Patent Grant
10731576
The present disclosure relates to a control apparatus for an internal combustion engine, and particularly relates to a control apparatus for an internal combustion engine that performs an exhaust gas recirculation (Exhaust Gas Recirculation; EGR) operation that recirculates a part of gas discharged from the internal combustion engine into cylinders.
Conventionally, for example, JP2010-255602A has disclosed an apparatus that adjusts an operating line of an internal combustion engine by using a load adjustment by an operation of a generator and adjustment of a throttle valve opening degree so that a differential pressure between an intake pressure and an exhaust pressure becomes substantially zero when an EGR valve is determined to be stuck open. The differential pressure between the intake pressure and the exhaust pressure becomes substantially zero, and thereby combustion worsening that occurs due to an excessive flow amount of exhaust gas (flow amount of EGR gas) that is recirculated into cylinders is suppressed.
Incidentally, when an EGR valve is stuck in an open state while the vehicle loaded with an internal combustion engine is traveling, it is required to decelerate the vehicle safely while preventing a misfire due to an excessive EGR gas flow amount. Here, in the torque reducing process in which the vehicle decelerates, the amount of air that is taken into the cylinders is decreased in response to reduction in request torque. When the air amount is decreased by operating the throttle valve to a closing side at this time, there arises the fear that the differential pressure between the intake pressure and the exhaust pressure increases and the EGR gas flow rate increases. In that case, there arises the fear that a misfire during torque reduction cannot be prevented, and safe deceleration cannot be realized.
The present disclosure is made in the light of the problem as described above, and has an object to provide an exhaust gas recirculation apparatus for an internal combustion engine capable of reducing torque safely while restraining a recirculation amount of EGR from becoming excessive when an EGR valve is stuck in an open state.
In order to solve the above described problem, a first disclosure is a control apparatus for an internal combustion engine, including a throttle valve installed in an intake passage of an internal combustion engine, an EGR passage that connects an exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine, and an intake downstream side of the throttle valve in the intake passage, an EGR valve that is installed in a middle of the EGR passage, and adjusts an effective opening area of the EGR passage, a valve mechanism that adjusts opening and closing characteristics of an intake valve or an exhaust valve of the internal combustion engine, and a controller that controls the throttle valve and the valve mechanism, based on request torque that is requested of the internal combustion engine. The controller is configured to execute evacuation traveling control that operates the throttle valve to fully open, calculates a target intake air flow amount that is a target value of an intake air flow amount for achieving the request torque based on the effective opening area in a case of the EGR valve being stuck in an open state, and operates the valve mechanism in accordance with the target intake air flow amount, in at least one time period while the request torque is reducing when the EGR valve is stuck in an open state.
A second disclosure is, in the first disclosure, such that the controller is configured to calculate the target intake air flow amount to be a larger value as the effective opening area of the EGR valve is larger, in the evacuation traveling control.
A third disclosure is, in the first disclosure, such that the controller is configured to restrict execution of the evacuation traveling control when the effective opening area of the EGR valve is smaller than a predetermined lower limit threshold value, when the EGR valve is stuck in an open state.
A fourth disclosure further includes, in the first disclosure, a supercharger having a compressor that is provided at an intake upstream side from a connection portion to the EGR passage in the intake passage. The controller is configured to determine that the EGR valve is stuck in an open state when there is a flow of gas from the intake passage to the exhaust passage in the EGR passage, in a time period in which a supercharging operation by the supercharger is performed and the EGR valve is operated to be fully closed.
A fifth disclosure is a control apparatus for an internal combustion engine, including a throttle valve installed in an intake passage of an internal combustion engine, an EGR passage that connects an exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine, and an intake downstream side of the throttle valve in the intake passage, an EGR valve that is installed in a middle of the EGR passage, and adjusts an effective opening area of the EGR passage, a valve mechanism that adjusts a valve timing of an intake valve or an exhaust valve of the internal combustion engine, and a controller that controls the throttle valve, the EGR valve and the valve mechanism, based on request torque that is requested of the internal combustion engine. The controller is configured to execute evacuation traveling control that operates the throttle valve to fully open, and operates the valve mechanism in a direction to reduce a charging efficiency of intake air that is taken into a cylinder of the internal combustion engine, in at least one time period while the request torque is reducing when the EGR valve is stuck in an open state.
A sixth disclosure is, in the fifth disclosure, such that the controller is configured to restrict execution of the evacuation traveling control when an effective opening area of the EGR valve is smaller than a predetermined lower limit threshold value in a case where the EGR valve is stuck in an open state.
According to the first disclosure, the evacuation traveling control that operates the throttle valve to fully open, calculates the target intake air flow amount for realizing the request torque, based on the effective opening area in the case of the EGR valve being stuck, and operates the valve mechanism in accordance with the target intake air flow amount is executed in at least one time period while the request torque is reducing when the EGR valve is stuck in an open state. When the throttle valve is operated to fully open, the pressure difference between the intake passage and the exhaust passage becomes small. Thereby, a recirculation amount of EGR gas can be restrained from becoming excessively large, so that generation of a torque variation by a misfire can be prevented.
Further, the flow amount of EGR gas taken into the cylinders changes in accordance with the effective opening area of the EGR valve. Consequently, according to the present disclosure, by operating the valve mechanism in accordance with the target air amount calculated based on the effective opening area of the EGR valve which is stuck, the request torque which reduces can be realized while the throttle valve is operated to fully open. In this way, according to the present disclosure, it becomes possible to reduce torque safely while restraining the recirculation amount of EGR gas from being excessively large when the EGR valve is stuck in an open state.
According to the second disclosure, in the evacuation traveling control, as the effective opening area of the EGR valve is larger, the target intake air flow amount is set at a larger value. As the effective opening area of the EGR valve is larger, the EGR gas flow amount increases under the same conditions. Consequently, according to the present disclosure, the target air amount can be precisely calculated based on the EGR gas flow amount.
According to the third disclosure, when the effective opening area of the EGR valve is smaller than the predetermined lower limit threshold value, execution of the evacuation traveling control is restricted. Thereby, necessity or unnecessity of execution of the evacuation traveling control can be determined based on the effective opening area in the state where the EGR valve is stuck open, that is, the degree of the EGR gas recirculation amount, so that it becomes possible to avoid execution of unnecessary evacuation traveling control.
According to the fourth disclosure, it is determined that the EGR valve is stuck in an open state when there is a backflow of gas from the intake passage side to the exhaust passage side through the EGR passage during a supercharging operation by the supercharger. During supercharging operation by the supercharger, a backflow of gas easily occurs, due to the pressure at the intake passage side in the EGR passage becoming higher than the pressure at the exhaust passage side. Consequently, according to the present disclosure, it becomes possible to determine whether or not the EGR valve is stuck in an open state with high precision.
According to the fifth disclosure, the evacuation traveling control that operates the throttle valve to fully open, and operates the valve mechanism in the direction to decrease the charging efficiency, in at least one time period while the request torque is reducing when the EGR valve is stuck in an open state. When the throttle valve is operated to fully open, the pressure difference between the intake passage and the exhaust passage becomes small. Thereby, the recirculation amount of EGR gas can be restrained from becoming excessively large, so that occurrence of a misfire can be prevented. Further, while the request torque is reducing, the charging efficiency is decreased by operation of the valve mechanism, so that the request torque which is reducing can be realized while the throttle valve is operated to fully open. In this way, according to the present disclosure, it becomes possible to reduce torque safely while restraining the recirculation amount of EGR gas from becoming excessively large when the EGR valve is stuck in an open state.
According to the sixth disclosure, when the effective opening area of the EGR valve is smaller than the predetermined lower limit threshold value, execution of the evacuation traveling control is restricted. Thereby, necessity or unnecessity of execution of the evacuation traveling control can be determined based on the effective opening area in the state where the EGR valve is stuck open, that is, the degree of the EGR gas recirculation amount, so that it becomes possible to avoid execution of unnecessary evacuation traveling control.
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings. Note that when the numerals of the numbers, the quantities, the amounts, the ranges and the like of the respective elements are mentioned in the embodiment shown as follows, the present disclosure is not limited to the mentioned numerals unless specially explicitly described otherwise, or unless the disclosure is explicitly specified by the numerals theoretically. Further, the structures, steps and the like that are described in the embodiment shown as follows are not always indispensable to the disclosure unless specially explicitly shown otherwise, or unless the disclosure is explicitly specified by the structures, steps and the like theoretically.
Hereinafter, a first embodiment of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings.
An intake manifold 2 is mounted to an intake side of the engine main body 1. Fresh air that is taken into an intake passage 4 from an air cleaner not illustrated is supplied to the respective cylinders of the engine main body 1 via the intake manifold 2. An air flow meter 6 that outputs a signal corresponding to a flow amount (a mass flow amount) of the fresh air taken into the intake passage 4 is provided downstream of the air cleaner in the intake passage 4. A compressor 11 of a supercharger 10 is provided downstream of the air flow meter 6 in the intake passage 4. An intercooler 7 is provided downstream of the compressor 11 in the intake passage 4. A throttle valve 8 is provided downstream of the intercooler 7 in the intake passage 4. The intake manifold 2 is provided with a temperature sensor 32 for detecting a temperature (hereinafter, an intake manifold temperature Tb) of intake air in the intake manifold 2, and a pressure sensor 34 for detecting a pressure (hereinafter, an intake manifold pressure Pb) in the intake manifold 2.
An exhaust manifold 3 is mounted to an exhaust side of the engine main body 1. Exhaust gas exhausted to the exhaust manifold 3 from the respective cylinders of the engine main body 1 is released into the atmosphere via an exhaust passage 5. The exhaust passage 5 is provided with a turbine 12 of a supercharger 10. An exhaust bypass passage 13 that bypasses the turbine 12 is connected to the exhaust passage 5. In the exhaust bypass passage 13, a wastegate valve 14 is disposed as a bypass valve that opens and closes the exhaust bypass passage 13. A start catalyst (hereinafter, “S/C”) 15 that is used in purification of exhaust gas is provided downstream of a position in the exhaust passage 5, to which the exhaust bypass passage 13 is connected. Further, an underfloor catalyst (hereinafter, “U/F”) 16 that is used in purification of exhaust gas is provided downstream of the S/C 15 in the exhaust passage 5.
The control apparatus according to the present embodiment includes an EGR passage 20 that connects a downstream side of the S/C 15 and an upstream side of the U/F 16 in the exhaust passage 5, and a downstream side of the throttle valve 8 in the intake passage 4. In the EGR passage 20, an EGR cooler 21 and an EGR valve 22 are provided in sequence from an exhaust side.
The engine configured as above is controlled by a controller 30. The controller 30 is an ECU (Electronic Control Unit). The ECU 30 includes at least an input/output interface, a memory and a CPU (a processor). The input/output interface is provided to take in sensor signals from various sensors attached to the engine, and output operation signals to actuators included by the internal combustion engine. The sensors from which the ECU 30 takes in signals include various sensors necessary to control the engine such as a crank angle sensor 36 that detects a rotation angle of a crankshaft, and an accelerator position sensor 38 that detects a depressing amount on an accelerator pedal in addition to the temperature sensor 32 and the pressure sensor 34 described above. Actuators to which the ECU 30 issues operation signals include various actuators such as the throttle valve 8, the IN-VVT 9 and the EGR valve 22. Memory stores various control programs for controlling the internal combustion engine, maps and the like. The CPU (processor) reads the control program or the like from the memory and executes the control program or the like to generate operation signals based on the sensor signals which are taken in.
The system of the first embodiment includes the EGR passage 20 that connects the downstream side of the S/C 15 in the exhaust passage 5 and the downstream side of the throttle valve 8 in the intake passage 4. The EGR passage 20 is provided with the EGR valve 22. The EGR valve 22 adjusts an EGR rate that is a ratio of an amount of EGR gas that is recirculated into the cylinders via the EGR passage 20 to entire intake air in the cylinders. The ECU 30 calculates a target EGR rate based on an operating state such as an engine speed Ne calculated from a detection signal of the crank angle sensor 36, and request torque calculated based on a detection signal of the accelerator position sensor 38, and the like. The ECU 30 calculates an instruction value of an opening degree to the EGR valve 22, for realizing the target EGR rate, and operates the opening degree of the EGR valve 22 in accordance with the instruction value.
Here, so-called stuck open that is a valve body being stuck in an open state sometimes occurs to the EGR valve 22. When the EGR valve 22 is stuck open, the EGR gas flow amount may become excessively large at the time of deceleration of the vehicle at which the intake manifold pressure is reduced. In this case, there is the fear that a torque variation due to a misfire occurs so that the request torque cannot be satisfied.
Therefore, the system of the present embodiment executes evacuation traveling control at the time of deceleration of the engine at which the request torque reduces when the EGR valve 22 is stuck open. In the evacuation traveling control, the throttle valve 8 is operated to fully open, and the IN-VVT 9 is operated in a direction to decrease charging efficiency of intake air that is taken into the cylinders. Note that “fully open” of the throttle valve 8 which is used in the description is defined as an opening degree that includes not only the maximum opening degree realizable by the throttle valve 8 but also a range in a vicinity of an effective opening area equivalent to the maximum opening degree. Hereinafter, specific operations of the evacuation traveling control and control accompanying the evacuation traveling control will be described in sequence.
Determination of being stuck open is determination of whether or not the EGR valve 22 is stuck open. The ECU 30 calculates an EGR gas flow amount Gegr that is taken into the cylinders of the engine from the EGR passage 20 by using expression (1) as follows in a time period in which the instruction value to the EGR valve 22 is fully closing. Note that in expression (1), Ga_eng represents an intake air flow amount taken into the cylinders of the engine, and Ga_afm represents a fresh air flow amount detected by the air flow meter 6 respectively.
[Mathematical expression 1]
Gegr=Ga_eng−Ga_afm (1)
The intake air flow amount Ga_eng in expression (1) can be calculated by using expression (2) as follows. Note that in expression (2), ρB represents a density of air in the intake manifold 2, ηvB represents a charging efficiency of air into the cylinders, Ne represents an engine speed, and V represents an exhaust gas amount of the engine, respectively. The density ρB can be calculated by using the intake manifold pressure Pb and the intake manifold temperature Tb which are detected. The air charging efficiency ηvB can be calculated based on present valve timings of the intake valve and the exhaust valve. The engine speed Ne can be detected by the crank angle sensor 36, and the exhaust gas amount V is a characteristic value of the engine.
[Mathematical expression 2]
G_eng=ρB·ηvB·Ne·V/120 (2)
When the EGR gas flow amount Gegr calculated in expression (1) has a negative value, it can be determined that the gas in the EGR passage 20 flows backward to the exhaust side. Consequently, when establishment of Gegr<0 is recognized in a time period in which the instruction value to the EGR valve 22 is full closing, it can be determined that the EGR valve 22 is stuck open. It is preferable to perform determination of presence or absence of stuck open of the EGR valve 22 at a time of acceleration at which a supercharging operation by the supercharger 10 is performed and the intake manifold pressure becomes higher than the atmospheric pressure. This is because as the differential pressure between the intake side and the exhaust side of the EGR valve 22 in the EGR passage 20 is larger, the amount of gas flowing at the time of the EGR valve 22 being stuck open becomes larger. Thereby, presence or absence of stuck open of the EGR valve 22 can be determined with high precision.
The ECU 30 calculates the effective opening area at the time of acceleration at which the EGR gas flows backward when the EGR valve 22 is stuck open.
The U/F upstream pressure Puf can be calculated based on a correlation of the intake air flow amount Ga_eng and the U/F upstream pressure Puf. The ECU 30 stores pressure loss characteristics of the EGR passage 20 as illustrated in
Note that as various state quantities for use in the above described determination of the EGR valve 22 being stuck open and estimation of the stuck opening degree, actual values detected by the sensors may be used. Further, in the configuration including the sensor that detects the opening degree of the EGR valve 22, determination of being stuck open and calculation of the effective opening area may be performed based on the actual value obtained from the sensor.
The ECU 30 executes the evacuation traveling control when it is determined that the EGR valve 22 is stuck open. The evacuation traveling control is executed in at least one time period while the request torque is reducing after the effective opening area Aegr of the EGR valve 22 is calculated. In more detail, in the evacuation traveling control, the throttle valve 8 is operated to fully open. Thereby, the differential pressure between the intake manifold pressure Pb and the U/F upstream pressure Puf can be decreased, so that the EGR gas flow amount can be suppressed to a minimum.
Further, in the evacuation traveling control, the IN-VVT 9 is operated to satisfy the request torque. An operation amount INVVT of the IN-VVT 9 is calculated by the following method, for example.
When the EGR gas is introduced into the intake passage 4, a relationship shown in expression (3) as follows is established. Note that in expression (3), Ga represents a flow amount of fresh air that is taken into the cylinders.
[Mathematical expression 3]
Ga+Gegr=ρB·ηvB·Ne·V/120 (3)
When the EGR valve 22 is stuck open, the EGR gas is introduced into the intake passage 4 during reduction in the request torque when the intake manifold pressure Pb becomes the atmospheric pressure or less. Accordingly, when a target value of the fresh air flow amount Ga necessary to realize the request torque is set as a target fresh air flow amount Gatgt, a target value of the intake air flow amount Ga_eng is set as a target intake air flow amount Ga_engtgt, and the target fresh air flow amount Gatgt and the target intake air flow amount Ga_engtgt are substituted into expression (3), expression (4) as follows is established.
[Mathematical expression 4]
Ga_engtgt=ρB·ηvBtgt·Ne·V/120
Ga_engtgt=Gatgt+Gegr (4)
The target fresh air flow amount Gatgt can be calculated based on the request torque. Further, the EGR gas flow amount Gegr can be calculated from expression (1) described above. Consequently, if a target charging efficiency ηvBtgt for realizing the target intake air flow amount Ga_engtgt is set by using expression (4), the request torque can be realized precisely.
The target charging efficiency ηVBtgt which is set is realized by operation of the IN-VVT 9. The charging efficiency ηvB becomes maximum at a timing at which a closing timing (IVC) of the intake valve is slightly at a retardation side from a bottom dead center (BDC), and as IVC is more away from the maximum timing, the charging efficiency ηvB becomes lower. Consequently, a target value INVVTtgt of an operation amount of the IN-VVT 9 is set at a value by which the closing timing (IVC) of the intake valve is more away from the above described maximum timing as the target charging efficiency ηvBtgt becomes lower (that is, as the request torque reduces more).
Note that in the above described explanation, the configuration is described, in which the charging efficiency is changed by adjusting the opening and closing phases of the intake valve. However, in place of this or in addition to this, a configuration may be adopted, in which the charging efficiency is changed by adjusting a valve lift amount of the intake valve. Further, a configuration may be adopted in which opening and closing phases or a valve lift amount of the exhaust valve is adjusted, in place of or in addition to the intake valve.
Further, in the evacuation traveling control, a driver of the vehicle may be notified that evacuation traveling by the evacuation traveling control is executed, by a sound, display or the like. Thereby, the driver can understand that abnormality occurs to the vehicle, so that the driver can take an action to stop the vehicle quickly.
According to the evacuation traveling control described above, an unintended torque variation is suppressed by suppressing a misfire during torque reduction, and the request torque during torque reduction can be realized precisely. Thereby, when the EGR valve 22 is stuck open, it becomes possible to decelerate the vehicle safely and stop the vehicle.
By the aforementioned evacuation traveling control, reduction of the request torque in the case of the EGR valve 22 being stuck open can be realized precisely. Here, even when the EGR valve 22 is stuck open, there is also a possibility that a misfire at the time of torque reduction does not become a problem as in the case where the effective opening area is minimum, and the like. Thus, the system of the present embodiment may execute no evacuation traveling control when the calculated effective opening area Aegr is smaller than a threshold value Aegr_e of the effective opening area in the case where the EGR valve 22 is stuck open. As the threshold value Aegr_e, a value that is obtained by an experiment or the like in advance as the lower limit threshold value of the effective opening area with which a misfire at the time of torque reduction does not become a problem can be used. Thereby, it becomes possible to restrict execution of unnecessary evacuation traveling control.
Next, with reference to a time chart, the evacuation traveling control which is executed in the first embodiment will be described in more detail.
In the examples of the charts illustrated in
In the examples of the charts illustrated in
When the accelerator pedal is gradually returned after the time point t3, the request torque reduces correspondingly. When the EGR valve 22 is not stuck open at this time, there is no fear that the EGR gas is introduced even when the intake manifold pressure Pb becomes lower than the U/F upstream pressure. Consequently, as illustrated by the chain lines in the chart illustrated in
If the throttle valve 8 is operated to the closing side when the EGR valve 22 is stuck open, there is a fear that a misfire is caused by a large amount of EGR gas being introduced and the request torque cannot be realized. Thus, in the system of the first embodiment, the evacuation traveling control is performed at the time point t3 at which the request torque reduces. In the evacuation traveling control in this case, the throttle valve 8 is operated to fully open, and the IN-VVT 9 is operated to decrease the charging efficiency ηvB (retardation side).
At the time point t4, the accelerator pedal position is returned to full closure. Thereby, firing of the engine is stopped, so that the throttle valve 8 is fully closed and deceleration by engine braking is performed. In this way, according to the system of the first embodiment, in the case where the EGR valve 22 is stuck open, it becomes possible to realize the request torque in the deceleration process precisely and stop the vehicle safely, even in deceleration from high-speed traveling.
Subsequently, specific processing in the aforementioned evacuation traveling control will be described in detail by using a flowchart.
In the routine illustrated in
In the next step, it is determined whether or not the instruction value to the EGR valve 22 is full closure and the EGR gas flow amount Gegr<0 is established (step S6). When establishment of the determination is not recognized as a result, it can be determined that the conditions for determining whether the EGR valve 22 is stuck open are not established or the EGR valve 22 is not stuck open. In this case, the present routine is ended, and the processing is executed from the processing in step S2 again in the next arithmetic operation period. When establishment of the determination is recognized in the processing in step S6 described above, it can be determined that the EGR valve 22 is stuck open. In this case, the flow goes to a next step, and the EGR valve stuck open flag is set (step S8).
When the EGR valve stuck open flag is set, calculation processing of Aegr is executed next (step S10). The ECU 30 stores the pressure loss characteristics of the EGR passage illustrated in
Subsequently, it is determined whether or not calculation of Aegr is completed (step S12). Here, it is determined whether or not the number of times of execution of the processing in step S10 reaches a predetermined number of times. Note that as the predetermined number of times in this case, a value set in advance is used as the number of samplings capable of identifying Aegr from the pressure loss characteristics of the EGR passage. When it is determined that calculation of Aegr is not completed yet as a result, the present routine is ended. When it is determined that calculation of Aegr is completed in step S12 described above, the flow goes to a next step. In the next step, the Aegr calculation completion flag is set, and the identified effective opening area Aegr is stored (step S14).
In the routine illustrated in
When the evacuation traveling flag is set, the evacuation traveling control is executed next (step S22). In the evacuation traveling control, at least in one time period while the request torque is reducing, the opening degree of the throttle valve is operated to fully open, and the IN-VVT 9 is operated to decrease the charging efficiency. In more detail, the ECU 30 calculates the target charging efficiency ηvBtgt for realizing the target fresh air flow amount Gatgt based on the target fresh air flow amount Gatgt calculated from the request torque and the EGR gas flow amount Gegr by using expression (4). Subsequently, the ECU 30 determines the INVVTtgt for realizing the target charging efficiency ηvBtgt, and operates the IN-VVT 9 in accordance with the determined INVVTtgt. When the evacuation traveling control is executed, the driver of the vehicle is notified that the evacuation traveling is executed by a sound, display or the like.
In this way, according to the system of the first embodiment, the EGR gas flow amount can be suppressed to the minimum when the EGR valve 22 is stuck open, so that a torque variation due to a misfire can be suppressed. Further, the generated torque in the process of the request torque reducing can be precisely realized, so that it becomes possible to stop the vehicle safely.
Incidentally, in the system of the aforementioned first embodiment, the EGR device including the EGR passage 20 that connects the upstream side of the U/F 16 in the exhaust passage 5 and the downstream side of the throttle valve 8 in the intake passage 4 is described. However, the configuration of the EGR device of the system of the first embodiment is not limited to this. That is, in the case of the EGR valve 22 being stuck open, the EGR device may be configured as another EGR device such as an HPL-EGR device that connects the exhaust manifold 3 and the intake manifold 2 by the EGR passage as long as the EGR device has the configuration in which the EGR gas is introduced during torque reduction.
Further, the ECU 30 included by the engine of the first embodiment may be configured as follows. The respective functions of the ECU 30 may be realized by a processing circuit. The processing circuit of the ECU 30 may include at least one processor and at least one memory. When the processing circuit includes at least one processor and at least one memory, the respective functions of the ECU 30 may be realized by software, firmware, or a combination of the software and the firmware. At least one of the software and the firmware may be written as a program. At least one of the software and the firmware may be stored in at least one memory. At least one processor may realize the respective functions of the control unit by reading and executing the program stored in at least one memory. At least one memory may include a nonvolatile or volatile semiconductor memory or the like.
Further, the processing circuit of the ECU 30 may include at least one exclusive hardware. When the processing circuit includes at least one exclusive hardware, the processing circuit may be, for example, a single circuit, a composite circuit, a programmed processor, a parallel-programmed processor, ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), or a combination of them. The functions of the respective sections of the ECU 30 may be respectively realized by processing circuits. Further, the functions of the respective sections of the ECU 30 may be collectively realized by the processing circuit. Some of the respective functions of the ECU 30 may be realized by exclusive hardware, and the other functions may be realized by software or firmware. The processing circuit may realize the respective functions of the ECU 30 by hardware, software, firmware, or a combination of them.
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| 2016-216400 | Nov 2016 | JP | national |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20180128192 A1 | May 2018 | US |
