Patent Application
20130289078
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method for controlling pests using a combination of insecticides and transgenic plants and consequently improving the utilization of the production potential of transgenic plants.
2. Description of Related Art
In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the proportion of transgenic plants in agriculture, even if regional differences are still noticeable to date. Thus, for example, the proportion of transgenic maize in the USA has doubled from 26% to 52% since 2001, while transgenic maize has hardly been of any practical importance in Germany. However, in other European countries, for example in Spain, the proportion of transgenic maize is already about 12%.
Transgenic plants are employed mainly to utilize the production potential of respective plant varieties in the most favourable manner, at the lowest possible input of production means. The aim of the genetic modification of the plants is in particular the generation of resistance in the plants to certain pests or harmful organisms or else herbicides and also to abiotic stress (for example drought, heat or elevated salt levels). It is also possible to modify a plant genetically to increase certain quality or product features, such as, for example, the content of selected vitamins or oils, or to improve certain fibre properties.
Herbicide resistance or tolerance can be achieved, for example, by incorporating genes into the useful plant for expressing enzymes to detoxify certain herbicides, so that a relatively unimpeded growth of these plants is possible even in the presence of these herbicides for controlling broad-leaved weeds and weed grasses. Examples which may be mentioned are cotton varieties or maize varieties which tolerate the herbicidally active compound glyphosate (Roundup®), (Roundup Ready®, Monsanto) or the herbicides glufosinate or oxynil.
More recently, there has also been the development of useful plants comprising two or more genetic modifications (“stacked transgenic plants” or multiply transgenic crops). Thus, for example, Monsanto has developed multiply transgenic maize varieties which are resistant to the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and the Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera). Also known are maize and cotton crops which are both resistant to the Western corn rootworm and the cotton bollworm and tolerant to the herbicide Roundup®.
It has now been found that the utilization of the production potential of transgenic useful plants can be improved even more by treating the plants with a mixture of an active compound of the formula (I) and an active compound of group II. Here, the term “treatment” includes all measures resulting in a contact between these active compounds and at least one plant part. “Plant parts” are to be understood as meaning all above-ground and below-ground parts and organs of plants, such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, by way of example leaves, needles, stalks, stems, flowers, fruit bodies, fruits and seed, and also roots, tubers and rhizomes. The plant parts also include harvested material and also vegetative and generative propagation material, for example cuttings, tubers, rhizomes, slips and seed.
It is already known that compounds of the formula (I) have insecticidal action (for example from WO 03/015519 and WO 04/067528), and that they can be used in mixtures (for example from WO 05/048711, WO 05/107468, WO 06/007595, WO 06/068669). These documents are expressly incorporated herein by way of reference.
The mixtures which can be used according to the invention comprise an active compound of the formula (I) as follows:
where
R1 represents Cl or cyano
and at least one of the following active compounds from group (II). The active compounds of group (II) are classified in various classes (1-21) and groups according to their mechanism of action:
(1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, for example
carbamates, e.g. alanycarb, aldicarb, aldoxycarb, allyxycarb, aminocarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, bufencarb, butacarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, cloethocarb, dimetilan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, fenothiocarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, metam-sodium, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, promecarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, trimethacarb, XMC, and xylylcarb; or
organophosphates, e.g. acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos (-methyl, -ethyl), bromophos-ethyl, bromfenvinfos (-methyl), butathiofos, cadusafos, carbophenothion, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos (-methyl/-ethyl), coumaphos, cyanofenphos, cyanophos, chlorfenvinphos, demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methylsulphon, dialifos, diazinon, dichlofenthion, dichlorvos/DDVP, dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, dioxabenzofos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, etrimfos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fensulfothion, fenthion, flupyrazofos, fonofos, formothion, fosmethilan, fosthiazate, heptenophos, iodofenphos, iprobenfos, isazofos, isofenphos, isopropyl, O-salicylate, isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methacrifos, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion (-methyl/-ethyl), phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phosphocarb, phoxim, pirimiphos (-methyl/-ethyl), profenofos, propaphos, propetamphos, prothiofos, prothoate, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, pyridathion, quinalphos, sebufos, sulfotep, sulprofos, tebupirimfos, temephos, terbufos, tetra-chlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, triclorfon, vamidothion, and imicyafos.
(2) GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists, for example
organochlorines, e.g. camphechlor, chlordane, endosulfan, gamma-HCH, HCH, heptachlor, lindane, and methoxychlor; or
fiproles (phenylpyrazoles), e.g. acetoprole, ethiprole, fipronil, pyrafluprole, pyriprole, and vaniliprole.
(3) Sodium channel modulators/voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, for example
pyrethroids, e.g. acrinathrin, allethrin (d-cis-trans, d-trans), beta-cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cyclopentyl isomer, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin, bioresmethrin, chlovaporthrin, cis-cypermethrin, cis-resmethrin, cis-permethrin, clocythrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin (alpha-, beta-, theta-, zeta-), cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, empenthrin (1R isomer), esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenfluthrin, fenpropathrin, fenpyrithrin, fenvalerate, flubrocythrinate, flucythrinate, flufenprox, flumethrin, fluvalinate, fubfenprox, gamma-cyhalothrin, imiprothrin, kadethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, metofluthrin, permethrin (cis-, trans-), phenothrin (1R trans isomer), prallethrin, profluthrin, protrifenbute, pyresmethrin, resmethrin. RU 15525, silafluofen, tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, terallethrin, tetramethrin (-1R-isomer), tralomethrin, transfluthrin, ZXI 8901, pyrethrin (pyrethrum), eflusilanat;
DDT; or methoxychlor.
(4) Nicotinergic acetylcholine receptor agonists/antagonists, for example
chloronicotinyls, e.g. acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, nitenpyram, nithiazine, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, AKD-1022,
nicotine, bensultap, cartap, thiosultap-sodium, and thiocylam.
(5) Allosteric acetylcholine receptor modulators (agonists), for example
spinosyns, e.g. spinosad and spinetoram.
(6) Chloride channel activators, for example
mectins/macrolides, e.g. abamectin, emamectin, emamectin benzoate, ivermectin, lepimectin, and milbemectin; or
juvenile hormone analogues, e.g. hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, epofenonane, triprene, fenoxycarb, pyriproxifen, and diofenolan.
(7) Active compounds with unknown or non-specific mechanisms of action, for example
gassing agents, e.g. methyl bromide, chloropicrin and sulfuryl fluoride;
selective antifeedants, e.g. cryolite, pymetrozine, pyrifluquinazon and flonicamid; or
mite growth inhibitors, e.g. clofentezine, hexythiazox, etoxazole.
(8) Oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors, ATP disruptors, for example
diafenthiuron;
organotin compounds, e.g. azocyclotin, cyhexatin and fenbutatin oxide; or
propargite, tetradifon.
(9) Oxidative phoshorylation decouplers acting by interrupting the H proton gradient, for example chlorfenapyr, binapacryl, dinobuton, dinocap and DNOC.
(10) Microbial disruptors of the insect gut membrane, for example Bacillus thuringiensis strains.
(11) Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors, for example benzoylureas, e.g. bistrifluoron, chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, fluazuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, novi-flumuron, penfluoron, teflubenzuron or triflumuron.
(13) Moulting disruptors, for example cyromazine.
(14) Ecdysone agonists/disruptors, for example
diacylhydrazines, e.g. chromafenozide, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, and flufenozide; or
azadirachtin.
(15) Octopaminergic agonists, for example amitraz.
(16) Site III electron transport inhibitors/site II electron transport inhibitors, for example hydramethylnon; acequinocyl; fluacrypyrim; or cyflumetofen and cyenopyrafen.
(17) Electron transport inhibitors, for example
site I electron transport inhibitors, from the group of the METI acaricides, e.g. fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, and rotenone; or
voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, e.g. indoxacarb and metaflumizone.
(18) Fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitors, for example tetronic acid derivatives, e.g. spirodiclofen and spiromesifen; or
tetramic acid derivatives, e.g. spirotetramat.
(19) Neuronal inhibitors with unknown mechanism of action, e.g. bifenazate.
(20) Ryanodine receptor effectors, for example diamides, e.g. flubendiamide or (R),(S)-3-chloro-N1-{2-methyl-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl}-N2-(1-methyl-2-methylsulphonylethyl)phthalamide.
(21) Further active compounds with unknown mechanism of action, for example amidoflumet, benclothiaz, benzoximate, bromopropylate, buprofezin, chinomethionat, chlordimeform, chlorobenzilate, clothiazoben, cycloprene, dicofol, dicyclanil, fenoxacrim, fentrifanil, flubenzimine, flufenerim, flutenzin, gossyplure, japonilure, metoxadiazone, petroleum, potassium oleate, pyridalyl, sulfluramid, tetrasul, triarathene or verbutin; or the following known active compounds:
4-{[(6-bromopyrid-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (known from WO 2007/115644), 4-{[(6-fluoropyrid-3-yl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (known from WO 2007/115644), 4-{[(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (known from WO 2007/115644), 4-{[(6-chloropyrid-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (known from WO 2007/115644), 4-{[(6-chloropyrid-3-yl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (known from WO 2007/115644), 4-{[(6-chloro-5-fluoropyrid-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (known from WO 2007/115643), 4-{[(5,6-dichloropyrid-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (known from WO 2007/115646), 4-{[(6-chloro-5-fluoropyrid-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (known from WO 2007/115643), 4-{[(6-chloropyrid-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one (known from EP-A-0 539 588), 4-{[(6-chloropyrid-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino)}furan-2(5H)-one (known from EP-A-0 539 588), [(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](methyl)oxido-λ4-sulfanylidenecyanamide (known from WO 2007/149134), [1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)oxido-λ4-sulfanylidenecyanamide (known from WO 2007/149134) and its diastereomers (A) and (B)
(likewise known from WO 2007/149134), [(6-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl)methyl](methyl)oxido-λ4-sulfanylidenecyanamide (known from WO 2007/095229), or [1-(6-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)oxido-λ4-sulfanylidenecyanamide (known from WO 2007/149134) and its diastereomers (C) and (D)
(likewise known from WO 2007/149134).
The active compounds mentioned in this description by their common name are known for example from “The Pesticide Manual” 13th Ed., British Crop Protection Council 2003, and the website http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides.
Preference is given to mixtures comprising the active compound of the formula (I-1)
and at least one active compound of group II.
Preference is likewise given to mixtures comprising the active compound of the formula (I-2)
and at least one active compound of group II.
Particular preference is given to the mixtures below comprising
the active compound of the formula I-1 and at least one active compound of group (II) selected from
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, for example methiocarb and thiodicarb;
nicotinergenic acetylcholine receptor agonists/antagonists, for example imidacloprid, thiacloprid, clothianidin, acetamiprid and thiamethoxam;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists, for example ethiprole and fipronil;
sodium channel modulators, for example deltamethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and tefluthrin;
allosteric acetylcholine receptor modulators (agonists), for example spinosad and spinetoram;
chloride channel activators, for example abamectin and emamectin benzoate;
inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis, for example spirodiclofen, spiromesifen and spirotetramate;
further active compounds, for example
Particular preference is similarly given to the mixtures below comprising
the active compound of the formula I-2 and at least one active compound of group (II) selected from acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, for example methiocarb and thiodicarb;
nicotinergenic acetylcholine receptor agonists/antagonists, for example imidacloprid, thiacloprid, clothianidin, acetamiprid and thiamethoxam;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists, for example ethiprole and fipronil;
sodium channel modulators, for example deltamethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and tefluthrin;
allosteric acetylcholine receptor modulators (agonists), for example spinosad and spinetoram;
chloride channel activators, for example abamectin and emamectin benzoate;
inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis, for example spirodiclofen, spiromesifen and spirotetramate;
further active compounds, for example
Very particular preference is given to mixtures comprising the active compound of the formula (I-1) or the formula (I-2) and at least one of the following active compounds of group II, selected from spriodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramate, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, ethiprole, emamectin benzoate, acetamiprid, spinetoram,
Very particular preference is similarly given to mixtures comprising the active compound of the formula (I-1) or of the formula (I-2) and at least one of the following active compounds of group II selected from imidacloprid, thiodicarb, clothianidin, methiocarb, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, fipronil, tefluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, abamectin or spinosad.
Particular preference is given to the mixtures below comprising
the active compound of the formula I-1 and imidacloprid;
the active compound of the formula I-1 and clothianidin;
the active compound of the formula I-2 and imidacloprid;
the active compound of the formula I-2 and clothianidin.
In addition, the active compound combinations may also comprise further fungicidally, acaricidally or insecticidally active co-components.
In general, the mixtures according to the invention comprise an active compound of the formula (I) and an active compound of group (II) in the stated preferred and particularly preferred mixing ratios:
The preferred mixing ratio is from 250:1 to 1:50.
The particularly preferred mixing ratio is from 125:1 to 1:50.
The most particularly preferred mixing ratio is from 25:1 to 1:25.
The especially preferred mixing ratio is from 5:1 to 5:1
The mixing ratios are based on weight ratios. The ratio is to be understood as active compound of the formula (I):co-component of group (II) to active compound of the formula (I):co-component of group (II).
According to the method proposed according to the invention, transgenic plants, in particular useful plants, are treated with the mixtures according to the invention to increase agricultural productivity. For the purpose of the invention, transgenic plants are plants which contain at least one “foreign gene”. The term “foreign gene” in this connection means a gene or gene fragment which may originate or be derived from another plant of the same species, from plants of a different species, but also from organisms from the animal kingdom or microorganisms (including viruses) (“foreign gene”) and/or, if appropriate, already has mutations compared to a naturally occurring gene or gene fragment. According to the invention, it is also possible to use synthetic genes or gene fragments, which is also included in the term “foreign gene” here. It is also possible for a transgenic plant to code for two or more foreign genes of different origin.
For the purpose of the invention, the “foreign gene” is further characterized in that it comprises a nucleic acid sequence which has a certain biological or chemical function or activity in the transgenic plant. In general, these genes code for biocatalysts, such as, for example, enzymes or ribozymes, or else they comprise regulatory sequences, such as, for example, promoters or terminators, for controlling the expression of endogenous proteins. However, to this end, they may also code for regulatory proteins, such as, for example, repressors or inductors. Furthermore, the foreign gene may also serve the targeted localization of a gene product of the transgenic plant, coding, for example, for a signal peptide. The foreign gene may also code for inhibitors, such as, for example, antisense RNA.
The person skilled in the art is readily familiar with numerous different methods for producing transgenic plants and methods for the targeted mutagenesis, for gene transformation and cloning, for example from: Willmitzer, 1993. Transgenic plants, in: Biotechnology, A Multivolume Comprehensive Treatise, Rehm et al. (eds.), Vol. 2, 627-659, VCH Weinheim, Germany; McCormick et al., 1986, Plant Cell Reports 5: 81-84; EP-A 0221044; EP-A 0131624, or Sambrook et al. 1989, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, 3rd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Winnacker, 1996, “Gene und Klone” [Genes and Clones], 2nd Ed., VCH Weinheim or Christou, 1996, Trends in Plant Science 1: 423-431. Examples of transit or signal peptides or time- or site-specific promoters are disclosed, for example, in Braun et al., 1992, EMBO J. 11: 3219-3227; Wolter et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 846-850; Sonnewald et al., 1991, Plant J. 1: 95-106.
A good example of a complex genetic manipulation of a useful plant is the so-called GURT technology (“Genetic Use Restriction Technologies”) which allows the technical control of the propagation of the transgenic plant variety in question. To this end, in general two or three foreign genes are cloned into the useful plant which, in a complex interaction after administration of an external stimulus, trigger a cascade resulting in the death of the embryo which would otherwise develop. To this end, the external stimulus (for example an active compound or another chemical or abiotic stimulus) may interact, for example, with a repressor which then no longer suppresses the expression of a recombinase, so that the recombinase is able to cleave an inhibitor thus allowing expression of a toxin causing the embryo to die. Examples of this type of transgenic plants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,765 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,034.
Accordingly, the person skilled in the art is familiar with processes for generating transgenic plants which, by virtue of the integration of regulatory foreign genes and the overexpression, suppression or inhibition of endogenous genes or gene sequences mediated in this manner, if appropriate, or by virtue of the existence or expression of foreign genes or fragments thereof, have modified properties.
As already discussed above, the method according to the invention allows better utilization of the production potential of transgenic plants. On the one hand, this may, if appropriate, be based on the fact that the application rate of the active compound which can be employed according to the invention can be reduced, for example by lowering the dose employed or else by reducing the number of applications. On the other hand, if appropriate, the yield of the useful plants may be increased quantitatively and/or qualitatively. This is true in particular in the case of a transgenically generated resistance to biotic or abiotic stress.
Depending on the plant species or plant varieties, their location and the growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period, nutrients), these synergistic actions may vary and may be multifarious. Thus possible are, for example, reduced application rates and/or a widening of the activity spectrum and/or an increase of the activity of the compounds and compositions used according to the invention, better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, higher quality and/or higher nutrient value of the harvested products, increased storability and/or processibility of the harvested products, which exceed the effects normally to be expected.
These advantages are the result of a synergistic action, achieved according to the invention, between the mixtures according to the invention which can be employed and the respective principle of action of the genetic modification of the transgenic plant. This reduction of production means as a result of the synergism, with simultaneous yield or quality increase, is associated with considerable economical and ecological advantages.
A list of examples known to the person skilled in the art of transgenic plants, with the respective affected structure in the plant or the protein expressed by the genetic modification in the plant being mentioned, is compiled in Table 1. Here, the structure in question or the principle expressed is in each case grouped with a certain feature in the sense of a tolerance to a certain stress factor. A similar list (Table 3) compiles—in a slightly different arrangement—likewise examples of principles of action, tolerances induced thereby and possible useful plants. Further examples of transgenic plants suitable for the treatment according to the invention are compiled in Table 4.
In an advantageous embodiment, the mixtures according to the invention are used for treating transgenic plants comprising at least one foreign gene coding for a Bt toxin. A Bt toxin is a protein originating from or derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which either belongs to the group of the crystal toxins (Cry) or the cytolytic toxins (Cyt). In the bacterium, they are originally formed as protoxins and are only metabolized in alkaline medium—for example in the digestive tract of certain feed insects—to their active form. There, the active toxin then binds to certain hydrocarbon structures at cell surfaces causing pores to be formed which destroy the osmotic potential of the cell, which may effect cell lysis. The result is the death of the insects. Bt toxins are active in particular against certain harmful species from the orders of the Lepidoptera (butterflies), Homoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera (beetles) in all their development stages; i.e. from the egg larva via their juvenile forms to their adult forms.
It has been known for a long time that gene sequences coding for Bt toxins, parts thereof or else peptides or proteins derived from Bt toxins can be cloned with the aid of genetic engineering into agriculturally useful plants to generate transgenic plants having endogenous resistance to pests sensitive to Bt toxins. For the purpose of the invention, the transgenic plants coding for at least one Bt toxin or proteins derived therefrom are defined as “Bt plants”.
The “first generation” of such Bt plants generally only comprise the genes enabling the formation of a certain toxin, thus only providing resistance to one group of pathogens. An example of a commercially available maize variety comprising the gene for forming the Cry1Ab toxin is “YieldGard®” from Monsanto which is resistant to the European corn borer. In contrast, in the Bt cotton variety (Bollgard®), resistance to other pathogens from the family of the Lepidoptera is generated by introduction by cloning of the genes for forming the Cry1Ac toxin. Other transgenic crop plants, in turn, express genes for forming Bt toxins with activity against pathogens from the order of the Coleoptera. Examples that may be mentioned are the Bt potato variety “NewLeaf” (Monsanto) capable of forming the Cry3A toxin, which is thus resistant to the Colorado potato beetle, and the transgenic maize variety “YieldGard®” (Monsanto) which is capable of forming the Cry 3Bb1 toxin and is thus protected against various species of the Western corn rootworm.
In a “second generation”, the multiply transgenic plants, already described above, expressing or comprising at least two foreign genes were generated.
Preference according to the invention is given to transgenic plants with Bt toxins from the group of the Cry family (see, for example, Crickmore et al. 1998, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 807-812), which are particularly effective against Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. Examples of genes coding for the proteins are (Table A-1 to A-197):
(A-1) cry1Aa1; (A-2) cry1Aa2, (A-3) cry1Aa3; (A-4) cry1Aa4; (A-5) cry1Aa5; (A-6) cry1Aa6; (A-7) cry1Aa7; (A-8) cry1Aa8; (A-9) cry1Aa9; (A-10) cry1Aa10; (A-11) cry1Aa11, (A-12) cry1Ab1; (A-13) cry1Ab2; (A-14) cry1Ab3; (A-15) cry1Ab4; (A-16) cry1Ab5; (A-17) cry1Ab6; (A-18) cry1Ab7; (A-19) cry1Ab8; (A-20) cry1Ab9; (A-21) cry1Ab10; (A-22) cry1Ab11; (A-23) cry1Ab12; (A-24) cry1Ab13; (A-25) cry1Ab14; (A-26) cry1Ac1; (A-27) cry1Ac2; (A-28) cry1Ac3; (A-29) cry1Ac4; (A-30) cry1Ac5; (A-31) cry1Ac6; (A-32) cry1Ac7; (A-33) cry1Ac8; (A-34) cry1Ac9; (A-35) cry1Ac10; (A-36) cry11Ac11; (A-37) cry1Ac12; (A-38) cry1Ac13; (A-39) cry1Ad1; (A-40) cry1Ad2; (A-41) cry1Ae1; (A-42) cry1Af1; (A-43) cry1Ag1; (A-44) cry1Ba1; (A-45) cry1Ba2; (A-46) cry1Bb1; (A-47) cry1Bc1; (A-48) cry1Bd1; (A-49) cry1Be1; (A-50) cry1Ca1; (A-51) cry1Ca2; (A-52) cry1Ca3; (A-53) cry1Ca4; (A-54) cry1Ca5; (A-55) cry1Ca6; (A-56) cry1Ca7; (A-57) cry1Cb1; (A-58) cry1Cb2; (A-59) cry1Da1; (A-60) cry1Da2; (A-61) cry1Db1; (A-62) cry1Ea1; (A-63) cry1Ea2; (A-64) cry1Ea3; (A-65) cry1Ea4; (A-66) cry1Ea5; (A-67) cry1Ea6; (A-68) cry1Eb1; (A-69) cry1Fa1; (A-70) cry1Fa2; (A-71) cry1Fb1; (A-72) cry1Fb2; (A-73) cry1Fb3; (A-74) cry1Fb4; (A-75) cry1Ga1; (A-76) cry1Ga2; (A-77) cry1Gb1; (A-78) cry1Gb2; (A-79) cry1Ha1; (A-80) cry1Hb1; (A-81) cry1Ia1; (A-82) cry1Ia2; (A-83) cry1Ia3; (A-84) cry1Ia4; (A-85) cry1Ia5; (A-86) cry1Ia6; (A-87) cry1Ib1; (A-88) cry1Ic1; (A-89) cry1Id1; (A-90) cry1Ie1; (A-91) cry1I-like; (A-92) cry1Ja1; (A-93) cry1Jb1; (A-94) cry1Jc1; (A-95) cry1Ka1; (A-96) cry1-like; (A-97) cry2Aa1; (A-98) cry2Aa2; (A-99) cry2Aa3; (A-100) cry2Aa4; (A-101) cry2Aa5; (A-102) cry2Aa6; (A-103) cry2Aa7; (A-104) cry2Aa8; (A-105) cry2Aa9; (A-106) cry2Ab1; (A-107) cry2Ab2; (A-108) cry2Ab3; (A-109) cry2Ac1; (A-110) cry2Ac2; (A-111) cry2Ad1; (A-112) cry3Aa1; (A-113) cry3Aa2; (A-114) cry3Aa3; (A-115) cry3Aa4; (A-116) cry3Aa5; (A-117) cry3Aa6; (A-118) cry3Aa7; (A-119) cry3Ba1; (A-120) cry3Ba2; (A-121) cry3Bb1; (A-122) cry3Bb2; (A-123) cry3Bb3; (A-124) cry3Ca1; (A-125) cry4Aa1; (A-126) cry4Aa2; (A-127) cry4Ba1; (A-128) cry4Ba2; (A-129) cry4Ba3; (A-130) cry4Ba4; (A-131) cry5Aa1; (A-132) cry 5Ab1; (A-133) cry 5Ac1; (A-134) cry5Ba1; (A-135) cry6Aa1; (A-136) cry6Ba1; (A-137) cry7Aa1; (A-138) cry7Ab1; (A-139) cry7Ab2; (A-140) cry8Aa1; (A-141) cry8Ba1; (A-142) cry8Ca1; (A-143) cry9Aa1; (A-144) cry9Aa2; (A-145) cry9Ba1; (A-146) cry9Ca1; (A-147) cry9Da1; (A-148) cry9Da2; (A-149) cry9Ea1; (A-150) cry9 like; (A-151) cry10Aa1; (A-152) cry10Aa2; (A-153) cry11Aa1; (A-154) cry11Aa2; (A-155) cry11Ba1; (A-156) cry11Bb1; (A-157) cry12Aa1; (A-158) cry13Aa1; (A-159) cry14Aa1; (A-160) cry15Aa1; (A-161) cry 16Aa1; (A-162) cry17Aa1; (A-163) cry 18Aa1; (A-164) cry18Ba1; (A-165) cry18Ca1; (A-166) cry19Aa1; (A-167) cry19Ba1; (A-168) cry20Aa1; (A-169) cry21Aa1; (A-170) cry21Aa2; (A-171) cry22Aa1; (A-172) cry23Aa1; (A-173) cry24Aa1; (A-174) cry25Aa1; (A-175) cry26Aa1; (A-176) cry27Aa1; (A-177) cry28Aa1; (A-178) cry28Aa2; (A-179) cry29Aa1; (A-180) cry30Aa1; (A-181) cry31Aa1; (A-182) cyt1Aa1; (A-183) cyt1Aa2; (A-184) cyt1Aa3; (A-185) cyt1Aa4; (A-186) cyt1Ab1; (A-187) cyt1Ba1; (A-188) cyt2Aa1; (A-189) cyt2Ba1; (A-190) cyt2Ba2; (A-191) cyt2Ba3; (A-192) cyt2Ba4; (A-193) cyt2Ba5; (A-194) cyt2Ba6; (A-195) cyt2Ba7; (A-196) cyt2Ba8; (A-197) cyt2Bb1.
Particular preference is given to the genes or gene sections of the subfamilies cry1, cry2, cry3, cry5 and cry9: especially preferred are cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry3A, cry3B and cry9C.
Furthermore, it is preferred to use plants which, in addition to the genes for one or more Bt toxins, express or contain, if appropriate, also genes for expressing, for example, a protease or peptidase inhibitor (such as in WO-A 95/35031), of herbicide resistances (for example to glufosinate or glyphosate by expression of the pat gene or bar gene) or for becoming resistant to nematodes, fungi or viruses (for example by expressing a gluconase, chitinase). However, they may also be modified in their metabolic properties, so that they show a qualitative and/or quantitative change of ingredients (for example by modification of the energy, carbohydrate, fatty acid or nitrogen metabolism or by metabolite currents influencing these (see above).
A list of examples of principles of action which can be introduced by genetic modification into a useful plant and which are suitable for the treatment according to the invention on their own or in combination is compiled in Table 2. Under the header “AP” (active principle), this table contains the respective principle of action and associated therewith the pest to be controlled.
In a particularly preferred variant, the process according to the invention is used for treating transgenic vegetable, maize, soya bean, cotton, tobacco, rice, potato, sunflower, rape and sugar beet varieties. These are preferably Bt plants.
The vegetable plants or varieties are, for example, the following useful plants:
Bt vegetables including exemplary methods for preparing them are described in detail, for example, in Barton et al., 1987, Plant Physiol. 85: 1103-1109; Vaeck et al., 1987, Nature 328: 33-37; Fischhoff et al., 1987, Bio/Technology 5: 807-813. In addition, Bt vegetable plants are already known as commercial varieties, for example the potato cultivar NewLeaf® (Monsanto). The preparation of Bt vegetables is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,105.
Likewise, Bt cotton is already known in principle, for example from U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,938 or from Prietro-Samsonór et al., J. Ind. Microbiol. & Biotechn. 1997, 19, 202, and H. Agaisse and D. Lereclus, J. Bacteriol. 1996, 177, 6027. Different varieties of Bt cotton, too, are already commercially available, for example under the name NuCOTN® (Deltapine (USA)). In the context of the present invention, particular preference is given to Bt cotton NuCOTN33® and NuCOTN33B®.
The use and preparation of Bt maize has likewise already been known for a long time, for example from Ishida, Y., Saito, H., Ohta, S., Hiei, Y., Komari, T., and Kumnashiro, T. (1996). High efficiency transformation of maize (Zea mayz L.) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nature Biotechnology 4: 745-750. EP-B-0485506, too, describes the preparation of Bt maize plants. Furthermore, different varieties of Bt maize are commercially available, for example under the following names (company/companies is/are in each case given in brackets): KnockOut® (Novartis Seeds), NaturGard® (Mycogen Seeds), Yieldgard® (Novartis Seeds, Monsanto, Cargill, Golden Harvest, Pioneer, DeKalb inter alia), Bt-Xtra® (DeKalb) and StarLink® (Aventis CropScience, Garst inter alia). For the purpose of the present invention, particular preference is given especially to the following maize cultivars: KnockOut®, NaturGard®, Yieldgard®, Bt-Xtra® and StarLink®.
For rape, InVigor® cultivars resistant to the herbicide glufosinate are available and can be treated according to the invention. These cultivars are also distinguished by an improved crop yield.
For soya beans, too, Roundup®Ready cultivar or cultivars resistant to the herbicide Liberty Link® are available and can be treated according to the invention. In the case of rice, a large number of “Golden Rice” lines are available which are likewise characterized in that, by virtue of a transgenic modification, they have an increased content of provitamin A. They, too, are examples of plants which can be treated by the method according to the invention, with the advantages described.
The method according to the invention is suitable for controlling a large number of harmful organisms which occur in particular in vegetables, maize, soya bean, cotton, rice, tobacco, rape, potatoes, sugar beet and sunflowers preferably arthropods and nematodes, in particular insects and arachnids. The pests mentioned include:
From the order of the Isopoda, for example, Oniscus asellus, Armadillidium vulgare, Porcellio scaber.
From the order of the Diplopoda, for example, Blaniulus guttulatus.
From the order of the Chilopoda, for example, Geophilus carpophagus, Scutigera spp.
From the order of the Symphyla, for example, Scutigerella immaculata.
From the order of the Thysanura, for example, Lepisma saccharina.
From the order of the Collembola, for example, Onychiurus armatus.
From the order of the Orthoptera, for example, Acheta domesticus, Gryllotalpa spp., Locusta migratoria migratorioides, Melanoplus spp., Schistocerca gregaria.
From the order of the Blattaria, for example, Blatta orientalis, Periplaneta americana, Leucophaea maderae, Blattella germanica.
From the order of the Dermaptera, for example, Forficula auricularia.
From the order of the Isoptera, for example, Reticulitermes spp.
From the order of the Phthiraptera, for example, Pediculus humanus corporis, Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Trichodectes spp., Damalinia spp.
From the order of the Thysanoptera, for example, Hercinothrips femoralis, Thrips tabaci, Thrips palmi, Frankliniella occidentalis.
From the order of the Heteroptera, for example, Eurygaster spp., Dysdercus intermedius, Piesma quadrata, Cimex lectularius, Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma spp.
From the order of the Homoptera, for example, Aleurodes brassicae, Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Aphis gossypii, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cryptomyzus ribis, Aphis fabae, Aphis pomi, Eriosoma lanigerum, Hyalopterus arundinis, Phylloxera vastatrix, Pemphigus spp. Macrosiphum avenae, Myzus spp., Phorodon humuli, Rhopalosiphum padi, Empoasca spp., Euscelis bilobatus, Nephotettix cincticeps, Lecanium corni, Saissetia oleae, Laodelphax striatellus, Nilaparvata lugens, Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus hederae, Pseudococcus spp., Psylla spp.
From the order of the Lepidoptera, for example, Pectinophora gossypiella, Bupalus piniarius, Chematobia brumata, Lithocolletis blancardella, Hyponomeuta padella, Plutella xylostella, Malacosoma neustria, Euproctis chrysorrhoea. Lymantria spp., Bucculatrix thurberiella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Agrotis spp., Euxoa spp., Feltia spp., Earias insulana, Heliothis spp., Mamestra brassicae, Panolis flammea, Spodoptera spp., Trichoplusia ni, Carpocapsa pomonella, Pieris spp., Chilo spp., Pyrausta nubilalis, Ephestia kuehniella, Galleria mellonella, Tineola bisselliella, Tinea pellionella, Hofmannophila pseudospretella, Cacoecia podana, Capua reticulana, Choristoneura fumiferana, Clysia ambiguella, Homona magnanima, Tortrix viridana, Cnaphalocerus spp., Oulema oryzae.
From the order of the Coleoptera, for example, Anobium punctatum, Rhizopertha dominica, Bruchidius obtectus, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Hylotrupes bajulus, Agelastica alni, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Phaedon cochleariae, Diabrotica spp., Psylliodes chrysocephala, Epilachna varivestis, Atomaria spp., Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Anthonomus spp., Sitophilus spp., Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, Cosmopolites sordidus, Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Hypera postica, Dermestes spp., Trogoderma spp., Anthrenus spp., Attagenus spp., Lyctus spp., Meligethes aeneus, Ptinus spp., Niptus hololeucus, Gibbium psylloides, Tribolium spp., Tenebrio molitor, Agriotes spp., Conoderus spp., Melolontha melolontha, Amphimallon solstitialis, Costelytra zealandica, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus.
From the order of the Hymenoptera, for example, Diprion spp. Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Vespa spp.
From the order of the Diptera, for example, Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Drosophila melanogaster, Musca spp., Fannia spp., Calliphora erythrocephala, Lucilia spp., Chrysomyia spp., Cuterebra spp., Gastrophilus spp., Hyppobosca spp., Stomoxys spp., Oestrus spp., Hypoderma spp., Tabanus spp. Tannia spp., Bibio hortulanus, Oscinella flit, Phorbia spp., Pegomyia hyoscyami, Ceratitis capitata, Dacus oleae, Tipula paludosa, Ilylemyia spp., Liriomyza spp.
From the order of the Siphonaptera, for example, Xenopsylla cheopis, Ceratophyllus spp.
From the class of the Arachnida, for example, Scorpio maurus, Latrodectus mactans, Acarus siro, Argas spp., Ornithodoros spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Eriophyes ribis, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Boophilus spp., Rhipicephalus spp., Amblyomma spp., Hyalomma spp., Ixodes spp., Psoroptes spp., Chorioptes spp., Sarcoptes spp., Tarsonemus spp., Bryobia praetiosa, Panonychus spp., Tetranychus spp., Hemitarsonemus spp., Brevipalpus spp.
The plant-parasitic nematodes include, for example, Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus similis, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Ileterodera spp., Globodera spp., Meloidogyne spp., Aphelenchoides spp., Longidorus spp., Xiphinerna spp., Trichodorus spp., Bursaphelenchus spp.
The method according to the invention is particularly suitable for treating sugar beet or Bt vegetables, Bt maize, Bt cotton, Bt soya beans, Bt tobacco, and also Bt rice. Bt potatoes, Bt rape or Bt sunflowers for controlling insects from the order of the Isoptera, for example, Reticulitermes spp., from the order of the Thysanoptera, for example, Thrips tabaci, Thrips palmi, Frankliniella occidentalis, from the order of the Heteroptera, for example, Eurygaster spp., Dysdercus intermedius, Piesma quadrata, from the order of the Homoptera, for example, Aleurodes brassicae, Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Aphis gossypii, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cryptomyzus ribis, Aphis fabae, Aphis pomi, Eriosoma lanigerum, Phylloxera vastatrix, Pemphigus spp., Macrosiphum avenae, Myzus spp., Phorodon humuli, Rhopalosiphum padi, Empoasca spp., Nephotettix cincticeps, Lecanium corni, Saissetia oleae, Laodelphax striatellus, Nilaparvata lugens, Aonidiella aurantii, Pseudococcus spp., Psylla spp., from the order of the Lepidoptera, for example, Pectinophora gossypiella, Chematobia brumata, Lithocolletis blancardella, Hyponomeuta padella, Plutella xylostella, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Lymantria spp., Phyllocnistis citrella, Agrotis spp., Earias insulana, Heliothis spp., Mamestra brassicae, Spodoptera spp., Trichoplusia ni, Carpocapsa pomonella, Pieris spp. Chilo spp. Pyrausta nubilalis, Ephestia kuehniella, Capua reticulana, Clysia ambiguella, Tortrix viridana, Cnaphalocerus spp., Oulema oryzae, from the order of the Coleoptera, for example, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Phaedon cochleariae, Diabrotica spp., Psylliodes chrysocephala, Epilachna varivestis, Atomaria spp., Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Anthonomus spp., Sitophilus spp., Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, Cosmopolites sordidus, Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Meligethes aeneus, Tribolium spp., Tenebrio molitor, Agriotes spp., Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, from the order of the Hymenoptera, for example, Diprion spp., Hoplocampa spp. or from the order of the Diptera, for example, Oscinella frit, Phorbia spp., Pegomyia hyoscyami, Ceratitis capitata, Dacus oleae, Hylemyia spp., Liriomyza spp.
The active compound combinations can be employed in customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, water- and oil-based suspensions, powders, dusts, pastes, soluble powders, soluble granules, granules for broadcasting, suspoemulsion concentrates, natural compounds impregnated with active compound, synthetic substances impregnated with active compound, fertilizers and also microencapsulations in polymeric substances.
These formulations are prepared in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compounds with extenders, i.e. liquid solvents and/or solid carriers, if appropriate using surfactants, i.e. emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foam-formers. The formulations are prepared either in suitable plants or else before or during application.
Wettable powders are preparations which can be dispersed homogeneously in water and which, in addition to the active compound and beside a diluent or inert substance, also comprise wetting agents, for example polyethoxylated alkylphenols, polyethoxylated fatty alcohols, alkylsulphonates or alkylphenylsulphonates and dispersants, for example sodium lignosulphonate, sodium 2,2′-dinaphthylmethane-6,6′-disulphonate.
Dusts are obtained by grinding the active compound with finely distributed solid substances, for example talc, natural clays, such as kaolin, bentonite, pyrophillite or diatomaceous earth. Granules can be prepared either by spraying the active compound onto granular inert material capable of adsorption or by applying active compound concentrates to the surface of carrier substances, such as sand, kaolinites or granular inert material, by means of adhesives, for example polyvinyl alcohol, sodium polyacrylate or mineral oils. Suitable active compounds can also be granulated in the manner customary for the preparation of fertilizer granules—if desired as a mixture with fertilizers.
Suitable for use as auxiliaries are substances which are suitable for imparting to the composition itself and/or to preparations derived therefrom (for example spray liquors, seed dressings) particular properties such as certain technical properties and/or also particular biological properties. Typical suitable auxiliaries are: extenders, solvents and carriers.
Suitable extenders are, for example, water, polar and nonpolar organic chemical liquids, for example from the classes of the aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes), the alcohols and polyols (which, if appropriate, may also be substituted, etherified and/or esterified), the ketones (such as acetone, cyclohexanone), esters (including fats and oils) and (poly)ethers, the unsubstituted and substituted amines, amides, lactams (such as N-alkylpyrrolidones) and lactones, the sulphones and sulphoxides (such as dimethyl sulphoxide).
If the extender used is water, it is also possible to employ, for example, organic solvents as auxiliary solvents. Essentially, suitable liquid solvents are: aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents such as dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
Suitable solid carriers are:
for example, ammonium salts and ground natural minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and silicates; suitable solid carriers for granules are: for example, crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite and dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organic material such as paper, sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks; suitable emulsifiers and/or foam-formers are: for example, nonionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates and also protein hydrolysates; suitable dispersants are nonionic and/or ionic substances, for example from the classes of the alcohol-POE and/or -POP ethers, acid and/or POP POE esters, alkylaryl and/or POP POE ethers, fat and/or POP POE adducts, POE- and/or POP-polyol derivatives, POE- and/or POP-sorbitan or -sugar adducts, alkyl or aryl sulphates, alkyl- or arylsulphonates and alkyl or aryl phosphates or the corresponding PO-ether adducts. Furthermore, suitable oligo- or polymers, for example those derived from vinylic monomers, from acrylic acid, from EO and/or PO alone or in combination with, for example, (poly)alcohols or (poly)amines. It is also possible to employ lignin and its sulphonic acid derivatives, unmodified and modified celluloses, aromatic and/or aliphatic sulphonic acids and their adducts with formaldehyde.
Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, as well as natural phospholipids such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids, can be used in the formulations.
It is possible to use colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyestuffs, such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs and metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
Other possible additives are perfumes, mineral or vegetable, optionally modified oils, waxes and nutrients (including trace nutrients), such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
Stabilizers, such as low-temperature stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers or other agents which improve chemical and/or physical stability may also be present.
These individual types of formulation are known in principle and are described, for example, in: Winnacker-Küchler, 1986, “Chemische Technologie” [Chemical Technology], Volume 7, 4th Ed., C. Hauser Verlag Munich; van Falkenberg, 1972-73, “Pesticides Formulations”, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker N.Y.; Martens, 1979, “Spray Drying Handbook”, 3rd Ed., G. Goodwin Ltd. London.
Based on his general expert knowledge, the person skilled in the art is able to choose suitable formulation auxiliaries (in this context, see, for example, Watkins, “Handbook of Insecticide Dust Diluents and Carriers”, 2nd Ed., Darland Books, Caldwell N.J.; v. Olphen, “Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry”, 2nd Ed., J. Wiley & Sons, N.Y.; Marsden, “Solvents Guide”, 2nd Ed., Interscience, N.Y. 1950; McCutcheon's, “Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual”, MC Publ. Corp., Ridgewood, N.J.; Sisley and Wood, “Encyclopedia of Surface Active Agents”, Chem. Publ. Co. Inc., N.Y. 1964; Schönfeldt, “Grenzflächenaktive Äthylenoxidaddukte” [Surface-active Ethylene Oxide Adducts], Wiss. Verlagsgesell., Stuttgart 1967; Winnacker-Küchler, “Chemische Technologie” [Chemical Technology], Volume 7, 4th Ed., C. Hanser Verlag Munich 1986.
The active compound combinations according to the invention, in commercially available formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations, can be present in a mixture with other known active compounds such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth regulators or herbicides. The insecticides include, for example, phosphoric esters, carbamates, carboxylic esters, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenylureas, substances produced by microorganisms, and the like.
A mixture with other known active compounds such as fertilizers is also possible.
When used as insecticides, the active compound combinations according to the invention in their commercially available formulations and in the use forms which are prepared from these formulations may furthermore be present as a mixture with synergists. Synergists are compounds by which the action of the active compounds is increased without it being necessary for the synergist added to be active itself.
In general, the formulations comprise from 0.01 to 98% by weight of active compound, preferably from 0.5 to 90%. In wettable powders, the active compound concentration is, for example, from about 10 to 90% by weight, the remainder to 100% by weight consisting of customary formulation components. In the case of emulsifiable concentrates, the active compound concentration can be from about 5 to 80% by weight. In most cases, formulations in the form of dusts comprise from 5 to 20% by weight of active compound, sprayable solutions comprise about 2 to 20% by weight. In the case of granules, the active compound content depends partially on whether the active compound is present in liquid or solid form and on which granulation auxiliaries, fillers, etc., are used.
The use is accomplished in a customary manner adapted to the use forms, preferably by means of leaf and drenching application.
The treatment according to the invention of the transgenic plants with the combinations of active compounds is effected directly or by action on their surroundings, habitat or storage space according to customary methods of treatment, for example by immersion, spraying, evaporating, pouring on, misting, scattering, painting on and in the case of propagation material, in particular in the case of seeds, further by applying one or more coats.
The required application rate may also vary with external conditions such as, inter alia, temperature and humidity. It may vary within wide limits, for example between 0.1 g/h and 5.0 kg/ha or more of active substance. Owing to the synergistic effects between Bt vegetables and the active compound combinations according to the invention, particular preference is given to application rates of from 0.1 to 500 g/ha. Particular preference is given to application rates of from 10 to 500 g/ha, especially preferred are 10 to 200 g/ha.
The active compound content of the use forms prepared from the commercial formulations may vary within wide limits. The active compound concentration of the use forms may be from 0.0000001 to 95% by weight of active compound and is, preferably between 0.0001 and 1% by weight.
Helminthosporium turcicum,
Rhopalosiphum maydis, Diplodia
maydis, Ostrinia nubilalis, Lepidoptera sp.
Sclerotina
Alternaria, Sclerotina, Rhizoctonia,
Chaetomium, Phycomycen
Cochliobulus
Bacillus cereus toxin, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Heliothis zea, armyworms e.g.
Spodoptera frugiperda, Western corn
ipsilon,
ipsilon, Asian corn borer, weevils
Heliothis zea, armyworms e.g. Spodoptera
frugiperda, Western corn rootworm, Sesamia
ipsilon, Asian corn borer, weevils
ipsilon, Asian corn borer, weevils
ipsilon, Asian corn borer, weevils
ipsilon, Asian corn borer, weevils
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Heliothis zea, armyworms e.g. Spodoptera
frugiperda, Western corn rootworm, Sesamia
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
oryzophilus, Diptera, rice planthoppers, e.g.
oryzophilus, Diptera, rice planthoppers, e.g.
oryzophilus, Diptera, rice planthoppers, e.g.
oryzophilus, Diptera, rice planthoppers e.g.
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Phytophtora, Verticillium, Rhizoctonia
sepedonicum, Erwinia carotovora
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Phytophtora, Verticillium, Rhizoctonia
Fusarium
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Fusarium
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Sclerotinia
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Sclerotinia
Cercospora beticola
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiliaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Heliula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididea spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipaipus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp
Agrotis spp
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Ciysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotaiis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutelia xyiostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Ciysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossypielia.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xyiostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica baiteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinelia spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocoliethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psyila spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiiiaceae
Anticarsia gemmataiis
Chilo spp.
Ciysia ambiguelia
Crocodolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiilaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotaiis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera sectelia
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriornyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiilaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotaiis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitelia
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidielia spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia
lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Piutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Niiaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotaiis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyliocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylia spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyliocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meioidogyne spp.
Adoxophyesspp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undaiis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips auranii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiliaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Helluia undaiis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiliaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia
binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Heliuia undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrelia
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylia spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama
argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia
binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis
castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia
lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora
gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutiia xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiliaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Ciysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidielia spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia
gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus
grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynohus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichopiusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidielia spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossypiella
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Photorhabdus luminescens: PL
Xenorhabdus nematophilus: XN
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation)
Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation)
Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation)
Brassica napus (Argentine oilseed rape)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Cucumis melo (melon)
Carica papaya (papaya)
Solanum tuberosum L. (potato)
Solanum tuberosum L. (potato)
Glycine max L. (soya bean)
Glycine max L. (soya bean)
Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin)
Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin)
Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco)
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)
The good effect of the present invention's combinations of insecticides and transgenic plants is apparent from the examples which follow. The combinations display an effect which exceeds a simple summing of effects.
A synergistic effect in insecticides and acaricides is always present when the effect of the present invention's combinations is greater than the expected effect, which for a given combination can be calculated after S.R. Colby, Weeds 15 (1967), 20-22 as follows:
when
If the actual kill rate is greater than calculated, then the killing effect of the combination is superadditive, i.e., a synergistic effect is present. In this case, the actually observed kill rate has to be greater than that calculated from the above-recited formula for the expected kill rate (E).
The invention is more particularly elucidated by the examples which follow without being restricted by them.
Individually potted transgenic cotton plants with Lepidoptera resistance and herbicide resistance (line DP444 BG/RR) are treated with the desired product against the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii).
After the desired time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all the aphids were killed; 0% means that no aphids were killed.
Compared with the control plants not treated according to the invention, a distinct improvement in the control of the pests is evident.
Aphis gossypii - test (leaf application)
Individually potted transgenic cotton plants with Lepidoptera resistance and herbicide resistance (line DP444 BG/RR) are treated with the desired product against the cotton ball worm (Heliothis armigera).
After the desired time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all the caterpillars were killed; 0% means that no caterpillars were killed.
Compared with the control plants not treated according to the invention, a distinct improvement in the control of the pests is evident.
Heliothis armigera - test (leaf application)
Individually potted transgenic cotton plants with Lepidoptera resistance and herbicide resistance (line DP444 BG/RR) are treated with the desired product against the army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda)
After the desired time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all the caterpillars were killed; 0% means that no caterpillars were killed.
Compared with the control plants not treated according to the invention, a distinct improvement in the control of the pests is evident.
Spodoptera frugiperda - test (leaf application)
Spodoptera frugiperda - test (leaf application)
Pots each holding 5 transgenic maize plants with Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and/or herbicide resistance are treated in 2 replications against the small mottled willow (Spodoptera exigua).
After the desired time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all the caterpillars were killed; 0% means that no caterpillars were killed.
Compared with the control plants not treated according to the invention, a distinct improvement in the control of the pests is evident.
Spodoptera exigua - test (leaf application)
Spodoptera exigua - test (leaf application)
Pots each holding 5 transgenic maize plants with Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and/or herbicide resistance are treated in 2 replications against the army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda).
After the desired time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all the caterpillars were killed; 0% means that no caterpillars were killed.
Compared with the control plants not treated according to the invention, a distinct improvement in the control of the pests is evident.
Spodoptera frugiperda - test (leaf application)
Spodoptera frugiperda - test (leaf application)
The earth of the pots each with 5 transgenic maize plants with Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and/or herbicide resistance is drenched with the desired product. Then, the plants are infected with larvae of the army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda).
After the desired time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all the caterpillars were killed; 0% means that no caterpillars were killed.
Compared with the control plants not treated according to the invention, a distinct improvement in the control of the pests is evident.
Spodoptera frugiperda - test (drench application)
Spodoptera frugiperda - test (drench application)
Spodoptera frugiperda - test (drench application)
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102007018452.4 | Apr 2007 | DE | national |
This application is a Divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/596,184, filed Oct. 16, 2009, which is a §371 National Stage Application of PCT/EP2008/003104, filed Apr. 14, 2008, which claims priority to German Application No. 10 2007 018 452.4, filed Apr. 17, 2007, the content of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12596184 | Oct 2009 | US |
| Child | 13930206 | US |
