The present invention relates to a control method used for starting a synchronous electric motor.
The invention also relates to a power converter comprising a control unit configured to implement said control method.
In order to start a synchronous electric motor, it is required to know the position of its rotor. In open-loop operation, namely without using a mechanical (speed or position) sensor, there exist methods for estimating the position of the rotor of the electric motor. One solution consists in injecting a direct current in the output phases so as to cause the rotor to rotate until it is aligned.
The document U.S. Pat. No. 7,202,618 proposes another solution which consists in sending voltage pulses to each of the phases of the motor during a given period and determining the peaks of the currents which have circulated in the phases of the motor. Then, by comparing the currents obtained for each phase and based on the relationship between the currents, the initial position of the rotor may be calculated.
However, these solutions are not always suitable for the overall architecture used. In fact, if the variable speed drive is connected to the permanent-magnet synchronous electric motor via a sinus filter, a transformer and long cables, the known solutions for determining the position of the rotor of the electric motor will not be operationally suitable. The prolonged injection of a direct current, and therefore the application of a direct voltage, will tend to saturate the transformer thus preventing any position detection. The second solution involving voltage pulses quite simply cannot be applied owing to the presence of passive filtering elements between the variable speed drive and the electric motor.
The object of the invention is therefore to propose a control method allowing starting of a synchronous electric motor, even if it is integrated in an architecture such as that described above, namely also including a sinus filter, a transformer and long cables.
This object is achieved by a control method used in a control unit of a power converter connected by three output phases to a synchronous electric motor, said control unit being configured to implement a main control law for controlling the synchronous electric motor, said control method being configured to replace said main control law upon starting of the synchronous electric motor and comprising:
According to a particular feature of the control method of the invention, the reference current is kept at a constant value during the first step.
According to another particular feature, the control method includes a prior step for application of a ramp for the reference current so as to raise it up to said constant value.
According to another particular feature, the stator frequency is also kept at a constant value during the second step.
According to another particular feature, the method comprises a step of reducing the reference current below the first threshold value, prior to the step for switching to the main control law.
The invention also concerns a system for controlling a synchronous electric motor comprising a control unit having a main control law which can be executed so as to control the synchronous electric motor and a starting sequence for replacing said main control law upon starting of the synchronous electric motor, said control unit comprising:
Advantageously, the control system has a power converter connected to the synchronous electric motor by three output phases and controlled by said control unit.
Advantageously, the power converter is connected to the synchronous electric motor via a sinus filter and a transformer.
Other characteristic features and advantages will become clear from the following detailed description provided with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
The control method is implemented in a control unit UC and is configured to allow starting of an electric motor of the synchronous type. Advantageously the electric motor M is of the three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous type.
Advantageously, the control unit UC may be arranged inside a power converter of the variable speed drive type D.
This method is particularly suitable for controlling starting of the permanent-magnet synchronous electric motor M when the latter is connected to the variable speed drive D via a sinus filter SF, a transformer TR and long cables C, for example having a length of more than two kilometers. This architecture is shown in
With reference to
In a known manner, the control unit UC of the variable speed drive D uses a main control law L in order to control the inverter and determine the output voltages necessary for operation of the electric motor M (block B1 in
When the synchronous electric motor M is started, the position of the rotor is unknown by the control unit UC of the variable speed drive D, preventing the implementation of the main control law L. When the synchronous electric motor M is started, a specific sequence must be implemented to ensure that the position of the rotor is known. With the control method according to the invention it is possible to create a rotational starting sequence ST (
With reference to
During a first step, the control method consists in determining and applying a reference current Iref (block 10). This reference current Iref is chosen at a value higher than a first reference value, corresponding to the minimum current to be applied in order to cause rotation of the synchronous electric motor, i.e. corresponding to the minimum load current.
The study described does not take into account the sinus filter, but may be extended to include it without difficulty.
Let us consider the different parts of the system. The simplified equations of the transformer for a phase are:
Where u1 and i1 are the voltage and the current on the primary winding of the transformer, u2 and i2 are the voltage and the current on the secondary winding of the transformer, n1 and n2 are the number of turns on the primary winding and secondary winding of the transformer respectively, φ is the magnetic flux, and is the reluctance of the transformer.
Considering a perfect transformer (=0), the following basic conditions of the transformer are present:
In reality, the reluctance is not zero and the saturation of the flux of the transformer must be considered. A way of considering this saturation is to have a variable reluctance (φ) dependent on the equivalent linear flux. increases with the flux. In this case, the magnetizing current and the current on the primary winding increase rapidly.
From a control point of view, the current on the primary winding of the transformer no longer is representative of the current on the secondary winding and therefore of the current in the synchronous electric motor. From an electronic point of view, the increase in the current generates additional losses and therefore greater thermal heating. It is therefore necessary to avoid this saturation zone and remain in the linear part of the transformer.
Still in general terms, let us consider a single sinusoidal voltage:
u1=Umod sin(ωt−α)
Where:
The integration of this voltage gives us the following flux:
It can be seen therefore that there is a relationship between the pulsation of the voltage and the amplitude of the voltage so as to ensure a flux below the saturation threshold of the flux.
Let us now consider the equations of the motor. In stable conditions (motor rotating at a fixed frequency and stable currents), at the rotating reference point with angle θs, the following are defined:
Where:
Finally, let us consider the equation of the system associated with the application (mechanical equation of the motor). The application providing a resistive load torque τc, the electric motor torque τm must be greater than the load torque in order to start the motor. At the Park reference point d,q associated with the motor, the following is defined:
This constraint may be written as a constraint on the module of the current
where Ic is the minimum current value allowing the constraint on the torque to be verified.
If we consider the complete system, the following are present:
If non-constant speed and current progressions are considered, the generalization of the constraint of the complete system is equivalent to the expression (considering sinusoidal voltages):
For the whole of T, ∫OT(V(i(t)) sin (∫ω(t)))dt<φmax with ∥i(t)∥>Ic,
where φmax is the maximum flux admissible by the transformer before saturation.
Based on the reference current Iref and the values measured for the flux current Id and the torque current Iq, the control unit of the variable speed drive D determines the flux voltage Vdref and the reference torque voltage Vqref. Based on these flux and reference torque voltages, the control unit UC determines the single voltages V1, V2, V3 to be applied to each output phase (block B11).
In a second step, the control unit UC determines a stator frequency ωs taking into account the reference current level Iref applied (block B12). The stator frequency ωs is chosen at a value which is as low as possible, but higher than a second threshold value, synonymous with saturation of the transformer, as explained by the example given above.
The control unit UC implements a module for integration of the stator frequency (block B2) so as to determine an angle ƒ defining the three components V1, V2, V3 of the voltage vector V at the reference point 1, 2 and 3 in accordance with the following relations:
The angle determined will also be used to estimate the flux current Id and the torque current Iq from the currents I1, I2, I3 measured on the three output phases U, V, W.
As during starting of the motor, the rotor is not aligned, the real frequency of the rotor does not follow the stator frequency ωs (
Once the rotor is engaged, the control unit knows the frequency of the motor, this being equal to the frequency of the voltage output by the variable speed drive, as well an estimation of the angle θ of the rotor.
The control unit then switches the control of the synchronous electric motor to the main control law L. The reference voltages Vdref and Vqref are calculated in this case by the main control law L. All the states of the control law are updated during the transition in order to ensure the continuity of the variables. In
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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14 56154 | Jun 2014 | FR | national |
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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5844397 | Konecny et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
7508160 | Rudniski | Mar 2009 | B1 |
20090273308 | Matsuo | Nov 2009 | A1 |
Entry |
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French Preliminary Search Report with written opinion issued May 11, 2015 in French Application 14 56154 filed on Jun. 30, 2014 (with English Translation of Categories of Cited Documents). |
Number | Date | Country | |
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20150381088 A1 | Dec 2015 | US |