The present invention is directed, in general, to power electronics and, more specifically, to a controller for a power converter and method of operating the same.
A switched-mode power converter (also referred to as a “power converter” or “regulator”) is a power supply or power processing circuit that converts an input voltage waveform into a specified output voltage waveform. DC-DC power converters convert a direct current (“dc”) input voltage that may be derived from an alternating current (“ac”) source by rectification into a dc output voltage. Controllers associated with the power converters manage an operation thereof by controlling conduction periods of power switches employed therein. Some power converters include a controller coupled between an input and output of the power converter in a feedback loop configuration (also referred to as a “control loop” or “closed control loop”) to regulate an output characteristic of the power converter.
Typically, the controller measures the output characteristic (e.g., an output voltage, an output current, or a combination of an output voltage and an output current) of the power converter, and based thereon modifies a duty cycle or an on time (or conduction period) of a power switch of the power converter to regulate the output characteristic. To increase an efficiency of a flyback power converter, a capacitor is coupled across a power switch to limit a voltage of the power switch while a transformer of the power converter is reset when the power switch is turned off. A flyback power train topology may be configured as a quasi-resonant flyback power converter.
In a common application of a flyback power converter, an output current of the power converter is regulated. With conventional design approaches, however, it is difficult to achieve quasi-resonant power converter operation and, at the same time, regulate an output current of the power converter. In one conventional approach, an on time of a diode on a secondary side of the power converter is sensed and a peak value of primary current is held constant, the output current is kept constant by controlling an off time of a power switch on a primary side of the power converter. This process may defeat quasi-resonant switching operation of the power converter.
In another approach, an output current is sensed and a power switch on a primary side of the power converter is controlled employing an optocoupler to transmit a signal of the secondary side of the power converter to a controller referenced to the primary side of the power converter. This approach increases power converter cost due to the presence of the optocoupler. In yet another approach, a regulation of an output current is implemented through the controller by calculating an output current employing an average of input current and a duty cycle of a power switch on a primary side of the power converter. This approach preserves quasi-resonant switching without the need for an optocoupler, but requires a complex calculation in the controller.
In a switched-mode power converter, it is generally beneficial to limit a peak current in a primary winding of a magnetic circuit element (or device) such as a power transformer or an inductor. This prevents magnetic saturation in the magnetic circuit element, to protect a power switch employed therein, or to limit a maximum level of output power from the power converter. If a peak current in a winding of the magnetic circuit element is not limited or otherwise controlled to a constant level, this can have an unwanted effect on output of the power converter (e.g., an output ripple can increase), and a primary-controlled output current limit can exhibit an unwanted level of variation.
It is common practice in the design of a switched-mode power converter to use a comparator to limit a peak current to a desired current limit in a primary winding of the magnetic circuit element. The comparator sends a signal to control logic when a voltage at a shunt resistor or other current-sensing circuit element becomes higher than a reference voltage. Then the control logic switches off a power switch. The comparator, the control logic and the power switch, however, operate with inherent delays that can be variable as a function of the operating environment and sensed voltages. Due to these inherent and variable delays, current in the power switch and the magnetic circuit element continues to rise with the result that the peak of the current becomes higher than the desired current limit by a variable amount that is generally dependent on an input voltage to the power converter. A higher input voltage generally produces a higher current difference between the peak of the current and the desired current limit.
Thus, a peak current limiter that limits a peak current of a power converter that produces a constant level thereof still presents unresolved design challenges. Accordingly, what is needed in the art is a design approach and related method to implement a controller that determines and limits a peak current for a power converter without compromising end-product performance and that can be advantageously adapted to high-volume manufacturing techniques.
These and other problems are generally solved or circumvented, and technical advantages are generally achieved, by advantageous embodiments of the present invention, including a controller for a power converter and method of operating the same. In one embodiment, the controller includes a peak detector, coupled to a circuit element of the power converter, configured to produce a signal corresponding to a peak current through a circuit element. The controller also includes an adjustable reference circuit responsive to a difference between the signal and a reference signal corresponding to a desired peak current to produce a corrected signal corresponding to the peak current.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter, which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures or processes for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Corresponding numerals and symbols in the different FIGUREs may refer to corresponding parts, and may not be redescribed in the interest of brevity after the first instance. The FIGUREs are drawn to illustrate the relevant aspects of exemplary embodiments.
The making and using of the present exemplary embodiments are discussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention, and do not limit the scope of the invention.
The present invention will be described with respect to exemplary embodiments in a specific context, namely, a controller for a power converter (e.g., a flyback power converter) including a peak detector coupled to a circuit element (e.g., a power switch) of the power converter configured to produce a signal corresponding to a peak current through the power switch, and an adjustable reference circuit responsive to a difference between the signal and a reference signal corresponding to a desired peak current to produce a corrected signal corresponding to the peak current. The controller may further comprise a current limiter coupled to the peak detector and the adjustable reference circuit configured to disable conductivity of the power switch when the signal exceeds the corrected signal. While the principles of the present invention will be described in the environment of a power converter, any application that may benefit from a power converter including a motor drive or a power amplifier is well within the broad scope of the present invention.
Turning now to
When the power switch Q1 is switched off, energy stored in magnetizing and leakage inductances of transformer T1 causes a current to continue flowing in the primary winding of the transformer T1 that produces a charge in a primary resonant capacitor CR1. A voltage built up across terminals of the primary resonant capacitor CR1 contributes to resetting the magnetic flux in the core of transformer T1. The power switch Q1 conducts alternately with the switching frequency fs in response to a gate-drive signal GD produced by the PWM controller 110. The duty cycle D is adjusted by the PWM controller 110 to regulate an output characteristic of the power converter such as output voltage Vout, an output current Iout, or a combination of the two. Energy stored in the magnetizing inductance of transformer T1 also produces a pulsating forward current in a diode D1 that provides an output current Iout of the power converter. The ac voltage appearing on the secondary winding of the transformer T1 is rectified by the diode D1, and the dc component of the resulting waveform is coupled to the output of the power converter through a low-pass output filter formed with an output filter capacitor Cout to produce the output voltage Vout. A secondary resonant capacitor CR2 is also frequently coupled across terminals of the diode D1 in a quasi-resonant flyback power converter to limit a peak inverse voltage produced across terminals of the diode D1 when the power switch Q1 is turned on.
In general, the duty cycle D of the power switch Q1 may be adjusted by the PWM controller 110 to maintain a regulation of the output voltage Vout or the output current Iout of the power converter. Those skilled in the art should understand that the PWM controller 110 may include an isolation device such as an optocoupler with its attendant cost to provide metallic isolation between the primary and secondary sides of the power converter.
Turning now to
The PWM controller 210 regulates an output current Iout of the power converter. To calculate the primary peak current Ip through a primary winding of a transformer T1 to control an on time of the power switch Q1, the PWM controller 210 estimates a time interval tsec of current flow in the secondary winding of the transformer T1 through a diode D1 to an output filter capacitor Cout, and the duration of one switching cycle ts=1/fs. The duration of one switching cycle ts is generally known by the PWM controller 210 because the PWM controller 210 initiates the beginning of each switching cycle.
The average output current is calculated employing equation (1):
Iout=Ip·(tsec/ts)·(Np/Ns)·η/2 (1)
where Ip=primary peak current,
Iout=average output current that is desired to be controlled,
Np=number of primary turns of the primary winding of the transformer T1,
Ns=number of secondary turns of the secondary winding of the transformer T1, and
η=power conversion efficiency.
The primary and secondary turns Np, Ns are generally constant, and efficiency η is effectively constant over a range of output currents Iout and is generally known from modeling and prototype models of the power converter. Thus, the primary peak current Ip for a constant output current Iout can be represented by equation (2):
Ip=(ts/tsec)·k (2)
where the parameter k is a constant representative of the particular power converter design. Thus, if the primary peak current Ip is controlled to be proportional to ts/tsec, the output current Iout of the power converter will be constant. For an explanation of the other components of the power converter, see the description of the power converter illustrated with respect to
Turning now to
To terminate conduction of the power switch Q1, thereby setting the primary peak current Ip through the primary winding of the transformer T1 to the correct value to produce the desired output current Iout, the first comparator CM1 compares a sense voltage Vsense at a sense resistor Rsense in series with the power switch Q1 with an offset reference voltage Voref produced by a primary peak current circuit 320 and corrected by an offset corrector 310. The sense voltage Vsense at the sense resistor Rsense is proportional to the primary peak current Ip that flows through the primary winding of the transformer T1. The output of the first comparator CM1 is coupled to a reset input of the S-R flip-flop 340. When the sense voltage Vsense at the sense resistor Rsense exceeds the offset reference voltage Voref, the power switch Q1 is turned off by the action of a signal SCM1 from the first comparator CM1 to the S-R flip-flop 340 and a gate-drive signal GD from the S-R flip-flop 340 to the power switch Q1.
Two reference voltages are calculated according to equations (3) and (4):
Vref=(Iout/η)(ts/tsec)Rsense*2 (3)
Voref=Vref−Vofs (4)
wherein Iout corresponds to a desired output current of the power converter, η is the assumed power conversion efficiency, and Vofs is an offset voltage that compensates the generally unknown power converter delays. The primary peak current circuit 320 provides computation of the reference voltage Vref according to equation (3). The summer 330 provides subtraction according to equation (4). It should be understood that analog and/or digital circuits may perform the computation described by equation (3) in accordance with the primary peak current circuit 320. For example, an integrated circuit designated AD534 produced by Analog Devices, Inc. and described in data sheet entitled “Internally Trimmed Precision IC Multiplier,” 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference, can be employed to perform the calculation of equation (3).
The offset corrector 310 provides a mechanism to compensate for the uncertain delays in the power converter elements such as the first comparator CM1 and the turn-on time of the power switch Q1. The offset corrector 310 computes the value of the offset voltage Vofs to provide this compensation. When the sense voltage Vsense exceeds the reference voltage Vref, then the output of an offset comparator CMOS provides a current to an offset capacitor COS through an offset diode DOS and a first offset resistor ROS1, thereby incrementing the voltage across terminals of the offset capacitor COS. The voltage across the terminals of the offset capacitor COS is continually decreased by a second offset resistor ROS2. As a result, if the sense voltage Vsense (e.g., maximum sense voltage Vsense) at the sense resistor Rsense exceeds the reference voltage Vref during a switching cycle, then the offset voltage Vofs is increased. If the sense voltage Vsense (e.g., maximum sense voltage Vsense) at the sense resistor Rsense does not exceed the reference voltage Vref during a switching cycle, the offset voltage Vofs is slowly decreased. Thus, the offset voltage Vofs is a function of the reference voltage Vref and the sense voltage Vsense. In this manner, the output of the offset corrector 310 is continually adjusted so that the peak value of the sense voltage Vsense slightly exceeds the reference voltage Vref computed in the primary peak current circuit 320. The offset corrector 310 thereby compensates for uncertain delays in the power converter.
Turning now to
Turning now to
Vin+Vout·(Np/Ns).
When the energy stored in the magnetizing inductance of transformer T1 is exhausted, the drain voltage Vdrain, falls below a threshold voltage Vthresh at time t2, and reaches a value such as a minimum value at time t3. At the time t3, the controller initiates a new switching cycle. The time interval beginning at the time t1 and terminating at the time t2 defines the time interval tsec during which current flows through the diode D1 to an output of the power converter via the output filter capacitor Cout.
Turning now to
dV/dt=iRT/CT,
wherein,
dV/dt is the rate at which the voltage across the timing capacitor CT increases,
iRT is the current through the timing diode DT and the timing resistor RT, which can be estimated from the output voltage of the timing comparator CMT minus the voltage across the timing capacitor CT and minus the forward voltage drop of the timing diode DT, and
CT in the equation above represents the capacitance of the timing capacitor CT.
Thus, the timing capacitor CT performs an integration of the current that flows thereto. Preferably, the R·C time constant of the timing resistor RT and the timing capacitor CT is long enough to obtain reasonably accurate integration of the current flowing into the timing capacitor CT. A sample-and-hold circuit 620 acquires a voltage such as the maximum voltage across the timing capacitor CT, which is proportional to the time interval tsec. The sample-and-hold circuit 620 accordingly produces an estimate of the time interval tsec. A control switch S1, illustrated in
Additionally, and as illustrated in the timing circuit of
Turning now to
Thus, a controller for a power converter (e.g., a quasi-resonant flyback power converter) has been introduced that controls a power switch thereof. In one embodiment, the controller includes a primary peak current circuit configured to produce a reference voltage corresponding to a primary peak current through a primary winding of a transformer of a power converter, and an offset corrector configured to provide an offset voltage to compensate for delays in the power converter. The offset voltage may be a function of the reference voltage from the primary peak current circuit and a sense voltage from a sense resistor in series with the power switch. The offset corrector may include an offset comparator, an offset capacitor, an offset diode and an offset resistor or, alternatively, an offset comparator, a counter, counter logic and a digital-to-analog converter.
The controller also includes a summer configured to provide an offset reference voltage as a function of the reference voltage and the offset voltage, and a comparator configured to produce a signal to turn off the power switch coupled to the primary winding of the transformer as a function of the offset reference voltage. The comparator is configured to produce the signal to turn off the power switch when a sense voltage from a sense resistor in series with the power switch exceeds the offset reference voltage. The controller further includes a set-reset flip-flop configured to provide a gate drive signal to the power switch responsive to the signal from the comparator. The set-reset flip-flop is also configured to turn on the power switch responsive to a signal from another comparator detecting a drain voltage of the power switch falling below a threshold voltage.
In a related, but alternative embodiment, a primary peak current circuit of the controller includes a timing circuit configured to estimate a time interval when an output current is delivered to an output of the power converter. The primary peak current circuit also includes a divider configured to multiply a constant with a ratio of a switching frequency of the power switch and the time interval to provide an initial reference voltage. The constant may include a desired output current of the power converter divided by a power conversion efficiency of the power converter. The primary peak current circuit still further includes a limiter configured to limit a value of the initial reference voltage to a predefined range to provide a reference voltage corresponding to a primary peak current through the primary winding of the transformer of the power converter.
The timing circuit of the primary peak current circuit includes a comparator configured to provide a current to a timing capacitor when a drain voltage of the power switch exceeds a threshold voltage, wherein the timing capacitor is configured to perform an integration of the current. The primary peak current circuit also includes a sample-and-hold circuit configured to acquire a voltage across the timing capacitor that is proportional to and produces the estimate of the time interval, and a control switch configured to discharge the timing capacitor to enable the integration to start over as a function of a gate drive signal to the power switch. The primary peak current circuit still further includes a delay circuit configured to enable the sample-and-hold circuit to acquire the voltage across the timing capacitor before the timing capacitor is discharged by the control switch. The comparator is configured to provide the current to the timing capacitor through a timing resistor or a current source when the drain voltage of the power switch exceeds the threshold voltage. Additionally, the primary peak current circuit may include a timing circuit configured to estimate the switching frequency of the power switch.
Turning now to
To limit a primary peak current in the primary winding of the transformer T1, a non-inverting input of comparator comp1 is coupled to a sense resistor Rsense in series with the power switch Q1 that produces a ramp voltage proportional to a current of the power switch Q1. The power switch Q1 is typically (but not necessarily) turned on by the control logic CL in response to a clock pulse. When a ramp voltage produced across the sense resistor Rsense exceeds a reference voltage (e.g., a constant reference voltage) Vrf that is coupled to the inverting input of the comparator comp1, the output voltage of comparator comp1 goes high, and the power switch Q1 is turned off by the control logic CL, which terminates the duty cycle D. In this manner, a current in the transformer T1 is limited to a peak level.
The circuit to limit the primary peak current in the primary winding of the transformer T1 generally operates with a modest, but significant difference between a peak value of a sensed current and the desired peak current due to logic and power switch circuit delays. A conventional technique that is employed to minimize the difference between the peak value of the sensed current such as a primary peak current in the primary winding of the transformer T1 and the desired peak current is to superimpose a variable dc offset voltage on the sensed voltage at the sense resistor Rsense. The variable dc offset voltage is generally proportional to the input voltage Vin. This can be done as illustrated in
Another technique to minimize the difference between the peak of a sensed current and the desired current limit is described by Ralf Schroeder, in German patent application Publication Number DE 100 18 229, Application Number DE2000101822920000412, filed Apr. 12, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference. In this technique, a sensed voltage at a sense resistor (e.g., the sense resistor Rsense illustrated in
Both of the techniques described above are dependent on delays in down-stream circuit elements and the slope of the sensed current. If these delays or the inductance of magnetic circuit elements varies due to component tolerances and aging and/or temperature changes, the peak of the current also changes. Although variation of the peak current is reduced, it is not entirely eliminated.
The first of the two techniques described above employs the two voltage-divider resistors R2, R3, one of which (resistor R3) is coupled to the input voltage Vin to the power converter. If the input voltage Vin is a high voltage relative to semiconductor processes employed to produce an integrated circuit in control logic, the voltage-divider resistors R2, R3 are not included within the integrated circuit unless the integrated circuit is formed with high-voltage capability. As a result, the voltage-divider resistors R2, R3 are formed as discreet resistors external to the integrated circuit, which increases size and cost of the power converter. The voltage-divider resistors R2, R3 also produce a power loss that is independent of load power, which increases the no-load input power to the power converter.
An alternative version of the first technique uses a lower voltage that is produced at a winding of the magnetic circuit element (e.g., the transformer) to generate the variable dc offset voltage. In this case, a high-voltage resistor is not needed, and the increase of the no-load input power is significantly reduced. This alternative version, however, is more expensive due to the additional winding that is required in the transformer.
Turning now to
The inverting amplifier ampl2 illustrated in
To enable the signal (e.g., a voltage) 1020 from the peak detector to follow the peak value of the sensed voltage produced by a sense resistor Rsense when the corresponding peak current is reduced (e.g., if the input voltage Vin becomes lower), the capacitor C3 is at least partly discharged a short time before the peak occurs via a resistor R4 and a switch (a peak detector switch) S2. Whenever the power switch Q1 is switched on, the switch S2 is also switched on and the resistor R4 discharges energy from the capacitor C3. Thus, the peak detector includes the resistor R4 and the switch S2 whose conductivity is switched, without limitation, at a switching frequency of the power converter to provide a discharge path for the capacitor C3. The compensation network formed with the resistor R2 and the capacitor C4 can be adjusted to avoid unwanted oscillations. The compensation network can be constructed with further refinements if the response time of the circuit must be very fast.
Different from the circuit illustrated in
To avoid magnetic circuit element (e.g., transformer) saturation, or to limit a peak current through a semiconductor device, the peak current flowing therethrough should not exceed a certain current level dependent on the design of the magnetic circuit element or the semiconductor device. Accordingly, the corrected reference voltage Vrf1 should be limited, for example, to a level that is not higher than the reference signal (e.g., the constant reference voltage Vrf).
Turning now to
Turning now to
With inclusion of limiting diode D4 and resistor R3, the corrected reference voltage Vrf1 equals the output voltage of ampl2 minus the forward voltage of limiting diode D4. If limiting diodes D3, D4 have similar forward voltage drops, the maximum value Vrf1_max of the corrected reference voltage Vrf1 is substantially equal to the reference voltage Vrf, as illustrated below by Equation (5):
Vrf1_max=Vrf+V(D3)−V(D4) (5)
If the forward voltage drops V(D3), V(D4) of the limiting diodes D3, D4 are equal, then the maximum value Vrf1_max of the corrected reference voltage Vrf1 will be equal to the reference voltage Vrf. Thus, the corrected reference voltage Vrf1 is limited by the adjustable reference circuit by inclusion of a diode in an output path of the circuit and another diode, preferably a matched diode, in a feedback circuit arrangement. The same matching effect can be achieved with two matching FETs in place of the limiting diodes D3, D4, as illustrated and described later hereinbelow with reference to the controller 1500 of
The output of the peak detector does not always exactly represent the peak value of the sensed voltage produced across the sense resistor Rsense or by another current-sensing circuit element. A capacitor storing the output voltage (e.g., the corrected reference voltage Vrf1) in accordance with the controller as described herein should be slightly discharged before the next peak is measured. This is done with the switch S2 (whose conductivity is substantially synchronized with, or otherwise coordinated with, a switching frequency of power switch Q1) and the resistor R4 as illustrated in
Turning now to
Turning now to
Turning now to
The limiting diode D3 can be replaced by the field-effect transistor M3 if the transistor M3 matches the transistor M2 and the diode D4 is also removed. The field-effect transistor M2 is the upper half of the push-pull output driver of amplifier ampl2. The resistor R3 replaces the lower half of the push-pull driver to simplify the implementation. The resistor R3 can be replaced by the lower half of the push-pull driver without a negative effect on its operation.
Turning now to
The field-effect transistor previously described to implement power switch Q1 is now replaced with a bipolar switch, but a field-effect transistor can be substituted. Several analog circuit elements illustrated in
Whenever the desired peak current level in the switch Q1 is reached during a switching period (as indicated by comparator comp2 output going high), the up-down counter 1620 counts down. If the desired peak current level is not reached, the up-down counter 1620 counts up. The logic circuit elements in the logic block 1610 can determine if the counter 1620 counts one or more digits per switching cycle. In an embodiment, the up-down counter 1620 counts one step per switching cycle (e.g., such a one-step process is slow but precise). In another embodiment, if two or more counts go into the same direction, then the number of counter increments per period is increased. This embodiment produces a faster response, but causes a larger output current ripple and frequency variation. Counting up of the up-down counter 1620 is disabled when all of its bits are high, and counting down of the up-down counter 1620 is disabled when all of its bits are low. The digital output of up-down counter 1620 is converted to the corrected reference voltage Vrf1 by digital-to-analog converter 1630 to produce the corrected reference voltage Vrf1. Preferably, the digital-to-analog conversion is performed with a fixed offset to reduce the required number of bits. The corrected reference voltage Vrf1 is coupled to the non-inverting input of comparator comp1, which generates a signal Is for the PWM control block to switch off power switch Q1 with the proper timing when the desired peak current level in power switch Q1 is reached.
Thus, as introduced herein, a controller is employed with an adjustable reference circuit to produce a corrected reference voltage to enable a current limiter to disable conductivity of a power switch when a voltage corresponding to a peak current through a power switch or other circuit element exceeds the corrected reference voltage. The technique can be advantageously employed to accurately limit a peak current in a circuit element such as a transformer at a desired level independent of variations in power converter input voltage, operating conditions, and/or tolerances and variations of delays and inductances of magnetic circuit elements. The technique can also be employed to reduce an output ripple of a switch-mode power converter. The technique can be employed to provide precise output current control without a secondary-side current monitor. Cost and no-load input power consumption can be reduced because the controller including the current limiter do not require a resistor to be connected to a high voltage such as an input voltage to the power converter.
Those skilled in the art should understand that the previously described embodiments of a controller for a power converter configured to control a power switch and related methods of operating the same are submitted for illustrative purposes only. While a controller has been described in the environment of a power converter, these processes may also be applied to other systems such as, without limitation, a power amplifier or a motor controller, which are broadly included herein in the term “power converter.”
For a better understanding of power converters, see “Modern DC-to-DC Power Switch-mode Power Converter Circuits,” by Rudolph P. Severns and Gordon Bloom, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, N.Y. (1985) and “Principles of Power Electronics,” by J. G. Kassakian, M. F. Schlecht and G. C. Verghese, Addison-Wesley (1991).
Also, although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, many of the processes discussed above can be implemented in different methodologies and replaced by other processes, or a combination thereof.
Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods, and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
This application is a continuation in part of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/692,299, entitled “Controller for a Power Converter and Method of Operating the Same,” filed on Jan. 22, 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
1376978 | Stoekle | May 1921 | A |
2387943 | Putman | Oct 1945 | A |
2473662 | Pohm | Jun 1949 | A |
3007060 | Guenther | Oct 1961 | A |
3346798 | Dinger | Oct 1967 | A |
3358210 | Grossoehme | Dec 1967 | A |
3433998 | Woelber | Mar 1969 | A |
3484562 | Kronfeld | Dec 1969 | A |
3553620 | Cielo et al. | Jan 1971 | A |
3602795 | Gunn | Aug 1971 | A |
3622868 | Todt | Nov 1971 | A |
3681679 | Chung | Aug 1972 | A |
3708742 | Gunn | Jan 1973 | A |
3708744 | Stephens et al. | Jan 1973 | A |
4011498 | Hamsra | Mar 1977 | A |
4019122 | Ryan | Apr 1977 | A |
4075547 | Wroblewski | Feb 1978 | A |
4202031 | Hesler et al. | May 1980 | A |
4257087 | Cuk | Mar 1981 | A |
4274071 | Pfarre | Jun 1981 | A |
4327348 | Hirayama | Apr 1982 | A |
4471423 | Hase | Sep 1984 | A |
4499481 | Greene | Feb 1985 | A |
4570174 | Huang et al. | Feb 1986 | A |
4577268 | Easter et al. | Mar 1986 | A |
4581691 | Hock | Apr 1986 | A |
4613841 | Roberts | Sep 1986 | A |
4636823 | Margalit et al. | Jan 1987 | A |
4660136 | Montorefano | Apr 1987 | A |
4672245 | Majumdar et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
4770667 | Evans et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
4770668 | Skoultchi et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
4780653 | Bezos et al. | Oct 1988 | A |
4785387 | Lee et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
4799138 | Chahabadi et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
4803609 | Gillett et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
4823249 | Garcia, II | Apr 1989 | A |
4837496 | Erdi | Jun 1989 | A |
4866367 | Ridley et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
4876638 | Silva et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
4887061 | Matsumura | Dec 1989 | A |
4899271 | Seiersen | Feb 1990 | A |
4903089 | Hollis et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
4922400 | Cook | May 1990 | A |
4962354 | Visser et al. | Oct 1990 | A |
4964028 | Spataro | Oct 1990 | A |
4999759 | Cavagnolo et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
5003277 | Sokai et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
5014178 | Balakrishnan | May 1991 | A |
5027264 | DeDoncker et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
5055991 | Carroll | Oct 1991 | A |
5068756 | Morris et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
5106778 | Hollis et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
5126714 | Johnson | Jun 1992 | A |
5132888 | Lo et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
5134771 | Lee et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
5172309 | DeDoncker et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
5177460 | Dhyanchand et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
5182535 | Dhyanchand | Jan 1993 | A |
5206621 | Yerman | Apr 1993 | A |
5208739 | Sturgeon | May 1993 | A |
5223449 | Morris et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
5225971 | Spreen | Jul 1993 | A |
5231037 | Yuan et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
5244829 | Kim | Sep 1993 | A |
5262930 | Hua et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
5282126 | Husgen | Jan 1994 | A |
5285396 | Aoyama | Feb 1994 | A |
5291382 | Cohen | Mar 1994 | A |
5303138 | Rozman | Apr 1994 | A |
5305191 | Loftus, Jr. | Apr 1994 | A |
5335163 | Seiersen | Aug 1994 | A |
5336985 | McKenzie | Aug 1994 | A |
5342795 | Yuan et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
5343140 | Gegner | Aug 1994 | A |
5353001 | Meinel et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
5369042 | Morris et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
5374887 | Drobnik | Dec 1994 | A |
5399968 | Sheppard et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
5404082 | Hernandez et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
5407842 | Morris et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
5453923 | Scalais et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
5459652 | Faulk | Oct 1995 | A |
5468661 | Yuan et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
5477175 | Tisinger et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
5508903 | Alexndrov | Apr 1996 | A |
5523673 | Ratliff et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
5539630 | Pietkiewicz et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
5554561 | Plumton | Sep 1996 | A |
5555494 | Morris | Sep 1996 | A |
5581224 | Yamaguchi | Dec 1996 | A |
5610085 | Yuan et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
5624860 | Plumton et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
5636116 | Milavec et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
5661642 | Shimashita | Aug 1997 | A |
5663876 | Newton et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
5671131 | Brown | Sep 1997 | A |
5700703 | Huang et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
5712189 | Plumton et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5719544 | Vinciarelli et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
5734564 | Brkovic | Mar 1998 | A |
5736842 | Jovanovic | Apr 1998 | A |
5742491 | Bowman et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5747842 | Plumton | May 1998 | A |
5756375 | Celii et al. | May 1998 | A |
5760671 | Lahr et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5783984 | Keuneke | Jul 1998 | A |
5784266 | Chen | Jul 1998 | A |
5804943 | Kollman et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
5815386 | Gordon | Sep 1998 | A |
5864110 | Moriguchi et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
5870296 | Schaffer | Feb 1999 | A |
5870299 | Rozman | Feb 1999 | A |
5880942 | Leu | Mar 1999 | A |
5886508 | Jutras | Mar 1999 | A |
5889298 | Plumton et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5889660 | Taranowski et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5900822 | Sand et al. | May 1999 | A |
5907481 | Svardsjo | May 1999 | A |
5909110 | Yuan et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
5910665 | Plumton et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
5920475 | Boylan et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
5925088 | Nasu | Jul 1999 | A |
5929665 | Ichikawa et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
5933338 | Wallace | Aug 1999 | A |
5940287 | Brkovic | Aug 1999 | A |
5946207 | Schoofs | Aug 1999 | A |
5956245 | Rozman | Sep 1999 | A |
5956578 | Weitzel et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
5959850 | Lim | Sep 1999 | A |
5977853 | Ooi et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5982640 | Naveed | Nov 1999 | A |
5999066 | Saito et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
5999429 | Brown | Dec 1999 | A |
6003139 | McKenzie | Dec 1999 | A |
6008519 | Yuan et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
6011703 | Boylan et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
6034489 | Weng | Mar 2000 | A |
6038154 | Boylan et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
6046664 | Weller et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
6055166 | Jacobs | Apr 2000 | A |
6060943 | Jansen | May 2000 | A |
6067237 | Nguyen | May 2000 | A |
6069798 | Liu | May 2000 | A |
6069799 | Bowman et al. | May 2000 | A |
6078510 | Spampinato et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
6084792 | Chen et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
6094038 | Lethellier | Jul 2000 | A |
6097046 | Plumton | Aug 2000 | A |
6125046 | Jang et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
6144187 | Bryson | Nov 2000 | A |
6147886 | Wittenbreder | Nov 2000 | A |
6156611 | Lan et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
6160374 | Hayes et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
6160721 | Kossives et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
6163466 | Davila, Jr. et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
6181231 | Bartilson | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6188586 | Farrington et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6191964 | Boylan et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6204646 | Hiramatsu et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6208535 | Parks | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6212084 | Turner | Apr 2001 | B1 |
6215290 | Yang et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
6218891 | Lotfi et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
6229197 | Plumton et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
6262564 | Kanamori | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6288501 | Nakamura et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6288920 | Jacobs et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6295217 | Yang et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6304460 | Cuk | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6309918 | Huang et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6317021 | Jansen | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6317337 | Yasumura | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6320490 | Clayton | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6323090 | Zommer | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6325035 | Codina et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
6344986 | Jain et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
6345364 | Lee | Feb 2002 | B1 |
6348848 | Herbert | Feb 2002 | B1 |
6351396 | Jacobs | Feb 2002 | B1 |
6356462 | Jang et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
6362986 | Schultz et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
6373727 | Hedenskog et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6373734 | Martinelli | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6380836 | Matsumoto et al. | Apr 2002 | B2 |
6385059 | Telefus | May 2002 | B1 |
6388898 | Fan et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6392902 | Jang et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6396718 | Ng et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6400579 | Cuk | Jun 2002 | B2 |
6414578 | Jitaru | Jul 2002 | B1 |
6418039 | Lentini et al. | Jul 2002 | B2 |
6438009 | Assow | Aug 2002 | B2 |
6445598 | Yamada | Sep 2002 | B1 |
6462965 | Uesono | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6466461 | Mao et al. | Oct 2002 | B2 |
6469564 | Jansen | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6477065 | Parks | Nov 2002 | B2 |
6483724 | Blair et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6489754 | Blom | Dec 2002 | B2 |
6498367 | Chang et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
6501193 | Krugly | Dec 2002 | B1 |
6504321 | Giannopoulos et al. | Jan 2003 | B2 |
6512352 | Qian | Jan 2003 | B2 |
6525603 | Morgan | Feb 2003 | B1 |
6539299 | Chatfield et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
6545453 | Glinkowski et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
6548992 | Alcantar et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
6549436 | Sun | Apr 2003 | B1 |
6552917 | Bourdillon | Apr 2003 | B1 |
6559689 | Clark | May 2003 | B1 |
6563725 | Carsten | May 2003 | B2 |
6570268 | Perry et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
6580627 | Toshino | Jun 2003 | B2 |
6597588 | Matsumoto | Jul 2003 | B2 |
6597592 | Carsten | Jul 2003 | B2 |
6608768 | Sula | Aug 2003 | B2 |
6611132 | Nakagawa et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
6614206 | Wong et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
6636025 | Irissou | Oct 2003 | B1 |
6654259 | Koshita et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
6661276 | Chang | Dec 2003 | B1 |
6668296 | Dougherty et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
6674658 | Mao et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
6683797 | Zaitsu et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
6687137 | Yasumura | Feb 2004 | B1 |
6696910 | Nuytkens et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
6731486 | Holt et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
6741099 | Krugly | May 2004 | B1 |
6751106 | Zhang et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
6753723 | Zhang | Jun 2004 | B2 |
6765810 | Perry | Jul 2004 | B2 |
6775159 | Webb et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6784644 | Xu et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6804125 | Brkovic | Oct 2004 | B2 |
6813170 | Yang | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6831847 | Perry | Dec 2004 | B2 |
6856149 | Yang | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6862194 | Yang et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6867678 | Yang | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6867986 | Amei | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6873237 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6882548 | Jacobs | Apr 2005 | B1 |
6906934 | Yang et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
6943553 | Zimmerman | Sep 2005 | B2 |
6944033 | Xu et al. | Sep 2005 | B1 |
6977824 | Yang et al. | Dec 2005 | B1 |
6980077 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Dec 2005 | B1 |
6982887 | Batarseh et al. | Jan 2006 | B2 |
7009486 | Goeke et al. | Mar 2006 | B1 |
7012414 | Mehrotra et al. | Mar 2006 | B1 |
7016204 | Yang et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
7023679 | Tomiyama | Apr 2006 | B2 |
7026807 | Anderson et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
7034586 | Mehas et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
7034647 | Yan et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
7046523 | Sun et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
7061358 | Yang | Jun 2006 | B1 |
7072189 | Kim | Jul 2006 | B2 |
7075799 | Qu | Jul 2006 | B2 |
7076360 | Ma | Jul 2006 | B1 |
7095638 | Uusitalo | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7098640 | Brown | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7099163 | Ying | Aug 2006 | B1 |
7136293 | Petkov et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
7148669 | Maksimovic et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
7170268 | Kim | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7176662 | Chandrasekaran | Feb 2007 | B2 |
7209024 | Nakahori | Apr 2007 | B2 |
7269038 | Shekhawat et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
7280026 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
7285807 | Brar et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
7298118 | Chandrasekaran | Nov 2007 | B2 |
7301785 | Yasumura | Nov 2007 | B2 |
7312686 | Bruno | Dec 2007 | B2 |
7321283 | Mehrotra et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
7332992 | Iwai | Feb 2008 | B2 |
7339208 | Brar et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7339801 | Yasumura | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7348612 | Sriram et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
7360004 | Dougherty et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
7362592 | Yang et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
7362593 | Yang et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
7375607 | Lee et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
7375994 | Andreycak | May 2008 | B2 |
7385375 | Rozman | Jun 2008 | B2 |
7386404 | Cargonja et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
7393247 | Yu et al. | Jul 2008 | B1 |
7417875 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
7427910 | Mehrotra et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
7431862 | Mehrotra et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
7439556 | Brar et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
7439557 | Brar et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
7446512 | Nishihara et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
7447049 | Garner et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
7453709 | Park et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
7462891 | Brar et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7468649 | Chandrasekaran | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7471527 | Chen | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7489225 | Dadafshar | Feb 2009 | B2 |
7541640 | Brar et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
7554430 | Mehrotra et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
7558037 | Gong et al. | Jul 2009 | B1 |
7558082 | Jitaru | Jul 2009 | B2 |
7567445 | Coulson et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
7583555 | Kang et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
7626370 | Mei et al. | Dec 2009 | B1 |
7630219 | Lee | Dec 2009 | B2 |
7633369 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
7646616 | Wekhande | Jan 2010 | B2 |
7663183 | Brar et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
7667986 | Artusi et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
7675758 | Artusi et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
7675759 | Artusi et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
7675764 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
7715217 | Manabe et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
7733679 | Luger et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
7746041 | Xu et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
7778050 | Yamashita | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7778051 | Yang | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7787264 | Yang | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7791903 | Zhang | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7795849 | Sohma | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7813101 | Morikawa | Oct 2010 | B2 |
7847535 | Meynard et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
7889517 | Artusi et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
7889521 | Hsu | Feb 2011 | B2 |
7906941 | Jayaraman et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
7940035 | Yang | May 2011 | B2 |
7965528 | Yang et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
7983063 | Lu et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
8004112 | Koga et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
8134443 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
8179699 | Tumminaro et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
8184456 | Jain et al. | May 2012 | B1 |
8363439 | Yang | Jan 2013 | B2 |
8415737 | Brar et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
8467199 | Lee et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
8488355 | Berghegger | Jul 2013 | B2 |
8502461 | Shiu et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
8520414 | Garrity et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
8520420 | Jungreis et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
8638578 | Zhang | Jan 2014 | B2 |
8643222 | Brinlee et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
8664893 | Lee et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
8749174 | Angeles | Jun 2014 | B2 |
8767418 | Jungreis et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
8787043 | Berghegger | Jul 2014 | B2 |
8792256 | Berghegger | Jul 2014 | B2 |
8792257 | Berghegger | Jul 2014 | B2 |
8976549 | genannt Berghegger | Mar 2015 | B2 |
9077248 | Brinlee | Jul 2015 | B2 |
9088216 | Garrity et al. | Jul 2015 | B2 |
20010020886 | Matsumoto et al. | Sep 2001 | A1 |
20010024373 | Cuk | Sep 2001 | A1 |
20010055216 | Shirato | Dec 2001 | A1 |
20020044463 | Bontempo et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
20020071295 | Nishikawa | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020101741 | Brkovic | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020110005 | Mao et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020114172 | Webb et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020167385 | Ackermann | Nov 2002 | A1 |
20020176262 | Tripathi et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
20030026115 | Miyazaki | Feb 2003 | A1 |
20030030422 | Sula | Feb 2003 | A1 |
20030039129 | Miyazaki et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
20030063483 | Carsten | Apr 2003 | A1 |
20030063484 | Carsten | Apr 2003 | A1 |
20030076079 | Alcantar et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
20030086279 | Bourdillon | May 2003 | A1 |
20030197585 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20030198067 | Sun et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20040032754 | Yang | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040034555 | Dismukes et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040064621 | Dougherty et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
20040148047 | Dismukes et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
20040156220 | Kim et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040174147 | Vinciarelli | Sep 2004 | A1 |
20040196672 | Amei | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040200631 | Chen | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040201380 | Zimmermann et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040217794 | Strysko | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20040257095 | Yang | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20050024179 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050046404 | Uusitalo | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050052224 | Yang et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050052886 | Yang et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050207189 | Chen | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050245658 | Mehrotra et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20050254266 | Jitaru | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20050254268 | Reinhard et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20050281058 | Batarseh et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20050286270 | Petkov et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20060006975 | Jitaru et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060006976 | Bruno | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060007713 | Brown | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060038549 | Mehrotra et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
20060038649 | Mehrotra et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
20060038650 | Mehrotra et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
20060044845 | Fahlenkamp | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060091430 | Sriram et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
20060109698 | Qu | May 2006 | A1 |
20060187684 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060197510 | Chandrasekaran | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20060198173 | Rozman | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20060226477 | Brar et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060226478 | Brar et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060227576 | Yasumura | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060237968 | Chandrasekaran | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060255360 | Brar et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20060271315 | Cargonja et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20060286865 | Chou et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20070007945 | King et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070010298 | Chang | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070019356 | Morikawa | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070025124 | Hansson | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20070030717 | Luger et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20070041224 | Moyse et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20070045765 | Brar et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070058402 | Shekhawat et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070069286 | Brar et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070114979 | Chandrasekaran | May 2007 | A1 |
20070120953 | Koga et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070121351 | Zhang et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070139984 | Lo | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070159857 | Lee | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070206523 | Huynh et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20070222463 | Qahouq et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20070241721 | Weinstein et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20070257650 | Southwell | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20070274106 | Coulson et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20070274107 | Garner et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20070296028 | Brar et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
20070296383 | Xu | Dec 2007 | A1 |
20070298559 | Brar et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
20070298564 | Brar et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
20080012423 | Mimran | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080012802 | Lin | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080024094 | Nishihara et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080024259 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080030178 | Leonard et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080031021 | Ros et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080037294 | Indika de Silva et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080043503 | Yang | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080054874 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
20080061746 | Kobayashi et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
20080080219 | Sohma | Apr 2008 | A1 |
20080111657 | Mehrotra et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
20080130321 | Artusi et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080130322 | Artusi et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080137381 | Beasley | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080150666 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080198638 | Reinberger et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
20080205104 | Lev et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
20080224812 | Chandrasekaran | Sep 2008 | A1 |
20080232141 | Artusi et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
20080278092 | Lys | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20080310190 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
20080315852 | Jayaraman et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
20080316779 | Jayaraman et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
20090002054 | Tsunoda et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
20090037768 | Adams | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090046486 | Lu et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090072626 | Watanabe et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
20090091957 | Orr | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20090097290 | Chandrasekaran | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20090237960 | Coulson et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090257250 | Liu | Oct 2009 | A1 |
20090273957 | Feldtkeller | Nov 2009 | A1 |
20090284994 | Lin et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
20090289557 | Itoh et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
20090290385 | Jungreis et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
20090310388 | Yang | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20090315530 | Baranwal | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20100020578 | Ryu et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
20100054000 | Huynh | Mar 2010 | A1 |
20100066336 | Araki et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
20100091522 | Chandrasekaran et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100123447 | Vecera | May 2010 | A1 |
20100123486 | Berghegger | May 2010 | A1 |
20100149838 | Artusi et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100164400 | Adragna | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100164443 | Tumminaro et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100182806 | Garrity et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100188876 | Garrity et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100202165 | Zheng et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
20100213989 | Nakatake | Aug 2010 | A1 |
20100219802 | Lin et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100254168 | Chandrasekaran | Oct 2010 | A1 |
20100321958 | Brinlee et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20100321964 | Brinlee et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20110025289 | Wang et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110038179 | Zhang | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110062926 | Qiu et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110080102 | Ge et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
20110089917 | Chen et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
20110095730 | Strijker et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
20110134664 | Berghegger | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110149607 | Jungreis et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110157936 | Huynh | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110182089 | Berghegger | Jul 2011 | A1 |
20110239008 | Lam et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
20110241738 | Tamaoka | Oct 2011 | A1 |
20110267856 | Pansier | Nov 2011 | A1 |
20110291591 | Shiu et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20110305047 | Jungreis et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20120020119 | Tang et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
20120243271 | Berghegger | Sep 2012 | A1 |
20120250378 | Kok et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120294048 | Brinlee | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20130003430 | Reddy | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130134894 | Kuang | May 2013 | A1 |
20130229829 | Zhang et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20130250627 | Herfurth | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20140091718 | Brinlee | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140091720 | Brinlee | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140254215 | Brinlee et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140301111 | Jungreis et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
20150098254 | Brinlee et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
20150138857 | Ye et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2904469 | May 2007 | CN |
101106850 | Jan 2008 | CN |
101123395 | Feb 2008 | CN |
101141099 | Mar 2008 | CN |
101202509 | Jun 2008 | CN |
201252294 | Jun 2009 | CN |
101834541 | Sep 2010 | CN |
102412727 | Apr 2012 | CN |
102695325 | Sep 2012 | CN |
101489335 | Dec 2012 | CN |
851241 | Oct 1960 | DE |
10112820 | Oct 2002 | DE |
10310361 | Sep 2004 | DE |
10352509 | Jun 2005 | DE |
102013104899 | Nov 2014 | DE |
0665634 | Aug 1995 | EP |
57097361 | Jun 1982 | JP |
3-215911 | Sep 1991 | JP |
2000-68132 | Mar 2000 | JP |
2008283818 | Nov 2008 | JP |
8700991 | Feb 1987 | WO |
03088463 | Oct 2003 | WO |
2010083511 | Jul 2010 | WO |
2010083514 | Jul 2010 | WO |
2010114914 | Oct 2010 | WO |
2011116225 | Sep 2011 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Ajram, S., et al., “Ultrahigh Frequency DC-to-DC Converters Using GaAs Power Switches,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Sep. 2001, pp. 594-602, vol. 16, No. 5, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
“AN100: Application Note using Lx100 Family of High Performance N-Ch JFET Transistors,” AN100.Rev 1.01, Sep. 2003, 5 pp., Lovoltech, Inc., Santa Clara, CA. |
“AN101A: Gate Drive Network for a Power JFET,” AN101A.Rev 1.2, Nov. 2003, 2 pp., Lovoltech, Inc., Santa Clara, CA. |
“AN108: Applications Note: How to Use Power JFETs® and MOSFETs Interchangeably in Low-Side Applications,” Rev. 1.0.1, Feb. 14, 2005, 4 pp., Lovoltech, Inc., Santa Clara, CA. |
Balogh, L. et al., “Power-Factor Correction with Interleaved Boost Converters in Continuous-Inductor-Current Mode,” IEEE Proceedings of APEC, pp. 168-174, 1993, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Biernacki, J., et al., “Radio Frequency DC-DC Flyback Converter,” Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Aug. 8-11, 2000, pp. 94-97, vol. 1, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Chen, W. et al., “Design of High Efficiency, Low Profile, Low Voltage Converter with Integrated Magnetics,” Proceedings of 1997 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC '97), 1997, pp. 911-917, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Chen, W. et al., “Integrated Planar Inductor Scheme for Multi-module Interleaved Quasi-Square-Wave (QSW) DC/DC Converter,” 30th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC '99), 1999, pp. 759-762, vol. 2, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Chhawchharia, P., et al., “On the Reduction of Component Count in Switched Capacitor DC/DC Convertors,” Hong Kong Polytechnic University, IEEE, 1997, Hung Horn, Kowloon, Hong King, pp. 1395-1401. |
Curtis, K., “Advances in Microcontroller Peripherals Facilitate Current-Mode for Digital Power Supplies,” Digital Power Forum '06, 4 pp., Sep. 2006, Darnell Group, Richardson, TX. |
Eisenbeiser, K., et al., “Manufacturable GaAs VFET for Power Switching Applications,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Apr. 2000, pp. 144-145, vol. 21, No. 4, IEEE. |
Gaye, M., et al., “A 50-100MHz 5V to -5V, 1W Cuk Converter Using Gallium Arsenide Power Switches,” ISCAS 2000—IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, May 28-31, 2000, pp. I-264-I-267, vol. 1, IEEE, Geneva, Switzerland. |
Goldberg, A.F., et al., “Issues Related to 1-10-MHz Transformer Design,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Jan. 1989, pp. 113-123, vol. 4, No. 1, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Goldberg, A.F., et al., “Finite-Element Analysis of Copper Loss in 1-10-MHz Transformers,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Apr. 1989, pp. 157-167, vol. 4, No. 2, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Jitaru, I.D. et al., “Quasi-Integrated Magnetic an Avenue for Higher Power Density and Efficiency in Power Converters,” 12th Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Feb. 23-27, 1997, pp. 395-402, vol. 1, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Kollman, R., et al., “10 MHz Pwm Converters with GaAs VFETs,” IEEE 11th Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Mar. 1996, pp. 264-269, vol. 1, IEEE. |
Kuwabara, K., et al., “Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converters,” Fujitsu Limited, IEEE, 1988, Kawasaki, Japan, pp. 213-218. |
Lee, P.-W., et al., “Steady-State Analysis of an Interleaved Boost Converter with Coupled Inductors,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Aug. 2000, pp. 787-795, vol. 47, No. 4, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Lenk, R., “Introduction to the Tapped Buck Converter,” PCIM 2000, HFPC 2000 Proceedings, Oct. 2000, pp. 155-166. |
Liu, W., “Fundamentals of III-V Devices: HBTs, MESFETs, and HFETs/HEMTs,” §5-5: Modulation Doping, 1999, pp. 323-330, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. |
Maksimović, D., et al., “Switching Converters with Wide DC Conversion Range,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Jan. 1991, pp. 151-157, vol. 6, No. 1, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Maxim, Application Note 725, www.maxim-ic.com/an725, Maxim Integrated Products, Nov. 29, 2001, 8 pages. |
Middlebrook, R.D., “Transformerless DC-to-DC Converters with Large Conversion Ratios,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Oct. 1988, pp. 484-488, vol. 3, No. 4, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Miwa, B.A., et al., “High Efficiency Power Factor Correction Using Interleaving Techniques,” IEEE Proceedings Of APEC, 1992, pp. 557-568, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
National Semiconductor Corporation, “LMC7660 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converter,” www.national.com, Apr. 1997, 12 pages. |
National Semiconductor Corporation, “LM2665 Switched Capacitor Voltage Converter,”www.national.com, Sep. 2005, 9 pages. |
Nguyen, L.D. etal., “Ultra-High-Speed Modulation-Doped Field-Effect Transistors: A Tutorial Review,”Proceedings of the IEEE, Apr. 1992, pp. 494-518, vol. 80, No. 4, IEEE. |
Niemela, V.A., et al., “Comparison of GaAs and Silicon Synchronous Rectifiers in a 3.3V Out, 50W DC-DC Converter,” 27th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Jun. 1996, pp. 861-867, vol. 1, IEEE. |
Ninomiya, T., et al., “Static and Dynamic Analysis of Zero-Voltage-Switched Half-Bridge Converter with PWM Control,” Proceedings of 1991 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC '91), 1991, pp. 230-237, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
O'Meara, K., “A New Output Rectifier Configuration Optimized for High Frequency Operation,” Proceedings of 1991 High Frequency Power Conversion (HFPC '91) Conference, Jun. 1991, pp. 219-225, Toronto, CA. |
Peng, C., et al., “A New Efficient High Frequency Rectifier Circuit,” Proceedings of 1991 High Frequency Power Conversion (HFPC '91) Conference, Jun. 1991, pp. 236-243, Toronto, CA. |
Pietkiewicz, A., et al. “Coupled-Inductor Current-Doubler Topology in Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge DC-DC Converter,” 20th International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), Oct. 1998, pp. 41-48, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Plumton, D.L., et al., “A Low On-Resistance High-Current GaAs Power VFET,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Apr. 1995, pp. 142-144, vol. 16, No. 4, IEEE. |
Rajeev, M. “An Input Current Shaper with Boost and Flyback Converter Using Integrated Magnetics,” Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 5th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems 2003, Nov. 17-20, 2003, pp. 327-331, vol. 1, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Rico, M., et al., “Static and Dynamic Modeling of Tapped-Inductor DC-to-DC Converters,” 1987, pp. 281-288, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Severns, R., “Circuit Reinvention in Power Electronics and Identification of Prior Work,” Proceedings of 1997 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC '97), 1997, pp. 3-9, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Severns, R., “Circuit Reinvention in Power Electronics and Identification of Prior Work,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Jan. 2001, pp. 1-7, vol. 16, No. 1, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Sun, J., et al., “Unified Analysis of Half-Bridge Converters with Current-Doubler Rectifier,” Proceedings of 2001 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, 2001, pp. 514-520, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Sun, J., et al., “An Improved Current-Doubler Rectifier with Integrated Magnetics,” 17th Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2002, pp. 831-837, vol. 2, IEEE, Dallas, TX. |
Texas Instruments Incorporated, “LT1054, LT1054Y Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters With Regulators,” SLVS033C, Feb. 1990—Revised Jul. 1998, 25 pages. |
Thaker, M., et al., “Adaptive/Intelligent Control and Power Management Reduce Power Dissipation and Consumption,” Digital Power Forum '06, 11 pp., Sep. 2006, Darnell Group, Richardson, TX. |
Vallamkonda, S., “Limitations of Switching Voltage Regulators,” A Thesis in Electrical Engineering, Texas Tech University, May 2004, 89 pages. |
Wei, J., et al., “Comparison of Three Topology Candidates for 12V VRM,” IEEE APEC, 2001, pp. 245-251, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Weitzel, C.E., “RF Power Devices for Wireless Communications,” 2002 IEEE MTT-S CDROM, 2002, pp. 285-288, paper TU4B-1, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Williams, R., “Modern GaAs Processing Methods,” 1990, pp. 66-67, Artech House, Inc., Norwood, MA. |
Wong, P.-L., et al., “Investigating Coupling Inductors in the Interleaving QSW VRM,” 15th Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2000), Feb. 2000, pp. 973-978, vol. 2, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Xu, M., et al., “Voltage Divider and its Application in the Two-stage Power Architecture,” Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, IEEE, 2006, Blacksburg, Virginia, pp. 499-505. |
Xu, P., et al., “Design and Performance Evaluation of Multi-Channel Interleaved Quasi-Square-Wave Buck Voltage Regulator Module,” HFPC 2000 Proceedings, Oct. 2000, pp. 82-88. |
Xu, P., et al., “Design of 48 V Voltage Regulator Modules with a Novel Integrated Magnetics,” IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics, Nov. 2002, pp. 990-998, vol. 17, No. 6, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Xu, P., et al., “A Family of Novel Interleaved DC/DC Converters for Low-Voltage High-Current Voltage Regulator Module Applications,” IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Jun. 2001, pp. 1507-1511, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Xu, P., et al., “A Novel Integrated Current Doubler Rectifier,” IEEE 2000 Applied Power Electronics Conference, Mar. 2000, pp. 735-740, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Yan, L., et al., “Integrated Magnetic Full Wave Converter with Flexible Output Inductor,” 17th Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2002, pp. 824-830, vol. 2, IEEE, Dallas, TX. |
Yan, L., et al., “Integrated Magnetic Full Wave Converter with Flexible Output Inductor,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Mar. 2003, pp. 670-678, vol. 18, No. 2, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Zhou, X., et al., “A High Power Density, High Efficiency and Fast Transient Voltage Regulator Module with a Novel Current Sensing and Current Sharing Technique,” IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, Mar. 1999, pp. 289-294, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Zhou, X., et al., “Investigation of Candidate VRM Topologies for Future Microprocessors,” IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, Mar. 1998, pp. 145-150, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA. |
Bill Andreycak, Active Clamp and Reset Technique Enhances Forward Converter Performance, Oct' 1994, Texas Instruments, 19 pages. |
Ridley, R., Designing with the TL431, Switching Power Magazine, Designer Series XV, pp. 1-5, 2005. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20120039098 A1 | Feb 2012 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 12692299 | Jan 2010 | US |
Child | 13206659 | US |