Continuous blade impeller

Abstract

An impeller is usable in a variable diameter bioreactor having multiple vessel sections of successively increasing or decreasing volume. The impeller includes an impeller blade extending along an impeller blade axis between first and second axial ends and having opposed impeller blade faces, an impeller blade leading edge, and an impeller blade trailing edge. Each of the leading and trailing edges defines a helix or spiral between the axial ends of the impeller blade. In certain arrangements, the impeller blade is one of at least two impeller blades joined together along an impeller shaft extending axially along the impeller blade axis mentioned, and the helix or spiral has a pitch approximately equal to one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel impellers for use in bioreactors. Impellers according to the present invention are suitable for use in any type or volume of bioreactor, including variable diameter bioreactors.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0369828 A1 to Mietzner et al. discloses certain variable diameter bioreactor vessel configurations for production of biologic material. The bioreactor vessels can include multiple vessel sections with different diameters, and, in certain arrangements, an agitator assembly extends into different bioreactor vessel section internal volumes so that multiple agitators disposed on an agitator shaft are located within respective vessel section internal volumes. The entire disclosure of the Mietzner et al., US 2017/0369828 publication is incorporated herein by reference as non-essential material.

The bioreactors, bioreactor trains, and methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,783,771; 9,670,446; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0267962 to Khan are also suitable vessels in which the novel impellers of the present invention can be used. These patents and applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

The impeller of the present invention may also be used in single-use bioreactors, such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0369828; International Publication No. WO 2017/223269; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0349874; and International Publication No. WO 2017/207822.

Traditional bioreactor processing of microorganism cultures typically use multiple impellers installed on a shaft with offset distances between the vessel bottom, the air liquid interface, and between other impellers. Seed vessels (e.g., N-1, N-2) are used to volumetrically bulk up the cell density and volume to production scale. Bioreactor processing at full scale (e.g., N) using traditional impellers, without the use of seed vessels, experience limitations prohibiting consistent volumetric addition of media throughout the growth cycle. A bolus addition is used to achieve a height over the agitator to avoid excessive foaming at the impeller level. Variable diameter bioreactor (VDB) technology also requires a purpose designed impeller to allow consistent volumetric addition and avoid limitations experienced with traditional impellers. This design needs to consider optimal continuous mixing conditions (e.g., mixing time and shear), consistent and appropriate power per unit volume conditions, as well as minimal foaming conditions while providing agitation to a dynamically changing reactor volume to eliminate growth lag from traditional designed agitators. This also allows flexible processing for low, mid, and high titer production lines via varying bioreactor volume to optimize processing at the existing downstream scale.

In some instances, production scale bioreactor processing is accomplished through the use of bioreactors where liquid height is greater than vessel diameter (aspect ratio>1:1, liquid height to vessel diameter) and an array of multiple blade impellers on a shaft are used to mix the culture. Others use aspect ratios disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,783,771; 9,670,446; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0267962 to Khan. These bioreactors are designed and sized to scale up the volume of the culture from inoculum in interim seed reactors increasing in volume until production volume has been reached. Typically bioreactors consist of vertical vessels with dished heads and bottoms, either tanks or disposable bags in support structures as necessary. Typically impellers consist of motors coupled with shafts (e.g., mechanical, magnetic) with discrete agitators attached (e.g., welded, set screws) in configurations to mix solutions and gases with culture to promote efficient growth.

There are certain limitations or drawbacks of the known process, product, and apparatus. Each traditional reactor/impeller system involves a transfer from one reactor to another and introduces the culture to conditions that differ from the end of the previous reactor. The reactor/agitator system design works optimally at a narrow volumetric band. This typically produces a “lag phase” effect where the cell growth stalls for a period before attaining exponential growth again. For large scale, this typical processing requires multiple reactors, increased footprint, and increased preparation activities. This leads to increased draw on utilities (water, steam, waste), more clean-in-place (CIP) systems, more steam-in-place (SIP) steps, and greater risk of contamination. There is a limited flexibility in traditional reactor/impeller systems with volumetric scalability. The traditional agitator design applied to the Variable Diameter Bioreactor has been shown to create detached mixing zones (See FIGS. 2A-2C).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An impeller according to the present invention is particularly suitable for use in a variable diameter bioreactor having multiple vessel sections of successively increasing or decreasing volume. The impeller includes an impeller blade extending along an impeller blade axis between first and second axial ends and having opposed impeller blade faces, an impeller blade leading edge, and an impeller blade trailing edge. Each of the leading and trailing edges defines a helix or spiral between the axial ends of the impeller blade. In certain arrangements, the impeller blade is one of at least two impeller blades joined together along an impeller shaft extending axially along the impeller blade axis mentioned, and the helix or spiral has a pitch approximately equal to one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1D are schematic cross sectional illustrations of 20,000 liter bioreactor vessels, with FIG. 1A showing a conventional bioreactor, FIGS. 1B and 1C showing variable diameter bioreactors (VDBs) with conventional impellers, and FIG. 1D showing a VDB with a continuous agitator or impeller.

FIGS. 2A-2D are schematic representations of fluid velocity vectors at similar values of P/V for 20,000 liter bioreactor vessels, with FIG. 2A showing vectors for a conventional bioreactor, FIGS. 2B and 2C showing vectors for variable diameter bioreactors (VDBs) with conventional impellers, and FIG. 2D showing vectors for a VDB with a continuous agitator or impeller.

FIG. 3 illustrates an initial position of a tracer added to a conventional bioreactor and a VDB for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of mixing time.

FIG. 4A supplies a comparison of calculated blend times from CFD simulations for certain configurations of the present invention, although the analysis had a geometrical issue that was fixed and adjusted in subsequent updates.

FIG. 4B supplies a comparison that is roughly the same as that supplied by FIG. 4, but which includes an updated optimal design.

FIG. 5 is a VDB modelling update, although, again, the analysis had a geometrical issue that was fixed and adjusted in subsequent updates.

FIG. 6 supplies a comparison of a 20 kl conventional bioreactor and three VDB bioreactor designs designated V6, V7, and V8.

FIG. 7 supplies a comparison of a fluid velocity vectors and fluid pathlines for the VDB bioreactor designs designated V6, V7, and V8 mentioned.

FIG. 8 provides a preliminary graphical comparison of blend times of VDB designs relative to a conventional 20,000 kl bioreactor.

FIG. 9 supplies an example of flow number calculation.

FIG. 10 supplies a comparison of a 20 kl conventional bioreactor and five VDB bioreactor designs designated V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5.

FIG. 11 supplies a comparison of fluid pathlines for the 20 kl conventional bioreactor and 20 kl VDB bioreactor designs designated V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5 mentioned.

FIG. 12 is an illustration of fluid velocity vectors for the 20 kl conventional bioreactor and the 20 kl VDB bioreactor designs designated V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5 mentioned.

FIG. 13 is another preliminary VDB modelling update similar to but more recent than that of FIG. 5.

FIGS. 14A-14B provide schematic representations of axial distribution of mixing energy at an equal power to volume ratio for VDB bioreactor designs designated V9, V16, V17, and V18.

FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of fluid velocity vectors at an equal pressure to volume ratio for VDB bioreactor designs designated V9, V16, V17, V18, V19, and V20.

FIG. 16 supplies a comparison of fluid pathlines for the VDB bioreactor designs designated V9, V16, V17, V18, V19, and V20 mentioned.

FIG. 17 illustrates a spatial analysis simulation of blend time for a VDB bioreactor design designated V20.

FIGS. 18A-18B illustrate a spatial analysis simulation of blend time for a VDB bioreactor design designated V19.

FIG. 19 illustrates a spatial analysis simulation of blend time for a VDB bioreactor design designated V18.

FIGS. 20A-20B illustrate a spatial analysis simulation of blend time for a VDB bioreactor design designated V17.

FIGS. 21A-21B illustrate a spatial analysis simulation of blend time for a VDB bioreactor design designated V16.

FIG. 22 illustrates the configuration of a potential VDB prototype.

FIG. 23 provides views of a conventional 20,000 liter bioreactor, including a geometric representation similar to FIG. 1A, a fluid velocity vector representation similar to FIG. 2A but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline representation similar to those of FIGS. 7, 11, and 16 but at with different rpm settings.

FIG. 24 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V1 design included in FIG. 10, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V1 illustration included in FIG. 12, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V1 illustration supplied by FIG. 11 but with different rpm settings.

FIG. 25 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V2 design included in FIG. 10 but with different rpm settings, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V2 illustration included in FIG. 12 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V2 75 rpm illustration supplied by FIG. 11 but with different rpm settings.

FIG. 26 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V3 with impeller design included in FIG. 10, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V3 illustration included in FIG. 12 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V3 illustration supplied by FIG. 11 but with different rpm settings.

FIG. 27 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V4 with impeller design included in FIG. 10, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V4 46 rpm illustration included in FIG. 12, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V4 illustration supplied by FIG. 11 but with different rpm settings.

FIG. 28 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V5 with impeller design included in FIG. 10, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V5 illustration included in FIG. 12 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V5 illustration supplied by FIG. 11 but with different rpm settings.

FIG. 29 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V6 with impeller design included in FIG. 6, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V6 illustration included in FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V6 illustration also supplied by FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings.

FIG. 30 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V7 with impeller design included in FIG. 6, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V7 illustration included in FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V7 illustration also supplied by FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings.

FIG. 31 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V8 with impeller design included in FIG. 6, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V8 illustration included in FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V8 illustration also supplied by FIG. 7 but with different rpm settings.

FIG. 32 provides a geometric representation of the VDB V9 design included in FIGS. 14A-14B but with different rpm settings, a fluid velocity vector illustration similar to the V9 illustration included in FIG. 15 but with different rpm settings, and a fluid pathline illustration similar to the V9 rpm illustration supplied by FIG. 16 but with different rpm settings.

FIG. 33 provides a geometric representation of a further VDB bioreactor designs, designated VDB Design V10, a fluid velocity vector illustration for the VDB Design V10, and a fluid pathline illustration for the VDB Design V10.

FIG. 34 provides a geometric representation of a further VDB bioreactor designs, designated VDB Design V11, a fluid velocity vector illustration for the VDB Design V11, and a fluid pathline illustration for the VDB Design V11.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Key concepts of the invention, as well as the purpose and operation of the invention including technical characteristics, will now be identified. Using a conical bottomed tank with continuous agitation, an aspect ratio of greater than 1:1 (liquid height to vessel diameter at liquid level) can be maintained to support minimal inoculation volume with sufficient liquid head for oxygen transfer during bulk up to larger scale. The culture volume is then bulked up through addition of media to sustain logarithmic growth via the continuous agitation design concept.

Initial VDB designs consisted of using multiple impellers of conventional design (i.e. the same types of impellers used in conventional bioreactors), but altering their size, number, and overall placement. CFD simulations of these designs indicated that an unacceptably large number of impellers (five or more) would be required in order to avoid separated fluid mixing zones and achieve adequate overall fluid mixing. Optimization of impeller type and size using four impellers resulted in blend times of approximately 200 to 400 seconds for a 20,000 liter fill VDB compared to approximately 60 seconds for a 20,000 liter conventional bioreactor. VDB designs were shifted to use largely a novel continuous agitator that runs nearly the entire vertical length of the reactor and provide more consistent agitation as a function of height. Numerous design changes of impeller pitch and blade number as well as baffle size resulted in blend times of approximately 68-100 seconds for a 20,000 liter fill VDB compared to approximately 60 seconds for a 20,000 liter conventional bioreactor.

FIG. 1 shows schematically (A) a 20,000 liter conventional bioreactor, (B and C) a 20,000 liter VDB with multiple conventional impellers, and (D) a 20,000 liter VDB with a continuous agitator.

The impellers for the VDB in FIG. 1B are sized and placed according to industry best practices. The impellers in FIG. 1C have been optimized to reduce mixing time at the same P/V value compared to FIG. 1B.

FIGS. 2A-2D show fluid velocity vectors from computational dynamics (CFD) simulations for a vertical cross section for each of the bioreactors operated at a similar average power/volume. FIGS. 2A-2C show four conventional impellers in a VDB result in detached mixing zones rather than single, connected fluid flow seen in the conventional bioreactor. FIG. 2D shows that these detached mixing zones are greatly reduced with the continuous agitator design.

CFD simulations of fluid mixing times were conducted. Mixing time is quantitatively defined as the time required for all points in the bioreactor to be within +/−5% of the final, mean value for an added tracer fluid. For these simulations, tracer fluid was added as a single bolus to the top of each bioreactor as shown in FIG. 3 and then the mixing of that bolus tracked as a function of time until uniformity was reached.

Results of these simulations are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, with FIG. 4B including a currently optimal Design V20. Blend time (as defined previously) for a VDB with 4 conventional impellers (Design V1) range from 420 seconds (using impellers sized using industry best practices) to 264 seconds (for impellers optimized to maximize fluid mixing—Design V2). These results suggest that greater than four impellers are likely needed to achieve acceptable mixing relative to a conventional bioreactor. Blend time for a VDB with a continuous agitator (Design V20) shows a blend time of about 100 seconds, indicating a significant improvement in mixing relative to the same VDB bioreactor with conventional impellers.

The particular illustrations supplied by FIGS. 14A-16 show what are presently considered to be optimal designs. Referring by way of example to FIGS. 14A-14B, each of the impeller configurations shown is suitable for use in multiple vessel section VDBs such as those disclosed by the Mietzner et al. '828 A1 publication referred to above. As shown in FIG. 14A, an impeller 100 is usable in a variable diameter bioreactor 102 having multiple vessel sections 104, 106, and 108 of successively increasing or decreasing volume. The impeller 100 illustrated includes an impeller blade 110 extending along an impeller blade axis 112 between first and second axial ends 114, 116 and having opposed impeller blade faces 118, 120, an impeller blade leading edge 122, and an impeller blade trailing edge 124. As illustrated, the leading and trailing edges 122 and 124 each define a helix or spiral between the first and second axial ends 114, 116 of the impeller blade 110.

In each arrangement shown in FIG. 14A-14B, the impeller blade 110 is one of at least two impeller blades 110, 126 joined together along an impeller shaft 118 extending axially along the impeller blade axis 112 mentioned. The helix or spiral has a pitch approximately equal to one half of a length between the first and second axial ends 114, 116; as illustrated in FIG. 14A, the pitch mentioned is one half of the length mentioned. Differences between the versions V9, V16, V17, and V18 shown in FIGS. 14A-14B reside primarily in the combined diameter of shaft 118 and widths of the blades 110 and 126, with the V9 combined diameter and widths being 0.35 m between the first and second axial ends 114, 116, the V16 combined diameter and widths tapering from 0.75 m at the first axial end 114 to 0.35 m at the second axial end 116, the V17 combined diameter and widths tapering from 0.45 m at the first axial end 114 to 0.35 m at the second axial end 116, and the V18 combined diameter and widths tapering from 0.50 m at the first axial end 114 to 0.35 m at the second axial end 116.

Features considered of the invention considered different (i.e. novel) when compared to the state of the art include the use of a continuous impeller alone or in conjunction with another impeller (twin shaft design) within a typical cylindrical bioreactor or in a Variable Diameter Bioreactor.

With respect to envisioned products, processes, or applications, the biggest benefit would be bioreactor systems for contract manufacturing. Ease of configuration for total production volume and minimized footprint are key attributes for this application (flexibility for low, mid, and high titer processes). Ease of modification of existing bioreactors with this agitator technology to eliminate seed train equipment (N-1 and possibly more).

It is clear from the present disclosure that a scaled down version could be fabricated and used for any desired mixing, mass transfer, and cleaning in place attributes. A scaled down version could be used to replace seed train and feed a production bioreactor (traditional or VDB).

The examples below are set out in the Mietzner et al. '828 A1 publication mentioned above, which is incorporated herein by reference, but these examples are explicitly included here as well for the sake of completeness.

Examples

The relationship between the volume, diameter and properties for cell growth of the variable diameter bioreactors of the present invention requires the consideration of many factors. The below equation provides a useful guide when designing bioreactors of the present invention:

$\mathrm{Sphere}:V=\frac{\pi }{3}{y}^2\left(1.5D-y\right)\mathrm{Cylinder}:V=\frac{{\mathrm{LD}}^2}{8}\left(\theta -\sin \left(\theta \right)\right)T=2\sqrt{y\left(D-y\right)}=D\sin \left(\frac{\theta }{2}\right)\mathrm{Cone}:V=\frac{\pi h}{12}\left(D_{\mathrm{bot}}^2+D_{\mathrm{bot}}{D}_{\mathrm{top}}+D_{\mathrm{top}}^2\right)z=\frac{1}{2h}\left(D_{\mathrm{top}}-D_{\mathrm{bot}}\right)$

For example, when designing the bioreactor of the present invention to work with volumes up to 20,000 L, the variable diameter bioreactor would have the following proportions:

Total Volume: 20,000 L

Cone Volume: 15,000 L

Diameter_top: 7 ft

Diameter_bottom: 3 ft

Total Height: 30.2 ft

Cylinder Volume: 5,000 L

Cone Height: 25.6 ft

Cylinder Height: 4.6 ft

As another example, when designing the bioreactor of the present invention to fit into a certain space in a manufacturing facility or the like, where the height is limited to twenty feet, the above equation would yield the following proportions:

Total Volume: 16,458 L

Cone Volume: 9,341 L

Diameter_top: 8 ft

Diameter_bottom: 2 ft

Total Height: 20 ft

Cylinder Volume: 7,117 L

Cone Height: 15 ft

Cylinder Height: 5 ft

The above example can have four impellers.

As another example, the design of the present invention allows variable diameter bioreactors to be built in excess of 20,000 L, which is new to the art. Specifically, a variable diameter bioreactor could be built with the following proportions:

Total Volume: 25,000 L

Cone Volume: 15.000 L

Diameter_top: 7.9 ft

Diameter_bottom: 2.5 ft

Total Height: 30 ft

Cylinder Volume: 10,000 L

Cone Height: 22.8 ft

Cylinder Height: 7.2 ft

Unless described otherwise above, the above description may be further understood as follows. The devices, facilities and methods described herein are suitable for use in and with culturing any desired cell line including prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cell lines. Further, in embodiments, the devices, facilities and methods are suitable for culturing suspension cells or anchorage-dependent (adherent) cells and are suitable for production operations configured for production of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products—such as polypeptide products, nucleic acid products (for example DNA or RNA), or cells and/or viruses such as those used in cellular and/or viral therapies.

In embodiments, the cells express or produce a product, such as a recombinant therapeutic or diagnostic product. As described in more detail below, examples of products produced by cells include, but are not limited to, antibody molecules (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies), antibody mimetics (polypeptide molecules that bind specifically to antigens but that are not structurally related to antibodies such as e.g. DARPins, affibodies, adnectins, or IgNARs), fusion proteins (e.g., Fc fusion proteins, chimeric cytokines), other recombinant proteins (e.g., glycosylated proteins, enzymes, hormones), viral therapeutics (e.g., anti-cancer oncolytic viruses, viral vectors for gene therapy and viral immunotherapy), cell therapeutics (e.g., pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and adult stem cells), vaccines or lipid-encapsulated particles (e.g., exosomes, virus-like particles), RNA (such as e.g. siRNA) or DNA (such as e.g. plasmid DNA), antibiotics or amino acids. In embodiments, the devices, facilities and methods can be used for producing biosimilars.

As mentioned, in embodiments, devices, facilities and methods allow for the production of eukaryotic cells, e.g., mammalian cells or lower eukaryotic cells such as for example yeast cells or filamentous fungi cells, or prokaryotic cells such as Gram-positive or Gram-negative cells and/or products of the eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, e.g., proteins, peptides, antibiotics, amino acids, nucleic acids (such as DNA or RNA), synthesized by the eukaryotic cells in a large-scale manner. Unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods can include any desired volume or production capacity including but not limited to bench-scale, pilot-scale, and full production scale capacities.

Moreover and unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods can include any suitable reactor(s) including but not limited to stirred tank, airlift, fiber, microfiber, hollow fiber, ceramic matrix, fluidized bed, fixed bed, and/or spouted bed bioreactors. As used herein, “reactor” can include a fermentor or fermentation unit, or any other reaction vessel and the term “reactor” is used interchangeably with “fermentor.” For example, in some aspects, an example bioreactor unit can perform one or more, or all, of the following: feeding of nutrients and/or carbon sources, injection of suitable gas (e.g., oxygen), inlet and outlet flow of fermentation or cell culture medium, separation of gas and liquid phases, maintenance of temperature, maintenance of oxygen and CO2 levels, maintenance of pH level, agitation (e.g., stirring), and/or cleaning/sterilizing. Example reactor units, such as a fermentation unit, may contain multiple reactors within the unit, for example the unit can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100, or more bioreactors in each unit and/or a facility may contain multiple units having a single or multiple reactors within the facility. In various embodiments, the bioreactor can be suitable for batch, semi fed-batch, fed-batch, perfusion, and/or a continuous fermentation processes. Any suitable reactor diameter can be used. In embodiments, the bioreactor can have a volume between about 100 mL and about 50,000 L. Non-limiting examples include a volume of 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL, 750 mL, 1 liter, 2 liters, 3 liters, 4 liters, 5 liters, 6 liters, 7 liters, 8 liters, 9 liters, 10 liters, 15 liters, 20 liters, 25 liters, 30 liters, 40 liters, 50 liters, 60 liters, 70 liters, 80 liters, 90 liters, 100 liters, 150 liters, 200 liters, 250 liters, 300 liters, 350 liters, 400 liters, 450 liters, 500 liters, 550 liters, 600 liters, 650 liters, 700 liters, 750 liters, 800 liters, 850 liters, 900 liters, 950 liters, 1000 liters, 1500 liters, 2000 liters, 2500 liters, 3000 liters, 3500 liters, 4000 liters, 4500 liters, 5000 liters, 6000 liters, 7000 liters, 8000 liters, 9000 liters, 10,000 liters, 15,000 liters, 20,000 liters, and/or 50,000 liters. Additionally, suitable reactors can be multi-use, single-use, disposable, or non-disposable and can be formed of any suitable material including metal alloys such as stainless steel (e.g., 316 L or any other suitable stainless steel) and Inconel, plastics, and/or glass.

In embodiments and unless stated otherwise herein, the devices, facilities, and methods described herein can also include any suitable unit operation and/or equipment not otherwise mentioned, such as operations and/or equipment for separation, purification, and isolation of such products. Any suitable facility and environment can be used, such as traditional stick-built facilities, modular, mobile and temporary facilities, or any other suitable construction, facility, and/or layout. For example, in some embodiments modular clean-rooms can be used. Additionally and unless otherwise stated, the devices, systems, and methods described herein can be housed and/or performed in a single location or facility or alternatively be housed and/or performed at separate or multiple locations and/or facilities.

By way of non-limiting examples and without limitation, U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2012/0077429; and 2009/0305626; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,388,373, 8,771,635, 8,298,054; 7,629,167; and 5,656,491, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, describe example facilities, equipment, and/or systems that may be suitable.

In embodiments, the cells are eukaryotic cells, e.g., mammalian cells. The mammalian cells can be for example human or rodent or bovine cell lines or cell strains. Examples of such cells, cell lines or cell strains are e.g. mouse myeloma (NSO)-cell lines, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-cell lines, HT1080, H9, HepG2, MCF7, MDBK Jurkat, NIH3T3, PC12, BHK (baby hamster kidney cell), VERO, SP2/0, YB2/0, Y0, C127, L cell, COS, e.g., COS1 and COS7, QC1-3, HEK-293, VERO, PER.C6, HeLA, EB1, EB2, EB3, oncolytic or hybridoma-cell lines. Preferably the mammalian cells are CHO-cell lines. In one embodiment, the cell is a CHO cell. In one embodiment, the cell is a CHO-K1 cell, a CHO-K1 SV cell, a DG44 CHO cell, a DUXB11 CHO cell, a CHOS, a CHO GS knock-out cell, a CHO FUT8 GS knock-out cell, a CHOZN, or a CHO-derived cell. The CHO GS knock-out cell (e.g., GSKO cell) is, for example, a CHO-K1 SV GS knockout cell. The CHO FUT8 knockout cell is, for example, the Potelligent® CHOK1 SV (Lonza Biologics, Inc.). Eukaryotic cells can also be avian cells, cell lines or cell strains, such as for example, EBx® cells, EB14, EB24, EB26, EB66, or EBv13.

In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cells are stem cells. The stem cells can be, for example, pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), tissue specific stem cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

In one embodiment, the cell is a differentiated form of any of the cells described herein. In one embodiment, the cell is a cell derived from any primary cell in culture.

In embodiments, the cell is a hepatocyte such as a human hepatocyte, animal hepatocyte, or a non-parenchymal cell. For example, the cell can be a plateable metabolism qualified human hepatocyte, a plateable induction qualified human hepatocyte, plateable Qualyst Transporter Certified™ human hepatocyte, suspension qualified human hepatocyte (including 10-donor and 20-donor pooled hepatocytes), human hepatic kupffer cells, human hepatic stellate cells, dog hepatocytes (including single and pooled Beagle hepatocytes), mouse hepatocytes (including CD-1 and C57BI/6 hepatocytes), rat hepatocytes (including Sprague-Dawley, Wistar Han, and Wistar hepatocytes), monkey hepatocytes (including Cynomolgus or Rhesus monkey hepatocytes), cat hepatocytes (including Domestic Shorthair hepatocytes), and rabbit hepatocytes (including New Zealand White hepatocytes). Example hepatocytes are commercially available from Triangle Research Labs, LLC, 6 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park, N.C., USA 27709.

In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is a lower eukaryotic cell such as e.g. a yeast cell (e.g., Pichia genus (e.g. Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Pichia kluyveri, and Pichia angusta), Komagataella genus (e.g. Komagataella pastoris, Komagataella pseudopastoris or Komagataella phaffii), Saccharomyces genus (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisae, cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces uvarum), Kluyveromyces genus (e.g. Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus), the Candida genus (e.g. Candida utilis, Candida cacaoi, Candida boidinii), the Geotrichum genus (e.g. Geotrichum fermentans), Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica, or Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Preferred is the species Pichia pastoris. Examples for Pichia pastoris strains are X33, GS115, KM71, KM71H; and CBS7435.

In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is a fungal cell (e.g. Aspergillus (such as A. niger, A. fumigatus, A. orzyae, A. nidula), Acremonium (such as A. thermophilum), Chaetomium (such as C. thermophilum), Chrysosporium (such as C. thermophile), Cordyceps (such as C. militaris), Corynascus, Ctenomyces, Fusarium (such as F. oxysporum), Glomerella (such as G. graminicola), Hypocrea (such as H. jecorina), Magnaporthe (such as M. orzyae), Myceliophthora (such as M. thermophile), Nectria (such as N. heamatococca), Neurospora (such as N. crassa), Penicillium, Sporotrichum (such as S. thermophile), Thielavia (such as T. terrestris, T. heterothallica), Trichoderma (such as T. reesei), or Verticillium (such as V. dahlia)).

In one embodiment, the eukaryotic cell is an insect cell (e.g., Sf9, Mimic™ Sf9, Sf21, High Five™ (BT1-TN-5B1-4), or BT1-Ea88 cells), an algae cell (e.g., of the genus Amphora, Bacillariophyceae, Dunaliella, Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria), Nannochloropsis, Spirulina, or Ochromonas), or a plant cell (e.g., cells from monocotyledonous plants (e.g., maize, rice, wheat, or Setaria), or from a dicotyledonous plants (e.g., cassava, potato, soybean, tomato, tobacco, alfalfa, Physcomitrella patens or Arabidopsis).

In one embodiment, the cell is a bacterial or prokaryotic cell.

In embodiments, the prokaryotic cell is a Gram-positive cells such as Bacillus, Streptomyces Streptococcus, Staphylococcus or Lactobacillus. Bacillus that can be used is, e.g. the B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, B. natto, or B. megaterium. In embodiments, the cell is B. subtilis, such as B. subtilis 3NA and B. subtilis 168. Bacillus is obtainable from, e.g., the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center, Biological Sciences 556, 484 West 12^th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1214.

In one embodiment, the prokaryotic cell is a Gram-negative cell, such as Salmonella spp. or Escherichia coli, such as e.g., TG1, TG2, W3110, DH1, DHB4, DH5a, HMS 174, HMS174 (DE3), NM533, C600, HB101, JM109, MC4100, XL1-Blue and Origami, as well as those derived from E. coli B-strains, such as for example BL-21 or BL21 (DE3), all of which are commercially available.

Suitable host cells are commercially available, for example, from culture collections such as the DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany) or the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

In embodiments, the cultured cells are used to produce proteins e.g., antibodies, e.g., monoclonal antibodies, and/or recombinant proteins, for therapeutic use. In embodiments, the cultured cells produce peptides, amino acids, fatty acids or other useful biochemical intermediates or metabolites. For example, in embodiments, molecules having a molecular weight of about 4000 daltons to greater than about 140,000 daltons can be produced. In embodiments, these molecules can have a range of complexity and can include posttranslational modifications including glycosylation.

In embodiments, the protein is, e.g., BOTOX, Myobloc, Neurobloc, Dysport (or other serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins), alglucosidase alpha, daptomycin, YH-16, choriogonadotropin alpha, filgrastim, cetrorelix, interleukin-2, aldesleukin, teceleulin, denileukin diftitox, interferon alpha-n3 (injection), interferon alpha-n1, DL-8234, interferon, Suntory (gamma-1a), interferon gamma, thymosin alpha 1, tasonermin, DigiFab, ViperaTAb, EchiTAb, CroFab, nesiritide, abatacept, alefacept, Rebif, eptoterminalfa, teriparatide (osteoporosis), calcitonin injectable (bone disease), calcitonin (nasal, osteoporosis), etanercept, hemoglobin glutamer 250 (bovine), drotrecogin alpha, collagenase, carperitide, recombinant human epidermal growth factor (topical gel, wound healing), DWP401, darbepoetin alpha, epoetin omega, epoetin beta, epoetin alpha, desirudin, lepirudin, bivalirudin, nonacog alpha, Mononine, eptacog alpha (activated), recombinant Factor VIII+VWF, Recombinate, recombinant Factor VIII, Factor VIII (recombinant), Alphnmate, octocog alpha, Factor VIII, palifermin, Indikinase, tenecteplase, alteplase, pamiteplase, reteplase, nateplase, monteplase, follitropin alpha, rFSH, hpFSH, micafungin, pegfilgrastim, lenograstim, nartograstim, sermorelin, glucagon, exenatide, pramlintide, iniglucerase, galsulfase, Leucotropin, molgramostim, triptorelin acetate, histrelin (subcutaneous implant, Hydron), deslorelin, histrelin, nafarelin, leuprolide sustained release depot (ATRIGEL), leuprolide implant (DUROS), goserelin, Eutropin, KP-102 program, somatropin, mecasermin (growth failure), enlfavirtide, Org-33408, insulin glargine, insulin glulisine, insulin (inhaled), insulin lispro, insulin deternir, insulin (buccal, RapidMist), mecasermin rinfabate, anakinra, celmoleukin, 99 mTc-apcitide injection, myelopid, Betaseron, glatiramer acetate, Gepon, sargramostim, oprelvekin, human leukocyte-derived alpha interferons, Bilive, insulin (recombinant), recombinant human insulin, insulin aspart, mecasenin, Roferon-A, interferon-alpha 2, Alfaferone, interferon alfacon-1, interferon alpha, Avonex′ recombinant human luteinizing hormone, dornase alpha, trafermin, ziconotide, taltirelin, diboterminalfa, atosiban, becaplermin, eptifibatide, Zemaira, CTC-111, Shanvac-B, HPV vaccine (quadrivalent), octreotide, lanreotide, ancestirn, agalsidase beta, agalsidase alpha, laronidase, prezatide copper acetate (topical gel), rasburicase, ranibizumab, Actimmune, PEG-Intron, Tricomin, recombinant house dust mite allergy desensitization injection, recombinant human parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1-84 (sc, osteoporosis), epoetin delta, transgenic antithrombin III, Granditropin, Vitrase, recombinant insulin, interferon-alpha (oral lozenge), GEM-21S, vapreotide, idursulfase, omnapatrilat, recombinant serum albumin, certolizumab pegol, glucarpidase, human recombinant C1 esterase inhibitor (angioedema), lanoteplase, recombinant human growth hormone, enfuvirtide (needle-free injection, Biojector 2000), VGV-1, interferon (alpha), lucinactant, aviptadil (inhaled, pulmonary disease), icatibant, ecallantide, omiganan, Aurograb, pexigananacetate, ADI-PEG-20, LDI-200, degarelix, cintredelinbesudotox, Favld, MDX-1379, ISAtx-247, liraglutide, teriparatide (osteoporosis), tifacogin, AA4500, T4N5 liposome lotion, catumaxomab, DWP413, ART-123, Chrysalin, desmoteplase, amediplase, corifollitropinalpha, TH-9507, teduglutide, Diamyd, DWP-412, growth hormone (sustained release injection), recombinant G-CSF, insulin (inhaled, AIR), insulin (inhaled, Technosphere), insulin (inhaled, AERx), RGN-303, DiaPep277, interferon beta (hepatitis C viral infection (HCV)), interferon alpha-n3 (oral), belatacept, transdermal insulin patches, AMG-531, MBP-8298, Xerecept, opebacan, AIDSVAX, GV-1001, LymphoScan, ranpirnase, Lipoxysan, lusupultide, MP52 (beta-tricalciumphosphate carrier, bone regeneration), melanoma vaccine, sipuleucel-T, CTP-37, Insegia, vitespen, human thrombin (frozen, surgical bleeding), thrombin, TransMID, alfimeprase, Puricase, terlipressin (intravenous, hepatorenal syndrome), EUR-1008M, recombinant FGF-I (injectable, vascular disease), BDM-E, rotigaptide, ETC-216, P-113, MBI-594AN, duramycin (inhaled, cystic fibrosis), SCV-07, OPI-45, Endostatin, Angiostatin, ABT-510, Bowman Birk Inhibitor Concentrate, XMP-629, 99 mTc-Hynic-Annexin V, kahalalide F, CTCE-9908, teverelix (extended release), ozarelix, rornidepsin, BAY-504798, interleukin4, PRX-321, Pepscan, iboctadekin, rhlactoferrin, TRU-015, IL-21, ATN-161, cilengitide, Albuferon, Biphasix, IRX-2, omega interferon, PCK-3145, CAP-232, pasireotide, huN901-DMI, ovarian cancer immunotherapeutic vaccine, SB-249553, Oncovax-CL, OncoVax-P, BLP-25, CerVax-16, multi-epitope peptide melanoma vaccine (MART-1, gp100, tyrosinase), nemifitide, rAAT (inhaled), rAAT (dermatological), CGRP (inhaled, asthma), pegsunercept, thymosinbeta4, plitidepsin, GTP-200, ramoplanin, GRASPA, OBI-1, AC-100, salmon calcitonin (oral, eligen), calcitonin (oral, osteoporosis), examorelin, capromorelin, Cardeva, velafermin, 131I-TM-601, KK-220, T-10, ularitide, depelestat, hematide, Chrysalin (topical), rNAPc2, recombinant Factor V111 (PEGylated liposomal), bFGF, PEGylated recombinant staphylokinase variant, V-10153, SonoLysis Prolyse, NeuroVax, CZEN-002, islet cell neogenesis therapy, rGLP-1, BIM-51077, LY-548806, exenatide (controlled release, Medisorb), AVE-0010, GA-GCB, avorelin, ACM-9604, linaclotid eacetate, CETi-1, Hemospan, VAL (injectable), fast-acting insulin (injectable, Viadel), intranasal insulin, insulin (inhaled), insulin (oral, eligen), recombinant methionyl human leptin, pitrakinra subcutaneous injection, eczema), pitrakinra (inhaled dry powder, asthma), Multikine, RG-1068, MM-093, NBI-6024, AT-001, PI-0824, Org-39141, Cpn10 (autoimmune diseases/inflammation), talactoferrin (topical), rEV-131 (ophthalmic), rEV-131 (respiratory disease), oral recombinant human insulin (diabetes), RPI-78M, oprelvekin (oral), CYT-99007 CTLA4-Ig, DTY-001, valategrast, interferon alpha-n3 (topical), IRX-3, RDP-58, Tauferon, bile salt stimulated lipase, Merispase, alaline phosphatase, EP-2104R, Melanotan-II, bremelanotide, ATL-104, recombinant human microplasmin, AX-200, SEMAX, ACV-1, Xen-2174, CJC-1008, dynorphin A, SI-6603, LAB GHRH, AER-002, BGC-728, malaria vaccine (virosomes, PeviPRO), ALTU-135, parvovirus B19 vaccine, influenza vaccine (recombinant neuraminidase), malaria/HBV vaccine, anthrax vaccine, Vacc-5q, Vacc-4x, HIV vaccine (oral), HPV vaccine, Tat Toxoid, YSPSL, CHS-13340, PTH(1-34) liposomal cream (Novasome), Ostabolin-C, PTH analog (topical, psoriasis), MBRI-93.02, MTB72F vaccine (tuberculosis), MVA-Ag85A vaccine (tuberculosis), FARA04, BA-210, recombinant plague FIV vaccine, AG-702, OxSODrol, rBetV1, Der-p1/Der-p2/Der-p7 allergen-targeting vaccine (dust mite allergy), PR1 peptide antigen (leukemia), mutant ras vaccine, HPV-16 E7 lipopeptide vaccine, labyrinthin vaccine (adenocarcinoma), CIVIL vaccine, WT1-peptide vaccine (cancer), IDD-5, CDX-110, Pentrys, Norelin, CytoFab, P-9808, VT-111, icrocaptide, telbermin (dermatological, diabetic foot ulcer), rupintrivir, reticulose, rGRF, HA, alpha-galactosidase A, ACE-011, ALTU-140, CGX-1160, angiotensin therapeutic vaccine, D-4F, ETC-642, APP-018, rhMBL, SCV-07 (oral, tuberculosis), DRF-7295, ABT-828, ErbB2-specific immunotoxin (anticancer), DT3SSIL-3, TST-10088, PRO-1762, Combotox, cholecystokinin-B/gastrin-receptor binding peptides, 111In-hEGF, AE-37, trasnizumab-DM1, Antagonist G, IL-12 (recombinant), PM-02734, IMP-321, rhIGF-BP3, BLX-883, CUV-1647 (topical), L-19 based radioimmunotherapeutics (cancer), Re-188-P-2045, AMG-386, DC/1540/KLH vaccine (cancer), VX-001, AVE-9633, AC-9301, NY-ESO-1 vaccine (peptides), NA17.A2 peptides, melanoma vaccine (pulsed antigen therapeutic), prostate cancer vaccine, CBP-501, recombinant human lactoferrin (dry eye), FX-06, AP-214, WAP-8294A (injectable), ACP-HIP, SUN-11031, peptide YY [3-36] (obesity, intranasal), FGLL, atacicept, BR3-Fc, BN-003, BA-058, human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (nasal, osteoporosis), F-18-CCR1, AT-1100 (celiac disease/diabetes), JPD-003, PTH(7-34) liposomal cream (Novasome), duramycin (ophthalmic, dry eye), CAB-2, CTCE-0214, GlycoPEGylated erythropoietin, EPO-Fc, CNTO-528, AMG-114, JR-013, Factor XIII, aminocandin, PN-951, 716155, SUN-E7001, TH-0318, BAY-73-7977, teverelix (immediate release), EP-51216, hGH (controlled release, Biosphere), OGP-I, sifuvirtide, TV4710, ALG-889, Org-41259, rhCC10, F-991, thymopentin (pulmonary diseases), r(m)CRP, hepatoselective insulin, subalin, L19-IL-2 fusion protein, elafin, NMK-150, ALTU-139, EN-122004, rhTPO, thrombopoietin receptor agonist (thrombocytopenic disorders), AL-108, AL-208, nerve growth factor antagonists (pain), SLV-317, CGX-1007, INNO-105, oral teriparatide (eligen), GEM-OS1, AC-162352, PRX-302, LFn-p24 fusion vaccine (Therapore), EP-1043, S pneumoniae pediatric vaccine, malaria vaccine, Neisseria meningitidis Group B vaccine, neonatal group B streptococcal vaccine, anthrax vaccine, HCV vaccine (gpE1+gpE2+MF-59), otitis media therapy, HCV vaccine (core antigen+ISCOMATRIX), hPTH(1-34) (transdermal, ViaDerm), 768974, SYN-101, PGN-0052, aviscumnine, BIM-23190, tuberculosis vaccine, multi-epitope tyrosinase peptide, cancer vaccine, enkastim, APC-8024, GI-5005, ACC-001, TTS-CD3, vascular-targeted TNF (solid tumors), desmopressin (buccal controlled-release), onercept, and TP-9201.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide is adalimumab (HUMIRA), infliximab (REMICADE™), rituximab (RITUXAN™/MAB THERA™) etanercept (ENBREL™) bevacizumab (AVASTIN™), trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN™), pegrilgrastim (NEULASTA™), or any other suitable polypeptide including biosimilars and biobetters.

Other suitable polypeptides are those listed below and in Table A of US 2016/0097074:

TABLE A
Protein Product                  Reference Listed Drug
interferon gamma-1b              Actimmune ®
alteplase; tissue plasminogen activator Activase ®/Cathflo ®
Recombinant antihemophilic factor Advate
human albumin                    Albutein ®
Laronidase                       Aldurazyme ®
Interferon alfa-N3, human        Alferon N ®
leukocyte derived
human antihemophilic factor      Alphanate ®
virus-filtered human coagulation factor IX AlphaNine ® SD
Alefacept; recombinant, dimeric  Amevive ®
fusion protein LFA3-Ig
Bivalirudin                      Angiomax ®
darbepoetin alfa                 Aranesp ™
Bevacizumab                      Avastin ™
interferon beta-1a; recombinant  Avonex ®
coagulation factor IX            BeneFix ™
Interferon beta-1b               Betaseron ®
Tositumomab                      BEXXAR  ®
antihemophilic factor            Bioclate ™
human growth hormone             BioTropin ™
botulinum toxin type A           BOTOX ®
Alemtuzumab                      Campath ®
acritumomab; technetium-99 labeled CEA-Scan ®
alglucerase; modified form of    Ceredase ®
beta-glucocerebrosidase
imiglucerase; recombinant form of beta- Cerezyme ®
glucocerebrosidase
crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab, ovine CroFab ™
digoxin immune fab [ovine]       DigiFab ™
Rasburicase                      Elitek ®
Etanercept                       ENBREL ®
epoietin alfa                    Epogen ®
Cetuximab                        Erbitux ™
algasidase beta                  Fabrazyme ®
Urofollitropin                   Fertinex ™
follitropin beta                 Follistim ™
Teriparatide                     FORTEO ®
human somatropin                 GenoTropin ®
Glucagon                         GlucaGen ®
follitropin alfa                 Gonal-F ®
antihemophilic factor            Helixate ®
Antihemophilic Factor; Factor XIII HEMOFIL
adefovir dipivoxil               Hepsera ™
Trastuzumab                      Herceptin ®
Insulin                          Humalog ®
antihemophilic factor/von Willebrand Humate-P ®
factor complex-human
Somatotropin                     Humatrope ®
Adalimumab                       HUMIRA ™
human insulin                    Humulin ®
recombinant human hyaluronidase  Hylenex ™
interferon alfacon-1             Infergen ®
Eptifibatide                     Integrilin ™
alpha-interferon                 Intron A ®
Palifermin                       Kepivance
Anakinra                         Kineret ™
antihemophilic factor            Kogenate ® FS
insulin glargine                 Lantus ®
granulocyte macrophage           Leukine ®/
colony-stimulating factor        Leukine ® Liquid
lutropin alfa for injection      Luveris
OspA lipoprotein                 LYMErix ™
Ranibizumab                      LUCENTIS ®
gemtuzumab ozogamicin            Mylotarg ™
Galsulfase                       Naglazyme ™
Nesiritide                       Natrecor ®
Pegfilgrastim                    Neulasta ™
Oprelvekin                       Neumega ®
Filgrastim                       Neupogen ®
Fanolesomab                      NeutroSpec ™
                                 (formerly
                                 LeuTech ®)
somatropin [rDNA]                Norditropin ®/
                                 Norditropin
                                 Nordiflex ®
Mitoxantrone                     Novantrone ®
insulin; zinc suspension;        Novolin L ®
insulin; isophane suspension     Novolin N ®
insulin, regular;                Novolin R ®
Insulin                          Novolin ®
coagulation factor VIIa          NovoSeven ®
Somatropin                       Nutropin ®
immunoglobulin intravenous       Octagam ®
PEG-L-asparaginase               Oncaspar ®
abatacept, fully human soluable  Orencia ™
fusion protein
muromomab-CD3                    Orthoclone OKT3 ®
high-molecular weight hyaluronan Orthovisc ®
human chorionic gonadotropin     Ovidrel ®
live attenuated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Pacis ®
peginterferon alfa-2a            Pegasys ®
pegylated version of interferon alfa-2b PEG-Intron ™
Abarelix (injectable suspension); Plenaxis ™
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Antagonist
epoietin alfa                    Procrit ®
Aldesleukin                      Proleukin, IL-2 ®
Somatrem                         Protropin ®
dornase alfa                     Pulmozyme ®
Efalizumab; selective, reversible RAPTIVA ™
T-cell blocker
combination of ribavirin and     Rebetron ™
alpha interferon
Interferon beta 1a               Rebif ®
antihemophilic factor            Recombinate ® rAHF/
antihemophilic factor            ReFacto ®
Lepirudin                        Refludan ®
Infliximab                       REMICADE ®
Abciximab                        ReoPro ™
Reteplase                        Retavase ™
Rituxima                         Rituxan ™
interferon alfa-2a               Roferon-A ®
Somatropin                       Saizen ®
synthetic porcine secretin       SecreFlo ™
Basiliximab                      Simulect ®
Eculizumab                       SOLIRIS (R)
Pegvisomant                      SOMAVERT ®
Palivizumab; recombinantly       Synagis ™
produced, humanized mAb
thyrotropin alfa                 Thyrogen ®
Tenecteplase                     TNKase ™
Natalizumab                      TYSABRI ®
human immune globulin intravenous Venoglobulin-S ®
5% and 10% solutions
interferon alfa-n1, lymphoblastoid Wellferon ®
drotrecogin alfa                 Xigris ™
Omalizumab; recombinant          Xolair ®
DNA-derived humanized
monoclonal
antibody targeting immunoglobulin-E
Daclizumab                       Zenapax ®
ibritumomab tiuxetan             Zevalin ™
Somatotropin                     Zorbtive™
                                 (Serostim ®)

In embodiments, the polypeptide is a hormone, blood clotting/coagulation factor, cytokine/growth factor, antibody molecule, fusion protein, protein vaccine, or peptide as shown in Table B.

TABLE B
Exemplary Products
Therapeutic
Product type	Product	Trade Name
Hormone	Erythropoietin, Epoein-α	Epogen, Procrit
	Darbepoetin-α	Aranesp
	Growth hormone (GH),	Genotropin , Humatrope,
	somatotropin	Norditropin,
		NovIVitropin, Nutropin,
		Omnitrope,
		Protropin, Siazen,
		Serostim, Valtropin
	Human follicle-stimulating	Gonal-F, Follistim
	hormone (FSH)
	Human chorionic	Ovidrel
	gonadotropin	Luveris
	Lutropin-α	GlcaGen
	Glucagon	Geref
	Growth hormone releasing	ChiRhoStim (human
	hormone (GHRH)	peptide), SecreFlo
	Secretin	(porcine peptide)
	Thyroid stimulating	Thyrogen
	hormone (TSH),
	thyrotropin
Blood	Factor VIIa	NovoSeven
Clotting/	Factor VIII	Bioclate, Helixate,
Coagulation		Kogenate,
Factors		Recombinate, ReFacto
	Factor IX
	Antithrombin III (AT-III)	Benefix
	Protein C concentrate	Thrombate III
		Ceprotin
Cytokine/Growth	Type I alpha-interferon	Infergen
factor	Interferon-αn3 (IFNαn3)	Alferon N
	Interferon-β1a (rIFN-β)	Avonex, Rebif
	Interferon-β1b (rIFN-β)	Betaseron
	Interferon-γ1b (IFN γ)	Actimmune
	Aldesleukin (interleukin	Proleukin
	2(IL2), epidermal
	theymocyte activating
	factor; ETAF	Kepivance
	Palifermin (keratinocyte	Regranex
	growth factor; KGF)
	Becaplemin (platelet-	Anril, Kineret
	derived growth factor;
	PDGF)
	Anakinra (recombinant
	IL1 antagonist)
Antibody	Bevacizumab (VEGFA	Avastin
molecules	mAb)	Erbitux
	Cetuximab (EGFR mAb)	Vectibix
	Panitumumab (EGFR	Campath
	mAb)	Rituxan
	Alemtuzumab (CD52	Herceptin
	mAb)	Orencia
	Rituximab (CD20	Humira
	chimeric Ab)	Enbrel
	Trastuzumab (HER2/Neu	Remicade
	mAb)	Amevive
	Abatacept (CTLA Ab/Fc	Raptiva
	fusion)	Tysabri
	Adalimumab (TNFα mAb)	Soliris
	Etanercept (TNF	Orthoclone, OKT3
	receptor/Fc fusion)
	Infliximab (TNFα
	chimeric mAb)
	Alefacept (CD2 fusion
	protein)
	Efalizumab (CD11a mAb)
	Natalizumab (integrin α4
	subunit mAb)
	Eculizumab (C5mAb)
	Muromonab-CD3
Other:	Insulin	Humulin, Novolin
Fusion	Hepatitis B surface antigen	Engerix, Recombivax HB
proteins/Protein	(HBsAg)
vaccines/Peptides	HPV vaccine	Gardasil
	OspA	LYMErix
	Anti-Rhesus(Rh)	Rhophylac
	immunoglobulin G	Fuzeon
	Enfuvirtide
	Spider silk, e.g., fibrion	QMONOS

In embodiments, the protein is multispecific protein, e.g., a bispecific antibody as shown in Table C.

TABLE C
Bispecific Formats
Name (other
names,			Proposed		Diseases (or
sponsoring	BsAb		mechanisms of	Development	healthy
organizations)	format	Targets	action	stages	volunteers)
Catumaxomab	BsIgG:	CD3,	Retargeting of T	Approved in	Malignant
(Removab ®,	Triomab	EpCAM	cells to tumor, Fc	EU	ascites in
Fresenius			mediated		EpCAM positive
Biotech, Trion			effector		tumors
Pharma,			functions
Neopharm)
Ertumaxomab	BsIgG:	CD3, HER2	Retargeting of T	Phase I/II	Advanced solid
(Neovii Biotech,	Triomab		cells to tumor		tumors
Fresenius
Biotech)
Blinatumomab	BiTE	CD3, CD19	Retargeting of T	Approved in	Precursor B-cell
(Blincyto ®, AMG			cells to tumor	USA	ALL
103, MT 103,				Phase II and	ALL
MEDI 538,				III	DLBCL
Amgen)				Phase II	NHL
				Phase I
REGN1979	BsAb	CD3, CD20
(Regeneron)
Solitomab (AMG	BiTE	CD3,	Retargeting of T	Phase I	Solid tumors
110, MT110,		EpCAM	cells to tumor
Amgen)
MEDI 565 (AMG	BiTE	CD3, CEA	Retargeting of T	Phase I	Gastrointestinal
211,			cells to tumor		adenocancinoma
MedImmune,
Amgen)
RO6958688	BsAb	CD3, CEA
(Roche)
BAY2010112	BiTE	CD3, PSMA	Retargeting of T	Phase I	Prostate cancer
(AMG 212,			cells to tumor
Bayer; Amgen)
MGD006	DART	CD3, CD123	Retargeting of T	Phase I	AML
(Macrogenics)			cells to tumor
MGD007	DART	CD3, gpA33	Retargeting of T	Phase I	Colorectal
(Macrogenics)			cells to tumor		cancer
MGD011	DART	CD19, CD3
(Macrogenics)
SCORPION	BsAb	CD3, CD19	Retargeting of T
(Emergent			cells to tumor
Biosolutions,
Trubion)
AFM11 (Affimed	TandAb	CD3, CD19	Retargeting of T	Phase I	NHL and ALL
Therapeutics)			cells to tumor
AFM12 (Affimed	TandAb	CD19, CD16	Retargeting of
Therapeutics)			NK cells to
			tumor cells
AFM13 (Affimed	TandAb	CD30,	Retargeting of	Phase II	Hodgkin's
Therapeutics)		CD16A	NK cells to		Lymphoma
			tumor cells
GD2 (Barbara	T cells	CD3, GD2	Retargeting of T	Phase I/II	Neuroblastoma
Ann Karmanos	preloaded		cells to tumor		and
Cancer Institute)	with BsAb				osteosarcoma
pGD2 (Barbara	T cells	CD3, Her2	Retargeting of T	Phase II	Metastatic breast
Ann Karmanos	preloaded		cells to tumor		cancer
Cancer Institute)	with BsAb
EGFRBi-armed	T cells	CD3, EGFR	Autologous	Phase I	Lung and other
autologous	preloaded		activated T cells		solid tumors
activated T cells	with BsAb		to EGFR-
(Roger Williams			positive tumor
Medical Center)
Anti-EGFR-	T-cells	CD3, EGFR	Autologous	Phase I	Colon and
armed activated	preloaded		activated T cells		pancreatic
T cells (Barbara	with BsAb		to EGFR-		cancers
Ann Karmanos			positive tumor
Cancer Institute)
rM28 (University	Tandem	CD28,	Retargeting of T	Phase II	Metastatic
Hospital	scFv	MAPG	cells to tumor		melanoma
Tübingen)
IMCgp100	ImmTAC	CD3, peptide	Retargeting of T	Phase I/II	Metastatic
(Immunocore)		MHC	cells to tumor		melanoma
DT2219ARL	2 scFv	CD19, CD22	Targeting of	Phase I	B cell leukemia
(NCI, University	linked to		protein toxin to		or lymphoma
of Minnesota)	diphtheria		tumor
	toxin
XmAb5871	BsAb	CD19,
(Xencor)		CD32b
NI-1701	BsAb	CD47, CD19
(NovImmune)
MM-111	BsAb	ErbB2,
(Merrimack)		ErbB3
MM-141	BsAb	IGF-1R,
(Merrimack)		ErbB3
NA (Merus)	BsAb	HER2,
		HER3
NA (Merus)	BsAb	CD3,
		CLEC12A
NA (Merus)	BsAb	EGFR,
		HER3
NA (Merus)	BsAb	PD1,
		undisclosed
NA (Merus)	BsAb	CD3,
		undisclosed
Duligotuzumab	DAF	EGFR,	Blockade of 2	Phase I and II	Head and neck
(MEHD7945A,		HER3	receptors, ADCC	Phase II	cancer
Genentech,					Colorectal
Roche)					cancer
LY3164530 (Eli	Not	EGFR, MET	Blockade of 2	Phase I	Advanced or
Lily)	disclosed		receptors		metastatic
					cancer
MM-111	HSA body	HER2,	Blockade of 2	Phase II	Gastric and
(Merrimack		HER3	receptors	Phase I	esophageal
Pharmaceuticals)					cancers
					Breast cancer
MM-141,	IgG-scFv	IGF-1R,	Blockade of 2	Phase I	Advanced solid
(Merrimack		HER3	receptors		tumors
Pharmaceuticals)
RG7221	CrossMab	Ang2, VEGF	Blockade of 2	Phase I	Solid tumors
(RO5520985,		A	proangiogenics
Roche)
RG7716 (Roche)	CrossMab	Ang2, VEGF	Blockade of 2	Phase I	Wet AMD
		A	proangiogenics
OMP-305B83	BsAb	DLL4/VEGF
(OncoMed)
TF2	Dock and	CEA, HSG	Pretargeting	Phase II	Colorectal,
(Immunomedics)	lock		tumor for PET or		breast and lung
			radioimaging		cancers
ABT-981	DVD-Ig	IL-1α, IL-1β	Blockade of 2	Phase II	Osteoarthritis
(AbbVie)			proinflammatory
			cytokines
ABT-122	DVD-Ig	TNF, IL-	Blockade of 2	Phase II	Rheumatoid
(AbbVie)		17A	proinflammatory		arthritis
			cytokines
COVA322	IgG-	TNF, IL17A	Blockade of 2	Phase I/II	Plaque psoriasis
	fynomer		proinflammatory
			cytokines
SAR156597	Tetravalent	IL-13, IL-4	Blockade of 2	Phase I	Idiopathic
(Sanofi)	bispecific		proinflammatory		pulmonary
	tandem		cytokines		fibrosis
	IgG
GSK2434735	Dual-	IL-13, IL-4	Blockade of 2	Phase I	(Healthy
(GSK)	targeting		proinflammatory		volunteers)
	domain		cytokines
Ozoralizumab	Nanobody	TNF, HSA	Blockade of	Phase II	Rheumatoid
(ATN103,			proinflammatory		arthritis
Ablynx)			cytokine, binds
			to HSA to
			increase half-life
ALX-0761	Nanobody	IL-7A/F,	Blockade of 2	Phase I	(Healthy
(Merck Serono,		HSA	proinflammatory		volunteers)
Ablynx)			cytokines, binds
			to HSA to
			increase half-life
ALX-0061	Nanobody	IL-6R, HSA	Blockade of	Phase I/II	Rheumatoid
(AbbVie, Ablynx;			proinflammatory		arthritis
			cytokine, binds
			increase HSA to
			increase half-life
ALX-0141	Nanobody	RANKL,	Blockade of	Phase I	Postmenopausal
(Ablynx,		HSA	bone resorption,		bone loss
Eddingpharm)			binds to HSA to
			increase half-life
RG6013/ACE910	ART-Ig	Factor IXa,	Plasma	Phase II	Hemophilia
(Chugai, Roche)		factor X	coagulation

The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

Claims

1. An impeller usable in a variable diameter bioreactor having multiple vessel sections of successively increasing or decreasing volume, the impeller comprising: an impeller blade having an edge extending along an impeller blade axis between first and second axial ends and having opposed impeller blade faces, an impeller blade leading edge, and an impeller blade trailing edge;wherein the leading and trailing edges each define a helix or spiral between the first and second axial ends of the impeller blade;wherein the impeller blade is one of at least two impeller blades that are each joined together along an axially extending impeller shaft; andwherein the at least two impeller blades are attached to the impeller shaft.

2. The impeller according to claim 1, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch approximately equal to one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

3. The impeller according to claim 1, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch higher than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

4. The impeller according to claim 1, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch lower than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

5. An impeller usable in a bioreactor, the impeller comprising: an impeller blade having an edge extending along an impeller blade axis between first and second axial ends and having opposed impeller blade faces, an impeller blade leading edge, and an impeller blade trialing edge, whereinthe leading and trailing edges each define a helix or spiral between the first and second axial ends of the impeller blade, wherein the impeller blade is one of at least two impeller blades that are each joined together along an axially extending impeller shaft; and

6. The impeller according to claim 5, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch approximately equal to one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

7. The impeller according to claim 5, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch higher than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

8. The impeller according to claim 5, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch lower than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

9. A variable diameter bioreactor comprising: a variable diameter bioreactor having multiple vessel sections of successively increasing or decreasing volume; andan impeller having an impeller shaft and an impeller blade, the impeller blade having an edge extending along the impeller shaft between the first and second axial ends of the shaft and having opposed impeller blade faces, an impeller blade leading edge, and an impeller blade trailing edge, whereinthe leading and trailing edges each define a helix or spiral between the first and second axial ends of the impeller blade,wherein the impeller blade is one of at least two impeller blades that are each joined together along an axially extending impeller shaft; andwherein the at least two impeller blades are attached to the impeller shaft.

10. The variable diameter bioreactor arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch approximately equal to one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

11. The variable diameter bioreactor arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch higher than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

12. The variable diameter bioreactor arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the helix or spiral has a pitch lower than one half of a length between the first and second axial ends.

13. A process for treating a microorganism culture comprising: placing a fluid containing the microorganism culture in a variable diameter bioreactor arrangement, including a variable diameter bioreactor having multiple vessel sections of successively increasing or decreasing volume and an impeller having an impeller shaft, an impeller blade having an edge extending along the impeller shaft between first and second axial ends of the shaft and including opposed impeller blade faces, an impeller blade leading edge, and an impeller blade trailing edge, with the leading and trailing edges each defining a helix or spiral between the first and second axial ends of the impeller blade; androtating the impeller in the fluid containing the microorganism culture;wherein the impeller blade is one of at least two impeller blades that are each joined together along an axially extending impeller shaft; andwherein the at least two impeller blades are attached to the impeller shaft.

14. The process according to claim 13, wherein the impeller is rotated at a rate of 54-75 rpm.

15. The process according to claim 13, wherein the variable diameter reactor has a 20,000 liter fluid capacity.