Patent Application
20190029292
COCA-COLA® is a registered trademark of The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, Ga., U.S.A. Other names, symbols, designs, or logos used herein may be registered trademarks, trademarks, or product names of The Coca-Cola Company or other companies.
This invention relates to high pressure processing of liquids and materials with a capability to flow through an orifice. For example, implementations of the technologies disclosed herein can be applied to systems and methods for continuous high pressure processing of food and beverage products.
Conventionally, high pressure processing of food and beverage products is facilitated through application of uniform pressure about a packaged product. Generally, it is assumed that the application of uniform pressure results in the elimination or termination of a plurality of otherwise unfavorable food components, including food-borne pathogens such as spores, bacteria, yeasts, molds, and other components.
In conventional high pressure processing, the uniform pressure is applied through immersion of the packaged product in a chamber under a working fluid. The conventional high pressure processing applies pressure in the range of about 90,000 psi. The working fluid is used to repeatedly pressurize the contents of the chamber, and the packaged product, such that the product itself undergoes pressurization and subsequent depressurization. It follows that as the entire packaged product is pressurized, the packaging must be deformable if the contents of the package are also to be pressurized. Furthermore, as the entire packaged product is pressurized, this conventional process can only operate as batch processing of a fixed number of packaged products per processing event.
Batch processing requires several groups of prepackaged products to be prepared prior to high pressure processing. Post processing of the packaged products is required to eliminate traces of the working fluid from the exterior of the packages as well as further processing for final packaging of multiple packages of products for shipment to customers and/or consumers. Accordingly, batch processing requires several additional steps as compared to other continuous packaging methods.
However, continuous high pressure processing has generally been unfavorable due to a variety of factors. These factors include a lack of appropriate processing methodologies that generate reproducible reductions in food-borne pathogens and a resulting stable product requiring reduced refrigeration or no refrigeration.
The disclosure made herein is presented with respect to these and other considerations.
This disclosure relates to a pascalization process that includes inputting an unprocessed product, pressurizing the unprocessed product to a first pressure to create a pressurized product, holding the pressurized product at the first pressure for a predetermined hold time, and depressurizing the pressurized product to a second pressure to create a processed product. Generally, the second pressure is less than the first pressure. The process also includes outputting the processed product.
According to one implementation, the unprocessed product is a juice beverage or an extract of a fruit or vegetable.
According to one implementation, the unprocessed product is a dairy product.
According to one implementation, the unprocessed product is a fluid having food-borne pathogens existing therein and the processed product includes a reduced number of food-borne pathogens as compared to the unprocessed product.
According to one implementation, pressurizing the unprocessed product includes passing the unprocessed product through one or more compressors.
According to one implementation, inputting the unprocessed product includes pumping the unprocessed product with a pump.
According to one implementation, holding the pressurized product includes retaining the pressurized product at the first pressure in one or more hold cells.
According to one implementation, the one or more hold cells comprise one or more accumulation cells.
According to one implementation, the one or more accumulation cells each include a generally cylindrical cavity having a central axis coaxial to a flowpath of the associated accumulation cell, a frustoconical inlet arranged at a first end of the cylindrical cavity, and a frustoconical outlet arranged at a second end of the cylindrical cavity.
According to one implementation, the one or more hold cells comprise one or more lengths of tubing.
According to one implementation, the predetermined hold time is at least one minute. According to another implementation, the predetermined hold time is more than one minute, or more than 3 minutes, or more than 5 minutes. According to one implementation, the predetermined hold time is between about 3 and about 6 minutes. According to one implementation, the predetermined hold time is about 6 minutes. According to another implementation, the predetermined hold time is about nine minutes.
The first pressure is generally between about 20,000 and about 60,000 pounds per square inch (psi). According to one implementation, the first pressure is about twenty-two thousand psi. According to another implementation, the first pressure is about forty-five thousand psi. According to another implementation, the first pressure is about sixty thousand psi. According to one implementation, depressurizing the pressurized product includes subjecting the pressurized product to one or more cavitation events.
According to one implementation, depressurizing the pressurized product includes subjecting pressurized product to one or more shear stress events.
According to one implementation, depressurizing the pressurized product includes passing the product through an emulsifying cell or homogenization cell.
According to one implementation, the unprocessed product is a concentrated beverage component.
According to one implementation, the concentrated beverage component includes dissolved starch or sweetening component.
According to one implementation, the concentrated beverage component comprises a reconstitution ratio of about 3:1 to 10:1.
According to one implementation, the concentrated beverage component comprises a flavor component absent an added preservative agent.
According to one implementation, the processed product is absent an added preservative agent.
According to one implementation, the unprocessed product is a tea or coffee extract.
According to one implementation, the unprocessed product is a plant-based extract.
According to one implementation, the unprocessed product is a component usable in an alcoholic beverage having an alcohol content less than 15.5% by volume.
This disclosure is also related to a product produced by any of the processes of described herein.
This disclosure is also related to system as illustrated in
This disclosure is also related to system capable of performing the process described herein.
This disclosure is also related to a system utilizing any of the technical features described herein.
This disclosure is also related to a system utilizing any of the process parameters described in TABLES 1-15.
This disclosure is also related to a pascalization process utilizing any of the process parameters described in TABLES 1-15.
This disclosure is also related to a pascalization process utilizing any of the technical features described herein.
According to one implementation, a pascalization system includes a product input configured to receive unprocessed product, a pump configured to pump the unprocessed product into the pascalization system, a compressor configured to pressurize the unprocessed product into a pressurized product, a hold cell or hold cells configured to hold the pressurized product for a predetermined period of time, and a depressurization component or components configured to depressurize the pressurized product while subjecting the product to shear stresses and cavitation.
According to one implementation, a food or beverage product is characterized in that the product is produced by a process of pressurizing the product to a first pressure to create a pressurized product, holding the pressurized product at the first pressure for a predetermined hold time, depressurizing the pressurized product to a second pressure to create a processed product, the second pressure being less than the first pressure, and outputting the processed product.
As used herein, the terms “pressurization component”, “compressor”, “hydraulic press”, and other variants of these terms may refer to a mechanism that is operative to pressurize material.
As used herein, the terms “product” and “beverage”, and their pluralized forms, are used synonymously, and particular features of the invention should not be limited in scope by the use of either term.
As used herein, the term “shear cell”, “depressurizer”, “depressurizing valve”, “cavitation cell”, and variants thereof refer to any structural component having an orifice or opening arranged thereon operative to receive a pressurized material and subsequently depressurize the material while subjecting the material to stresses such as cavitation and shear.
As a non-limiting example, particular depressurizers that may be used to implement certain concepts of the invention include a homogenizing unit or an emulsifying unit configured to receive pressurized material at a first end and dispense depressurized material from a second end.
The following detailed description is directed to technologies for continuous high pressure processing of food and beverage products, and other materials. Through an implementation of the various technologies disclosed herein, a material can be passed through a pressurization-depressurization process that, when implemented as described herein, significantly reduces or destroys unwanted and otherwise undesirable pathogens.
In one implementation, a pascalization method includes pressurizing material to a specific pressure, holding the pressurized material at the specific pressure for a desired period of time, and depressurizing the material while subjecting the material to stresses such as cavitation and shear. The cavitation and shear are provided through a depressurization component or components, such as a valve, series of valves, or other components. Additionally, a relatively inert gas may also be injected into the material prior to pressurization to enhance the effects of the cavitation. Furthermore, although undergoing depressurization which may typically provide heat, such heat in the described process may be negligible from other heat-reliant processes such as pasteurization.
As noted above, previous implementations of high pressure processing of food and beverage products require a batch processing technique that is time-consuming and costly. However, the technologies described herein provide for a continuous process that has several technical advantages and benefits over batch processing. Generally, the continuous process results in cost savings, as well, and may provide for safe and desirable products that more closely match a “raw” or natural state and flavor of products such as juices, extracts, and other materials.
It should be appreciated that the subject matter presented herein may be implemented as a computer-controlled pascalization process, a user-controlled pascalization process, or any other suitable process for continuous high pressure processing of materials. While the subject matter described herein is presented in the general context of one particular arrangement of a system and possibly a serialized system, those skilled in the art will recognize that other implementations may be performed in combination with other types of systems that may be substantially different in appearance and arrangement of those illustrated herein.
Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that aspects of the subject matter described herein may be practiced in conjunction with other processes for implementing processed materials, such as with multiple mixed materials, blended materials, and other such modifications without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
In the following detailed description, references are made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and that show, by way of illustration, specific configurations or examples. The drawings herein are not drawn to scale. Like numerals represent like elements throughout the several figures (which may be referred to herein as a “FIG.” or “FIGS.”).
The unprocessed product may be controllably input into the system 100 through a valve 103. The valve 103 may include any suitable valve such as a butterfly valve, ball valve, or other mechanical component allowing the controlled release of an input of the unprocessed product 102 into the system 100.
Upon input into the system 100, a pump 104 may pump or otherwise force the unprocessed product 102 towards one or more compressors 106. The compressors 106 may, according to at least one implementation, be a part of a branch circuit 105 providing for relatively even distribution of product across the one or more compressors 106. The compressors 106 are configured to operatively compress the unprocessed material 102 to a pressurized state. In certain embodiments, the unprocessed product is pressurized to a pressure of less than 60,000 psi, or between about 20,000-60,000 psi, or from about 30,000-60,000 psi or from about 40,000-60,000 psi, or about 45,000 psi. Therefore, the pressure applied to the unprocessed product 102 is dramatically lower than the pressures used in conventional batch high pressure processing of products—in some cases as little as half the pressure of conventional batch high pressure processing techniques. The compressed or pressurized product may subsequently be directed to a unifying circuit 107 such that multiple flow paths from an exit of the one or more compressors 106 are joined into a single flow path. According to one implementation, the pressurized state is a pressure of about or greater than twenty-five thousand pounds per square inch, of about or greater than forty-five thousand pounds per square inch, or about or greater than sixty thousand pounds per square inch. Other pressures and process parameters are described more fully below with reference to Tables 1 through 15.
It should be understood that a single compressor may be utilized, multiple compressors may be utilized, and several different arrangements of flowpaths may be utilized that can differ from the illustrated system 100. For example, multiple parallel flowpaths can be implemented according to one implementation. Furthermore, if a single flowpath is implemented, the circuits 105 and 107 may be omitted, or may be usable to sample or bleed off material.
Additionally, according to one implementation, a relatively inert gas or other gas may be injected into the unprocessed beverage using component 124 prior to pressurizing the product to create the pressurized product. As used herein, the phrase “relatively inert gas” refers to any gas useable in the discloses process whereby oxidative or other such properties are not predominantly responsible for reduction in food borne pathogens. According to the discloses processes, these relatively inert gases assist in cavitation and additive stresses on, within, or throughout the food borne pathogens. Such gases may include carbon dioxide, Argon, Nitrous Oxide, Nitrogen, or other suitable gases. These gases may enhance the continuous process described herein.
The pressurized product is subsequently held in the pressurized state within the hold cell or hold cells 108 for a predetermined or desired period of time. The period of time may be relatively longer than any conventional process such as conventional homogenization or emulsification processes or the batch process described above. For example, according to some implementations, the period of time may range from about one (1) minute to about ten (10) or more minutes. In certain instances, the hold time is one or more minutes, 3 or more minutes, 5 or more minutes. According to one implementation, the predetermined hold time is between about 3 and about 6 minutes. According to one implementation, the predetermined hold time is about 6 minutes. According to another implementation, the predetermined hold time is about nine minutes.
The hold cells 108 may be arranged to maintain the specified pressure of the pressurized product while allowing for the aggregation of gaseous discharge and ambient air to collect in a manner than allows for removal of the ambient air or gaseous discharge through a priming valve 110.
The arrangement of the priming valve 110 and hold cells 108 is such that the ambient air and/or gaseous discharge flows upwards and precedes the flow of pressurized product according to one implementation. According to other implementations, the priming valve 110 may be configured to utilize a vacuum pump or other apparatus to aid in the removal of ambient air or gaseous discharge from the flow path proximal to the hold cells 108. Other arrangement of the priming valve 110 and hold cells may also be applicable. Additionally, particular example forms of the hold cells 108 are provided and described with reference to
Upon being subjected to the pressurized state for the predetermined and/or desired period of time, the pressurized product may be decompressed, uncompressed, or otherwise depressurized using shear and/or cavitation cells 112. As described herein, it has been found that the combination of application of pressure (e.g., around 20,000-60,000 psi) for a period of time (e.g., around one to ten minutes) followed by the rapid depressurization of the product through one or more shear/cavitation cells is effective in the substantial reduction (e.g., a 5-6 log reduction) or elimination of food spoilage microorganisms, such as mold and yeast. Moreover, it has been found that the process described herein is effective in a reduction (e.g., at least a 2 log reduction) of other food or beverage product pathogens.
The shear and/or cavitation cells include any structural component having an orifice or opening arranged thereon operative to receive the pressurized material and subsequently depressurize the material while subjecting the material to stresses such as cavitation and shear. The cavitation and shear are produced along the flow path generally flowing from an inlet of the shear/cavitation cells 112 and an exit of the shear/cavitation cells 112. The flow path may be coaxial to the orifice in at least one implementation. Generally, the turbulent flow and stresses associated with passing and depressurizing the pressurized product through the shear/cavitation cells 112 can be represented by an upper limit Reynolds Number of about NRe=10̂5. It should be understood that this is a general upper limit, and varying amount of turbulent flow, shear, cavitation, and other stresses may result in a significantly different Reynolds Number upper limit or threshold depending upon particular process parameters chosen from the Tables 1 through 15 presented below.
As an example implementation, particular shear and cavitation cells 112 can include a homogenizing unit or an emulsifying unit configured to receive pressurized material at a first end and dispense depressurized material from a second end. As another example, the shear and cavitation cells 112 may include a series of one or more valves configured to sequentially depressurize the pressurized product. Each valve may be substantially similar in appearance, size, and function. Alternatively, different sizes and orientations of valves or orifices may be implemented. The shear and cavitation cells 112 may be arranged serially along the flow path of the fluid such that the outlet of one shear and cavitation cell may supply the inlet of the next shear and cavitation cell. The number of shear and cavitation cells may vary in different implementations of the system 100. In certain implementations, the number of shear and cavitation cells 112 may be between 2 and 15 cells. In certain implementations, the number of shear and cavitation cells 112 may be between 4 and 12 cells. In certain implementations, the number of shear and cavitation cells 112 may be between 6 and 11 cells. In some implementations, sets of shear and cavitation cells 112 may be arranged in parallel along the flow path.
Upon exit of the shear/cavitation cells 112, the pressurized product is converted to an unpressurized state as compared to the pressurized state. This conversion from the pressurized state to the unpressurized state causes stress to individual components making up the product. Such stress causes microscopic biological agents such as food-borne pathogens to be disturbed in such a manner as to inactivate or at least partially destroy them. The disturbing of the food borne pathogens reduces the effective number of the food borne pathogens to an amount within safe limits for primary packing for consumer use and consumption under some circumstances.
In certain instances, the system and process described herein reduces the number of active cells of an organism in a liquid by at least 1 log unit, or at least 2 log units, or at least 3 log units, or at least 4 log units, or at least 5 log units, when compared to the liquid without processing. In certain embodiments, activation is reduced by more than 5 log units. In certain embodiments, activation of at least one organism is reduced by between 4 and 6 log units. In certain instances, the active cells include mold. In certain embodiments, the active cells include yeast. In certain embodiments, the active cells include pathogenic cells. In specific embodiments, the active cells include at least one gluconobateria. In certain embodiments, the active cells include at least one bacillus organism. In certain embodiments, the active cells include at least one acetobacteria. In certain embodiments, the active cells include at least one clostridium bacteria. In certain embodiments, the active cells include at least one lactic acid bacteria. In certain embodiments, the active cells include at least one e. coli. In certain embodiments, the active cells include at least one salmonella. In certain embodiments, the active cells include at least one lysteria. In certain embodiments, the active cells include one or more active cells that contribute to food or beverage spoilage or reduced product shelf life.
After successful reduction of the food borne pathogens to safe amounts due to the combination of action of holding the pressurized product in the pressurized state within the hold cells 108, and the subjection of stresses, shear, and cavitation in the shear/cavitation cells 112, the unpressurized product is cooled through cooling component 114 and controllably output using output valve/check valve 116 as processed product 120. The processed product 120 may be supplied to a finished product tank. The finished product tank may be a 10,000 liter tank that may supply a filling line configured to fill 600 bottles per minute of 500 mL bottles to run for at least a half an hour. Additionally, if desired, gas may be injected through component 122 such that a carbonated beverage is produced at output 150. It is noted that the cooling or chilling component 114 may also be integrally arranged about the shear/cavitation cells 112 such that the shear/cavitation cells 112 are cooled throughout any process being implemented by the system 100.
In certain instances, the cooling component 114 may cool the unpressurized product to provide the processed product 120 at a suitable cold supply chain temperature. The processed product 120 may be maintained at the cold supply chain temperature throughout the filling of packaged product and delivery to customers and/or consumers. In certain instances, the processed product 120 may supply an aseptic filling process to produce packaged food or beverage products. The cold supply chain temperature may be a temperature at or below which growth may be suppressed for any remaining pathogens in the unpressurized product, such as spore former microorganisms. The cold supply chain temperature may be a temperature at or below which growth of spore formers may be suppressed. For example, the cold supply chain temperature may be between 0° C. and 20° C. In certain instances, the cold supply chain temperature is between 3° C. and 10° C. In certain instances, the cold supply chain temperature is between 4° C. and 8° C. The
Accordingly, unprocessed product 102 input at input 140 and processed product output at output 150 is subjected to a controlled and continuous pascalization process. The unprocessed product 102 may be relatively raw, natural juice or beverage product that, when processed according these techniques, retains beneficial qualities such as flavor, mouthfeel, and texture that may be otherwise lost or diminished in conventional pasteurization processes.
As described above, the system 100 may provide for controlled pascalization in a relatively continuous manner such that food-borne pathogens are reduced to safe levels. The system 100 may include at least a pressurization component, a hold cell, and a shear/cavitation cell. The shear/cavitation cell may also be termed a depressurization component. Hereinafter, particular examples of the hold cell(s) 108 and the shear/cavitation cell(s) 112 are described with reference to
With regard to stresses applied during pressurization,
In certain embodiments, the hold cell is pressurized to a pressure of less than 60,000 psi, or between about 20,000-60,000 psi, or from about 30,000-60,000 psi or from about 40,000-60,000 psi, or about 45,000psi.
Suitable pressure-releasing components may include valves, annular discs, perforated plates, or any other suitable component allowing a pressurized fluid to enter at one end of an orifice 311 at a first pressure, and exit the orifice 311 at a second pressure, where the second pressure is less than the first pressure. Furthermore, as the fluid passes through the associated orifice 311, cavitation may occur. During cavitation, any assistive gases injected through component 124 may provide additional cavitation and aid in disrupting food borne pathogens. Moreover, shear stresses caused from flowing through the orifices 311 may further disrupt food borne pathogens. When considered as a cumulative effect, such processes, stresses, shear, cavitation, and actions by the assistive gases can reduce the food borne pathogens greatly as compared to the unprocessed product 102.
Thus, as presented above, several implementations of hold cells and/or pressure-releasing components are applicable to this disclosure. Hereinafter, a method of pascalization according to the techniques described herein is described with reference to
The method 400 further includes introducing an inert gas into the product at block 404. The gas may be injected by component 124 in some implementations. Alternatively, no gas may be introduced.
The method 400 includes pressurizing the product to create a pressurized product at a specified pressure, at block 406. The pressurized product may include the gas from component 124, in some implementations. Additionally, pressurizing the product may include pressurizing the product with one or more compressors such as compressors 106. The one or more compressors 106 may be fed by individual flowpaths established by branching circuit 105 that can be joined in unifying circuit 107 after pressurization.
The method 400 also includes holding the pressurized product at the specified pressure for a predetermined or desired hold time, at block 408. The holding is facilitated through hold cells 108, which can include several different arrangements of tubing and/or accumulation cells as described above. Other forms of holding may include slowing of a flow per unit volume. Other variations may also be applicable.
In certain embodiments, the flow rate is above 500 L/hr, between 500-4,000 L/hr, in certain subembodiments it is between 1,000-3,000 L/hr, and in certain sub embodiments is about 500 L/hr, or about 1,000 L/hr or about 2,000 L/hr, or about 3,000 L/hr. In certain embodiments, there may be multiple systems 100 to further increase the processing flow rate. For example, four systems 100 may be arranged to each provide a 2,000 L/hr process for a total processed product production of 8,000 L/hr.
The method 400 further includes depressurizing the pressurized product while subjecting the depressurizing product to shear, stress, and cavitation, at block 410. The shear, stress, and cavitation is facilitated through the shear/cavitation cells 112. Thereafter, the unpressurized product may be chilled at chiller 114 and output or otherwise removed from the system 100 at block 412.
It is noted that the method 400 may be iterated any desired number of times while still maintaining the benefits of a continuous process. For example,
Turning to
It is noted that within the method 400 and using a serialized system configuration such as system 500, several process variations may be implemented to achieve a desired or required reduction in food-borne pathogens associated with an output product. For example, a specified range of pressures, hold times, gas injection, number of iterations/passes, and other process changes can be implemented. Tables 1 through 15 below establish permutations of these variations that may be desirable:
In one specific example, apple juice was inoculated with 6.23 log of yeast and mold. After pressurization of the inoculated apple juice at 45,000 psi for one minute, the inoculated apple juice was found to have a 2.1 log load of mold and yeast remaining. After further subjecting the pressurized inoculated apple juice to shear and stress at an emulsion cell as described herein to produce a depressurized processed apple juice, it was found that there was 0.0 log load of mold and yeast remaining in the processed apple juice. Therefore, it was found that the combination of subjecting a product to pressure (e.g., 45,000 psi) for a hold time (e.g., at least one minute) along with subjecting the pressurized product to rapid depressurization via a shear/cavitation cell resulted in a 6.23 log reduction in the mold and yeast present in the apple juice.
Based on the foregoing, it should be appreciated that technologies for continuous high pressure processing of materials and, potentially, other aspects of the operation of a pascalization system have been presented herein. Moreover, although the subject matter presented herein has been described in language specific to a particular system arrangement and methodological acts, it is to be understood that the invention defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features, acts, or media described herein. Rather, the specific features, acts, and media are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
The subject matter described above is provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure. Various modifications and changes may be made to the subject matter described herein without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention, which is set forth in the following claims.
This Application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/279,124, filed Jan. 15, 2016, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2017/013804 | 1/17/2017 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62279124 | Jan 2016 | US |
