Patent Application
20120034064
The subject matter disclosed herein relates to turbines, and more specifically, to exhaust diffusers for use with gas turbines and steam turbines.
Power generation plants often incorporate turbines, e.g., a gas turbine engine. The gas turbine engine combusts a fuel to generate hot combustion gases, which flow through a turbine to drive a load and/or compressor. At high velocities and temperatures, an exhaust gas exits the turbine and enters an exhaust diffuser. The exhaust diffuser may be an axial-radial exhaust diffuser that transitions the flow from an axial direction to a radial direction. Axial-radial exhaust diffusers incorporate internal structural features such as struts and turning vanes. The internal struts hold walls of the diffuser in a fixed relationship to one another and transfer loads from a rotor to a foundation. The internal turning vanes help divert the flow from the axial to radial direction. Unfortunately, the exhaust diffuser design results in significant pressure losses, particularly at the internal struts and turning vanes.
Certain embodiments commensurate in scope with the originally claimed invention are summarized below. These embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but rather these embodiments are intended only to provide a brief summary of possible forms of the invention. Indeed, the invention may encompass a variety of forms that may be similar to or different from the embodiments set forth below.
In accordance with a first embodiment, a system includes a gas turbine diffuser. The gas turbine diffuser includes an axial diffuser section including a first duct portion having an axial flow path along a centerline of the gas turbine diffuser, wherein the first duct portion has a first cross-sectional area that expands along the axial flow path. The gas turbine diffuser also includes an axial-radial diffuser section coupled to the axial diffuser section, wherein the axial-radial diffuser section includes a second duct portion having a curved flow path along the centerline from the axial flow path to a radial flow path, the second duct portion has a second cross-sectional area that expands along the curved flow path, the curved flow path has a radius of at least greater than or equal to approximately 30 centimeters, and the axial-radial diffuser excludes any turning vane in the second duct portion.
In accordance with a second embodiment, a system includes a gas turbine diffuser. The gas turbine diffuser includes an axial diffuser section including a first duct portion having an axial flow path along a centerline of the gas turbine diffuser. The gas turbine diffuser also includes an axial-radial diffuser section coupled to the axial diffuser section, wherein the axial-radial diffuser section includes a second duct portion having a curved flow path along the centerline from the axial flow path to a radial flow path and the axial-radial diffuser section excludes any turning vane in the second duct portion.
In accordance with a third embodiment, a method includes axially-radially diffusing an exhaust flow from a turbine through a curved duct along a curved flow path without any turning vanes, wherein the curved flow path has a radius of at least greater than or equal to 2 times a cross-sectional width of the curved duct.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
One or more specific embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present invention, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
The disclosed embodiments are directed toward a turbine diffuser contoured to provide a smooth flow path to transition the flow from an axial to radial direction without a turning vane, while maximizing the pressure recovery in the diffuser. As discussed below, the disclosed turbine diffuser may include an axial diffuser section, an axial-radial diffuser section, and a radial diffuser section. The axial diffuser section includes diverging walls about one or more struts to reduce pressure losses around the struts and to gradually transition to the axial-radial diffuser section. The axial-radial diffuser section includes a vaneless duct with a large radius of curvature to reduce flow separation and pressure losses. For example, the axial-radial diffuser section gradually turns the exhaust flow without any abrupt changes between the axial and radial directions, thereby eliminating the need for internal turning vanes. Instead of a sharp turn or small radius of curvature, the axial-radial diffuser section has the large radius of curvature along radially inward and outwards walls. The radius of curvature may be at least approximately 1 to 100 times a cross-sectional width of the turbine diffuser. For example, the radius of curvature may be greater than or equal to approximately 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times the cross-sectional width of the turbine diffuser. In addition, to improved flow performance, the disclosed turbine diffuser eliminates mechanical issues, such as cracks, associated with turning vanes.
The gas turbine engine 118 includes one or more fuel nozzles 160 located inside a combustor section 162. In certain embodiments, the gas turbine engine 118 may include multiple combustors 120 disposed in an annular arrangement within the combustor section 162. Further, each combustor 120 may include multiple fuel nozzles 160 attached to or near the head end of each combustor 120 in an annular or other arrangement.
Air enters through an air intake section 163 and is compressed by a compressor 132. The compressed air from the compressor 132 is then directed into the combustor section 162 where the compressed air is mixed with fuel. The mixture of compressed air and fuel is generally burned within the combustor section 162 to generate high-temperature, high-pressure combustion gases, which are used to generate torque within turbine section 130. As noted above, multiple combustors 120 may be annularly disposed within the combustor section 162. Each combustor 120 includes a transition piece 172 that directs the hot combustion gases from the combustor 120 to the turbine section 130. In particular, each transition piece 172 generally defines a hot gas path from the combustor 120 to a nozzle assembly of the turbine section 130, included within a first stage 174 of the turbine 130.
As depicted, the turbine section 130 includes three separate stages 174, 176, and 178. Each stage 174, 176, and 178 includes a plurality of blades 180 coupled to a rotor wheel 182 rotatably attached to a shaft 184. Each stage 174, 176, and 178 also includes a nozzle assembly 186 disposed directly upstream of each set of blades 180. The nozzle assemblies 186 direct the hot combustion gases toward the blades 180 where the hot combustion gases apply motive forces to the blades 180 to rotate the blades 180, thereby turning the shaft 184. The hot combustion gases flow through each of the stages 174, 176, and 178 applying motive forces to the blades 180 within each stage 174, 176, and 178. The hot combustion gases may then exit the gas turbine section 130 through an exhaust diffuser 188. The exhaust diffuser 188 functions by reducing the velocity of fluid flow through the exhaust diffuser 188 while also increasing the static pressure to reduce the work of the gas turbine engine 118. The exhaust diffuser includes a strut 190 disposed between the walls of the exhaust diffuser 188. The strut 190 holds the walls in a fixed relationship to another. The number of struts 190 is variable and may range between 1 to 10 or more. The exhaust diffuser 188 includes a contoured shape to transition the fluid flow from an axial to radial direction without any internal turning vane, while also including angles near an inlet 192 of the exhaust diffuser 188 to allow early flow diffusion.
The axial diffuser section 202 includes a first duct portion 212 having an axial flow path 214 along the centerline 208 of the exhaust diffuser 188. The first duct portion 212 includes a first wall 216 offset from a second wall 218. Further, the first wall 216 and the second wall 218 are disposed opposite one another about the axial flow path 214. The first wall 216 is mounted nearer or proximate relative to a rotational axis, indicated by dashed line 220, of the turbine 130, while the second wall 218 is more distal relative to the rotational axis 220. The first wall 216 extends along the axial flow path 214 at a first angle 222 relative to the rotational axis 220 of the turbine 130. In certain embodiments, the first angle 222 may be a negative angle that ranges between approximately 0 to 8 degrees, 2 to 6 degrees, or 4 to 5 degrees. For example, the first angle 222 may be at least equal to or greater than approximately 2, 4, 6, or 8 degrees, or any angle therebetween. In addition, the second wall 218 extends along the axial flow path 214 at a second angle 226 relative to the rotational axis 220. In certain embodiments, the second angle 226 may be a positive angle that ranges between approximately 16 to 20 degrees or 17 to 19 degrees. For example, the second angle 226 may be at least equal to or greater than approximately 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 degrees, or any angle therebetween. In the illustrated embodiment, the first angle 222 and the second angle 226 are not 0 degrees. In some embodiments, the first angle 222 is less than or equal to approximately 8 degrees, and the second angle 226 is greater than or equal to approximately 16 degrees.
Due to the first and second angles 222 and 226, respectively, the first wall 216 and the second wall 218 diverge from one another along the axial flow path 214. As a result of the divergence of the first wall 216 and the second wall 218, the first duct portion 212, as
The axial diffuser section 202 is coupled to the axial-radial diffuser section 204. The axial-radial diffuser section 204 transitions the flow from the axial diffuser section 202 to the radial diffuser section 206. The axial-radial diffuser section 204 includes a second duct portion 230 having a curved flow path 232 along the centerline 208 from the axial flow path 214 to a radial flow path 234. The second duct portion 230 includes a first curved wall 236 offset from a second curved wall 238. Further, the first curved wall 236 and the second curved wall 238 are disposed opposite one another about the curved flow path 232. The first curved wall 236 is mounted nearer or proximate relative to the rotational axis 220 of the turbine 130, while the second curved wall 238 is more distal relative to the rotational axis 220. The first and second angles 222 and 226 extend toward the first and second curved walls 236 and 238, respectively. Indeed, in some embodiments, the first and second angles 222 and 226 may extend directly to the first and second curved walls 236 and 238, respectively. The extension of the angles 222 and 226 to the curved walls 236 and 238 makes the flow path transition from the axial diffuser section 202 to the axial diffuser section 204 more aerodynamic, thereby reducing pressure losses in diffuser performance normally associated with sharp transitions in the flow path direction.
The first curved wall 236 curves along the curved flow path 232 with a first radius of curvature 240, while the second curved wall 238 curves along the curved flow path 232 with a second radius of curvature 242. The average of these radii 240 and 242 may be defined by an average radius of curvature 243 relative to the centerline 208 along the curved flow path 232. In certain embodiments, the radii of curvature 240, 242, and 243 may vary along the lengths of the first curved wall 236 and the second curved wall 238. Accordingly, centers 241 of the radii 240, 242, and 243 may shift to increase or decrease the radii 240, 242, and 243. At certain points along the length of the second duct portion 230, the first radius of curvature 240 and the second radius of curvature 242 may be different from each other, while at other points the first radius of curvature 240 and the second radius of curvature 242 may be the same. Alternatively, the first radius of curvature 240 and the second radius of curvature 242 may be different along the entire lengths of the first curved wall 236 and the second curved wall 238. In certain embodiments, the difference between the first radius of curvature 240 and the second radius of curvature 242 may range between approximately 0 to 50 percent, 10 to 40 percent, or 20 to 30 percent. For example, the difference may be approximately 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 percent, or any percent therebetween. In certain embodiments, the first radius of curvature 240 may be larger than the second radius of curvature 242. In alternative embodiments, the second radius of curvature 242 may be larger than the first radius of curvature 240. In other embodiments, the first radius of curvature 240 and the second radius of curvature 242 may be the same.
In certain embodiments, the first radius of curvature 240 may range approximately from 30 centimeters to 390 centimeters, 80 to 340 centimeters, 130 to 390 centimeters, 180 to 300 centimeters, or 220 to 260 centimeters. For example, the first radius of curvature 240 may be approximately 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 centimeters, or any distance therebetween. In some embodiments, the first radius of curvature 240 may be at least greater than or equal to approximately 100 centimeters. In certain embodiments, the second radius of curvature 242 may range approximately from 30 centimeters to 510 centimeters, 80 to 460 centimeters, 130 to 410 centimeters, 180 to 360 centimeters, or 230 to 310 centimeters. For example, the second radius of curvature 242 may be approximately 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 centimeters, or any distance therebetween. In some embodiments, the first radius of curvature 240 may be at least greater than or equal to approximately 100 centimeters. In certain embodiments, the radius 243 of the curved flow path 232 may range approximately from 30 centimeters to 450 centimeters, 80 to 400 centimeters, 130 to 350 centimeters, 180 to 300 centimeters, or 220 to 260 centimeters. For example, the radius 243 may be approximately 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 centimeters, or any distance therebetween. In some embodiments, the radius 243 may be at least greater than or equal to approximately 30 centimeters. In other embodiments, the radius 243 may be at least greater than or equal to approximately 100 centimeters.
The curvature of the walls 236 and 238 provides a smoother, more aerodynamic, flow path transition that eliminates the need for an internal turning vane in the second duct portion 230. Thus, the axial-radial diffuser section 204 excludes any internal turning vane. Indeed, the first and second curved walls 236 and 238, respectively, diverge from one another along the curved flow path 232 to allow greater diffusion during the transition from the axial to radial direction. The curved second duct portion 230 has a second cross-sectional area 244 (i.e., perpendicular to the centerline 208) that expands along the curved flow path 232 between the first curved wall 236 and the second curved wall 238. In other words, the cross-sectional area 244 has a cross-sectional width 246 that expands along the curved flow path 232. The expansion of the cross-sectional width 246 within the axial-radial diffuser section 204 allows diffusion of the flow to increase, while also transitioning the flow from an axial to radial direction.
In the certain embodiments, the radii 240, 242, and 243 may be at least approximately 1 to 100, 1 to 50, 1 to 25, or 1 to 10 times the cross-sectional width 246 of the curved flow path 232. For example, radii 240, 242, and 243 may be at least greater than or equal to approximately 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times the cross-sectional width 246.
From the axial-radial diffuser section 204, the flow is transitioned to the radial diffuser section 206. The axial-radial diffuser section 204 is coupled to the radial diffuser section 206. The radial diffuser section 206 includes a third duct portion 248 having a radial flow path 234 along the centerline 208 of the diffuser 188. The third duct portion 248 includes a first vertical wall 250 offset from a second vertical wall 252. Further, the first vertical wall 250 and the second vertical wall 252 are disposed opposite one another about the radial flow path 234. The diverging first and second curved walls 236 and 238 of the second duct portion 230 extend into the first vertical wall 250 and second vertical wall 252, respectively. The first vertical wall 250 also diverges from the second vertical wall 252 along the radial flow path 234. As a result, the third duct portion 248 includes a third cross-sectional area 254 (i.e., perpendicular to the centerline 208) that expands along the radial flow path 234 between the first vertical wall 250 and the second vertical wall 252 to increase diffusion and diffuser performance. From the radial diffuser section 206, the flow is directed to the outlet 210 of the diffuser 188.
In accordance with certain embodiments, the exhaust diffuser 188 above may be operated in conjunction with the turbine 130. For example, a method of operation may include axially-radially diffusing an exhaust flow from the turbine through a curved duct along the curved flow path 232 without any turning vanes, wherein the curved flow path 232 has an enlarged radius 243 to reduce flow separation and pressure losses. In some embodiments, the radius 243 may be at least greater than or equal to approximately 30 centimeters and/or 1 to 10 times the width 246. In other embodiments, the radius 243 may be at least greater than or equal to at least 2 times the width 246. Also, in the method, axially-radially diffusing the exhaust flow may include expanding the exhaust flow between the first curved wall 236 and the second curved wall 238 that curve along the curved flow path 232. As discussed above, the first curved wall 236 may be oriented nearer to the rotational axis 220 of the turbine 130 than the second curved wall 238. The method may further include axially diffusing the exhaust flow prior to axially-radially diffusing the exhaust flow. Axially diffusing the exhaust flow includes expanding the exhaust flow between a first angled wall 216 and a second angle wall 218 that are angled relative to the axial flow path 214. As discussed above, the first angled wall 216 may be oriented nearer to the rotational axis 220 of the turbine 230 than the second angled wall 218.
Technical effects of the disclosed embodiments include providing angled walls 216 and 218 to provide early flow diffusion to reduce the pressure losses across the struts 190. In addition, the angled walls 216 and 218 allow for a smoother transition from the axial diffuser section 202 to the axial-radial diffuser section 204 to decrease pressure losses during the axial to radial shift in flow direction. Providing an axial-radial diffuser section with curved walls 236 and 238 also smoothes the axial-to radial transition, while eliminating the need for turning vanes. Further, diverging walls along the axial diffuser section 202, the axial-radial diffuser section 204, and the radial diffuser section 206 allows the flow to expand along the flow path and to increase diffuser performance. Overall, the aerodynamic design of the diffuser 188 improves diffuser performance, while eliminating a source of performance loss and mechanical problems (i.e., the turning vanes).
This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
