000000001001	0000000000000010001	0000000000000010000

[0050]

TABLE 2
Luma Num-VCL1
	T1s
NumCf\	0	1	2	3
0	11	—	—	—
1	000011	011	—	—
2	000010	00011	010	—
3	001001	001000	001010	101
4	1000001	001011	100101	0011
5	00000111	1000000	1000010	00010
6	00000110	1000011	1001101	10001
7	000001001	10011101	10011100	100100
8	000001000	000001011	000000101	1001100
9	0000000111	000001010	000000100	10011111
10	0000000110	0000001101	0000001100	10011110
11	00000000101	00000000111	00000001001	000000111
12	00000000100	00000000110	00000001000	0000000101
13	000000000011	000000000010	000000000100	000000000111
14	0000000000011	000000000101	0000000000010	0000000001101
15	00000000000001	00000000000000	000000000000111	0000000001100
16	000000000000101	000000000000100	0000000000001101	0000000000001100

[0051]

TABLE 3
Luma Num-VLC0
	T1s
NumCf\	0	1	2	3
0	0011	—	—	—
1	0000011	0010	—	—
2	0000010	101110	1101	—
3	000011	101001	010110	1100
4	000010	101000	010001	1111
5	101101	101011	010000	1110
6	101100	101010	010011	1001
7	101111	010101	010010	1000
8	0110101	010100	011101	00011
9	0110100	010111	011100	00010
10	0110111	0110110	0110000	011111
11	01111001	0110001	01111010	0110011
12	01111000	01111011	01100101	01100100
13	000000011	000000010	000000100	000000111
14	0000000011	000000101	0000001101	0000001100
15	0000000010	00000000011	00000000010	00000000001
16	0000000000001	000000000001	00000000000001	00000000000000

[0052] The single codeword table for encoding transform coefficients of chroma sample blocks is:

TABLE 4
Chroma Num-VLC
	T1s
NumCf\	0	1	2	3
1	0001	1	—	—
2	00001	00111	01	—
3	00110	000001	001010	00100
4	0000001	00000000	00000001	001011

[0053] In alternate embodiments, different number of VLC codeword tables and different VLC codewords, including the manner the VLC codewords are stored, may be used. More specifically, in some embodiments, the VLC codewords may themselves be stored in a storage space saving form of {p, L}, where p stands for the explicitly enumerated portion of a codeword, and L stands for the length of the particular codeword. The non-enumerated portion of a VLC codeword is zero filled from the front when the VLC codeword is used, e.g. “0100 8” becomes 00000100.

[0054] In particular, in one alternate embodiment, the VLC codeword tables for encoding transform coefficients of luma sample blocks are:

TABLE 5
Luma Num-VLC0′
	T1s
NumCfeff	0	1	2	3
0	1 1	—	—	—
1	0101 6	01 2	—	—
2	0111 8	0100 6	0001 3	—
3	0111 9	0110 8	0101 7	0011 5
4	0111 10	0110 9	0101 8	0011 6
5	0111 11	0110 10	0101 9	0100 7
6	1111 13	0110 11	0101 10	0100 8
7	1011 13	1110 13	0101 11	0100 9
8	1000 13	1010 13	1101 13	0100 10
9	1111 14	1110 14	1001 13	0100 11
10	1011 14	1010 14	1101 14	1100 13
11	1111 15	1110 15	1001 14	1100 14
12	1011 15	1010 15	1101 15	1000 14
13	1111 16	0001 15	1001 15	1100 15
14	1011 16	1110 16	1101 16	1000 15
15	0111 16	1010 16	1001 16	1100 16
16	0100 16	0110 16	0101 16	1000 16

[0055]

TABLE 6
Luma Num-VLC1′
	T1s
NumCoeff	0	1	2	3
0	11 2	—	—	—
1	1011 6	10 2	—	—
2	0111 6	0111 5	011 3	—
3	0111 7	1010 6	1001 6	0101 4
4	0111 8	0110 6	0101 6	0100 4
5	0100 8	0110 7	0101 7	0110 5
6	0111 9	0110 8	0101 8	1000 6
7	1111 11	0110 9	0101 9	0100 6
8	1011 11	1110 11	1101 11	0100 7
9	1111 12	1010 11	1001 11	0100 9
10	1011 12	1110 12	1101 12	1100 11
11	1000 12	1010 12	1001 12	1000 11
12	1111 13	1110 13	1101 13	1100 12
13	1011 13	1010 13	1001 13	1100 13
14	0111 13	1011 14	0110 13	1000 13
15	1001 14	1000 14	1010 14	0001 13
16	0111 14	0110 14	0101 14	0100 14

[0056]

TABLE 7
Luma Num-VLC2′
	T1s
NumCf	0	1	2	3
0	1111 4	—	—	—
1	1111 6	1110 4	—	—
2	1011 6	1111 5	1101 4	—
3	1000 6	1100 5	1110 5	1100 4
4	1111 7	1010 5	1011 5	1011 4
5	1011 7	1000 5	1001 5	1010 4
6	1001 7	1110 6	1101 6	1001 4
7	1000 7	1010 6	1001 6	1000 4
8	1111 8	1110 7	1101 7	1101 5
9	1011 8	1110 8	1010 7	1100 6
10	1111 9	1010 8	1101 8	1100 7
11	1011 9	1110 9	1001 8	1100 8
12	1000 9	1010 9	1101 9	1000 8
13	1101 10	0111 9	1001 9	1100 9
14	1001 10	1100 10	1011 10	1010 10
15	0101 10	1000 10	0111 10	0110 10
16	0001 10	0100 10	0011 10	0010 10

[0057] The codeword table for encoding transform coefficients of chroma sample blocks is:

TABLE 8
Chroma Num-VLC′
	T1s
NumCoeff	0	1	2	3
0	01 2	—	—	—
1	111 6	1 1	—	—
2	100 6	110 6	001 3	—
3	011 6	011 7	010 7	101 6
4	010 6	011 8	010 8	000 7

[0058] FIG. 2 illustrates the operational flow of the relevant aspects of the encoder block of FIG. 1 for encoding in a combined manner, number of coefficients and number of T1 coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture, in accordance with one embodiment. As illustrated, for the embodiment, upon receipt of the transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture, coding logic 124 of Num-Trail encoder block 102 first determines if the sample block is a luma or a chroma sample block, block 201. In various embodiments, information denoting whether the current transform coefficients are coefficients of luma or chroma sample blocks is provided in conjunction with the coefficients, and coding logic 124 determines the sample block type based on the companion information provided.

[0059] For the 3 luma and 1 chroma VLC codeword table embodiment, upon determining the sample block is a chroma sample block, coding logic 124 of Num-Trail encoder block 102 proceeds to select the chroma VLC codeword tables to encode the transform coefficients, block 204.

[0060] However, if the current sample block is a luma sample block, coding logic 124 of Num-Trail encoder block 102 first determines a context metric for use to assist in the context adaptive selection of one of the multiple luma VLC codeword tables provided. In various embodiments, coding logic 124 of Num-Trail encoder block 102 computes an average number of transform coefficients in one or more selected neighboring sample blocks as the context metric (Avg). More specifically, in one embodiment (where the sample blocks of a macroblock are provided in the conventional zig-zag manner), coding logic 124 calculates Avg of the sample block above and the sample block to the left of the current sample block as the context metric.

[0061] In the degenerate case where there is no sample block above, Avg is set to the number of transform coefficients in the sample block to the left of the current sample block. In like manner, in the degenerate case where there is no sample block to the left of the current sample block, Avg is set to the number of transform coefficients in the sample block above. In the degenerate case where there is no sample block above nor sample block to the left of the current sample block, Avg is set to zero.

[0062] In one embodiment, coding logic 124 of Num-Trail encoder block 102 selects the VLC codeword tables as follows:

[0063] if (0<=Avg<2) select codeword table Num-VLC0/Num-VLC0′;

[0064] if (2<=Avg<4) select codeword table Num-VLC1/Num-VLC1′;

[0065] if (4<=Avg<8) select codeword table Num-VLC2/Num-VLC2′; and

[0066] if (8<=Avg) generate a 6 bit fixed length codeword (FLC) xxxxyy, where xxxx denotes the number of coefficients, and yy denotes T1.

[0067] In one embodiment, when Avg is =>8, and the number of coefficients for the current sample block is 0, the special codeword 000011 is used.

[0068] Continuing to refer to FIG. 2, thereafter, i.e. upon selecting the VLC codeword table (or the FLC, in the case of a luma sample block), coding logic 124 proceeds to determine the number of coefficients and T1 for the current sample block, blocks 206-208. Then, logic 124 encodes the number of coefficients and T1 of the current sample block accordingly, using the selected VLC codeword table (or the FLC, in the case of a luma sample block).

Level Encoder Block

[0069] In various embodiments, Level encoder block 103 includes multiple VLC codeword tables for encoding levels of transform coefficients of luma as well as chroma sample blocks.

[0070] More specifically, in one embodiment, the multiple VLC codeword tables are “derived” from five (5) structured codeword tables, and the structured codeword tables are:

TABLE 9
Lev-VLC0
1
0 1
0 0 1
. . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x

[0071]

TABLE 10
Lev-VLC1
1 x
0 1 x
0 0 1 x
. . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x

[0072]

TABLE 11
Lev-VLC2
1 x x
0 1 x x
0 0 1 x x
. . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x

[0073]

TABLE 12
Lev-VLC3
1 x x x
0 1 x x x
0 0 1 x x x
. . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x

[0074]

TABLE 13
Lev-VLC4
1 x x x x
0 1 x x x x
0 0 1 x x x x
. . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x

[0075] The codewords in each VLC codeword table increase according to the number of leading zeros, and the string of xxx represents the order of possible combinations, e.g. for the codewords represented as 01xxxx, the codewords are 010000, 010001, 010010, . . . , 011111.

[0076] Levels are assigned according to ascending code number pairs. Positive value of a Level receives the lower code number and negative value of a Level receives the higher code number of a code number pair.

[0077] The last two entries in each table can be considered escape codes. The first escape code, with four “x”'s, is used to code the 8 levels above the last regularly coded level. The next escape code, with 12 “x”'s, is used to code all remaining levels.

[0078] Generally, levels to be coded take values ±1, ±2 etc (Level). However, for the first coefficient to be coded (after T1s, processing from the back of a series of transform coefficients), if T1s<3 or Number_of_coefficients=T1s, levels to be coded may take values ±2, ±3 etc (Level′). Thus, if Lev-VLC0 or Lev-VLC1 is employed to encode the first coefficient (after T1s, processing from the back) the levels may start at ±2.

[0079] To illustrate, consider the following example “derived” VLC codeword tables, where a selection of codewords for each Lev-VLC table is listed.

Code		Level	Level′
no.	Code	(±1, ±2 . . . )	(±2, ±3 . . . )
Lev-VLC0′
0	1	1	2
1	01	−1	−2
2	001	2	3
3	0001	−2	−3
4	00001	3	4
. . .	. . .	. . .	. . .
13	00000000000001	−7	−8
14	000000000000001xxxx	±8 to ±15	±9 to ±16
15	000000000000001xxxxxxxxxxxx	±16->	±17->
Lev-VLC1′
0	10	1	2
1	11	−1	−2
2	010	2	3
3	011	−2	−3
4	0010	3	4
5	0011	−3	−4
. . .	. . .	. . .	. . .
	000000000000010	14	15
	000000000000011	−14	−15
	000000000000001xxxx	±15 to ±22	±16 to ±23
	000000000000001xxxxxxxxxxxx	±23->	±24->
Lev-VLC2′
0	100	1
1	101	−1
2	110	2
3	111	−2
4	0100	3
5	0101	−3
6	0110	4
7	0111	−4
8	00100	5
. . .	. . .	. . .
	0000000000000110	28
	0000000000000111	−28
	000000000000001xxxx	±29 to ±36
	000000000000001xxxxxxxxxxxx	±37->
Lev-VLC3′
0	1000	1
1	1001	−1
2	1010	2
3	1011	−2
4	1100	3
5	1101	−3
6	1110	4
7	1111	−4
8	01000	5
. . .	. . .	. . .
	00000000000001110	56
	00000000000001111	−56
	000000000000001xxxx	±57 to ±64
	000000000000001xxxxxxxxxxxx	±65->
Lev-VLC4′
0	10000	1
1	10001	−1
2	10010	2
3	10011	−2
. . .	. . .	. . .
	11110	8
	11111	−8
	010000	9
. . .	. . .	. . .
	0000000000000011110	120
	0000000000000011111	−120
	000000000000001xxxxxxxxxxxx	±121->

[0080] FIG. 3 illustrates the operational flow of the relevant aspects of the Level encoder block of FIG. 1 for encoding level measures of transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture, in accordance with one embodiment. As illustrated, for the embodiment, upon receipt of the transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks, coding logic 134 of Level encoder block 104 first encodes the signs of T1s, block 302. For the embodiment, 1-bit is employed to encode each sign.

[0081] Additionally, coding logic 134 of Level encoder block 104 starts level coding with the first non-zero coefficient after T1s (processing from the back), block 304. For the embodiment, coding logic 134 of Level encoder block 104 computes a context metric to assist in the adaptive selection of an appropriate level VLC codeword table to perform the encoding, block 306. In various embodiments, the context metric is the quantization parameter value of the current macroblock, and the value is also provided in conjunction with the number of coefficients in the block, and the levels of the transform coefficients of the block.

[0082] In one embodiment, Level encoder block 104 selects the Level VLC codeword table as follows:

[0083] If Inter macroblock has any quantization parameter, or Intra macroblock has a quantization parameter value >=9,

for the first coefficient, select Lev-VLC0,
for the next coefficient, select Lev-VLC1, and
thereafter, if the absolute value of Level is > 3,
select the next “higher”
Lev-VLCx codeword table,
up to 2 codeword tables “higher”;

[0084] If Intra macroblock has a quantization parameter value <9,

if (number of coefficients > 10)
for the first coefficient, select Lev-VLC1,
for the next coefficient, select Lev-VLC2,
else
for the first coefficient, select Lev-VLC0,
for the next coefficient, select Lev-VLC1,
thereafter, if the absolute value of Level is > 3 and the VLC
codeword table is Lev-VLC1, select Lev-VLC2,
if the absolute value of Level is > 5 and the VLC
codeword table is >= Lev-VLC2, select the next
“higher” Lev-VLCx codeword table, up to 4
codeword tables “higher”.

[0085] Continuing to refer to FIG. 3, upon selecting the appropriate VLC codeword table, coding logic 134 encodes the level of the current non-zero transform coefficient to be coded, block 310.

[0086] Next, coding logic 134 determines if all non-zero coefficients before the T1 coefficients have all been level coded, block 312. If not, coding logic 134 continues operation at block 304 as earlier described. If all non-zero coefficients before the T1 coefficients have been level coded, coding logic 134 terminates the level coding process for the current sample block.

Total Zeros and Run Length Encoder Blocks

[0087] In various embodiments, TotalZero-RunLength encoder block 106 includes multiple VLC codeword tables for encoding the number of zero coefficients interposed among and the non-zero coefficients and their respective run lengths.

[0088] More specifically, in one embodiment, TotalZero-RunLength encoder block 106 includes two VLC codeword tables for encoding “total zeros”, one for transform coefficients of luma sample blocks and another for transform coefficients of chroma sample blocks, and a VLC codeword table for encoding “run lengths” for either type of sample blocks. The VLC codeword tables are:

TABLE 14
Luma Total Zeros VLC Codeword Table
NumCoeff
TotZeros	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
0	1	111	0010	111101	01000	101100	111000
1	011	101	1101	1110	01010	101101	111001
2	010	011	000	0110	01011	1010	11101
3	0011	001	010	1010	1110	001	1001
4	0010	000	1011	000	011	010	1111
5	00011	1000	1111	100	100	000	00
6	00010	0101	011	110	1111	110	01
7	000011	1001	100	1011	110	111	101
8	000010	1100	0011	010	101	100	110
9	0000011	01000	1110	001	001	011	100
10	0000010	11011	1010	0111	000	10111	—
11	00000001	11010	11000	1111	01001	—	—
12	00000000	010010	110011	111100	—	—	—
13	00000011	0100111	110010	—	—	—	—
14	000000101	0100110	—	—	—	—	—
15	000000100	—	—	—	—	—	—
NumCoeff
TotZeros	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
0	101000	111000	10000	11000	1000	100	00	0
1	101001	111001	10001	11001	1001	101	01	1
2	10101	11101	1001	1101	101	11	1	—
3	1011	1111	101	111	0	0	—	—
4	110	00	01	0	11	—	—	—
5	00	01	11	10		—	—	—
6	111	10	00	—	—	—	—	—
7	01	110	—	—	—	—	—	—
8	100	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
9	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
10	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
11	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
12	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
14	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
15	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

[0089]

TABLE 15
Chroma Total Zeros VLC Codeword Table
	NumCoeff
	TotZeros	1	2	3
	0	1	1	1
	1	01	01	0
	2	001	00	—
	3	000	—	—

[0090]

TABLE 16
Run Length VLC Codeword Table
ZerosLeft
Run Length	1	2	3	4	5	6	>6
0	1	1	01	01	01	01	000
1	0	01	00	00	00	00	010
2	—	00	11	11	11	101	101
3	—	—	10	101	101	100	100
4	—	—	—	100	1001	111	111
5	—	—	—	—	1000	1101	110
6	—	—	—	—	—	1100	0011
7	—	—	—	—	—	—	0010
8		—	—	—	—	—	00011
9	—	—	—	—	—	—	00010
10	—	—	—	—	—	—	00001
11	—	—	—	—	—	—	0000011
12	—	—	—	—	—	—	0000010
13	—	—	—	—	—	—	0000001
14	—	—	—	—	—	—	00000001

[0091] Similarly, in alternate embodiments, different number of VLC codeword tables as well as different VLC codewords, including different manner of storing the VLC codewords, may be used to practice the present invention. In particular, in one embodiment, the present invention may be practiced with the following three VLC codeword tables instead.

TABLE 14
Luma Total Zeros VLC Codeword Table
NumCoeff
TotZeros	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
0	11	1113	1014	0115	1014	0016	0016
1	0113	1103	1113	1113	1004	0015	0015
2	0103	1013	1103	1014	0114	1113	1013
3	0114	1003	1013	1004	1113	1103	1003
4	0104	0113	1004	1103	1103	1013	0113
5	0115	1014	0114	1013	1013	1003	112
6	0105	1004	1003	1003	1003	0113	0103
7	0116	0114	0113	0114	0113	0103	0014
8	0106	0104	0104	0113	0104	0014	0013
9	0117	0115	0115	0104	0015	0013	0006
10	0107	0105	0105	0105	0014	0006	—
11	0118	0116	0016	0015	0005	—	—
12	0108	0106	0015	0005	—	—	—
13	0119	0016	0006	—	—	—	—
14	0109	0006	—	—	—	—	—
15	0019	—	—	—	—	—	—
NumCoeff
TotZeros	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
0	0016	0016	0015	0004	0004	0003	002	01
1	0014	0006	0005	0014	0014	0013	012	11
2	0015	0014	0013	0013	012	11	11	—
3	0113	112	112	0103	11	012	—	—
4	112	102	102	11	0013	—	—	—
5	102	0013	012	0113	—	—	—	—
6	0103	012	0014	—	—	—	—	—
7	0013	0015	—	—	—	—	—	—
8	0006	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
9	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
10	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
11	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
12	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
14	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
15	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

[0092]

TABLE 15
Chroma Total Zeros VLC Codeword Table
	NumCoeff
	TotZeros	1	2	3
	0	1 1	1 1	1 1
	1	01 2	01 2	0 1
	2	01 3	00 2	—
	3	00 3	—	—

[0093]

TABLE 16
Run Length VLC Codeword Table
ZerosLeft
RunLength	1	2	3	4	5	6	>6
0	1	1	11	11	11	11	111 3
1	0	01	10	10	10	000	110 3
2	—	00	01	01	011	001	101 3
3	—	—	00	001	010	011	100 3
4	—	—	—	000	001	010	011 3
5	—	—	—	—	000	101	010 3
6	—	—	—	—	—	100	001 3
7	—	—	—	—	—	—	001 4
8		—	—	—	—	—	001 5
9	—	—	—	—	—	—	001 6
10	—	—	—	—	—	—	001 7
11	—	—	—	—	—	—	001 8
12	—	—	—	—	—	—	001 9
13	—	—	—	—	—	—	001 10
14	—	—	—	—	—	—	001 11

[0094] The VLC codewords of Tables 14-16 are expressed in the same earlier described space saving format.

[0095] FIG. 4 illustrates the operational flow of the relevant aspects of coding logic 144 of TotalZero-Run Length encoder block 142 for encoding number of zero coefficients interposed among non-zero coefficients and their respective run lengths of transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture, in accordance with one embodiment.

[0096] As illustrated, for the embodiment, upon receipt of the transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks, coding logic 144 determines the number of zero coefficients interposed among the non-zero coefficients (Total Zeros), block 402. Next, coding logic 144 selects the appropriate codeword table corresponding to the number of coefficients in the block and the sample block type, block 404. In other embodiments, other criteria may be used to select the codeword table. Next, coding logic 144 encodes the Total Zeros information using the selected codeword table.

[0097] Additionally, coding logic 144 selects the first run of the interposed zeros (processing from the back, or in an alternative embodiment, processing from the front), and determines the run length (Run Length), blocks 406-408. Next, coding logic 144 selects the appropriate codeword table based on the number of zeros left to be interposed, block 407. Next, coding logic 144 encodes the Run Length information using the selected Run Length codeword table. Coding logic 144 then determines if all interposed zero runs have been coded, block 410. If not, coding logic 144 continues back at block 406 as earlier described. If all interposed zero runs have been coded, the Total Zero and Run Length encoding process terminates.

Decoder

[0098] FIG. 5 illustrates an overview of a context-adaptive VLC decoder of the present invention for decoding transform coefficients encoded in accordance with encoding principles similar to that of the encoder of FIG. 1, in accordance with one embodiment. As illustrated, for the embodiment, context-adaptive VLC decoder 500 is similarly constituted as encoder 100, having decoder blocks 502-506, which are coupled to input 510 of decoder 500 in parallel to receive a bit stream of VLC codewords encoding quantized transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of macroblocks of pictures of a video. In response, decoder blocks 502-506 decode the received encodings of the transform coefficients of the (luma/chroma) blocks back into their quantized forms, and output them at output 108.

[0099] For the embodiments, decoder blocks 502-506 are similar constituted as encoder blocks 102-106. That is, decoder block 502 includes VLC codeword tables 522 and coding logic 524 for decoding combined VLC codewords of the number of coefficients and T1 coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture. Further, decoder block 504 includes VLC codeword tables 532 and coding logic 534 for decoding VLC codewords of the levels of transform coefficients of the (luma/chroma) blocks. Similarly, decoder block 506 includes VLC codeword tables 532 and coding logic 534 for decoding VLC codewords of the Total Zeros and the respective “Zero” Run Lengths in the non-zero transform coefficients of the (luma/chroma) blocks.

Example Applications of the Present Invention

[0100] FIG. 6 illustrates a video device incorporated with the teachings of the present invention, in accordance with one embodiment. As illustrated, video device 600 includes encoder 610 and decoder 620 coupled to the inputs and outputs of the device. As described earlier, encoder 610 is designed to receive quantized transform coefficients 632a of (luma/chroma) blocks of macroblocks of pictures of a video, and to adaptively encode them in response, into VLC codewords 634a. Decoder 620 is designed to receive VLC codewords 634b of the transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of macroblocks of pictures of another video, and to adaptively decode in response the codewords back into coefficients 632b.

[0101] Encoder 610 and decoder 620 are similarly constituted as the earlier described encoder 100 and decoder 500. In various embodiments, encoder 610 and decoder 620 may share at least in part their constituting tables and coding logics (as denoted by the intersecting blocks of encoder 610 and decoder 620).

[0102] In various embodiments, video device 600 may be a digital camera, a DVD player, a video surveillance camera, a video conferencing device, a medical imaging device, and other video devices of the like. In other embodiment, video device 600 may be a wireless mobile phone, a palm sized computing device, such as a personal digital assistant, a laptop computing device, a desktop computing device, a set top box, a server, and other computing devices of the like. Applications executing one these video devices 600 may include instant messaging and/or email that includes video. In yet other embodiments, video device 600 may be a circuit board component, such as a video “add-on” circuit board (also referred to as a daughter circuit board), a motherboard, and other circuit boards of the like.

[0103] FIG. 7 illustrates an article of manufacture including a recordable medium 700 having programming instructions implementing a software embodiment of the earlier described encoder 100 and/or decoder 500. Programming instructions implementing a software embodiment of encoder 100 and/or decoder 500 are designed for use to program video device 710 to equip video device 710 with the encoding and decoding capabilities of the present invention.

[0104] For the embodiment, video device 710 include storage medium 712 to store at least a portion of a working copying of the programming instructions implementing the software embodiment of encoder 100 and/or decoder 500, and at least one processor 714 coupled to storage medium 712 to execute the programming instructions.

[0105] Video device 712 may be any one of the earlier enumerated example device devices or other video devices of the like. Article 710 may e.g. be a diskette, a compact disk (CD), a DVD or other computer readable medium of the like. In other embodiments, article 710 may be a distribution server distributing encoder 100 and/or decoder 500 on line, via private and/or public networks, such as the Internet. In one embodiment, article 710 is a web server.

[0106] FIG. 8 illustrates an example system having video sender 802 and video receiver 804 communicatively coupled to each other as shown, with video sender 802 encoding a video in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, and providing the encoded video to video receiver 802, and video receiver 802, in turn decoding the encoded video to render the video. Video sender 802 and video receiver 804 are equipped with the earlier described encoder 100 and decoder 500 respectively.

[0107] An example of video sender 802 is a video server, whereas an example of a video receiver 804 is a client device coupled to video sender 802.

Conclusion and Epilogue

[0108] Thus, it can be seen from the above descriptions, a novel method for encoding and decoding transform coefficients of (luma/chroma) blocks of a macroblock of a picture, including encoders, decoders, devices and systems incorporated with the method have been described.

[0109] While the present invention has been described in terms of the foregoing embodiments and example applications, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the embodiments and example application described. The present invention can be practiced with modification and alteration within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For examples, different number of encoder/decoder blocks, different number of codeword tables in the various encoder/decoder blocks, different codeword tables, different codeword table selection logic, and different coding directions may be practiced instead.

[0110] Thus, the description is to be regarded as illustrative instead of restrictive on the present invention.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising: storage medium; and a plurality of codeword tables stored in said storage medium, with each of said plurality of codeword tables having a plurality of codewords to be selectively accessed, based at least in part on a sample block type, for performing at least one of encoding in a combined manner, a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture; and decoding a combined encoding of a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least a selected one of said codeword tables comprises codewords to be selectively accessed for luma sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture, to perform at least one of encoding in combination and decoding a combined encoding of a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of the luma sample blocks.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the codeword tables comprise at least one codeword table having a majority of codewords of a selected one of

4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the apparatus further comprises logic coupled to the storage medium to select one of said codeword tables and a FLC to encode/decode a series of transform coefficients of luma sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the logic is equipped to select one of said codeword tables and a FLC to encode/decode a series of transform coefficients of luma sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture in an adaptive manner, based at least in part on the number of coefficients in one or more series of transform coefficients of one or more neighboring luma sample blocks of the macroblock of the picture.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the one or more neighboring luma sample blocks of the macroblock of the picture comprise at least one of an above neighbor luma sample block, and a left neighbor luma sample block of the macroblock of the picture.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least a selected one of the codeword tables comprises codewords to be selectively accessed to perform at least one of encoding in combination and decoding a combined encoding of a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of chroma sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture.

8. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the codeword tables comprise at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises logic to perform at least one of encoding signs of trailing one coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture; and decoding encodings of signs of trailing one coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises a processor coupled to the storage medium to selectively access said codewords of said codeword tables to perform said encoding/decoding.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a selected one a palm sized computing device, a wireless mobile phone, a digital personal assistant, a laptop computing device, a desktop computing device, a set-top box, a server, a compact disk player, a digital versatile disk player, a television, and a display monitor.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a video daughter card and a motherboard having integrated video capability.

13. An apparatus comprising: storage medium; and a plurality of codeword tables stored in said storage medium, with each of said codeword tables having a plurality of codewords to be adaptively accessed to perform at least one of encoding a level measure of a transform coefficient of a sample block of a macroblock of a picture, with said encoding being independent of encoding of a number of coefficients of the transform coefficients of the sample block; and decoding an encoding of a level measure of a transform coefficient of a sample block of a macroblock of a picture, with said encoding being independent of a number of coefficients of the transform coefficients of the sample block.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the transform coefficient of a sample block of a macroblock of a picture comprises a transform coefficient of a selected one of a luma sample block and a chroma sample block of a macroblock of a picture.

15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the codeword tables comprise at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of a selected one of

16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the apparatus further comprises logic coupled to the storage medium to adaptively select one of said codeword tables to encode/decode a level measure of a transform coefficient of a sample block of a macroblock of a picture, based at least in part on one or more of a quantization parameter of the macroblock, the number of coefficients in the block, and the level of one or more of the previously encoded/decoded transform coefficients.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the codeword tables comprise different number of codewords; and the logic is equipped to encode/decode transform coefficients, symmetrically selecting smaller codeword tables before selecting larger codeword tables.

18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein logic is equipped to process the transform coefficients in a selected one of a back to front processing order and a front to back processing order.

19. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the apparatus further comprises logic to perform at least one of encoding signs of trailing one coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture; and decoding encodings of signs of trailing one coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture.

20. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the apparatus further comprises a processor coupled to the storage medium to selectively access said codewords of said codeword tables to perform said encoding/decoding.

21. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the apparatus comprises a selected one a palm sized computing device, a wireless mobile phone, a digital personal assistant, a laptop computing device, a desktop computing device, a set-top box, a server, a compact disk player, a digital versatile disk player, a television, and a display monitor.

22. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the apparatus comprises a video daughter card and a motherboard having integrated video capability.

23. An apparatus comprising: storage medium; and a plurality of codeword tables stored in said storage medium, with each of said codeword tables having a plurality of codewords to be selectively accessed, based at least in part on a sample block type, to perform at least one of encoding a number of zero coefficients interposed between non-zero coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture, and one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients; and decoding an encoding of a number of zero coefficients interposed between non-zero coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture, and one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the codeword tables comprise a codeword table with a plurality of codewords to encode/decode a number of zero coefficients interposed between non-zero coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of luma sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the codeword tables comprise a codeword table having a majority of the codewords of

26. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the codeword tables comprise a codeword table with a plurality of codewords to encode/decode a number of zero coefficients interposed between non-zero coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of chroma sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the codeword tables comprise a codeword table having a majority of the codewords of

28. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the codeword tables comprise a codeword table with a plurality of codewords to encode/decode the one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture.

29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the codeword tables comprise at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of

30. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the apparatus further comprises a processor coupled to the storage medium to selectively access said codewords of said codeword tables to perform said encoding/decoding.

31. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the apparatus comprises a selected one a palm sized computing device, a wireless mobile phone, a digital personal assistant, a laptop computing device, a desktop computing device, a set-top box, a server, a compact disk player, a digital versatile disk player, a television, and a display monitor.

32. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the apparatus comprises a video daughter card and a motherboard having integrated video capability.

33. An article of manufacture comprising: a recordable medium; and a plurality of codeword tables recorded on the recordable medium to be retrieved to program an apparatus, with each of said plurality of codeword tables having a plurality of codewords to enable the apparatus to selectively access the codewords to perform at least one of encoding in a combined manner, a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture; and decoding a combined encoding of a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture.

34. The article of claim 33, wherein the codeword tables comprise at least a codeword table having a majority of the codewords of a selected one of

35. The article of claim 33, wherein the article further comprises programming instructions recorded on the recordable medium to program the apparatus to enable the apparatus to select one of said codeword tables and a FLC to encode/decode a series of transform coefficients of luma sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture.

36. The article of claim 35, wherein the programming instructions are designed to equipped the apparatus to select one of said codeword tables and a FLC to encode/decode a series of transform coefficients of luma sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture in an adaptive manner, based at least in part on the number of coefficients in one or more series of transform coefficients of one or more neighboring luma sample blocks of the macroblock of the picture.

37. The article of claim 36, wherein the one or more neighboring luma sample blocks of the macroblock of the picture comprise at least one of an above neighbor luma sample block, and a left neighbor luma sample block of the macroblock of the picture.

38. The article of claim 33, wherein the article further comprises programming instructions designed to program the apparatus to equipped the apparatus to perform at least one of encoding signs of trailing one coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture; and decoding encodings of signs of trailing one coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture.

39. An article of manufacture comprising: a recordable medium; and a plurality of codeword tables recorded on said recordable medium to be retrieved to program an apparatus, with each of said codeword tables having a plurality of codewords to be selectively accessed by the apparatus to perform at least one of encoding a level measure of a transform coefficient of a sample block of a macroblock of a picture, with said encoding being independent of encoding of a number of coefficients of the transform coefficients of the sample block; and decoding an encoding of a level measure of a transform coefficient of a sample block of a macroblock of a picture, with said encoding being independent of encoding of a number of coefficients of the transform coefficients of the sample block.

40. The article of claim 39, wherein the codeword tables comprise at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of a selected one of

41. The article of claim 39, wherein the article further comprises programming instructions designed to program the apparatus to enable the apparatus to select one of said codeword tables to encode/decode a level measure of a transform coefficient of a sample block of a macroblock of a picture, based at least in part on one or more of a quantization parameter of the macroblock, the number of coefficients in the block, and the level of one or more of the previously encoded/decoded transform coefficients.

42. The article of claim 41, wherein the codeword tables comprise different number of codewords; and the programming instructions are designed to equip the apparatus to encode/decode transform coefficients, symmetrically selecting smaller codeword tables before selecting larger codeword tables.

43. The article of claim 41, wherein the programming instructions are designed to enable the apparatus to encode the transform coefficients from a selected one of a back to front processing order and a front to back processing order.

44. The article of claim 39, wherein the article further comprises programming instructions designed to program an apparatus to enable the apparatus to perform at least one of encoding signs of trailing one coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of a sample block of a macroblock of a picture; and decoding encodings of signs of trailing one coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of a sample block of a macroblock of a picture.

45. An article comprising: a recordable medium; and a plurality of codeword tables recorded on said recordable medium to be retrieved to program an apparatus, with each of said codeword tables having a plurality of codewords to be selectively accessed by the apparatus to perform at least one of encoding a number of zero coefficients interposed between non-zero coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture, and one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients; and decoding an encoding of a number of zero coefficients interposed between non-zero coefficients of a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture, and one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients.

46. The article of claim 45, wherein the codeword tables comprise at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of

47. The article of claim 45, wherein the codeword tables comprise at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of

48. A video encoding method comprising: encoding in a combined manner, a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture; encoding signs of the trailing one coefficients; encoding a level measure of each of the non-zero transform coefficients before the trailing one coefficients; and encoding a number of zero coefficients interposed between the non-zero coefficients before the trailing one coefficients, and one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients before the trailing one coefficients.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein said encoding in a combined manner, a number of trailing one coefficients and a number of non-zero coefficients before the trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of a sample block of a macroblock of a picture comprises accessing one or more codeword tables including at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of a selected one of

50. The method of claim 47 wherein for a luma sample block, said encoding in a combined manner, a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture further comprises selecting one of a plurality of codeword tables and a FLC.

51. The method of claim 49, wherein said selecting of one of a plurality of codeword tables and a FLC is performed in an adaptive manner, based at least in part on the number of coefficients in one or more series of transform coefficients of one or more neighboring luma sample blocks of the macroblock of the picture.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein the one or more neighboring luma sample blocks of the macroblock of the picture comprise at least one of an above neighbor luma sample block, and a left neighbor luma sample block of the macroblock of the picture.

53. The method of claim 46, wherein said encoding of a level measure of each non-zero transform coefficient before the trailing one coefficients comprises selectively accessing one or more codeword tables including at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of a selected one of

54. The method of claim 48, wherein said encoding of a level measure of each non-zero transform coefficient before the trailing one coefficients comprises selecting codeword tables, based at least in part on one or more of a quantization parameter of the macroblock, the number of coefficients in the block, and the levels of one or more of the previously encoded/decodec transform coefficients.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the codeword tables comprise different number of codewords; and said encoding of a level measure of each non-zero transform coefficient before the trailing one coefficients comprises symmetrically selecting smaller codeword tables before selecting larger codeword tables.

56. The method of claim 48, wherein said encoding of a number of zero coefficients interposed between the non-zero coefficients before the trailing one coefficients, and one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients comprises selectively accessing one or more codeword tables including at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of

57. A video decoding method comprising: decoding a combined encoding of a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture; decoding encodings of signs of trailing one coefficients; decoding encodings of level measures of the non-zero transform coefficients before the trailing one coefficients; and decoding an encoding of a number of zero coefficients interposed between the non-zero, and one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein said decoding of combined encoding of a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture comprises accessing one or more codeword tables including at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of a selected one of

59. The method of claim 58 wherein for a luma sample block, said decoding of a combined encoding of a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of a sample block of a macroblock of a picture further comprises selecting one of a plurality of codeword tables and a FLC.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein said selecting of one of a plurality of codeword tables and a FLC is performed in an adaptive manner, based at least in part on the number of coefficients in one or more series of transform coefficients of one or more neighboring luma sample blocks of the macroblock of the picture.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the one or more neighboring luma sample blocks of the macroblock of the picture comprise at least one of an above neighbor luma sample block, and a left neighbor luma sample block of the macroblock of the picture.

62. The method of claim 57, wherein said decoding of encodings of level measures of the non-zero transform coefficients before the trailing one coefficients comprises selectively accessing one or more codeword tables including at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of a selected one of

63. The method of claim 58, wherein said decoding of encodings of level measures of the non-zero transform coefficients before the trailing one coefficients comprises selecting codeword tables, based at least in part on one or more of a quantization parameter of the macroblock, the number of coefficients in the block, and the levels of one or more of the previously encoded/decoded transform coefficients.

64. The method of claim 63, wherein the codeword tables comprise different number of codewords; and said decoding of encodings of level measures of the non-zero transform coefficients before the trailing one coefficients comprises symmetrically selecting smaller codeword tables before selecting larger codeword tables.

65. The method of claim 55, wherein said decoding of an encoding of a number of zero coefficients interposed between the non-zero coefficients before the trailing one coefficients, and one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients comprises selectively accessing one or more codeword tables including at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of

66. In a system, a video encoding and decoding method comprising: a first device encoding a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture by encoding in a combined manner, a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in the series of transform coefficients, encoding signs of the trailing one coefficients, encoding a level measure of each of the non-zero transform coefficients before the trailing one coefficients, and encoding a number of zero coefficients interposed between the non-zero coefficients, and one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients; and a second device recovering the sample block by decoding the combined encoding of the number of coefficients and the number of trailing one coefficients in the series of transform coefficients, decoding the encodings of the signs of the trailing one coefficients, decoding the encodings of the level measures of the non-zero transform coefficients before the trailing one coefficients, and decoding encodings of the number of zero coefficients interposed between the non-zero coefficients, and the encodings of the one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients.

67. The method of claim 65, wherein said encoding in a combined manner, by said first device, of a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture, and said decoding of the combined encodings by the second device, comprises accessing one or more codeword tables including at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of a selected one of

68. The method of claim 64 wherein for a luma sample block, said encoding in a combined manner, by the first device, of a number of coefficients and a number of trailing one coefficients in a series of transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a picture further, and said decoding of the combined encodings by the second device, comprises selecting one of a plurality of codeword tables and a FLC.

69. The method of claim 68, wherein said selecting of one of a plurality of codeword tables and a FLC is performed in an adaptive manner, based at least in part on the number of coefficients in one or more series of transform coefficients of one or more neighboring luma sample blocks of the macroblock of the picture.

70. The method of claim 69, wherein the one or more neighboring luma sample blocks of the macroblock of the picture comprise at least one of an above neighbor luma sample block, and a left neighbor luma sample block of the macroblock of the picture.

71. The method of claim 66, wherein said encoding by the first device, of level measures of the non-zero transform coefficients before the trailing one coefficients, and said decoding of the level measure encodings by the second device, comprises selectively accessing one or more codeword tables including at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of a selected one of

72. The method of claim 66, wherein said encoding by the first device, of level measures of the non-zero transform coefficients before the trailing one coefficients, and said decoding of the level measure encodings by the second device, comprises selecting codeword tables, based at least in part on one or more of a quantization parameter of the macroblock, the number of coefficients in the block, and the level of one or more of the previously encoded/decoded transform coefficients.

73. The method of claim 72, wherein the codeword tables comprise different number of codewords; and said encoding by the first device, of the level measures of the non-zero transform coefficients before the trailing one coefficients, and the decoding of the level measures by the second device, comprises symmetrically selecting smaller codeword tables before selecting larger codeword tables.

74. The method of claim 66, wherein said encoding by the first device, of a number of zero coefficients interposed between the non-zero coefficients, and one or more run lengths of the zero coefficients before the respective non-zero coefficients, and said decoding of the number of zero coefficients and run length encodings by the second device, comprises selectively accessing one or more codeword tables including at least one codeword table having a majority of the codewords of