Patent Application
20080026060
In accordance with the various embodiments of the invention, a pharmaceutically active agent is incorporated in a granular phase that is distributed within an extragranular phase which provides a sustained-release matrix for the active agent.
The invention is illustrated herein with respect to bupropion and/or mecamylamine. However, the invention has broad application in the formulation of dosage forms for achieving controlled release of a variety of pharmaceutically active agents, particularly those that are susceptible to hydrolytic degradation. It is further contemplated that the invention may have utility for administering one or more pharmaceutically active agents in which one or more of the active agent(s) is available, at least in part, in an immediate release form.
The term “bupropion” is, unless otherwise indicated, intended to encompass bupropion in its base form, as well as various acid addition salts of bupropion, including bupropion hydrochloride, and enantiomers thereof in either pure form or in any ratio. Conventional wet granulation techniques may be employed for preparing the stabilized bupropion granules. The terms “granule”, “granulation” and “granular phase” refer to particulate agglomerates or aggregates, such as those formed by combining the components of the granulation in the presence of a liquid to bind individual particles into aggregated clumps or clusters comprising the individual components of the granulation. Depending on the granulation techniques employed, the selected ingredients, and the desired release properties, the granules, after being dried, can be milled and/or sieved to achieve a desired granule size.
The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a pharmaceutically active agent, which when administered to a particular subject, considering the subject's age, weight and other relevant characteristics, will attenuate, ameliorate, or eliminate one or more symptoms of a disease or condition that is treatable with the pharmaceutically active agent.
The term “controlled release” is meant to encompass delayed and/or sustained release.
Suitable optional bupropion stabilizing agents may be selected from those known in the art, including various inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid, organic carboxylic, dicarboxylic and polycarboxylic acids such as malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, oxalic aid, succinic acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, benzoic acid, and phthalic acid; sulfites such as sodium metabisulfite and potassium metabisulfite; and organic esters such as L-ascorbic acid palmitate. Other examples of bupropion stabilizers include L-cystine dihydrochloride, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and glycine hydrochloride. Preferred bupropion stabilizing agents include generally any pharmaceutically acceptable acid that maintains the granulated bupropion at an acidic pH when contacted with water. In general, suitable acids include those that lower the pH of an aqueous solution to a value in the range from about 0.5 to about 4.0 when added to the neutral solution at a concentration of about 0.003 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of the solution. An example of a suitable acidic neutralizer for bupropion hydrochloride is hydrochloric acid.
Suitable hydroxyalkylcellulose polymers that may be employed for preparing the bupropion granulation include hydroxymethycellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, and hydroxypropylcellulose. The term “hydroxyalkylcellulose” is also intended to encompass hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.
The amount of bupropion may be selected to provide conventional therapeutic amounts in the range from about 25 milligrams to about 500 milligrams, such as 50, 75, 100, 150, 225, and 450 milligrams.
Surprisingly, the amount of hydroxyalkylcellulose needed in the bupropion granules to achieve effective stabilization of the bupropion in the tablet dosage forms of the invention, and to prevent degradative interactions between bupropion and mecamylamine for tablets containing these two pharmaceutically active compounds, is relatively low. The term “mecamylamine” is, unless otherwise indicated, intended to encompass mecamylamine in its base form, as well as acid addition salts of mecamylamine, including mecamylamine hydrochloride, and enantiomers and/or diastereomers thereof, in either pure form or in any ratio. Typically, a suitable and effective amount of hydroxyalkylcellulose in the granular phase is from about 10 to about 30% by weight of the granular phase, with the remaining 70% to 90% of the weight of the granular phase being primarily bupropion, the stabilizing component typically comprising substantially less than 1% by weight of the bupropion granular phase. The preferred hydroxyalkylcellulose is hydroxypropylcellulose. Other excipients and/or adjuvants may be present in the granular phase, typically in relatively minor amounts, if at all.
For sustained-release bupropion tablets which do not contain mecamylamine, the relative amount of granular phase to extragranular phase may vary considerably, depending on the selected tablet dose and the desired release properties. However, the granular phase typically and generally comprises 30% to 70% of the combined weight of the granular phase and the extragranular phase. In the case of tablets providing both sustained release of bupropion and mecamylamine, the mecamylamine need not, but may be granulated with a hydroxyalkylcellulose, preferably hydroxypropylcellulose, to effectively reduce or eliminate potential interactions between bupropion and mecamylamine. However, because pharmaceutically effective doses of mecamylamine are substantially lower than those of bupropion, the total amount of bupropion granules and mecamylamine granules (when mecamylamine is incorporated into the dosage form in a granular phase) may be in a range of from about 30% to about 75% of the combined weight of the two granular phases and the extragranular phase.
Therapeutically effective amounts of mecamylamine are well known in the art, and generally range from about 1 to about 10 milligrams per tablet, with specific examples being 3 milligrams, 6 milligrams, and 9 milligrams.
The extragranular phase may be comprised of generally any particulate material that can be compressed into a tablet form and that provides a sustained-release matrix. Materials having suitable sustained-release properties are generally well known in the art, and typically provide sustained release by providing a diffusion barrier for the active or active ingredients and/or by eroding at a desired controlled rate, with the result being a relatively uniform or constant rate of release of the active ingredient or active ingredients over an extended period of time, such as 4, 8, 16 or 24 hours. Such sustained release is desirable for maintaining therapeutically effective blood plasma levels of the drug over an extended period of time without requiring administration of multiple tablets over the extended period. Examples of suitable extragranular particulate materials that may be used for providing a sustained-release matrix include poly(vinylacetate), polyvinylpyrrolidone, blends of poly(vinylacetate) and polyvinylpyrrolidione, copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone such as copolymers of vinylacetate and vinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxides, modified starches, and hydroxyethylcellulose.
The extragranular phase may also contain small amounts of conventional additives such as colorants, opacifiers, glidants, etc.
Suitable extragranular excipients include water-swellable and/or water-erodible polymers, with suitable examples including polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(vinylacetate), copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone and vinylacetate and blends thereof. The blends may further comprise a polyalkylene oxide, such as polyethylene glycol, in an amount effective to adjust the hydrophilicity of the sustained-release matrix provided by the extragranular phase, and thereby adjust the rate of sustained release.
In addition to sustained release, it may be desirable to provide bupropion and bupropion/mecamylamine tablet dosage forms having delayed-release properties. The term “delayed release” as used herein refers to release of the pharmaceutically active compound or compounds that is delayed until after the dosage form has passed through the stomach and into the intestine. As is well known in the art, such delayed-release can be achieved by coating the compressed tablet with a polymer coating composition that remains intact in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract while in contact with acidic gastric fluids, but which readily decomposes or solubilizes at the higher pH in the intestine, i.e., an enteric coating.
It may be beneficial to incorporate a lubricant in the extragranular phase to aid tableting. While common tableting lubricants such as magnesium stearate may be employed, it has been discovered that stearic acid, in addition to providing the desired lubricating effect, also imparts enhanced storage stability to the resulting tablets.
The enteric coating generally comprises components soluble in a liquid at a pH of about 5 or more and includes components that impart resistance to gastric conditions, as is known in the art. Some examples of the components for an enteric coating include anionic acrylic resins, such as methacrylic acid/methyl acrylate copolymer and methacrylic acid/ethyl acrylate copolymer (for example, Eudragit® L, Eudragit® S (Rohm, Germany), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate phtalate, carboxymethylcellulose acetate phthalate, shellac and so forth. Mixtures of those compounds also may be used. The enteric coating can comprise from about 1 to about 10% of the combined weight of the tablet.
Other auxiliary components such as a minor amount of a plasticizer, such as acetyltributylcitrate, triacetin, acetylated monoglyceride, rape oil, olive oil, sesame oil, acetyltriethylcitrate, glycerin sorbitol, diethyloxalate, diethylmalate, diethylfumarate, dibutylsuccinate, diethylmalonate, dioctylphthalate, dibutylsebacate, triethylcitrate, tributylcitrate, glyceroltributyrate, polyethyleneglycol, propylene glycol and mixtures thereof in combination with an antisticking agent which may be a silicate such as talc, can be used. Titanium oxide also can be included in the coating, as well as known cellulosic materials. A flavorant or colorant may be included. The auxiliary components may be added to the enteric coating composition in combination with appropriate solvents.
It has been surprisingly discovered that bupropion can be effectively stabilized by developing a sufficiently thick or complete enteric coating on a compressed tablet core containing bupropion. In particular, it has been discovered that an enteric coating that constitutes at least 6% of the weight of the compressed tablet core containing bupropion substantially reduces or eliminates hydrolytic degradation of bupropion during storage at room temperature for 6 months. Higher levels such as 10% of the weight of the core may be used. It is believed that a stabilizing effect is surprisingly achieved, either with or without a stabilizing agent in the compressed tablet core containing bupropion, when a suitably thick and/or complete enteric coating is applied to the core. Further, it is believed that a stabilizing effect is achieved using a suitably thick or complete enteric coating regardless of whether the core comprises a granular and extragranular phase as described herein with respect to other aspects of the invention, or comprises a more conventional compressed tablet core, with or without mecamylamine.
The following examples are illustrative of the invention, but do not define the limits of the invention.
Examples of formulations for sustained-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets and bupropion hydrochloride/mecamylamine hydrochloride tablets are summarized in the following Table 1. The tablets were made using a wet granulation method where 0.3N HCl was used as the granulation liquid. The active and HPC were homogenized for two minutes in a high shear mixer. The mixer was set at 500 rpm and the chopper motor was set at 1000 rpm. The bupropion wet granules were air dried briefly and then passed through a 2.36 mm sieve and then through a 1.18 mm sieve. The wet granulation of mecamylamine was performed with water. The mecamylamine wet granules were dried overnight at 50° C. and then passed through a 1.18 mm sieve. The one or two granules were blended and then mixed with Kollidon SR and polyethylene oxide previously passed through a 0.60 mm sieve. All excipients were blended for 5 minutes in a V blender. Following the addition of lubricant and other excipients, blending was continued for another minute. The tablet was compressed on a rotary press. The tablets were coated using a solution of Eudragit® L30D-55 and other additives as shown in Table 2. The coating was applied using a fluid bed drier at a temperature of 40° C. at 0.8 bar, with a flow rate of 2.5 g/min, to provide a weight gain of 4%. The illustrated exemplary tablet formulations (1-5) prevent potential interactions between bupropion hydrochloride and mecamylamine hydrochloride for those tablets containing both active ingredients in a single tablet dosage form. The tablet were stable, which means that at least 80% of the initial potency of the bupropion hydrochloride in each tablet was maintained after storage for at least 10 weeks at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity.
A tablet containing 225 mg of bupropion as provided in Example 1A was compared to Wellbutrin XL 150 in a dissolution study using USP 26 App. (basket) or the two paddle test for extended release tablets. In the paddle test, at 50 rpm, the tablets were exposed to two paddles in 900 ml of water for 8 hours. In the basket test, tablets were exposed to 0.1 N HCl for two hours to mimic gastric conditions. After the two hours, the tablets were moved to simulated intestinal fluid at pH 6.8 at 100 rpm for 22 hours. At one hour time points throughout the incubation in the basket or paddle tests, beginning at time 0, a fluid sample was obtained and tested for presence and amount of bupropion. The simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) comprises 0.05 M tris hydroxymethylaminomethane adjusted to pH 6.8 with 2N sodium hydroxide solution.
Throughout the 24 hour period, at the 24 hour time point, all tablets had released about 95% of the bupropion dose contained in the tablet, the tablet of the instant invention released nearly the same percentage of bupropion as did the name brand product, including a two hour lag at the onset wherein essentially no bupropion was released from the tablets.
The same results were obtained with tablets containing 450 mg of bupropion. In one set of experiments, some tablets did not contain an enteric coating. That tablet released about 45% of the carried bupropion at the two hour time point, and about 70% at the four hour time point. In another set of experiments, two other tablets with 450 mg of bupropion contained a 4.68% enteric coating. One tablet also included a lubricant, magnesium stearate, in the formulation. Both of those tablets demonstrated a nearly identical dissolution profile as observed for Wellbutrin XL 150. In this set of experiments, the initial two hour incubation was done not in 0.1 N HCl but in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) which comprises 12 g of sodium chloride and 42 ml of hydrochloric acid, diluted to 6 liters and pH adjusted to 1.2.
Stability of bupropion HCl 225 mg extended release tablets and release profile were examined. Tablets were made as described in Example 1. Tablets were then stored at two different conditions, 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75% RH. Samples were obtained at 0 and 1 month, and for the lower temperature regimen, also at 3 months, and then tested for bupropion, content uniformity, dissolution and related compounds. The results were compared to the specification of related approved drugs.
Throughout the lower temperature regimen, the instant tablets conformed with the standard parameters. At the higher temperature regimen, the instant tablets conformed at the 0 and one month sampling periods.
In vitro dissolution was compared to in vivo absorption, the amounts absorbed in vivo were calculated using the Wagner/Nelson method and plotted against the amounts released in vitro at equivalent time points using a Levy plot, practicing known methods. The tablet of interest contained 225 mg of bupropion, and was compared to Wellbutrin XL 300 mg.
Selected patients screened to meet parameters established in the approved protocol at a VA hospital, were provided with a single tablet after a nine hour fast. Blood samples were obtained, serum separated and the amount of bupropion was determined by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. A blood sample was also take prior to administration of the tablet.
Over a 36 hour period, nearly 100% of the bupropion was absorbed. The two hour lag period was noted. Overall, the profiles were the same, with the instant tablet identical to the Wellbutrin up through six hours, and then demonstrating an absorption profile that paralleled that of Wellbutrin, although at a level about 5% lower. The Wagner/Nelson method used assumes a one compartment, one body model for the drug. On the other hand bupropion has been reported to follow a two compartment, one body model. The Lou Riegelman method provides a suitable two compartment model. Nevertheless, the Wagner/Nelson method provides a sufficiently accurate approximation of the true absorption profile.
The Levy plots were substantially identical, the data best fit a second degree polynomial relationship. Hence, the absorption of the drug is nearly quantitative during the first eight hours after administration but is reduced as the dosage from enters the lower parts of the intestine. The pattern was observed for both Wellbutrin and the instant tablet. Thus, the absorption rate is dependent on the drug and not on the dosage.
The overall amount of drug released was about 5% lower than that of Wellbutrin. However, the maximum concentration was the same and was obtained at the same time.
Tablet cores are prepared as described above in Example 1A, and subsequently coated with an enteric coating solution having the formula set forth in the following Table 2.
Conventional coating techniques are employed to develop a dried coating on the compressed tablet cores that has a weight per tablet equal to either 4% or 6% of the weight of the tablet cores. Samples of the coated tablets are initially analyzed for the hydrolytic degradation product m-chlorobenzoic acid, and samples are subsequently analyzed after storage at room temperature for 6 months. The results show that the tablets (both 4% and 6% coatings) do not initially contain a quantifiable amount of m-chlorobenzoic acid (e.g., less than 0.05% based on the total weight of bupropion hydrochloride). After 6 months of storage at room temperature, the tablets (4 batches) with a 4% coating (weight of coating as a percentage of the weight of the compressed tablet core prior to coating) exhibit a small amount of degradation. More specifically, 0.1 to 0.3% conversion of bupropion hydrochloride to m-chlorobenzoic acid is found. Accordingly, a 4% coating appears to provide marginally acceptable stability for 6 months. The USP requirement is no more than 0.3%. Tablets (4 batches) having the 6% coating (weight of the coating as a percentage of the weight of the compressed tablet core) did not exhibit any quantifiable degradation (as characterized by quantitative analysis for m-chlorobenzoic acid) after 6 months of storage at room temperature.
The above description is considered that of the preferred embodiments only. Modifications of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art and to those who make or use the invention. Therefore, it is understood that the embodiments described above are merely for illustrative purposes and not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the following claims as interpreted according to the principles of patent law, including the doctrine of equivalents.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) on U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/833,154 entitled STABILIZED SUSTAINED-RELEASE BUPROPION AND BUPROPION/MECAMYLAMINE TABLETS, filed Jul. 25, 2006 the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60833154 | Jul 2006 | US |
