Patent Application
20100261235
The present invention relates to a method for continuously producing a fatty acid ester useful as a biodiesel fuel using an enzymatic method, and an apparatus for the same.
In general, fossil fuels typified by petroleum and light oil are used as fuels for automobiles. These fossil fuels, especially, light oil used for diesel automobiles, contain a large amount of nitrogen compound and sulfur compound, so that a large amount of gas such as CO2, NOx, SOx is exhausted from automobiles such as diesel automobiles. Since these exhaust gases cause global warming and environmental pollution, reduction of the exhaust amount is an issue to be solved urgently.
As an alternative fuel to fossil fuels such as light oil, there are high expectations in so-called biodiesel fuel, which uses oils and fats produced by naturally-occurring plants, animals, fishes, or microorganisms. Among these oils and fats, those used for food producing are often dumped into the environment and cause environmental problems. Therefore, expectations in biodiesel fuel made from a waste oil are particularly high in view of prevention of air pollution and effective utilization of a waste oil.
Fatty acid esters obtained by transesterification between an oil and fat and a lower alcohol are preferably used as biodiesel fuels. A variety of researches have been conducted on an enzyme-catalytic method using a lipase, as one method for producing a fatty acid ester (International Publications WO 01/038553 and WO 00/12743). This production method has many advantages, for example, in that aftertreatment of by-product glycerin is easy, in that mild reaction conditions can be applied, and in that a free fatty acid in a starting material can be esterified (H. Fukuda et al., Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2001, Vol. 92, pp. 405-416).
Regarding production of a fatty acid ester using a lipase, researches have been intensively conducted on a batch-type transesterification in which an enzyme, an oil and fat, and a lower alcohol are agitated and mixed in a screw cap bottle or a reaction tank (Y. Shimada at al., Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society; 1999, Vol. 76, pp. 789-793, and E. Y. Park et at., Bioresource Technology, 2008, Vol. 99, No. 8, pp. 3130-3135). In this method, it is necessary to be careful of physical damage to the enzyme due to agitation of the reaction mixture. Furthermore, in order to collect a product after the reaction, it is necessary to perform a procedure that separates a product, an enzyme, and a by-product into layers after stopping agitation and allowing the reaction mixture to stand.
On the other hand, there is a report on production of a fatty acid ester using a packed-bed reactor of a tube filled with a lipase through which an oil and fat and a lower alcohol pass (Y. Watanabe at al., Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2000, Vol. 77, pp. 355-360, and K. Nie et al., Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 2006, Vol. 43, pp. 142-147). In this case, the enzyme is fixed in the tube, and, thus, the degree of physical damage to the enzyme is low, and the operation can be performed for a long period of time. Moreover, since the reactor can be filled with a large amount of enzyme, the method has a feature that there is a significant increase in the amount of target substance produced per reactor unit volume and per reaction time. In researches using a packed-bed reactor, typical examples of which are shown by Y. Watanabe et al. (Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2000, Vol. 77, pp. 855-360) and K Nie et al. (Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 2006, Vol. 43, pp. 142-147), a method is applied in which an oil and fat and a lower alcohol are supplied from an upper portion of a reaction tube, a reaction mixture that has flown out of a lower portion thereof is temporarily allowed to stand so as to be separated into layers, and then a fatty acid ester in an upper layer (also containing unreacted oil and fat) is collected.
In general, a lower alcohol inhibits the activity of a lipase, and thus it is necessary to strictly control the ratio of lower alcohol contained in the reaction mixture. Furthermore, since the solubility of a lower alcohol in an oil and fat is extremely low, it is necessary to keep a uniformly dispersed state such that a droplet of the alcohol is not formed in the oil and fat (Y. Shimada et al., Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 2002, Vol. 17, pp. 133-142). There is also a method for reducing the alcohol inhibition by dissolving the reaction mixture in a hydrophobic organic solvent, such as hexane. However, according to the method the collection of the product is difficult, and the production process is complicated.
Glycerin forms as a by-product during a procedure for producing a fatty acid ester. A certain amount of the glycerin accumulated forms a layer around the enzyme. Since this layer of glycerin is hydrophilic, it greatly affects the contact efficiency between unreacted oil and fat and the enzyme. Moreover, part of a lower alcohol remaining in the reaction procedure is dispersed in the glycerin layer, and locally increases the concentration of alcohol near the enzyme, so that a lowered enzymatic activity is caused (Y. Watanabe et al., Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2000, Vol. 77, pp. 855-860). Conventionally, there is a report on an attempt to remove glycerin by dialysis or by using an organic solvent such as isopropanol (K. B. Bako et al., Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 2002, Vol. 20, pp. 437-439, and Y. Xu et al., Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 2004, Vol. 22, pp. 45-48). However, there is a demand for a method for more easily removing glycerin, in view of industrialization of the process.
One aspect is that a method for continuously collecting a product for a long period of time while supplying starting materials is desirable, and use of a packed-bed reactor is advantageous for industrial production of a biodiesel fuel using a lipase. However, another aspect is that it is necessary to be careful of the possibility that a desirable yield of fatty acid ester may not be obtained depending on the supply of an oil and fat and a lower alcohol to a reaction tube and the removal efficiency of by-product glycerin as described above. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a method for continuously producing a biodiesel fuel simultaneously considering these two aspects.
The object of the present invention is to provide a process capable of strictly controlling the concentration of a lower alcohol while automatically removing by-product glycerin in the production of a fatty acid ester from oils and fats using a lipase.
The present invention provides a method for continuously producing a fatty acid ester in a reaction apparatus having a plurality of stages of catalyst reaction tubes filled with a lipase, comprising:
(a) mixing and agitating an oil and fat starting material and a lower alcohol, and supplying a mixture to one of the catalyst reaction tubes;
(b) producing a fatty acid ester and glycerin in the catalyst reaction tube to which the oil and fat starting material and the lower alcohol are supplied;
(c) introducing an outflowing liquid from the catalyst reaction tube into a glycerin separation tank, thereby collecting the glycerin;
(d) adding a lower alcohol to a separated liquid obtained by separating the glycerin from the outflowing liquid, mixing and agitating an obtained material, and supplying a mixture to a following catalyst reaction tube;
(e) repeating the steps (b) to (d) until supply to a last catalyst reaction tube is performed;
(f) introducing an outflowing liquid from the last catalyst reaction tube into a glycerin separation tank placed downstream of the last catalyst reaction tube, thereby collecting glycerin, and obtaining a separated liquid obtained by separating the glycerin from the outflowing liquid; and
(g) collecting a fatty acid ester from the separated liquid obtained in the step (f).
In an embodiment, a liquid flow rate in the reaction apparatus is at least 2.15 cm/min.
In one embodiment, an amount of the lower alcohol supplied to each of the catalyst reaction tubes is 0.5 to 1.0 mol equivalent with respect to the oil and fat starting material.
In a further embodiment, the number of stages of the catalyst reaction tubes is 2 to 10.
In an embodiment, the oil and fat starting material is a vegetable oil and fat, an animal oil and fat, a fish oil, an oil and fat produced by a microorganism, a mixture thereof, or a waste oil thereof.
In one embodiment, the lower alcohol is methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, or n-butanol.
In a further embodiment, the method further comprising following the step (f): (f) repeating the steps (a) to (f) using the separated liquid obtained in the step (f) as the oil and fat starting material.
The present invention also provides an apparatus for continuously producing a fatty acid ester, comprising:
a plurality of stages of catalyst reaction tubes that are filled with a lipase
a glycerin separation tank that is placed downstream of each of the catalyst reaction tubes, and that separates an outflowing liquid from the catalyst reaction tube into glycerin and a separated liquid;
a lower alcohol supply port that is placed upstream of each of the catalyst reaction tubes; and
a mixing means that is placed between each of the lower alcohol supply ports and each of the catalyst reaction tubes for mixing an oil and fat starting material or the separated liquid and a lower alcohol;
wherein, in each stage of the catalyst reaction tubes, a mixture of the oil and fat starting material or the separated liquid from the glycerin separation tank and the lower alcohol is supplied from an upper portion of the catalyst reaction tube, and an outflowing liquid from a lower portion of the catalyst reaction tube is introduced into the glycerin separation tank.
In an embodiment, a liquid flow rate in the apparatus is adjusted to at least 2.15 cm/min.
In one embodiment, an amount of the lower alcohol supplied to each of the catalyst reaction tubes is adjusted to 0.5 to 1.0 mol equivalent with respect to the oil and fat starting material.
In a further embodiment, the number of stages of the catalyst reaction tubes is 2 to 10.
According to the present invention, in transesterification between an oil and fat and a lower alcohol using a lipase as a catalyst, it is possible to efficiently and continuously produce a fatty acid ester while automatically removing by-product glycerin. With the apparatus of the present invention, it is possible to efficiently and continuously perform a series of steps ranging from supply of starting materials to collection of a fatty acid ester.
In the present invention, a lipase refers to an enzyme that has an ability to degrade glyceride (also referred to as acylglycerol) into glycerin or a partial glyceride and a fatty acid, and has an ability to produce a fatty acid ester through transesterification in the presence of a linear lower alcohol.
The lipase used in the present invention may be 1,3-specific or nonspecific. In view of production of a linear lower alcohol ester of a fatty acid, a nonspecific lipase is preferable. Examples of the lipase include: lipases derived from filamentous fungi belonging to Genus Rhizomucor (Rhizomucor miehei), Mucor, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium, and the like; lipases derived from yeasts belonging to Genus Candida (Candida antarctica, Candida rugosa, and Candida cylindracea), Pichia, and the like; lipases derived from bacteria belonging to Genus Pseudomonas, Serratia, and the like; and lipases derived from animals, such as hog pancreas. Commercially available lipases are also used. Examples thereof include lipases derived from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme IM60: manufactured by Novo Nordisk), lipases derived from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435: manufactured by Novozymes), lipases derived from Rhizopus delemar (Talipase: manufactured by Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.), lipases of Candida rugosa (Lipase OF: manufactured by Meito Sangyo Co., Ltd.), and lipases of the genus Pseudomonas (Lipase PS and Lipase AK: manufactured by Amano Enzyme Inc.).
In the present invention, an immobilized lipase refers to a lipase that is immobilized on a given carrier. It is possible to use an immobilized enzyme that is immobilized on a commonly used carrier, such as a resin, or to use a cell that produces and retains the lipase. Furthermore, as described later, the cell may be further immobilized on a given carrier. Furthermore, it is effective to use mutually different types of immobilized lipases in each of the catalyst reaction tubes.
As the lipase that is immobilized on a carrier, ordinarily, a purified enzyme or a partially purified enzyme isolated or extracted from a natural product or a recombinant is used. Examples of the carrier on which a purified enzyme or a partially purified enzyme is immobilized include carriers usually used for immobilizing an enzyme. Examples thereof include organic high molecular compounds, such as various ion-exchange resins, and inorganic porous materials, such as ceramics. The immobilization is performed, for example, by applying methods usually used by those skilled in the art, such as a carrier-binding method, a crosslinking method, an entrapment method, and the like. The carrier binding method includes a chemical adsorption method or a physical adsorption method comprising adsorbing to an ion-exchange resin.
In the present invention, the cell that produces and retains the lipase is bacteria, fungi, plant cells, or the like, but there is no limitation thereto. It is preferable to use yeasts and filamentous fungi. It is also possible to use recombinants into which various lipase genes have been introduced.
The lipase-producing cell used in the present invention may be immobilized on a carrier. As the material of the carrier that can be used in the present invention, foams or resins such as polyvinyl alcohol, a polyurethane foam, a polystyrene foam, polyacrylamide, a polyvinyl formal resin porous material, a silicon foam, a cellulose porous material, or the like are preferable. It is preferable to use a porous carrier, for example, in view of shedding of cells with reduced growth and activity or dead cells. The size of the opening of the porous material varies depending on the type of cells. The size enough for cells to enter and grow therein is suitable. A size of 50 μm to 1000 μm is preferable, but the size is not limited thereto. There is no limitation regarding the shape of the carrier. In view of the strength of the carrier, the cultivation efficiency or the like, spherical or cubical shapes are preferable. A preferable size is 1 mm to 50 mm in diameter for a spherical carrier, and 2 mm to 50 mm in length of the side for a cubical carrier.
Starting materials for the fatty acid ester are an oil and fat and a lower alcohol.
As the oil and fat starting material, vegetable oils and fats, animal oils and fats, fish oils, oils and fats produced by microorganisms, mixtures thereof, or waste oils thereof are used preferbly. Examples of vegetable oils and fats include soybean oil, rape seed oil, palm oil, olive oil, and the like. Examples of animal oils and fats include beef tallow, lard, sperm oil, mutton tallow, and the like. Examples of fish oils include sardine oil, tuna oil, squid oil, and the like. Examples of oils and fats produced by microorganisms include oils and fats produced by microorganisms belonging to Genus Mortierella, Schizochytrium, and the like. The waste oils refer to used plant and animal oils and fats, and examples thereof include Tempura (battered and deep fried foods) waste oils, and the like. Since the waste oils were heated to a high temperature, they also contain hydrogenated, oxidized, or peroxidized oils. These oils also can be used as the starting material. The oils may contain water. Alternatively, the reaction mixture in which these oil and fat starting materials have once been treated with the lipase also can be used as the starting material.
A lower alcohol refers to an alcohol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. A linear lower alcohol is preferable, in particular, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, or n-butanol is preferable.
Reaction Apparatus
In the present invention, a reaction apparatus refers to an apparatus having a plurality of stages of connected catalyst reaction tubes that are tubes, such as stainless steel tubes, filled with an immobilized lipase or lipase-producing cells.
The catalyst reaction tubes 10 in
The catalyst reaction tubes 10 are filled with the lipase that is immobilized by given means.
The catalyst reaction tubes 10 are connected to each other, for example, via tubes. The tubes connect the catalyst reaction tubes 10 such that an oil and fat starting material or a separated liquid is supplied to each catalyst reaction tube 10 from above, the separated liquid being obtained after passing through its preceding catalyst reaction tube 10 and the glycerin separation tank 40, and such that an outflowing liquid flows out of the lower portion of the catalyst reaction tube 10. Also, the tubes are preferably made of a material selected in consideration of the viscosity of the oil and fat, and deterioration caused by the starting materials and the product, and more preferably made of silicon or Teflon (registered trademark).
In this embodiment, pressure gauges 20 are arranged in order to measure the pressure in the catalyst reaction tubes 10. It is preferable to use pressure gauges that can indicate the pressure up to 1 MPa.
In this embodiment, pumps 30 are arranged in order to supply the starting materials (the oil and fat and the lower alcohol) and the separated liquid to the catalyst reaction tubes 10, or in order to supply the outflowing liquid to the glycerin separation tanks 40, at a given pressure or rate. It is preferable to use metering pumps having a maximum ejection pressure of approximately 0.4 to 1.0 MPa in consideration of a pressure loss in the catalyst reaction tubes 10.
The glycerin separation tanks 40 are placed between the catalyst reaction tubes 10. There is no particular limitation regarding a method for separating glycerin. For example, as shown in
In the apparatus 100 of the present invention, lower alcohol supply ports are placed upstream of the respective stages of catalyst reaction tubes 10, and the lower alcohol is added from these supply ports to the separated liquid. Here, it is necessary to keep a uniformly dispersed state such that a droplet of the alcohol is not formed in the oil and fat, because the lower alcohol inhibits the activity of the lipase, and because the solubility of the lower alcohol to the oil and fat is extremely low. Therefore, in order to sufficiently mix the lower alcohol supplied immediately before each stage, and the oil and fat starting material or the outflowing liquid, the mixing means 50 is placed between the lower alcohol supply port and the following catalyst reaction tube. Examples of the mixing means 50 include fillers in the tube, and a stationary mixer. More specifically, for example, placing fillers such as beads in a tube for supplying the oil and fat or the separated liquid to the catalyst reaction tubes 10 can facilitate mixing of a mixture of the oil and fat and the lower alcohol passing through the tube.
Furthermore, a constant-temperature water circulation apparatus is preferably placed around the catalyst reaction tubes 10. The constant-temperature water circulation apparatus preferably can keep the temperature of the reaction apparatus 100, in particular, the catalyst reaction tubes 10 at 25° C. to 45° C. at which the enzyme reaction occurs in a more preferable manner. Alternatively, the entire reaction apparatus 100, or the mixing means 50 and the catalyst reaction tubes 10 may be placed in a constant-temperature chamber.
The present invention is directed to a method for continuously producing a fatty acid ester in a reaction apparatus having a plurality of stages of catalyst reaction tubes filled with a lipase, comprising:
(a) mixing and agitating an oil and fat starting material and a lower alcohol, and supplying a mixture to one of the catalyst reaction tubes;
(b) producing a fatty acid ester and glycerin in the catalyst reaction tube to which the oil and fat starting material and the lower alcohol are supplied;
(c) introducing an outflowing liquid from the catalyst reaction tube into a glycerin separation tank, thereby collecting the glycerin;
(d) adding a lower alcohol to a separated liquid obtained by separating the glycerin from the outflowing liquid, mixing and agitating an obtained material, and supplying a mixture to a following catalyst reaction tube;
(e) repeating the steps (b) to (d) until supply to a last catalyst reaction tube is performed;
(f) introducing an outflowing liquid from the last catalyst reaction tube to a glycerin separation tank placed downstream of the last catalyst reaction tube, thereby collecting glycerin, and obtaining a separated liquid obtained by separating the glycerin from the outflowing liquid; and
(g) collecting a fatty acid ester from the separated liquid obtained in the step (f).
In the present invention, it is possible to efficiently and continuously produce a fatty acid ester, for example, using the reaction apparatus 100 as shown in
Alternatively, in the case where the number of stages of catalyst reaction tubes is small, the separated liquid from the last catalyst reaction tube may be used as the oil and fat starting material, and the reaction in this reaction apparatus may be repeated several times. For example, by repeatedly causing a liquid to pass three times through a reaction apparatus having three stages of catalyst reaction tubes, it is possible to obtain a separated liquid containing a fatty acid ester at the same concentration as that in a reaction apparatus having nine stages of catalyst reaction tubes.
In the reaction apparatus 100, it is important to adjust the liquid flow rate (or the volume flow rate) in the reaction apparatus 100. If the liquid flow rate is low, the separation efficiency of glycerin from the outflowing liquid in the glycerin separation tanks 40 is poor. The liquid flow rate is determined as appropriate depending to the type of alcohol, the diameter and the number of stages of the catalyst reaction tubes 10, the type of the oil and fat starting material, and the like. In the present invention, the liquid flow rate is usually at least 2.15 cm/min, preferably at least 4.65 cm/min, more preferably at least 6.03 cm/min, still more preferably at least 6.90 cm/min, even more preferably at least 7.76 cm/min, and most preferably at least 8.62 cm/min.
The amount and the rate of lower alcohol supplied are determined depending to the type of alcohol, the number of stages of the catalyst reaction tubes 10, the type of the oil and fat starting material, the flaw rate, and the like. The amount of lower alcohol supplied to each stage is preferably kept at 0.5 to 1.0 mol equivalent with respect to the oil and fat starting material. If the amount of lower alcohol supplied is small, the productivity of methyl ester and the separation efficiency of glycerin are poor. On the other hand, if the amount of lower alcohol supplied is large, the activity of the lipase in the catalyst reaction tubes 10 may be inhibited. Furthermore, regarding the rate of lower alcohol supplied, for example, in the case where a triolein starting material is caused to pass through the catalyst reaction tubes 10 at 1000 ml/h, the rate of methanol supplied is preferably 19.9 to 39.9 ml/h. Causing the lower alcohol to pass through the mixing means 50, such as fillers in the tube, a stationary mixer, or the like can facilitate mixing of the lower alcohol and the oil and fat.
Transesterification between the oil and fat and the lower alcohol catalyzed by the lipase is performed generally at 5° C. to 80° C., preferably at 15° C. to 50° C., and more preferably at 25° C. to 45° C. The reaction temperature may be determined depending on a microorganism or an enzyme used. For example, in the case where a heat-resistant microorganism or enzyme is used, the reaction can be performed at a relatively high temperature.
The fatty acid ester after the reaction is separated and collected from the reaction mixture containing unreacted glyceride and lower alcohol through a separating operation usually used by those skilled in the art, such as distillation. The thus collected fatty acid ester can be used as a biodiesel fuel.
Furthermore, the glycerin separation tanks 40 were placed under the catalyst reaction tubes 10, and glycerin formed as a by-product during the reaction procedure was collected in each stage. As shown in
First, 500 g of refined vegetable oil (Shirashime oil) was used as the oil and fat starting material, 9.07 g of methanol (0.5 mol equivalents with respect to the oil and fat) was added to each stage, and the mixture was caused to pass through the catalyst reaction tube 10. Here, the volume flow rate at the catalyst reaction tubes 10 was set to 250 ml/h, 640 ml/h, or 1080 ml/h. These volume flow rates at the catalyst reaction tubes 10 respectively correspond to liquid flow rates of 2.15 cm/min, 4.65 cm/min, and 9.30 cm/min. After the oil and fat starting material was caused to pass, the valves in the lower portions of the glycerin separation tanks 40 were opened, and the weight of by-product glycerin formed in each stage was measured. Then, 200 μl of the separated liquid flowing out in each stage was collected, and the concentration (content) of fatty acid methyl ester was analyzed.
The concentration (content) of fatty acid methyl ester (wt %) was determined by a gas chromatography analysis using tricaprylin as the internal standard. The analysis conditions were as follows.
Column: ZB-5HP (manufactured by Phenomenex, inner diameter 0.25 mm, length 15 m)
Column temperature:
Injector temperature: 320° C.
Detector temperature: 380° C.
Carrier gas: helium gas (1.76)
Split ratio: 1/50
Table 1 lists the number of stages in the packed-bed reactor used in this Example, the concentration of fatty acid ester after the reaction in 10 stages, the productivity per unit reaction time and per unit reactor volume, the weight of glycerin separated, and the ratio of the glycerin amount with respect to the theoretical amount.
It was shown that, with the same conditions as in Example 2, in the case where the oil and fat starting material or the separated liquid was caused to pass through the catalyst reaction tubes at a volume flow rate of 540 ml/h or more, that is, at a liquid flow rate of 4.65 cm/min or more, glycerin corresponding to approximately 90% of the theoretical amount was separated, and that, in the case where the volume flow rate was 1080 ml/h (the liquid flow rate was 9.30 cm/min), glycerin corresponding to 99% or more of the theoretical amount was separated. In the case where 10 stages of catalyst reaction tubes were taken as one reactor, the productivity of methyl ester per unit reaction time and per unit reactor volume was 106.7 g/h/L (250 ml/h), 231.3 g/h/L (540 ml/h), and 431.4 g/h/L (1.080 ml/h). As described by Y. Shimoda et al, (Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 2002, Vol. 17, pp. 133-142), in the case where an oil and fat in an equal volume to that of the reactor is treated under batch-type reaction conditions using the same enzyme, and a product having a final concentration of methyl ester of 97.3 wt % is obtained after a reaction time of 48 hours, the productivity is estimated as 17.6 g/h/L. Therefore, it is shown that the process for producing the fatty acid ester in the present invention is extremely advantageous in view of separation of the product and the by-product, and the productivity of the fatty acid ester per unit reaction time and per unit reactor volume.
Next, 0.33 mol equivalents of methanol with respect to the oil and fat were mixed therewith in each stage, and the mixtures was caused to pass through the stage at a volume flow rate of 540 ml/h.
In this Example, the number of stages of the catalyst reaction tubes 10 was set to two in the packed-bed reactor 100 shown in
According to the method of the present invention, a fatty acid ester can be produced through a continuous procedure of adding a lower alcohol without stopping the reaction, and automatically separating by-product glycerin, and thus, production efficiency is high, and production cost can be reduced. Furthermore, the separated glycerin does not require special washing treatment, and thus, the environmental load is low, and the produced fatty acid ester is provided as a biodiesel fuel with less environmental pollution.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007-323381 | Dec 2007 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP08/72111 | 11/28/2008 | WO | 00 | 6/3/2010 |
