Patent Application
20070286325
The present invention relates to a control rod for a nuclear plant, wherein the control rod is arranged to be provided in a core, which comprises a number of fuel assemblies, and to be in contact with a coolant which comprises water, wherein the control rod comprises at least an inner space adapted to receive an absorber material for allowing absorption of neutrons during operation of the nuclear plant and wherein the absorber material has the property to generate at least one gaseous substance during said absorption process.
In nuclear plants, compounds containing boron as neutron absorber are frequently used. Boron is used as absorber material because the boron isotope B10 has a very good absorption capacity of thermal neutrons. Boron, for example in the form of boron carbide, is therefore often used as absorption material in control rods both in boiling water reactors BWR and in pressure water reactors PWR. The following reaction occurs during such an absorption B10+n1>Li7+He4
Consequently, the gas helium is formed when the boron isotope B10 absorbs thermal neutrons. The helium gas formed gives rise to an increased inner pressure in the space enclosing the absorber material in the control rod. In order not to let the inner pressure be too high in this space, the amount of absorption material has to be accurately determined. Normally, the space is filled to about 70% with boron carbide. With such a grade of filling of the space, there is no place for the helium gas which is formed during the absorption process. Such a limited filling grade of absorption material in said space results in a corresponding limitation of the neutron absorbing capacity of the control rod
The object of the present invention is to provide a control rod having a design which allows a reduction of the gas pressure created in the spaces of the control rod, which contain absorber material, during an absorption process of thermal neutrons
The above-mentioned object is achieved in that the control rod comprises a filter member which allows a diffusion of the gaseous substance through the filter member and out from the space at the same time as it prevents a diffusion of water into the space. As soon as the absorber material absorbs neutrons during operation of the nuclear plant a gaseous substance is thus formed and the pressure increases within the enclosed space of the control rod comprising the absorber material. Consequently, the filter member here has the function to allow a passage of the formed gas out from the space and to the surroundings. Hereby, it is in an effective manner prevented that the pressure inside the space becomes too high. The difference in pressure between the space and the surroundings forms a natural driving source which forces the gas through the filter member and out to the surroundings. The filter member shall also have the property to prevent the water, which surrounds the control rod, from penetrating into the space through the filter member. By the use of such a filter member, the filling grade of absorption material in said space does not need to be reduced to allow receiving of the gaseous substance. Therefore, the control rod may be given a higher filling grade of absorber material and thereby the control rod obtains a larger neutron absorbing capacity and a longer lifetime than a corresponding conventional control rod. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the filter member comprises a material with an atomic structure comprising passages, which have a size such that only substances, consisting of atoms or molecules which are smaller than the size of a water molecule, are allowed to diffuse through the filter member. A material having such dimensioned passages allows a diffusion of gaseous or liquid substances, which have a smaller atomic or molecule size than water molecules. Hereby, gaseous substances in said space, which are formed during the absorption process, may diffuse through the passages and out from the space. However, the limited size of the passages makes a diffusion of water molecules through the filter member in an opposite direction impossible. Said gaseous substance is usually helium and thus the passages of the filter member must have at least a size such that helium atoms can pass through the filter member. Helium has an atomic diameter of 100 pm. Since helium has such a small atomic diameter, it is not difficult to find solid materials with an atomic structure which allows passage of helium
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the filter member comprises a metal material. Metals disclose a crystalline structure comprising closely packed atoms. Metals or metal alloys, which comprise relatively large atoms, disclose usually passages in the crystalline structure of a size which allows passage of helium atoms. Alternatively, the filter member may comprise an oxide of a transition metal. Other alternatives are aluminium oxide or silicon oxide. Aluminium oxide is substantially insoluble in water and it is present in a plurality of crystalline forms. Silicon oxide is present in amorphous form as well as in a number of crystalline forms. According to a further alternative, the filter member may comprise a ceramic material. Ceramic materials are characterized in that they withstand high temperatures and hard chemical environments. Such a ceramic material may comprise silicon. By a suitable design of a ceramic material, it is possible to dimension the size of the passages such that the atoms and molecules up to a certain size are only allowed to pass. In certain cases, it could be suitable that the filter member comprises mixtures of the above-mentioned materials
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the filter member has a location in the control rod such that it forms a connection between said space and the surroundings. Consequently, the filter member comprises passages within a specified size range, which thereby extend between said space and the surroundings. When the pressure increases in said space, the small helium atoms will be pressed out through the passages of the filter member to the surroundings. On the other hand, the significantly larger water molecules are prevented from passing in via the too narrow passages of the filter. Advantageously, the filter member is attached to the control rod in an existing channel which extends between said space and the surroundings. By attaching the filter member in such an already existing channel in the control rod, only smaller modifications need to be done of already existing control rods. Preferably, the filter member is attached by means of welding in said channel. Thereby, the filter member provides a strength and tight attachment in the control rod
According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the absorber material comprises boron. Advantageously, the absorber material comprises boron carbide which is frequently used in control rods both in boiling water reactors BWR and in pressure water reactors PWR. Boron carbide comprises the boron isotope B10. The boron isotope B10 has a great absorbing capacity of thermal neutrons. Lithium and helium is formed with the boron isotope B10 as absorption material. Consequently, it is necessary that the filter member allows a diffusion of the helium formed during the absorption process such that the pressure inside the control rod does not becomes too high. It is also necessary that the filter member prevents water from penetrating into the space where it otherwise reacts with the formed lithium
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nuclear plant is a boiling water reactor BWR. The control rods of a boiling water reactor comprise four control rod blades which each, at an outer edge portion, comprises a first channel connecting the drilled holes to each other, which are filled with absorption material. The first channel is intended to level out the pressure differences between the hole-shaped spaces. Since conventional control rods of boiling water reactors thus comprise four control rod blades, accordingly four filter members need to be provided in a control rod. Preferably, the filter member is provided at an outlet aperture of an existing second channel, which is connected to the first channel and used to pressure test the space during manufacturing of the control rod blade. This outlet aperture of the second channel is plugged up in a conventional control rod by means of a metal plug. Instead, to plug up this outlet aperture with a filter member with a corresponding shape and size, includes substantially no additional work in comparison with the manufacturing of a conventional control rod
In the following, a preferred embodiment of the invention is described as an example with reference to the attached drawings, on which
The control rod blade 2 is provided with an elongated milled recess at the free edge portion during a manufacturing process. Thereafter, the holes 3 are drilled in the recess in rows above each other. The absorber rods 4 are arranged in the holes 3. Thereafter, the absorber material is enclosed by rolling the legs of the recess together. Thereafter, the end surfaces of the legs are welded together by an elongated welding joint such that a hermetic and pressure strength enclosure is created forming the first channel 5. Alternatively, the first channel 5 may be created by welding an elongated cover member over the recess along the free edge surface of the control rod blade. Hereby, the cover element forms a wall surface of the first channel 5. After the welding operation, a vacuum pump is connected to the outlet aperture of the second channel 6 for controlling that the first channel 5 and the holes 3 form a hermetically closed space in the control rod blade 2. Finally, a sealing plug is welded to the outlet aperture of the second channel 6. The sealing plug comprises, according to the present invention, a filter member 7. The filter member 7 comprises a material having an atomic structure with passages of a defined size, which extend between the second channel 6 and the surroundings 8. During operation of the boiling water reactor, the surroundings 8 of the control rod blades 2 consists of cooling water
During operation of the boiling water reactor, the absorber rods 4 absorb neutrons. Hereby, lithium and helium are formed. Consequently, the filter member 7 comprises a material with an atomic structure with passages of a defined size. The passages have a size such that helium, which consists of relatively small atoms, are allowed to pass through the passages. The helium, which is formed during the absorption process in the holes 3, is spread such that it also fills out the first channel 5 and the second channel β. Concurrently with the formation of helium, the pressure increases and the helium atoms are pressured by means of the positive pressure out through the passages of the filter member 7 to the surroundings 8. Consequently, the helium formed during the absorption process will successively be guided out via the filter member 7. Thereby, it is prevented that too high positive pressures arise in the closed spaces of the control rod blades 2. Only about 70% of the holes 3 of conventional control rod blades 2 are filled with absorber materials because the remaining space of the holes 3 is needed for receiving the helium which is formed during the absorption process. With the present invention, the holes 3 of the control rod blades may obtain an essentially higher filling grade of absorber material 4. Thereby, the control rod blades 2 obtain a higher absorption of neutrons and a longer lifetime than a conventional control rod blade. The passages of the filter member 7 have an upper, limited size which is dimensioned such that water molecules are prevented from passing through the filter member 7. It is thus secured that the surrounding cooling water can not leak in, via the passages of the filter member 7, to the absorber rods 4 and react with the lithium formed during the absorption process
Consequently, the filter member 7 comprises a material having an atomic structure which comprises passages of a size such that helium atoms are allowed to pass through the passages while water molecules are prevented from passing through the filter member 7. Another requirement on the filter member is that it has to comprise a material which is completely resistant in the environment prevailing in a nuclear plant and thus not influenced by the cooling water or the radiation which is present herein. Since helium has such a small atomic radius, it is not difficult to find materials having an atomic structure which let through helium atoms. Hereby, the filter member 7 may comprise a metal material. Metals disclose a crystalline structure comprising closely packed atoms. Metals or metal alloys which comprise relatively large atoms usually disclose passages in the crystalline structure of a size which allow passage of helium atoms. It shall here be noted that the control rod blades 2 also are manufactured of a metal material. However, this material has such properties and/or such a thickness that the let through for helium and lithium is negligible in relation to the let through of the filter member for these gases. Alternatively the filter member 7 may comprise an oxide of a transition metal. Other alternatives are aluminium oxide or silicon oxide. Aluminium oxide is substantially insoluble in water and is present in a plurality of crystalline forms. Silicon oxide is present in an amorphous form as well as in a number of crystalline forms. The filter member 7 may also comprise a ceramic material. Ceramic materials are characterized in that they withstand high temperatures and hard chemical environments. The filter member 7 may also comprise mixtures of the above-mentioned materials
The present invention is not in any way limited to the embodiments described on the drawings but may be modified freely within the scope of the claims. The invention is not limited to a control rod in a boiling water reactor BWR but it is also possible to apply in a control rod to a pressure water reactor PWR.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0402163-3 | Sep 2004 | SE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SE05/01313 | 9/8/2005 | WO | 2/16/2007 |
